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Purpose: Skeletal fluorosis (SF) results from chronic exposure to fluoride (F−) causing excessive aberrantly mineralized brittle bone tissue, fractures, and exostoses. There is no established treatment other than avoiding the source of F−. Still, excess F− can persist in bone for decades after exposure ceases. Case presentation: A 50-year-old woman presented with multiple, recurrent, low AQ2 trauma fractures yet high radiologic bone mineral density. Serum F− was elevated, and osteomalacia was documented by non-decalcified transiliac biopsy. She reported intermittently "huffing" a keyboard cleaner containing F− (difluoroethane) for years. Following cessation of her F− exposure, we evaluated the administration of the parathyroid hormone analog, abaloparatide, hoping to increase bone remodeling and diminish her skeletal F− burden. Conclusion: Due to the prolonged half-life of F− in bone, SF can cause fracturing long after F− exposure stops. Anabolic therapy approved for osteoporosis, such as abaloparatide, may induce mineralized bone turnover to replace the poorly mineralized osteomalacic bone characteristic of SF and thereby diminish fracture risk. Following abaloparatide treatment for our patient, there was a decrease in bone density as well as a reduction in F− levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) is a fluorocarbon (FC) under clinical development as an oxygen therapeutic and is regulated as a blood substitute. Compared to all the prior FCs studied, DDFP is the most advantageous for oxygen delivery and it is active at a lower concentration (1/200th to 1/1000th the weight of other FCs). DDFP has a boiling point of 29 °C, is more water soluble than prior FCs, and following IV administration clears via exhalation. Prior FCs had boiling points ≥ 140 °C and were retained long-term in the body causing adverse events. DDFP is a gas at biological temperature while prior FCs were liquids. Gases deliver roughly 1000 times more oxygen than liquids. DDFPe has two mechanisms of action: (1) The size of the molecule is the smallest that is a liquid at room temperature; on a molar volume basis this equates to more dissolution of oxygen. (2) Because of its boiling point close to physiologic temperature, DDFP delivers oxygen more effectively than liquid FCs.Highlight PointsFluorocarbons (FCs) dissolve oxygen and other respirable gases.FC emulsions generally do not have biological effects of and by themselves, but rather they increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.There are a variety of FCs that were developed in the past as blood substitutes but they all caused accumulation in humans leading to toxic responses.Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) is being developed as an oxygen therapeutic to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and oxygen delivery to tissues.

[Display omitted] • MD simulations reveal the interfacial properties of PFBA, GenX, and PFOA. • Molecular insight into PFAS self-assembly and their air-water interfacial structure. • PFAS molecular structure affect their orientation and mobility at the interface. • Long chain PFOA diffuses slower than GenX and PFBA at the air-water interface. • Surface tension of PFAS are lower than their hydrocarbon analogs. • Short chain PFAS need less surface coverage than long chain to reduce surface tension. Understanding the intricate molecular-level details of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) partitioning to the air–water interface holds paramount importance in evaluating their fate and transport, as well as for finding safer alternatives for various applications, including aqueous film forming foams. The behavior of these substances at interfaces strongly depends on molecular architecture, chemistry, and concentration, which define molecular packing, self-assembly, interfacial diffusion, and the surface tension. Modeling of three PFAS surfactants, namely, longer-tail (perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)) and shorter-tail (perfluorobutanoate (PFBA) and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy) propanoate (GenX)) has been conducted using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. A systematic comparison between these representative PFAS of different sizes and structure reveals factors influencing their association behavior, mechanism of surface tension reduction, and interfacial mobility as a function of surface coverage. Shorter-chain PFAS surfactants (GenX or PFBA) require lower surface coverage compared to longer chain (PFOA) PFAS to achieve the same decrease in surface tension. However, a higher concentration of GenX and PFBA is necessary in the bulk aqueous solution to achieve the same surface coverage as PFOA, due to their higher solubility in water. The PFAS molecular orientation and mobility at the interface are found to be vastly influenced by the length and architecture of the hydrophobic fluorocarbon tail. A significant ordering of the water dipole moment near the anionic headgroup is apparent at high surface concentration. A direct correlation is established between the PFAS interfacial properties and PFAS-PFAS, PFAS-counterion, and PFAS-water interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-repellent textiles, which resist water penetration while allowing breathability, are crucial in various industries, including clothing, healthcare, agriculture, and construction, owing to their comfort and versatility. In this study, polyester/viscose fabric was finished with fluoroalkyl acrylic resin to impart water-repellent properties. Oxygen/argon plasma was employed as an environment-friendly pretreatment to improve the water-repellent finishing process. Box–Behnken approach was employed to design the experiment and optimize the effects of plasma treatment time, fluoroalkyl acrylic resin concentration, and curing temperature on the water contact angle of the samples. The results showed that there were optimal levels for all factors to obtain the maximum water contact angle (30 g/L, 161.4 °C, and 6.7 min for resin concentration, curing temperature, and plasma treatment time, respectively). SEM images and ATR–FTIR analysis confirmed the coating of the fabric with fluoroalkyl acrylic resin. The proposed process under the optimum conditions had no adverse effect on the bending length, crease recovery angle, and air permeability of the fabric, while improving the tensile strength and wash fastness of the finished fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundEpidemiologic evidence linking prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with altered neurodevelopment is inconclusive, and few large studies have focused on autism-related outcomes. We investigated whether blood concentrations of PFAS in pregnancy are associated with child autism-related outcomes.MethodsWe included 10 cohorts from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program (n = 1,429). We measured 14 PFAS analytes in maternal blood collected during pregnancy; eight analytes met detection criteria for analysis. We assessed quantitative autism-related traits in children via parent report on the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). In multivariable linear models, we examined relationships of each PFAS (natural log-transformed) with SRS scores. We further modeled PFAS as a complex mixture using Bayesian methods and examined modification of these relationships by child sex.ResultsMost PFAS in maternal blood were not associated with child SRS T-scores. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) showed the strongest and most consistent association: each 1-unit increase in ln-transformed PFNA was associated with greater autism-related traits (adjusted β [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.5 [-0.1, 3.0]). The summed mixture, which included six PFAS detected in >70% of participants, was not associated with SRS T-scores (adjusted β [95% highest posterior density interval] = 0.7 [-1.4, 3.0]). We did not observe consistent evidence of sex differences.ConclusionsPrenatal blood concentrations of PFNA may be associated with modest increases in child autism-related traits. Future work should continue to examine the relationship between exposures to both legacy and emerging PFAS and additional dimensional, quantitative measures of childhood autism-related outcomes.

