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Social norms play a key role in dietary behaviors. This study tested the underlying mechanism behind social norm effects in the context of the influences of social eating cues (individual vs. group eating cues) in fast food advertisements on motivational responses. Our results indicated that food ads with group eating cues elicited stronger appetitive activation resulting in greater orbicularis oculi activation and greater skin conductivity level, indicating more positive emotional feelings and more sympathetic arousal, compared to food ads with individual eating cues. Group eating cues also led to more favorable self-reported attitudes toward the advertised food products and brands. Overall, findings from this study suggest that exposure to food ads with group eating cues yield greater appetitive responses toward these types of ads and their products, likely creating a stronger degree of perceived social support. Implications are discussed.

Beyond genetics, there are several environmental factors which are responsible for the surging rates of obesity. Food advertisements being a part of multiple levels of food environment influence eating habits and contributes to obesity and other noncommunicable diseases. This research was a triphasic study conducted to evaluate the content of food advertisements appearing on most popular TV channels watched by children and their mothers, living in Delhi. In the first phase, TV viewing pattern of 30 children (8-12 years) and their mothers was determined, followed by the second phase which involved observation of food advertisements on most watched TV channels. In last phase, content analysis of food advertisements and corresponding food labels was carried out vis-a-vis advertising appeals (emotional and rational) and health/nutrition claims in accordance with Food Safety and Standards (Advertising and Claims) Regulations, 2018 and Advertising Council of India (ASCI) guidelines. Television viewing was identified as a regular habit among children and their mothers with the preferred time slot of 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. The most watched advertised food category among children was chocolate / candies / lollipops (80%) and among mothers were grocery products (96.6%). Compared to mainstream, proportion of food commercials was almost double on kids' channels however; most advertised food category (chocolate / candies / lollipops) was found to be common on both channels. Use of advertising appeals along with health / nutrition claims (56%) was prevalent in food advertisements. No gross violation of claims was found; however, few conditional and health claims were depicted in a manner to mislead the consumers.

Issue addressed Previous research has highlighted children's frequent exposure to advertisements of unhealthy food and beverages on television. However, the food industry is increasingly utilising non-broadcast channels such as outdoor advertising (e.g., billboards, bus shelters, shop fronts) for product marketing. Few studies have investigated children's exposure to outdoor food advertising around primary and secondary schools. This study aimed to quantify the presence and content of outdoor food advertisements within a 500m radius of primary and secondary schools in Perth, Western Australia. Methods A cross sectional design was used to capture outdoor advertisements within a 500m radial buffer around the school boundary. The INFORMAS protocol for monitoring outdoor advertising around child-serving institutions was used. Sixty-four primary and secondary schools in Perth, Australia, were selected using random sampling within socio-economic and population density strata. Results In total, 5636 outdoor advertisements were identified within a 500m radius of all 64 schools combined and 30% were for food. Of the 1708 food advertisements, 74% were for unhealthy (non-core) food. The most frequently advertised food products were alcohol, fast-food and sugar sweetened beverages. Only 8% of food advertisements featured a healthy product. The majority of schools (75%) had at least one food advertisement within 500m (mean 36, range 3-190). Schools in lower socio-economic areas had more food advertisements and a significantly higher proportion of unhealthy food advertisements within 250m. Conclusion Outdoor advertising around schools constitutes a potential frequent source of children's exposure to unhealthy food and alcohol advertising. SO WHAT?: Policy interventions restricting the content of outdoor food advertising near schools are needed.

