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Objective To assess the impact of different disease activity patterns—long quiescent (LQ), chronically active (CA) and relapsing-remitting (RR)—on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Methods A retrospective, monocentric analysis of prospectively collected data. Adult SLE outpatients were enrolled between 2017 and 2021.For each year of follow-up, three disease activity patterns were defined: LQ if at each visit clinical Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI)=0, Physician Global Assessment (PGA)=0; CA if at each visit clinical SELENA-SLEDAI >0, PGA >0; RR if patients presented active disease in at least one visit during the observation period, interspersed with periods of remission. These patterns were applied to the year and the 3 years before enrolment.At enrolment, each patient completed: Short Form 36 (SF-36), Lupus Impact Tracker, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The correlation between disease patterns and Patient-Reported Outcomes was analysed.Results 241 SLE patients were enrolled, of which 222 had complete clinical data for the 3-year period before enrolment. Both in the year and during the 3 years before enrolment, the most frequent disease pattern was the LQ (154/241 and 122/222 patients, respectively), followed by RR (53/241 and 92/222 patients, respectively) and CA (34/241 and 8/222 patients, respectively).At baseline, fibromyalgia, organ damage, age and daily glucocorticoid dose were associated with worse HRQoL.At the multivariable analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, patients with LQ disease during the 3 years before enrolment presented a better physical HRQoL (SF-36 physical component summary, regression coefficient=3.2, 95% CI 0.51–5.89, p=0.02) and minor depressive symptoms (HADS-D, regression coefficient=−1.17, 95% CI −2.38 to 0.0.27, p=0.055), compared with patients with CA/RR disease.Conclusion A persistently quiescent disease may have a positive impact on patients’ physical HRQoL and on depressive symptoms. However, this condition appears insufficient to obtain a significant improvement in mental health, fatigue and disease burden among patients with SLE.

Objectives To analyse the response to immunosuppressants (IS) in extrarenal flares of SLE to determine the most appropriate timing during follow-up for a change in therapeutic strategy.Methods Observational cohort study including a total of 81 patients with SLE with extrarenal flares requiring a change in IS over the period 2015–2022. Baseline clinical variables were described, and follow-up data at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months time-points were collected.Results Among patients flaring that achieved lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS5) at 12 months of follow-up, we identified two subgroups (‘late responders’ and ‘early responders’), which showed no significant differences in demographic characteristics, baseline clinical data, cumulative dosage of glucocorticoids or type of IS. Cox model analysis revealed a significant association of a change in IS (p=0.019) and achieving LLDAS5. Contingency table analysis indicated a significant relationship (p=0.004) between IS change at 6 months and individuals achieving LLDAS5 and remission at 12 months.Conclusions Our findings suggest that clinical improvement of extrarenal flares typically occurs within 6 months of initiating IS. This timeframe could represent an appropriate timing to evaluate the response in a treat-to-target approach in SLE.

Abstract Introduction Major salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) demonstrated its good metric properties as an outcome measure for diagnosing primary Sjögren’s disease (SD). The objective was to assess SGUS reliability among sonographers with different levels of experience, using web training. Methods Sonographers from expert centers participated in the reliability exercise. Before exercises, training was done by videoconferencing. Reliability of the two most experienced sonographers (MES) was assessed and then compared to other sonographers. Intra-reader and inter-reader reliability of SGUS items were assessed by computing Cohen’s κ coefficients. Results All sets were read twice by all 14 sonographers within a 4-month interval. Intra-reader reliability of MES was almost perfect for homogeneity, substantial for Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) scoring system (OMERACTss). Among LES (less experienced sonographers), reliability was moderate to almost perfect for homogeneity, fair to moderate for OMERACTss, and fair to almost perfect for binary OMERACTss. Inter-reader reliability between MES was almost perfect for homogeneity, substantial for diagnosis, moderate for OMERACTss, and substantial for binary OMERACTss. Compared to MES, reliabilities of LES were moderate to almost perfect for both homogeneity and diagnosis, only fair to moderate for OMERACTss, but increased in binary OMERACTss. Conclusions Videoconferencing training sessions in an international reliability exercise could be an excellent tool to train experienced and less-experienced sonographers. SGUS homogeneity items is useful to distinguish normal from abnormal salivary glands parenchyma independently of diagnosis. Structural damage evaluations by OMERACT scoring system is a new comprehensive score to diagnose patients with SD and could be easily used by sonographers in a binary method.