Polyurethane (PU) foams are created via the chemical reactions arising after the blending of two initially liquid components (polyols and isocyanates). They are widely used for thermal insulation, for which a small pore size is required. Some of the most efficient pore size–reducing agents have proven to be per- and polyfluorinated carbons (FCs) which are simply added in small quantities to the initially liquid mixture. However, despite their long-standing use, their modes of action have only recently begun to be studied in detail. One widely accepted explanation of their action is that they supposedly suppress diffusional gas exchange between bubbles in the liquid-foam state of the nascent PU foam (foam coarsening). However, using a new double-syringe mixing technique, we show that FCs actually act at a much earlier state of the process: they facilitate the entrainment of tiny air bubbles into PU foam systems during the initial blending process. These bubbles serve as sites for heterogeneous nucleation during the foaming process, and their large number leads to a significant reduction of the characteristic pore size. More importantly, we also demonstrate that the same overall relation is found between the air bubble density and the final pore size for systems with and without FC. Combined with a detailed analysis of the pore size distribution, we argue that the main pore size–reducing effect of FCs is to facilitate air entrainment and that foam aging–related effects only play a minor role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the plasma polymerization reaction of fluorocarbon gases, with specific focus on three monomers: tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluorocyclobutane. Optical emission spectroscopy was employed to observe species within the glow discharge, while detecting plasma species in fluorocarbon plasma polymerization. Fluorocarbon plasma polymerized films surface morphology and roughness were scrutinized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Chemical bonding on film surfaces was probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental outcomes highlight the essential role of chemical interactions between fluorocarbon plasma and monomers, with film surface composition inferred from fluorocarbon ratio analysis. These analyses improve the understanding of fluorocarbon-to-carbon ratio and duty cycle contributions to plasma polymerized film growth, which promises advancements in the ability to tailor fluorocarbon films to specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sublimation transfer printing is based on printing the disperse dyestuff onto the transfer paper and contacting the printed transfer paper with the fabric under temperature and pressure. The dispersed dyestuff in the transfer paper is transferred to the fabric by passing from the solid phase to the gas phase with temperature. Sublimation transfer printing has some advantages such as low investment cost compared to conventional printing machines, less space requirement, etc. However, sublimation transfer printing is only suitable for synthetic fibers, especially polyester fibers. This limits the use of this type of printing. In recent years, research on the possibilities of using sublimation transfer printing in the printing of natural fibers has been increasing. The present work investigated silicone agents for the sublimation transfer printing of cotton in terms of color and fastness properties. The process variables were also investigated, such as printing temperature and time. In this study, hydrophobic macrosilicone, hydrophobic microsilicone, hydrophilic macro silicon, hydrophilic microsilicone, dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea, and fluorocarbon were used. Two concentrations of finishing agents were applied (30 g/l before printing and 15 g/l before printing + 15 g/l after printing). Three different printing times (30 sec., 50 sec. and 90 sec.) and temperatures (180oC, 200oC and 220oC) were also applied. Color strength values of printed fabrics were investigated.

A durable water/oil-repellent fabric with excellent wrinkle resistance via non formaldehyde crosslinking agent was developed. Therefore, this paper investigates effect of non-formaldehyde cross-linking agent based on polyurethane in the presence of fluorocarbon and nano-silica compounds on water/oil repellency and the durability of treatments on cotton fabric. The cotton fabric was first treated with cross-linking polyurethane, and then treated fabric was placed in a silica-fluorocarbon ultrasonic bath, via pad–dry–cure method. Sample 4 (CPN 6%, nano-silica of 1%, FB of 8%) showed the best results, and the contact angle reached 130 degrees. The water/oil repellency was reduced by three washing and returned to the original value after heat treatment. Cross-linked fabrics reached an excellent crease recovery angle of 234 degrees. EDS of sample 4 shows the presence of F and Si on the fabric. With washing, the amount of fluoride decreases and bounces back after heat treatment. SEM analysis shows increase on surface roughness. ATR analysis shows peaks corresponding to Si–O, carbon bonds or amide related absorption peak and C = O on treated fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the long-standing use of per- and polyfluorinated carbons (FCs) as pore size–reducing agents for polyurethane rigid (PUR) foams, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. To shed light on these mechanisms, we provide a quantitative analysis of the influence of the FC concentration on the pore size of PUR cup foams of two different model PUR foam systems: an industrially-relevant "technical system" and a simplified "scientific system." Combining scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the PORE!SCAN method, we provide a detailed analysis of the pore size distributions of the obtained foams. We confirm that the characteristic pore size of both systems is indeed significantly reduced by adding small quantities of FC. However, we show that there seems to exist a critical FC concentration (about 3 wt.% with respect to the A-component) beyond which adding more FC has a negligible effect. More interestingly, the relative extent of the pore size reduction is almost identical for both PUR foam systems and the normalized pore size distributions remain largely unchanged over the whole range of FC concentrations. Our findings suggest that the FC-driven pore size reduction is a general effect caused by distinct mechanisms that are independent of the choice of the PUR foam system. Moreover, we hypothesize that this effect is not to be searched for during foam aging, as often reported, but during the pre-mixing step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sublimation transfer printing is based on printing the disperse dyestuff onto the transfer paper and contacting the printed transfer paper with the fabric under temperature and pressure. The dispersed dyestuff in the transfer paper is transferred to the fabric by passing from the solid phase to the gas phase with temperature. Sublimation transfer printing has some advantages such as low investment cost compared to conventional printing machines, less space requirement, etc. However, sublimation transfer printing is only suitable for synthetic fibers, especially polyester fibers. This limits the use of this type of printing. In recent years, research on the possibilities of using sublimation transfer printing in