Exposure to unhealthy food advertising is a known determinant of children's poor dietary behaviours. The purpose of this study was to quantify and characterize Canadian children's exposure to food advertising on broadcast television and examine trends over time.Objectively measured advertising exposure data for 19 food categories airing on 30 stations broadcast in Toronto were licenced for May 2011 and May 2019. Using ad ratings data, the average number of food advertisements viewed by children aged 2-11 years, overall, by food category and by type of television station (child-appealing, adolescent-appealing and generalist stations), was estimated per time period.In May 2019, children viewed an average of 136 food advertisements on television, 20% fewer than in May 2011. More than half of advertisements viewed in May 2019 promoted unhealthy food categories such as fast food (43% of exposure), candy (6%), chocolate (6%) and regular soft drinks (5%) and only 17% of their total exposure occurred on child-appealing stations. Between May 2011 and May 2019, children's exposure increased the most, in absolute terms, for savory snack foods (+7.2 ad exposures/child), fast food (+5.4) and regular soft drinks (+5.3) with most of these increases occurring on generalist stations.Canadian children are still exposed to advertisements promoting unhealthy food categories on television despite voluntary restrictions adopted by some food companies. Statutory restrictions should be adopted and designed such that children are effectively protected from unhealthy food advertising on both stations intended for general audiences and those appealing to younger audiences.RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Cette étude quantifiait et décrivait l’exposition des enfants canadiens à la publicité alimentaire télévisuelle et examinait l’évolution des tendances. MéTHODE: Des données sur l’exposition publicitaire pour 19 catégories alimentaires diffusées sur 30 postes de télévision à Toronto ont été obtenues sous licence pour les mois de mai 2011 et mai 2019. Le nombre moyen de publicités visionnées par enfant âgé de 2 à 11 ans, au total, par catégorie d’aliments et par type de poste (attrayants auprès d’enfants, d’adolescents ou d’un large public), a été estimé pour chaque période. RéSULTATS: En mai 2019, les enfants ont visionné, en moyenne, 136 publicités alimentaires télévisuelles, soit 20 % de moins qu’en mai 2011. Plus de la moitié de leur exposition publicitaire en mai 2019 faisait la promotion de catégories d’aliments malsains tels que la restauration rapide (43 % de l’exposition), les bonbons (6 %), le chocolat (6 %) et les boissons gazeuses (5 %), et seulement 17 % de leur exposition totale est survenue sur les postes attrayants auprès d’enfants. De mai 2011 à mai 2019, l’exposition des enfants a augmenté le plus, en nombre absolu, pour les collations salées (+7,2 publicités/enfant), la restauration rapide (+5,4) et les boissons gazeuses (+5,3), la majorité de ces augmentations survenant sur les postes généralistes. CONCLUSION: Les enfants sont exposés à la publicité alimentaire télévisuelle malsaine malgré les restrictions volontaires adoptées par certaines compagnies alimentaires. Des lois protégeant adéquatement les enfants contre les publicités malsaines diffusées sur les postes généralistes et ceux attrayant aux jeunes devraient être envisagées.

Background This study aims to examine the effects of the request and purchase of Television (TV) advertised foods on children’s dietary intake, overweight and obesity in China. Methods Data from 1417 children (aged 6–17 years) in the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analysed. The request and purchase of TV advertised foods were assessed through the frequency of children’s requests to purchase TV advertised foods and the frequency of parents’ purchases of these advertised foods, as well as the frequency of children’s purchases of TV advertised foods. The height and weight of children were measured. Logistic regression models were used to identify the associations between the request and purchase of TV advertised foods and overweight/obesity of children. Results The request and purchase of TV advertised foods were positively associated with children’s dietary intake of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrates. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, children’s request and purchase of TV advertised foods and parent’s purchase of TV advertised foods were positively associated with children’s overweight/obesity: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overweight/obesity were: 1.46 (1.01–2.11) for children purchasing advertised foods ≥1 time/week, 1.59 (1.15–2.18) for parents purchasing advertised foods for their children ≥1 time/week and 1.39 (1.00–1.95) for children requesting advertised foods ≥1 time/week. Conclusions The request and purchase of TV advertised foods are associated with children’s dietary intake. Moreover, the request and purchase of TV advertised foods can increase the risk of overweight and obesity of children. Health education involving children’s request and purchase of TV advertised foods and parents’ purchase of TV advertised foods should be considered in China.