In recent decades, several pieces of evidence have drawn greater attention to the topic of innate immunity, in particular, interferon (IFN) and Interleukin 6 in the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). Both of these molecules transduce their signal through a receptor coupled with Janus kinases (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT). In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in IIM, evaluate a possible therapeutic role for JAK inhibitors in this group of diseases, focusing on those with the strongest IFN signature (dermatomyositis and antisynthetase syndrome).

Background SLE is an autoimmune disease that predominantly affects women. As most epidemiological and interventional studies are on populations with a clear female prevalence, the influence of gender in disease course, drug response and damage accrual is yet to be fully explored and comprehended.Objectives To describe gender differences in disease course, comorbidities, use of medications and long-term outcomes of a large cohort of patients with SLE.Methods Retrospective gender-based analysis of prospectively collected data from a monocentric cohort of Caucasian patients with SLE with at least 1 year of follow-up.Results 417 patients were included, 51 men and 366 women. Men displayed a significantly higher median age at disease onset and diagnosis and a higher prevalence of late-onset SLE, serositis at disease onset, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and use of mycophenolate within the first year of disease. Women had a higher prevalence of haematological abnormalities, a higher cumulative exposure to azathioprine and higher cumulative dose of glucocorticoids at 5 years. Male patients had a shorter time to first damage item and a higher prevalence of damage at 1 and 5 years, but this association was no longer significant when late-onset patients were excluded. No differences were found in prevalence of childhood onset, delay between onset and diagnosis, time to renal involvement and histology, cumulative autoantibody positivity, number of flares and hospitalisations, median SLE Damage Index score, type of damage, age and time to first cardiovascular event, chronic kidney disease and death.Conclusions In our cohort, clinical manifestations and disease course were similar in male and female patients; however, male patients displayed higher prevalence of APS and early damage accrual probably due to the later disease onset. These data highlight the importance of an intensive follow-up, prevention and treatment of complications in this category of patients, especially in the first years of disease.

Sjögren’s Disease (SjD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, leading to xerostomia and xerophthalmia. Ultrasonography of Major Salivary Glands (SGUS) is a well-established tool for the identification of the salivary glands’ abnormalities in SjD. Recently, a growing interest has arisen in the assessment of the other exocrine glands with ultrasonography: lacrimal glands (LGUS) and labial salivary glands (LSGUS). The objective of this study is to explore the practical applications of ultra-high frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) in the assessment of lacrimal glands and labial salivary glands. Indeed, UHFUS, with its improved spatial resolution compared to conventional ultrasonography, allows for the evaluation of microscopic structures and has been successfully applied in various medical fields. In lacrimal glands, conventional high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) can detect characteristic inflammatory changes, atrophic alterations, blood flow patterns, and neoplastic lesions associated with SjD. However, sometimes it is challenging to identify lacrimal glands characteristics, thus making UHFUS a promising tool. Regarding labial salivary glands, limited research is available with conventional HFUS, but UHFUS proves to be a good tool to evaluate glandular inhomogeneity and to guide labial salivary glands biopsy. The comprehensive understanding of organ involvement facilitated by UHFUS may significantly improve the management of SjD patients.