the printing of natural fibers has been increasing. The present work investigated silicone agents for the sublimation transfer printing of cotton in terms of color and fastness properties. The process variables were also investigated, such as printing temperature and time. In this study, hydrophobic macrosilicone, hydrophobic microsilicone, hydrophilic macro silicon, hydrophilic microsilicone, dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea, and fluorocarbon were used. Two concentrations of finishing agents were applied (30 g/l before printing and 15 g/l before printing + 15 g/l after printing). Three different printing times (30 sec., 50 sec. and 90 sec.) and temperatures (180°C, 200°C and 220°C) were also applied. Color strength values of printed fabrics were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorocarbon-based oil and water repellents are considered best in textile finishing due to their excellent performance. Although, long chain fluorocarbons are effective oil and water repellents but they are toxic and being banned. Therefore, the present study develops two fluorine-free water-repelling polymers for cotton fabrics using ecofriendly recipes containing bio-based stearic acid and formaldehyde-free succinic acid and itaconic acid. One optimized recipe was achieved through polymerization between bio-based stearic acid and succinic acid, and other optimized recipe was achieved through polymerization between stearic acid and itaconic acid. These two recipes were applied to cotton fabric, and treated fabric exhibited a water repellency rating of 4 and an oil repellency rating of 1. The proposed polymers exhibited good oil and water repellency and washing durability up to 10 washing cycles. However, after 20 washing cycles, the proposed polymers exhibited water repellency for ironed fabric and zero oil repellency. The proposed polymers exhibited comparable or better testing results than commercial C6-based fluorocarbon. The characterization of the two best recipes was carried out through H-NMR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Identifying and characterizing charge heterogeneity is essential for the successful development and production of biopharmaceuticals. Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing technology based on isoelectric point differentiation has been becoming the gold standard of quality and manufactory process control in the biopharmaceutical industry due to its high‐resolution characterization of protein charge variants with high throughput. Fluorocarbon‐coated capillaries are widely used in the imaged capillary isoelectric focusing to suppress the electroosmotic flow and minimize the protein adsorption onto the fused silica capillary inner surface. Additionally, polymers such as methylcellulose are usually added to the sample solution to serve as a dynamic capillary coating that improves the peak shape and resolution during the imaged capillary isoelectric focusing separation, especially for complex proteins. However, the addition of methylcellulose tends to result in tedious operation, "spike peaks" from bubble generation, and frequent capillary blockage during the imaged capillary isoelectric focusing separation. In addition, methylcellulose is not compatible with mass spectrometry and easily produces the contamination of mass spectrometry ion source when carrying out imaged capillary isoelectric focusing—mass spectrometry direct coupling. Recently, a new imaged capillary isoelectric focusing method was developed employing a methylcellulose‐coated capillary cartridge, to avoid the addition of methylcellulose which is then present throughout the whole analysis. When applied to protein drug characterization the established imaged capillary isoelectric focusing method demonstrated high repeatability, stable coatings, outstanding separation efficiency, and excellent isoelectric point differentiation. In addition, we compared imaged capillary isoelectric focusing separation using the methylcellulose‐coated capillary with that utilizing the routinely coated capillary such as fluorocarbon, illustrating that methylcellulose coating provided consistent results and could be seamlessly integrated into an existing drug discovery process. Finally, the methylcellulose‐coated fused silica capillary was applied to imaged capillary isoelectric focusing—mass spectrometry for characterizing protein charge variants allowing reliable identification of mass spectrometry after imaged capillary isoelectric focusing separation. This can greatly simplify the operation steps and prevent the contamination of mass spectrometry ion source that often results from using routinely coated capillaries ultimately making this an essential innovation of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing—mass spectrometry that greatly improves the imaged capillary isoelectric focusing compatibility with mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a novel method for plasma etching of printed circuit boards (PCBs), replacing climate-damaging perfluorinated Hydrocarbons (HFCs) such as tetrafluoromethane (CF4). In our alternative process, reactive fluorine would be generated from an inert precursor like commercial PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) by means of low-pressure oxygen plasmas. The released fluorine would further be applied to PCB as etchant. Excess fluorine could be chemically absorbed and re-used as recycled precursor later in order to gain a process free of fluorine emissions. Diverse tests were carried out in a lab-scale RF plasma device. We considered different precursor types and examined the plasma composition by means of real-time mass spectrometry. We also determined etch rates on epoxy resin samples by means of mass loss measurements. Process gas composition, precursor type and plasma power were varied, including comparative tests applying state-of-the-art CF4-O2-plasma. The efficiency of the etching process was proven. The environmental impact of the novel method was discussed and evaluated regarding PTFE production and greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorocarbons are an important category of greenhouse gas emissions, and currently, their use is prohibited due to their significant contribution to the global ozone depletion potential (ODP). During this century, they will continue to emit greenhouse gases into the environment since they are present in the thermal insulation foam and HVAC systems in existing buildings; however, proper disposal of these banks of CFCs/HFCs from existing buildings can limit their effects on the environment. However, there are no studies that have investigated quantifying the achievable environmental savings in this case. In this study, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate, for the first time in the literature, the environmental savings achievable through the removal and disposal of CFC/HFC banks from buildings including damage-related emissions. To cope with the scarcity of data, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques are applied. The results show that, for the selected archetype building, the largest annual emissions of CFCs/HFCs come from the external thermal insulation of the envelope. The removal of this material can lead to an additional significant reduction in the GWP (up to 569 kgCO2eq/m2) and the ODP (up to 117 × 10−3 kgCFC-11eq/m2), i.e., higher than that achievable by reducing energy consumption through energy