Television advertisements are a powerful medium by which food companies can influence children's dietary choices. This study aimed to determine the current frequency and nutritional content of food and drink advertisements on popular television channels and ascertain whether this differed depending on the target age-group. In this study, television channels were classified by their stated target age-groups. A total of 96 hours of the most popular television channels from each age category were watched during children's peak viewing times, and food and drink advertisements were nutritionally analysed. Overall, 9.5% of advertisements observed were for food and drink. More food and drink advertisements (P

The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased worldwide and various environmental factors have accelerated this trend. Several reports have suggested that food advertising causes childhood obesity. We proposed a review study to evaluate the relationship between TV food advertisements and obesity in children. By searching over electronic databases (including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar), the reference lists of original studies, and reviews using key search terms, 1181 articles were identified. Out of these, only 9 articles met the inclusion and quality criteria. Most of the longitudinal study carried out at the national level have reported a significant association between commercial viewing and BMI in children. The duration of these studies varied between 7 months and 5 years. The children’s TV viewing time was between 1.5 and 3.5 hours per day. Results of the reviewed studies have revealed a controversial attitude about the influence of TV food advertisements on obesity. However, three of four modeling studies indicated an increment in the prevalence of overweight and obesity following exposure to food advertisements. Further interventional and longitude studies are needed to achieve more precise results.

Adolescents exposed to food and beverage advertisements (FBAs) typically low in nutrient density can be influenced in their food choices, eating behaviors, and health. This study examines the association between perceptions and trust of FBAs (key predictor) and the outcome of daily consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) in parent-adolescent dyads, with risk of food insecurity as a potential moderator. Cross-sectional data from the Family, Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) study was used to test actor and partner effects using structural equation modeling. The final model was adjusted for parent sex and education level, and effects were compared between dyads at risk of food insecurity (n = 605) and dyads not at risk (n = 1008). In the unadjusted model, actor effects (parent: b = 0.23, p = 0.001; adolescent b = 0.12, p = 0.001) and parent-partner effects were found (b = 0.08, p = 0.004). The final comparative model produced similar results for dyads not at risk of food insecurity (parent actor: b = 0.27, p = 0.001; parent partner: b = 0.10, p = 0.01; adolescent actor: b = 0.11, p = 0.003). For dyads at risk of food insecurity, only actor effects were significant (parent: b = 0.22, p = 0.001; adolescent: b = 0.11, p = 0.013). These findings suggest that parents’ favorability towards FBAs influence parent-adolescent unhealthy food consumption, and that this association is different when accounting for risk of food insecurity.

Electronic media provides the most advanced information about foods and food brands. The impact of food related advertisements dramatically affects the eating habits of young children. Different brands are preferably affecting food related choices of youngsters. Brand preference affects the actual eating patterns.

Working with Karl Marx’s concept of commodity fetishism, the purpose of this paper is to argue that food advertisements and packaging work to further obfuscate the social, economic, and environmental relations behind the animal products and by-products consumed in Canada and the United States. The paper discusses the socio-ecological implications of the animal-industrial complex and employs a critical discourse analysis to examine how advertisements for animal products and by-products function as sites of public pedagogy to obscure these adverse effects. Finally, this paper outlines a vision of critical food pedagogies that both ‘removes the veil’ (Hudson & Hudson, 2003) and addresses the underlying generative framework that drives our relationship with an industrial food system

Exposure to multiple food options (online & offline) through media exposure (single & multiple) stimulates students’ consumption pattern in health or unhealthy way. Numerous researchers in the past have focused on ethics while promoting eatable products through diverse media platform. But this research investigated the impact of cognitive mindset of students and parental pressure/restriction that has influenced the individual mindset for different food options. The rationale of this research was to establish the relationship between students’ consumption pattern for different food options, keeping into consideration online media influence on the mindset of students. A randomized control trial was done on 180 students (92 Male, 88 Female), aged in between 19 and 21 years (20.4 ± 1.8 (mean ± SD)). This current research identified that students who have experienced parental pressure in their feeding practices had resulted in higher level of self-regulation among them. Research also ascertained the comparative aspect of media’s influence on diverse buying stages of consumer decision making process for Indian students related to online and offline food options available on diverse e-commerce and retail platforms. However from the findings it has been evident that purchase intent, one of the critical stage of consumer decision making process has nothing to do with media’s influence. This depicted the intervention of attributes like parental pressure and cognition which might have played significant role in framing the mindset of students. Even, obligatory policies should be framed by government on consumer food advertisements in order to promote healthy food options for consumers.