Aims of the studyTo analyze the prevalence of self-reported anxiety and depression in a monocentric cohort of patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE); to study the main determinants and the impact on quality of life (QoL).MethodsA cross-sectional observational study including adult outpatients with SLE. Demographic and clinical data were analyzed: indices of disease activity (SELENA-SLEDAI); damage (SLICC-DI); comorbidities and concomitant therapies. The definitions for remission (DORIS) and “Lupus Low Disease Activity State” (LLDAS) were applied. At enrollment, each patient completed the following questionnaires: SF-36, FACIT-Fatigue, Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT), Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in order to self-assess anxiety and depression symptoms. The Student t-test and Chi2 tests were conducted for univariate analysis. The Spearman test was used for linear correlation between continuous data. Multivariate analysis was performed by multiple linear and logistic regression.ResultsOne hundred fifty-four consecutive patients with SLE were enrolled, the majority female and Caucasian with a mean age = 43.3 ± 13.7 years. 79.9% were in LLDAS or remission. 36.4% had a SDI > 1. 13.7% of patients had concomitant fibromyalgia. 37.4% had symptoms indicating anxiety and 25% of depression according to the HADS questionnaire. In the multivariate analysis, patients with active disease were significantly more anxious and depressed (p < 0.01) compared to patients in LLDAS or remission. Fibromyalgia and older age were independently associated with anxiety and depression, respectively (p < 0.05). Active skin involvement was significantly linked to depression (p < 0.05). Higher scores on the HADS questionnaire (higher levels of anxiety and depression) were found to be significantly linked to patients’ perception of higher disease activity and worse quality of life, irrespective of disease activity, age and fibromyalgia.ConclusionSymptoms of anxiety and depression are frequent in SLE patients, including outpatients with mild/moderate disease. Such symptoms have a significant negative impact on QoL and perception of disease activity, regardless of other factors. Moreover, disease activity, advanced age and fibromyalgia appear to be significantly linked to mood disorders. Assessing symptoms of the anxious-depressive spectrum in patients with SLE could lead to improvement in patients’ perception of health status and quality of life.

Abstract Background Remission or the lowest possible disease activity is the main target in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Anyway, conflicting data are present in the literature regarding the correlation between physician-driven definitions and patient perception of the disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the definition of lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) and patient’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods This is a cross-sectional, monocentric study. Adult SLE patients were included. For each patient, demographics, disease duration, medications, comorbidities, organ damage, active disease manifestations and SELENA-SLEDAI were assessed. Patients have been categorised as follows: LLDAS, remission and active disease. Each patient completed the following patient-reported outcomes (PROs): SF-36, LIT, FACIT-Fatigue and SLAQ. A SLAQ score

PurposeThe prevalence of peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) has been reported to range from 2% to over 50%. Bias in study designs, including low number of patients and unclearly defined rheumatological and neurological diagnosis could explain such variability. Consequently, the exact depiction of PNS involvement in pSS is still lacking. This study aimed at analyzing the prevalence and the clinical and laboratory factors associated with PNS involvement in a very large cohort of well-characterized pSS patients with a clearly defined neurological diagnosis.MethodsClinical and serological data of 1,695 pSS patients with specific and accurate information on PNS involvement were analyzed. Comparisons between patients with and without PNS involvement and between patients with distinct subsets of PNS manifestations were performed.ResultsPrevalence of PNS involvement was 3.7%. The most frequent types observed were pure sensory neuropathies and axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathies (SMP). Patients with PNS involvement exhibited a more active disease profile and were more frequently treated with immunosuppressants. Intriguingly, clinical and serological negative prognostic factors, including purpura, extra-glandular manifestations, leukopenia, low complement and cryoglobulinemia, principally characterized patients with SMP, while subjects with pure sensory neuropathy displayed a milder phenotype.ConclusionOur results highlight that PNS involvement is rather rare, but prognostically relevant in pSS. Main adverse prognostic features characterize patients with SMP, while pure sensory neuropathies are usually associated with a mild clinical picture. These findings, useful for patient stratification, may suggest protean pathogenic pathways underlying different types of PNS manifestations in pSS.