retrofit measures (276 and 0, respectively). Thus, CFC/HFC banks should not be neglected in LCA studies of existing buildings due to their possible significant impact on a building's ecoprofile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fluorocarbon-based oil and water repellents are considered best in textile finishing due to their excellent performance. Although, long chain fluorocarbons are effective oil and water repellents but they are toxic and being banned. Therefore, the present study develops two fluorine-free water-repelling polymers for cotton fabrics using ecofriendly recipes containing bio-based stearic acid and formaldehydefree succinic acid and itaconic acid. One optimized recipe was achieved through polymerization between bio-based stearic acid and succinic acid, and other optimized recipe was achieved through polymerization between stearic acid and itaconic acid. These two recipes were applied to cotton fabric, and treated fabric exhibited a water repellency rating of 4 and an oil repellency rating of 1. The proposed polymers exhibited good oil and water repellency and washing durability up to 10 washing cycles. However, after 20 washing cycles, the proposed polymers exhibited water repellency for ironed fabric and zero oil repellency. The proposed polymers exhibited comparable or better testing results than commercial C6-based fluorocarbon. The characterization of the two best recipes was carried out through H-NMR Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dry etching process using fluorocarbon (FC) gas, deposited amorphous-CF x (a-CF x) films in patterns, such as holes and trenches, strongly affect the etching performance. The influence of the FC gas molecular structures and their atomic compositions on the formation of a-CF x films at different positions in the holes were investigated. It was found that the deposition region and thickness of the a-CF x film strongly depend on the molecular structures of the FC gas, such as double bonds, benzene rings, and the atomic ratio of fluorine to carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance of surfaces to biomaterial adsorption/adhesion is paramount for advancing marine and biomedical industries. A variety of approaches that involve bioinert materials have been developed to modify surfaces. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are powerful platforms in which the surface composition is easily fabricated and a well-defined structure is provided; thus, the molecular-level interaction between biomolecules/biofoulants and the surface can be understood. In this review, we describe a wide variety of SAM structures on gold and silica surfaces for antifouling applications and the corresponding mechanism of nonfouling surfaces. Our analysis divides the surface properties of films into the following types: (1) hydrophilic, (2) hydrophobic, and (3) amphiphilic films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in extending the life of aqueous batteries. The traditional anion-derived SEI formation in aqueous electrolytes highly depends on high-concentrated organic fluorinating salts, resulting in low forming efficiency and long-term consumption. In response, this study proposes a bifunctional fluorocarbon electrode additive (BFEA) that enables electrochemical pre-reduction instead of TFSI anion to form the LiF-rich SEI and in situ produce conductive graphite inside the anode before the lithiation. The BFEA lowers the salt dependence of aqueous electrolytes, enabling the inorganic LiCl electrolyte to work first, but also successfully achieves a high SEI formation efficiency in the relatively low 10 m LiTFSI without mass transfer concerns, suppressing the parasitic hydrogen evolution from 11.24 to 4.35 nmol min -1 . Besides, BFEA strengthens the intrinsic superiority of Li storage reaction by lowering battery polarization resulting from the in situ production of graphite, promoting charge transfer of electrode kinetics. Compared with the control group, the demonstrated Ah-level pouch cell employing BFEA exhibits better cycle stability above 300 cycles with higher capacity retention of 78.2% and the lower decay of the round-trip efficiency (△ RTE = 2%), benefiting for maintaining the high efficiency and reducing heat accumulation in large-scale electric energy storage., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Fluorocarbons are an important category of greenhouse gas emissions, and currently, their use is prohibited due to their significant contribution to the global ozone depletion potential (ODP). During this century, they will continue to emit greenhouse gases into the environment since they are present in the thermal insulation foam and HVAC systems in existing buildings; however, proper disposal of these banks of CFCs/HFCs from existing buildings can limit their effects on the environment. However, there are no studies that have investigated quantifying the achievable environmental savings in this case. In this study, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted to evaluate, for the first time in the literature, the environmental savings achievable through the removal and disposal of CFC/HFC banks from buildings including damage-related emissions. To cope with the scarcity of data, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques are applied. The results show that, for the selected archetype building, the largest annual emissions of CFCs/HFCs come from the external thermal insulation of the envelope. The removal of this material can lead to an additional significant reduction in the GWP (up to 569 kgCO2eq/m2) and the ODP (up to 117 × 10−3 kgCFC-11eq/m2), i.e., higher than that achievable by reducing energy consumption through energy retrofit measures (276 and 0, respectively). Thus, CFC/HFC banks should not be neglected in LCA studies of existing buildings due to their possible significant impact on a building’s ecoprofile.

Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) is a fluorocarbon (FC) under clinical development as an oxygen therapeutic and is regulated as a blood substitute. Compared to all the prior FCs studied, DDFP is the most advantageous for oxygen delivery and it is active at a lower concentration (1/200th to 1/1000th the weight of other FCs). DDFP has a boiling point of 29 °C, is more water soluble than prior FCs, and following IV administration clears via exhalation. Prior FCs had boiling points ≥ 140 °C and were retained long-term in the body causing adverse events. DDFP is a gas at biological temperature while prior FCs were liquids. Gases deliver roughly 1000 times more oxygen than liquids. DDFPe has two mechanisms of action: (1) The size of the molecule is the smallest that is a liquid at room temperature; on a molar volume basis this equates to more dissolution of oxygen. (2) Because of its boiling point close to physiologic temperature, DDFP delivers oxygen more effectively than liquid FCs.Highlight PointsFluorocarbons (FCs) dissolve oxygen and other respirable gases.FC emulsions generally do not have biological effects of and by themselves, but rather they increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.There are a variety of FCs that were developed in the past as blood substitutes but they all caused accumulation in humans leading to toxic responses.Dodecafluoropentane emulsion (DDFPe) is being developed as an oxygen therapeutic to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and oxygen delivery to tissues.