In food advertisements, consumers often get inputs from only a few senses and rely on crossmodal interactions to represent those advertisement features from which they are not getting sensory stimulation. In doing so, they create multimodal mental imageries of the missing sensory cues. This article studies the perceptual process of multimodal visually induced olfactory imagery in food advertising. It measures its effects on taste perception and food consumption. Olfactory-congruent visual inputs activate an associated olfactory imagery, which, in its turn, creates an olfactory-congruent taste and influences food consumption.

This study aims to explore the stakeholders’ views and suggestions about the policy challenges of food advertisements. Sixteen semistructured interviews were held with media and the food industry experts. Directed content analysis and constant comparison methods were used to obtained categories until subthemes were extracted, and the results were shared as member checking with the stakeholders. Two categories in two themes and seven subthemes were investigated based on the perspectives of the stakeholders: (a) Creating food advertisements and (b) Regulations and rules of food advertising. Few strict guidelines and rules are governing food advertising in Iran. Some factors influencing the general approach in nutrition policy and particularly the choice of policy options and instruments that can be placed in this area, including economic factors, political leadership, lack of political, and systematic monitoring of food advertising status, will were perceived as powerful constraints in advertising policy. Strong links must be established between all sectors that have a bearing on healthy food (the media, public health community, food industry, and consumers). The research findings seek to offer policy options for both the government and the stakeholders for challenging future policies of food advertising., Watching TV is significantly associated with increased consumption of unhealthy foods, including fast foods, and there is sufficient evidence that TV advertising influences food preferences, purchasing requests, and eating behavior. Unhealthy dietary habits, for example, switching from healthy traditional foods to fast foods, which contain high amounts of fat and sodium and low fiber are the key driver behind developing noncommunicable diseases. As there is a relationship between food advertising and food choices, by modifying people's habits and food choices.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of Chile’s 2016 regulation restricting child-directed marketing of products high in energy, saturated fats, sodium and sugars on reducing children’s exposure to ‘high-in’ television food advertising.Design:Television use by pre-schoolers and adolescents was assessed via surveys in the months prior to implementation and a year after implementation. Hours and channels of television use were linked with the amount of high-in food advertising observed in corresponding content analyses of food advertisements (ads) from popular broadcast and cable channels to estimate changes in exposure to food ads from these channels.Setting:Middle-lower and lower-income neighbourhoods in Santiago, Chile.Participants:Pre-schoolers (n 879; mothers reporting) and adolescents (n 753; self-reporting).Results:Pre-schoolers’ and adolescents’ exposure to high-in food advertising in total decreased significantly by an average of 44 and 58 %, respectively. Exposure to high-in food advertising with child-directed appeals, such as cartoon characters, decreased by 35 and 52 % for pre-schoolers and adolescents, respectively. Decreases were more pronounced for children who viewed more television. Products high in sugars were the most prevalent among the high-in ads seen by children after implementation.Conclusions:Following Chile’s 2016 child-directed marketing regulation, children’s exposure to high-in food advertising on popular broadcast and cable television decreased significantly but was not eliminated from their viewing. Later stages of the regulation are expected to eliminate the majority of children’s exposure to high-in food advertising from television.

Background Ultra-processed food consumption is a risk factor for obesity and has a negative environmental impact. Food companies spend billions of dollars on advertisements each year to increase the consumption of ultra-processed food. In Australia, USA, and New Zealand, most food advertisements around schools and in train stations promote ultra-processed food, but no similar studies have been conducted in Sweden. The aim of this study was to explore the proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements in two districts of Stockholm, Sweden with low vs. high socioeconomic status (SES). Methods Two independent researchers (per area) mapped all advertisements, including storefronts, in two Stockholm districts. During consecutive days, all advertisements were photographed in Skärholmen (low SES district), and Östermalmstorg (high SES district), on the streets inside and outside the subway stations, as well as inside and outside of local shopping malls. Advertisements promoting food products were identified and a trained dietician categorized whether they promoted ultra-processed foods. Chi-Square test was conducted to test for differences in the proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements between the two study areas. Results In total, 4092 advertisements were photographed in Skärholmen (n = 1935) and Östermalm (n = 2157). 32.8% of all advertisements promoted food, while 65.4% of food advertisements promoted ultra-processed foods. A significantly higher proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements out of total food advertisements was identified in the low SES area, irrespective of the researcher taking the pictures (74.6% vs. 61.8%, p p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of food advertisements out of total advertisements between the two areas. Conclusions This study provides initial evidence about the scale and the differences in exposure to food advertisements across areas in Stockholm. The observed high proportion of ultra-processed food advertisements is concerning and is in sharp contrast to the Swedish dietary guidelines that recommend reduced consumption of such foods. Based on our results, residents in low SES areas might be more exposed to ultra-processed food advertisements than those in high SES areas in Stockholm. If such findings are confirmed in additional areas, they should be considered during the deployment of food advertisement regulatory actions.

Food marketing of products high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS), including television advertising, is one of the environmental factors considered as a contributor to the obesity epidemic. The main objective of this study was to quantify the exposure of French children and adolescents to television advertisements for HFSS products. TV food advertisements broadcast in 2018 were categorized according to the Nutri-Score of the advertised products. These advertisements, identified according to the days and times of broadcast, were cross-referenced with audience data for 4- to 12-year-olds and 13- to 17-year-olds. More than 50% of food advertisements seen on television by children and adolescents concerned HFSS products, identified as classified as Nutri-Score D and E. In addition, half of advertisements for D and E Nutri-Score products were seen by children and adolescents in the evening during peak viewing hours, when more than 20% of both age groups watched television. On the other hand, during the same viewing hours, the percentage of children and adolescents who watched youth programs, the only programs subject to an advertising ban, was very low (&lt, 2%). These results show that the relevance of regulating advertising at times when the television audience of children and adolescents is the highest and not targeted at youth programs, in order to reduce their exposure to advertising for products of low nutritional quality.

Background Exposure to food marketing through television is a pathway impacting food choices and purchasing behavior among children and adolescents and can contribute to overweight and obesity. The study conducted a detailed content analysis of food advertisements on popular television channels among children and youth in India. It also explored the differences in the content of these advertisements: a) between channels (children vs youth); b) within the channel by day type (weekend and weekdays) and time. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken on six popular national television channels among children (2-14 years) and youth (>14 years). Data was collected for three consecutive weeks (September 2020) during selected hours on both weekdays and weekends (4:00pm to 10:00 pm), with additional hours (10.00am-2:00pm) on weekends, by adapting the existing validated tools. Statistical methods like Pearson’s chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent t-test were used. Results A higher proportion of Food advertisements were seen on children’s channels (38%) than youth channels (23%) (PP=0.553) and youth channels (P=0.513). Maximum advertisements were seen on weekdays between 8 pm–9 pm on children’s and youth channels. Similarly, on weekends, 4 pm-5 pm for children’s channels and 7 pm-8 pm for youth channels. Majority of the Food advertisements were high in fat, salt, and sugar (88.6%) irrespective of channel (children and youth) and day type (weekend or weekday). On children’s channels, food high in fat, salt and sugar were advertised more on weekends than weekdays (P=0.006), but this difference was not significant on youth channels (P=0.089). Of these foods, it was foods high in sugar that were seen more on children’s (55.2%) than youth channel (41.5%) (P Conclusions The study informed that advertisements targeted towards children and youth had specific timings and were majorly high in fat, salt, and sugar. There is a need for instituting systems for tracking compliance with regulations, on the content and timing of food advertisements, and developing national databases for tracking all broadcasts to periodically inform the enforcement of food advertisements targeting children and youth in India.