The release of fluorocarbons (FCs) into the environment is a growing problem for the chemical industry. Fluorocarbons have been observed in increasing amounts across a range of different locations worldwide on account of environmental release of polymers, consumer products, and a range of other sources. These compounds show long biological half-lives and have been linked to a number of negative toxicological effects. As such, their use should be restricted and eliminated where possible. In this paper, we have shown that the amount of fluorocarbon in omniphobic coatings formed from carboxylate-functionalized nanoparticles can be reduced by as much as 70% without compromising properties such as contact angle hysteresis (CAH) or sliding angle (SA). This reduction is made possible using approaches involving adsorbing hybrid hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon carboxylate chains onto commercially available aluminum oxide nanoparticles. The carboxylates are either coadsorbed onto the same particles, referred to as chemically mixed (CM), or attached to different particles, which we have referred to as physically mixed (PM). Both of these types of surface show enhanced omniphobicity compared to coatings that had been functionalized by the same amount of the fluorinated carboxylate but did not contain any carboxylates bearing hydrocarbon chains. In addition, the sliding properties of synthetic feces on these surfaces were tested in order to investigate the potential applications of this methodology. Similarly, it was observed that the amount of fluorocarbon in the coatings could be substantially reduced without significantly increasing the sliding angle of the mixture on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofiber materials offer a wide range of use in various production fields, e.g., different types of filtration, or areas requiring high hydrostatic resistance. They are made from different polymers, some of which are more hydrophobic than others, for instance some types of polyurethanes and polyvinylidene fluoride. However, even these polyurethanes cannot guarantee a high hydrophobicity of the final nanofiber material. To increase this desired property, we have to use the so-called hydrophobic substances like fluorocarbon. The nanofiber layer has to be prepared so that its pores do not get blocked, which would worsen its filtration capability and air permeability. This is why a roll-to-roll low-vacuum plasma was used in our case for creating a fabric with nanofiber layer for the clothing industry. The result is a nanofiber material with a hydrostatic resistance higher than a 15,000 mm water column. Under suitable conditions, we can produce a nanofiber membrane for clothing with thermophysiological properties similar to those of membranes produced with different principles, e.g., nanoporous membranes. The nanofiber membrane provides us desirable properties such as stability during repeated washing.

[Display omitted] Supramolecular chemistry has garnered important interest in recent years toward improving therapeutic efficacy via drug delivery approaches. Although self-assemblies have been deeply investigated, the design of novel drugs leveraging supramolecular chemistry is less known. In this contribution, we show that a Low Molecular Weight Gel (LMWG) can elicit cancer cell apoptosis. This biological effect results from the unique supramolecular properties of a bolaamphiphile-based gelator, which allow for strong interaction with the lipid membrane. This novel supramolecular-drug paradigm opens up new possibilities for therapeutic applications targeting membrane lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I) is a fire suppressant gas with potential for use in low global-warming refrigerant blends. Data from studies in rats suggest that the most sensitive health effect of CF3I is thyroid hormone perturbation, but the rat is a particularly sensitive species for disruption of thyroid homeostasis. Mice appear to be less sensitive than rats but still a conservative model with respect to humans. The purpose of this study was to test tolerance and thyroid response to CF3I in B6C3F1 male mice. Male mice were exposed to CF3I for 6 h per day, for 28 days, via whole body exposure at concentrations of 2500, 5000 and 10,000 ppm. A 16-day recovery period was included to evaluate reversibility. No adverse clinical signs were observed throughout the study, and body weights were unaffected by exposure. CF3I exposure had no effect on thyroid histology. An increase in relative thyroid weight was observed at 10,000 ppm on day 28 but not in a separate group of animals evaluated on day 29, and thyroid weight was not different from controls at 44 days. Slight and sporadic changes in serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone were observed but did not follow a consistent pattern with respect to timing, dose, or direction. Overall, exposure at up to 10,000 ppm (1.0%) of CF3I gas for 28 days produced no overt general toxicity and only transient, recoverable effects on thyroid weight and hormones at certain concentrations. On the basis of the effect of CF3I exposure on the thyroid, including evaluation of thyroid histopathology, the no observed adverse effect level for this study is 10,000 ppm. Considering the apparently greater toxicity reported in prior studies in male rats, our data suggest a species difference between rats and mice in terms of susceptibility to CF3I-induced thyroid hormone perturbation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphiphilic carbon dots (CDs) are new surface-active materials that exhibit several advantages over conventional small surfactants, such as improved stability and reduced toxicity. However, unlike for conventional small surfactants, amphiphilic CDs that simultaneously exhibit excellent surface and interfacial activities have never been achieved. Herein we prepare new amphiphilic CDs with fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon hybrid hydrophobic chains (FH-CDs) using a facile one-pot solvothermal technique. The obtained FH-CDs showed excellent surface and interfacial activities, and reduced the surface tension at critical micelle concentration and the oil-water interfacial tension to 16.7 and 2.2 mN/m, respectively. Comparison with control CDs bearing only non-hybrid hydrophobic chains demonstrated that decorating CDs with fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon hybrid chains contributed to the excellent interfacial activity, while only fluorocarbon chains contributed to good surface activity. The excellent surface and interfacial activities made FH-CDs good emulsifiers for the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions and for the preparation of relatively uniform polystyrene spheres via emulsion polymerization. Moreover, FH-CD was a good wetting