Background Worldwide obesity rates have prompted 16 countries to enact policies to reduce children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing, but few policies address online advertising practices or protect adolescents from being targeted. Given adolescents spend so much time online, it is critical to understand how persuasive Instagram food advertisements (ads) are compared with traditional food ads. To strengthen online food marketing policies, more evidence is needed on whether social media ads are more persuasive than other types of ads in shaping adolescents’ preferences. Objective This study examined whether adolescents could identify food companies’ Instagram posts as ads, and the extent to which Instagram versus traditional food ads shape adolescents’ preferences. Methods In Part 1, participants aged 13-17 years (N=832) viewed 8 pairs of ads and were asked to identify which ads originated from Instagram. One ad in each pair was selected from traditional sources (eg, print; online banner ad), and the other ad was selected from Instagram, but we removed the Instagram frame—which includes the logo, comments, and “likes.” In Part 2, participants were randomized to rate food ads that ostensibly originated from (1) Instagram (ie, we photoshopped the Instagram frame onto ads); or (2) traditional sources. Unbeknownst to participants, half of the ads in their condition originated from Instagram and half originated from traditional sources. Results In Part 1, adolescents performed worse than chance when asked to identify Instagram ads (P Conclusions Adolescents incorrectly identified traditional ads as Instagram posts, suggesting the artistic appearance of social media ads may not be perceived as marketing. Further, the mere presence of Instagram features caused adolescents to rate food ads more positively than ads without Instagram features.

Metaphors play a big role in the way in which we interpret the world around us, considering the fact that our way of thinking is metaphorical in nature. Metaphors can be found in all areas of human activity, including advertising, which has relied on the use of metaphors as a tried-and-true method to entice their customers’ minds and, of course, achieve more positive marketing results. Advertisements can be analysed from the point of view of cognitive linguistics and the way in which text interacts with the visual elements, such as pictorial and multimodal metaphors. This paper’s goal is to provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of metaphors in advertising, and then, choosing one of the product types, apply them and identify the prevalent patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To describe advertising of discretionary foods on television at times when children watch television.METHODS: We randomly sampled 84 days (one of each weekday for every month of the year) for 2017, viewed all food advertisements and categorised them according to type (healthy, discretionary or other). The frequency of advertisements per hour was calculated for times when most children watch television (peak viewing time PVT1) and when C-rated programs can be broadcast (PVT2).RESULTS: The rate of advertising of discretionary foods during PVT1 was 1.5/hour (95%CI 1.4-1.5), and during PVT2 was 1.7/hour (1.6-1.8).CONCLUSIONS: Children continue to be exposed to food advertising. Implications for public health: Voluntary food and grocery industry codes have not prevented children from being exposed to discretionary food advertising on television. From June 2019, all food and beverage advertising is subject to either food industry or advertising industry codes. The data presented here will form the baseline for future evaluation of whether the new arrangements reduce children's exposure to food advertising.

Quảng cáo trực tuyến là một trong số những loại hình quảng cáo truyền thông mà con người thường xuyên tiếp xúc trong thời đại hiện nay. Mục đích của bài báo là tìm ra các yếu tố ngôn ngữ và phi ngôn ngữ đã được sử dụng trong quảng cáo thức ăn nhanh bằng tiếng Anh và tác dụng thuyết phục của chúng đối với việc tiêu thụ sản phẩm của người xem. Nghiên cứu này áp dụng mô hình phân tích diễn ngôn đa phương thức (Norris, 2004) làm cơ sở lý thuyết và đường hướng phân tích. Qua phân tích hai video quảng cáo của hai chuỗi thức ăn nhanh nổi tiếng thế giới (Kentucky Fried Chicken và McDonald), kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy ngoài ngôn ngữ, còn có nhiều phương thức giao tiếp khác ảnh hưởng đến việc tiêu thụ các sản phẩm thức ăn nhanh như khoảng cách không gian, tư thế, cử chỉ, ánh mắt, chuyển động đầu, âm nhạc, in ấn và bố cục. Mức độ ảnh hưởng của mỗi phương thức trong từng quảng cáo là khác nhau và có tác dụng nhất định trong việc thuyết phục người xem.

Viewing images of food triggers the desire to eat and this effect increases when images represent food in a more vivid way. Cinemagraphs are a new medium that is intermediate between photographs and videos: most of the frame is static, while some details are animated in a seamless loop, resulting in a vivid viewing experience. On social media cinemagraphs are increasingly used for food-related communication. Given their vivid appearance we hypothesized that food cinemagraphs may evoke stronger appetitive responses than their static counterparts (stills). This would make them a promising medium for food advertisements on the Internet or on digital menu boards. In this study we measured the ‘wanting’ (appetitive) and ‘liking’ (affective) responses to both cinemagraph and stills representing a wide range of different food products. Our results show that food cinemagraphs slightly increase ‘wanting’ scores while not affecting ‘liking’ scores, compared to similar stills. Although we found no overall main effect of image dynamics on ‘liking’, we did observe a significant effect for some individual food items. The effects of image dynamics on ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ appear to be product specific: while dynamic images were scored higher on ‘wanting’ or ‘liking’ for some products, static images were scored higher on these factors for other products. Observer responses to a free association task indicate that image dynamics can affect the appeal of a food product in two ways: by emphasizing its hedonic qualities (lusciousness, freshness) and by enhancing the observers’ awareness of their own core affect (‘liking’) for the product. We conclude that the effective use of cinemagraphs in food advertisements therefore requires a careful consideration of the characteristics (hedonic aspects) of the food product that are to be highlighted through image motion and the inherent preferences (core liking) of the target group.

BackgroundFood marketing exposure has the potential to influence children’s dietary behaviours and health status, however, few studies have identified how ‘obesogenic’ the outdoor food marketing environment is along public transport (bus and/or train) or walking routes that children take to school.MethodsAudits of all outdoor advertisements present along likely train, bus and walking routes to 24 secondary schools (ie, 3 routes per school, 72 routes total) were conducted in Perth, Western Australia (WA). The size, content, type and setting of each advertisement were recorded in accordance with the International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support protocol for monitoring outdoor advertising.ResultsOf the 4016 total advertisements observed, almost half were for food (n=1754, 44%) and of these, 80% (n=1397) advertised discretionary (non-core) foods, and 8% (n=138) advertised healthy (core) foods. On average, commuting to school by train, bus and walking exposed Perth schoolchildren to 37.1, 22 and 4.5 discretionary (non-core) food ads per one-way trip to school, respectively.ConclusionsChildren living in Perth, WA experience a high level of exposure to unhealthy outdoor food advertisements during the school commute. Policies which restrict the placement and content of outdoor advertising, could be a useful strategy in the fight against childhood obesity.

Television (TV) is a powerful medium for marketing food and beverages. Food and beverage marketers tend to use this medium to target children with the hope that children will in turn influence their families’ food choices. No study has assessed the compliance of TV marketers with the South African Marketing to Children pledge since the enactment of the 2014 food advertising recommendations by the South African Department of Health and the Advertising Standards Authority. This study investigated the extent and nature of advertising of unhealthy versus healthy food and beverages to children in South African TV broadcasting channels. The date, time, type, frequency and target audience of food advertisements (ads) on four free-to-air South African TV channels were recorded and captured using a structured assessment guide. The presence of persuasive marketing techniques was also assessed. Unhealthy food and beverage advertising was recorded at a significantly higher rate compared with healthy food and beverages during the time frame when children were likely to be watching TV. Brand benefit claims, health claims and power strategies (e.g., advertising using cartoon characters and celebrated individuals) were used as persuasive strategies. These persuasive strategies were used more in unhealthy versus healthy food ads. The findings are in breach of the South African Marketing to Children pledge and suggest a failure of the industry self-regulation system. We recommend the introduction of monitored and enforced statutory regulations to ensure healthy TV food advertising space.

Energy-dense food advertising affects children’s eating behaviour. However, the impact of high-sugar food advertising specifically on the intake of sweet foods is underexplored. This study sought to determine whether children would increase their intake of sugar and total energy following high-sugar food advertising (relative to toy advertising) and whether dental health, weight status and socio-economic status (SES) would moderate any effect. In a crossover, randomised controlled trial, 101 UK children (forty male) aged 8–10 years were exposed to high-sugar food/beverage and toy advertisements embedded within a cartoon. Their subsequent intake of snack foods and beverages varying in sugar content was measured. A dental examination was performed, and height and weight measurements were taken. Home postcode provided by parents was used to assign participants to SES quintiles. Children consumed a significantly greater amount of energy (203·3 (95 % CI 56·5, 350·2) kJ (48·6 (95 % CI 13·5, 83·7) kcal); P = 0·007) and sugar (6·0 (95 % CI 1·3, 10·7) g; P = 0·012) following food advertisements compared with after toy advertisements. This was driven by increased intake of the items with most sugar (chocolate and jelly sweets). Children of healthy weight and with dental caries had the greatest intake response to food advertising exposure, but there were no differences by SES. Acute experimental food advertising exposure increases food intake in children. Specifically, high-sugar food and beverage advertising promotes the consumption of high-sugar food items. The debate around the negative health effects of food advertising on children should be widened to include dental health as well as overall dietary health and obesity.