agent, whose aqueous solution could wet numerous different surfaces, including the commonly non-wettable amphiphobic polytetrafluoroethylene. [Display omitted] • Carbon-dot (CD) based surfactants were prepared via solvothermal method. • CD surfactants bore fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon hybrid chains (FH-CD). • FH-CDs showed high surface and interfacial activities. • FH-CDs could be used as efficient emulsifiers and wetting agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrons fitted with three oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) chains, one of which contains a fluorinated or hydrogenated end group and bears a bisphosphonate polar head (CnX2n+1OEG8Den, X = F or H; n = 2 or 4), were synthesized and grafted on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) for microbubble-mediated imaging and therapeutic purposes. The size and stability of the dendronized IONPs (IONP@CnX2n+1OEG8Den) in aqueous dispersions were monitored by dynamic light scattering. The investigation of the spontaneous adsorption of IONP@CnX2n+1OEG8Den at the interface between air or air saturated with perfluorohexane and an aqueous phase establishes that exposure to the fluorocarbon gas markedly increases the rate of adsorption of the dendronized IONPs to the gas/water interface and decreases the equilibrium interfacial tension. This suggests that fluorous interactions are at play between the supernatant fluorocarbon gas and the fluorinated end groups of the dendrons. Furthermore, small perfluorohexane-stabilized microbubbles (MBs) with a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) shell that incorporates IONP@CnX2n+1OEG8Den (DPPC/Fe molar ratio 28:1) were prepared and subsequently characterized using both optical microscopy and an acoustical method of size determination. The dendrons fitted with fluorinated end groups lead to smaller and more stable MBs than those fitted with hydrogenated groups. The most effective result is already obtained with C2F5, for which MBs of ≈1.0 μm in radius reach a half-life of ≈6.0 h. An atomic force microscopy investigation of spin-coated mixed films of DPPC/IONP@C2X5OEG8Den combinations (molar ratio 28:1) shows that the IONPs grafted with the fluorinated dendrons are located within the phospholipid film, while those grafted with the hydrocarbon dendrons are located at the surface of the phospholipid film.

Novel photoresponsive hybrid surfactants, in which a combination of perfluoroalkyl and alkyl chains and cationic head groups are connected via azobenzene moieties, are excellent candidates for assembling low-molecular-weight organogels (LMOGs) with reversibly switchable viscoelasticities triggered by external stimuli. The structure-composition-property relationships of gels assembled with the hybrid surfactants were investigated by UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and rheology. Hybrid surfactants containing perfluorohexyl chains with more than six carbons gelled in a variety of organic solvents at concentrations of less than a few percent. In particular, compositions with the perfluorooctyl and somewhat shorter hydrocarbon chains (C1–C4) gelled in both organic solvents and water. The gellable solvent species can be well grouped according to their solubility parameters, suggesting that gelation properties can be predicted from the chemical structure of the surfactant. Mechanical and structural investigations revealed that gel viscoelasticity can be reversibly altered by applying photo, shear, and heat stimuli, which is achieved through the formation and deformation of lamella-like molecular aggregates. The multi-responsive gelation and facile molecular design of the present hybrid surfactants will expand the fields in which fluorinated LMOGs can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

pH sensing facilitates many substantial aspects of the society such as chemical laboratory analysis, agriculture, or water and soil qualities. However, existing pH sensors have problems and limitations such as fragility, hysteresis, or slow responding time. In this research, a new method utilizing fluorocarbon thin film via fluorine termination and boron‐doped diamond (BDD) solution‐gate field‐effect transistors (SGFETs) for pH sensing is developed for the first time. The fluorocarbon film device demonstrates a high pH sensitivity of 67.4 and 34.9 mV pH−1 in acid and alkaline pH regions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protective agents can effectively improve the weather resistance of fair-faced concrete. The surface of C40 concrete is treated with acrylic acid, silicone and fluorocarbon fair-faced concrete protectors respectively. Five groups of tests are carried out and forty-eight specimens are used. The effect of different coating layers on the resistance to freezing and thawing of concrete are systematically studied and compared with the standard test block that is not painted with the fair-faced concrete protector. The results indicate: the anti-freezing ability of topcoat is greater than that of the primer; in the aspect of different protectors, fluorocarbon has the best effect, silicon takes the second, and acrylic acid has the worst effect; with the increase of the number of protective agents, the anti-freezing ability of the concrete specimen is gradually improved; in consideration of economy and durability, two coats of primer and two coats of topcoat have the best effect. When the freeze-thaw cycle reaches 150 times, the relative dynamic elastic modulus of the test pieces coated with the fluorocarbon, silicone and acrylic acid fair-faced concrete protectant systems are 83.3%, 80.4%, and 72.9%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid surfactants containing both alkyl and fluoroalkyl chains within the same molecule where modification of the azobenzene group will enable us to switch the superhydrophobic nature with an external light source, and the optical behavior will vary depending on the structure of the hydrophobic chains. Surface activity and its optically-induced variation of the azobenzene-modified hybrid surfactants were characterized using the surface tensiometry, UV–vis and NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. The hybrid surfactants are superhydrophobic in nature reducing the surface tension of water to near 20 mN/m. Photo-isomerization of the azobenzene group induces a drastic surface tension variation (Δ γ), and particularly the compositions containing the octyl-fluorocarbon chain exhibit remarkable Δ γ as much as 30 mN/m which is even higher than that of the conventional surfactants (Δ γ ≈ 14–20 mN/m). Theoretical calculation suggests significantly higher hydrophilicity of the cis isomer, causing the drastic switch in the surface activity. These results indicate the promise of the hybrid surfactants as efficient surface/interface manipulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-energy-density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) have been intensely revisited in recent years due to the urgent need of advanced energy storage technologies. However, a step towards the practical application of LMBs is still plagued by the lack of scalable method for Li metal protection. Rationally designed carbon nanostructures have been employed to stabilize Li metal anode, but only demonstrated as model structures without scalable productions. Herein, a type of fluorocarbon (–CF x) bonded carbon nanoparticles is developed, which not only exhibit much better manoeuvrability to form uniform and crack-free laminates as large-area Li protective structure, but the presence of –CF x also leads to the formation of a high-content lithium fluoride (LiF) interphase via a lithiation route, endowing high-loading lateral Li deposition by the increase of interfacial energy between the substrate and the highly fluorinated interphase. Based on the efficacious Li protection by the –CF x bonded carbon laminates, a stable cycling of 300 cycles is achieved for Li||LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 (NCA) full cell with a high NCA loading of 5 mAh cm−2. These results demonstrate that protecting high-loading Li metal anodes in the practical LMBs is feasible by the functional carbon synthesized from our easy-scalable method. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A study of the processes of the thermal carbonization of silicon monoxide in the presence of nonstoichiometric carbon monofluoride demonstrated that raising the annealing temperature of mixtures of SiO and CFx powders in a quasi-closed volume to 1000°C and higher leads to the formation of whisker-like SiC nanocrystals. It is found that, in parallel with the known crystallization of SiC nanowires as a result of the interaction of SiO vapor with carbon monoxide, the previously undescribed interaction of CO with gas-phase silicon difluoride SiF2 takes part in their formation. At temperatures below 1200°C, this reaction is dominant and makes the most pronounced contribution to the yield of SiC nanowires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorocarbons are novel systems in the fast-growing fields of diverse biomedical applications and fluorocarbon-water emulsions. However, characterization of these systems with modern measuring techniques such as drop profile analysis tensiometry is almost impossible because of practically identical refractive indexes and high-density differences. Due to the material properties of the fluorocarbon-water system, the invasive Du Noüy ring is the most appropriate method to measure interfacial tensions over long times. However, the influence of the ring on a fluorocarbon/water interface packed with phospholipids needs careful analysis. For the proof of methodology, the spinning drop tensiometry was used for comparison as a non-invasive technique to measure interfacial tension between water and perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (PFPH) covered by 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) proving almost identical results. This demonstrates the validity of the invasive measurement technique for the studied system. The Du Noüy ring method was applied for further measurements of phospholipids with different chain lengths (1,2-dmyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phostphatidylcholine, DMPC; 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, DSPC) which revealed a difference in interfacial adsorption kinetics and equilibrium tensions. The Du Noüy ring tensiometry is appropriate to examine the slow adsorption kinetics of phospholipids emulsifying fluorocarbons. The results enable functional optimization of fluorocarbon emulsions regarding physical emulsification parameters and the selection of lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorocarbon derived from rice husk was synthesized and utilized as an efficient sorbent for micro-solid-phase extraction to determine N-nitrosamines in desalinated water samples. Three different sorbents from pure rice husk (rice husk ash, sulfonated rice husk, and fluorocarbon) were synthesized. Various techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of the sorbents. N-Nitrosamine mixtures (N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, and N-nitrosodiphenylamine) were used as target analytes for micro-solid-phase extraction. The factors influencing the performance of micro-solid-phase extraction, such as the selection of suitable sorbent, desorption solvent, desorption time, sample pH, and extraction time, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the newly improved micro-solid-phase extraction method provided a linear range between 1.0 and 50 µg/L with R2 value ranges from 0.9916 to 0.9998. The limit of quantification ranges between 0.01 and 0.004 µg/L with satisfactory intraday and interday precision ranging from 3.9 to 5.1% and 4.7 to 7.5%, respectively. Recovery experiments evaluated the accuracy of the micro-solid-phase extraction; the recoveries were in the range of 85.6–102.4%. The micro-solid-phase extraction method was successfully utilized for the sensitive, accurate, and precise trace-level detection of N-nitrosamines in desalinated water samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research highlights the capacity of a newly introduced centrifugation process to form liposomes from water-in-fluorocarbon nano-emulsions stabilized with phospholipids to incorporate macromolecular and sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The encapsulation efficiency of the produced liposomes, incorporating fluorescein-sodium, bovine serum albumin and fluorecein isothiocyanate dextran as model APIs, is determined by applying Vivaspin® centrifugation filtration and quantified by UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that higher densities of the fluorocarbons used as the hydrophobic phase enable a higher encapsulation efficiency and that an efficiency of up to 98% is possible depending on the used phospholipid. Among the engineering aspects of the process, a comparison between different membrane substances was performed. Efficiency increases with a higher phospholipid concentration but decreases with the addition of cholesterol. Due to the higher bending modulus, liposome formation is slowed down by cholesterol during liposome closure leading to a greater leakage of the model API. The encapsulation of bovine serum albumin and dextran, both investigated under different osmotic conditions, shows that an efflux negatively affects the encapsulation efficiency while an influx increases the stability. Overall, the process shows the potential for a very high encapsulation efficiency for macromolecules and future pharmaceutical applications.