While outdoor advertisements are common features within towns and cities, they may reinforce social inequalities in health. Vulnerable populations in deprived areas may have greater exposure to fast food, gambling and alcohol advertisements, which may encourage their consumption. Understanding who is exposed and evaluating potential policy restrictions requires a substantial manual data collection effort. To address this problem we develop a deep learning workflow to automatically extract and classify unhealthy advertisements from street-level images. We introduce the Liverpool $${360}^{\circ }$$ 360 ∘ Street View (LIV360SV) dataset for evaluating our workflow. The dataset contains 25,349, 360 degree, street-level images collected via cycling with a GoPro Fusion camera, recorded Jan 14th–18th 2020. 10,106 advertisements were identified and classified as food (1335), alcohol (217), gambling (149) and other (8405). We find evidence of social inequalities with a larger proportion of food advertisements located within deprived areas and those frequented by students. Our project presents a novel implementation for the incidental classification of street view images for identifying unhealthy advertisements, providing a means through which to identify areas that can benefit from tougher advertisement restriction policies for tackling social inequalities.

Bakalaura darba tiek pētīti stilistiski līdzekļi ar pārtiku saistītās drukas reklāmās. Reklāma ir īpaši nozīmīga un izplatīta mūsdienu sabiedrībā, tāpat kā nepieciešamība pēc zinātniskiem pētījumiem un izpratne par tās ietekmes sfērām, kas lielā mērā nosaka reklāmas tekstu lingvistiskās un stilistiskās iezīmes. Darbā tiek pētīti stilistiski pārtikas produktu reklāmas līdzekļi, ko izmanto vadošie starptautiskie pārtikas mazumtirgotāji, kas darbojas Latvijas tirgū. Pētījuma rezultāti tika apkopoti un analizēti, izmantojot nejaušas izlases metodi materiāla atlasei un strukturālās analīzes metodi, kas ļāva šī darba autoram veikt secinājumus, kas pierādīja, ka stilistiskie līdzekļi tiek plaši izmantoti pārtikā saistītās drukātās reklāmas. Lai reklamētu produktus tirgū, reklāmas speciālisti izmanto gandrīz visu stilistisko līdzekļu komplektu. Dati, kas iegūti, izmantojot nejaušas izlases metodi, norāda, ka īpašu stilistisko paņēmienu izmantošana ir savstarpēji saistīta ar reklāmas konkrētajiem mērķiem. Pētījuma rezultātus var izmantot ne tikai veicot reklāmas teksta valodas analīzi. Rezultātiem ir praktiska nozīme specifisku reklāmas materiālu ražošanā., The bachelor thesis researches stylistic means in food related print advertisements. Advertising is highly significant and prevalent in modern society, as well as the need for scientific research and understanding of the spheres of its influence, which largely determine the linguistic and stylistic features of advertising texts. The current paper touches upon stylistic means of advertising for food products by leading international food retailers, which are acting in the Latvian market. The results of the study were gathered and analyzed using the method of random sampling for the selection of material, and the method of structural analysis, which allowed the author of the current paper to make findings, that proved that stylistic means are widely used in food related print advertisements. In order to promote products on the market, advertising specialists use almost the entire set of stylistic means. The data obtained by the method of random sampling indicate that the use of specific stylistic techniques is interconnected with the specific goals of advertising. The research results can be used not only when carrying out the language analysis of the advertising text, but are of practical importance in the production of specific promotional materials.