An enhanced greenhouse effect due to high CO2 emissions has become one of the most concerning issues worldwide. Although plant/algae-mediated approaches have been extensively used for CO2 segregation in the last decades, these methods are generally aimed at environment protection. In contrast, less attention has been given to CO2 manipulation that has regrettably caused a decrease in the commercial availability of the associated technologies. To generate a system for practical use, a synthetic fluorocarbon photobioreactor system (FCPBRS) consisting of a CO2 isolation unit, a gas modulation unit, an O2 collection unit, and a microalgal culture chamber was developed in this study. After injecting a 60%-N2/40%-CO2 gas mixture into the CO2 isolation unit for 10 days, the results showed that the FCPBRS enabled a > 93% CO2 separation efficiency using a fluorocarbon liquid FC-40 as the CO2 adsorbent. In addition, the growth rate of Nannochloropsis oculata was significantly enhanced when cultured with 20 mL min−1 of the FC-40 flow containing 2% CO2 throughout the time course, resulting in 4.7-, 4.6-, and 4.5-fold (P < 0.05 for each) increases in biomass, total lipid, and eicosapentaenoic acid yields, respectively, compared to the aerated group without FC-40. Moreover, approximately 1600 mL of photosynthetic O2 with a ~ 80% collection efficiency was obtained in the O2 collection unit within 10 days of FCPBRS operation. These outcomes indicate that the FCPBRS may provide a feasible means to simultaneously achieve CO2 isolation, O2 collection, and enhanced microalgae bioproductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper studies the potential electro-spraying of a polyester woven fabric by silica aerogel particles using a fluorocarbon finishing method. For the first time, the samples of different mixtures of silica aerogel and fluorocarbon were prepared and successfully coated on the polyester fabrics using an electro-spraying process. The prepared fabrics were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and EDS and compared with the un-treated sample in term of some physical properties including heat transfer, 3 M water repellency, water contact angle, air permeability and abrasion fastness. According to the results, a decreasing trend in the heat transfer was observed from 71.65 (0.5)% for the un-sprayed fabric to 38.35 (1.06) and 30.99 (0.4)% for the electro-sprayed fabrics for 16 and 24 h, respectively. As for the air permeability, a similar trend was observed in which the sample containing a higher amount of aerogel has less air permeability. Also, the results indicated that the presence of aerogel particles improves the hydrophobic properties of the electro-sprayed samples. Thus, the sample electro-sprayed with the aerogel/fluorocarbon mixture for 24 h, showed the most hydrophobicity with the contact angle of 152.2 (0.8)°. Also, the weight losses of the sprayed samples after the abrasion test were insignificantly less than 5% leading to a low dust-releasing behavior of the aerogel particles from the fibers surface. Highlights • Successful electro-spraying of a fabric by an aerogel using a fluorocarbon coating • Decreasing of the heat transfer of the aerogel/fluorocarbon sprayed fabrics • Increasing of the hydrophobicity of the aerogel/fluorocarbon sprayed fabrics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • This work provides novel observations of the charging behavior at O/W interface. • The tetradecane drops coated non-ionic surfactant FS-30 are negatively charged. • The effects of various salt cases on the interactions were studied systematically. Abstract Non-ionic surfactants are widely used in many industrial applications such as detergents, oil recovery, and mineral flotation techniques. Non-ionic surfactants readily adsorb onto the oil-water interface, although they cannot dissociate in solutions like ionic surfactants can. Nonetheless, the electrostatic double-layer (EDL) repulsive force between oil drops coated with the non-ionic surfactant can still provide stability against coalescence. In this work, the interaction forces between two tetradecane drops with diameter of 6.5 µm were measured in the presence of the non-ionic fluorocarbon-based surfactant FS-30 in various salt solutions using optical tweezers. The measured force curves were consistent with the presence of a surface charge, even though the surfactant was non-ionic in nature. The results clearly show that the EDL repulsive force is gradually screened with increasing salt concentration. It was also found that the EDL repulsive force was significantly screened in the divalent cation salt solutions (Ca2+, Ba2+) in comparison to in the monovalent cation salt solutions (Na+). In addition, the absolute value of the measured zeta potential (− ξ) of emulsified tetradecane drops gradually decreased with increasing FS-30 concentration. In all experimental processes, the emulsified tetradecane drops coated with FS-30 were stable against coalescence. These findings have significant implications for the stability of emulsions used in the food, cosmetic, and detergent industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COMPASS RICH-1 has used high-purity perfluorobutane as radiator gas since 2001. The operation and control of the radiator gas has evolved over years with continuous improvements. We report on the experience gained in the 20 year-long operation of perfluorobutane as COMPASS RICH radiator. Very accurate values for the radiator gas refractive index are needed for high-performance particle identification. The procedure has evolved over years and the one presently in use, which provides refractive index estimate at the 1 ppm level, is discussed. Perfluorobutane procurement is becoming challenging, and the minimization of material waste is now a priority for the protection of the environment. Commercially available perfluorobutane needs dedicated filtering before usage and typical material losses in the filtering procedure were around 30%. Recent efforts allowed us to reduce them to about 5%. A potential alternative to fluorocarbon radiators in gaseous RICHes is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are simultaneously exposed to complex chemical mixtures, and its combined effect can affect human health. As part of the HBM4EU project, the actual mixture of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in 25 human placenta samples was extracted by chromatographic methods and assessed for xeno-estrogenic activity using two in-vitro bioassays: the estrogen receptor transactivity and the E-Screen assay. Most of the PFAS extracts displayed xeno-estrogenic activity, in one or both assays. The xeno-estrogenic activities in the two bioassays were not correlated, but both assays showed an overall negative correlation with placenta concentrations of single PFAS. Xeno-estrogenic activities were significantly related to maternal characteristics; being higher in young, smokers and primiparous women, but not with fetal growth (birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age, placenta weight). The presented extraction method can be used to study the combined effect of real-life mixtures of PFAS in relation to health outcomes in large-scale human biomonitoring studies. • Mixture of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) were extracted from human placentas. • Xeno-estrogenic activities of the extracts were assessed in two in-vitro bioassays. • Most of the PFAS extracts displayed xeno-estrogenic activity, in one or both assays. • Xeno-estrogenic activities of PFAS were related to maternal age, smoking and parity. • PFAS induced xeno-estrogenic activities were not associated with fetal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]