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) cohort; to assess correlations with disease characteristics and rheumatic therapy; and to evaluate the occurrence of treatment discontinuation and its impact on disease activity.Materials and methodsSLE patients monitored by a single Italian centre were interviewed between February and July 2020. Patients were considered to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 infections in case of 1) positive nasopharyngeal swab; 2) positive serology associated with COVID19 suggesting symptoms. The following data were also recorded: clinical symptoms, adoption of social distancing measures, disease activity and treatment discontinuation.Results332 patients were enrolled in the study. Six patients (1.8%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection, with the incidence being significantly higher in the subgroup of patients treated with biological Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (p = 0.005), while no difference was observed for other therapies, age at enrollment, disease duration, type of cumulative organ involvement or adoption of social isolation. The course of the disease was mild. Thirty-six patients (11.1%) discontinued at least part of their therapy during this time period, and 27 (8.1%) cases of disease flare were recorded. Correlation between flare and discontinuation of therapy was statistically significant (pConclusionTreatment discontinuation seems to be an important cause of disease flare. Our findings suggest that abrupt drug withdrawal should be avoided or evaluated with caution on the basis of individual infection risk and comorbidities.

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a complex autoimmune disorder that particularly affects the salivary and lachrymal glands, generally causing a typical dryness of the eyes and of the mouth. The disease encompasses diverse clinical representations and is characterized by B-cell polyclonal activation and autoantibodies production, including anti-Ro/SSA. Recently, it has been suggested that autoantibody profiling may enable researchers to identify susceptible asymptomatic individuals in a pre-disease state. In this pilot study, we used mass spectrometry to analyze and compare the salivary proteomics of patients with established pSS and patients with pre-clinical SS, identifying a common protein signature in their salivary fluid. We found that several inflammatory, immunity-related, and typical acinar proteins (such as MUC5B, PIP, CST4, and lipocalin 1) were differently expressed in pSS and in pre-clinical SSA+ carriers, compared to healthy controls. This suggests that saliva may closely reflect exocrine gland inflammation from the early phases of the disease. This study confirms the value of salivary proteomics for the identification of reliable biomarkers for SS that could be identified, even in a preclinical phase of the disease.

In this study, it was found that myositis-specific and myositis-associated antibodies (MSAs and MAAs) improved the recognition of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) in interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients. The objective of this study is to propose a clinical method to evaluate myalgia in respiratory settings as a possible tool for the recognition of MSA/MAA positivity in ILD patients. We prospectively enrolled 167 ILD patients with suspected myositis, of which 63 had myalgia evoked at specific points (M+ILD+). We also enrolled in a 174 patients with only myalgia (M+ILD-) in a rheumatological setting. The patients were assessed jointly by rheumatologists and pulmonologists and were tested for autoantibodies. M+ILD+ patients were positive for at least one MAA/MSA in 68.3% of cases, as were M-ILD+ patients in 48.1% of cases and M+ILD- patients in 17.2% of cases (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02). Myalgia was significantly associated with positivity for MSA/MAAs in ILD patients (p = 0.01, X2: 6.47). In conclusion, myalgia in ILD patients with suspected myositis is associated with MSA/MAA positivity, and could support a diagnosis of IIM. A significant proportion of M+ILD- patients also had MSA/MAA positivity, a phenomenon warranting further study to evaluate its clinical meaning.

Objectives: Salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) is increasingly applied for the management of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). This study aims to: (i) compare the reliability between two SGUS scores; (ii) test the reliability among sonographers with different levels of experience.Methods: In the reliability exercise, two four-grade semi-quantitative SGUS scoring systems, namely De Vita et al. and OMERACT, were tested. The sonographers involved in work-package 7 of the HarmonicSS project from nine countries in Europe were invited to participate. Different levels of sonographers were identified on the basis of their SGUS experience and of the knowledge of the tested scores. A dedicated atlas was used as support for SGUS scoring.Results: Twenty sonographers participated in the two rounds of the reliability exercise. The intra-rater reliability for both scores was almost perfect, with a Light's kappa of 0.86 for the De Vita et al. score and 0.87 for the OMERACT score. The inter-rater reliability for the De Vita et al. and the OMERACT score was substantial with Light's Kappa of 0.75 and 0.77, respectively. Furthermore, no significant difference was noticed among sonographers with different levels of experience.Conclusion: The two tested SGUS scores are reliable for the evaluation of major salivary glands in pSS, and even less-expert sonographers could be reliable if adequately instructed.

ObjectivesTo study the clinical, serological and histologic features of primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) patients with early (young ≤35 years) or late (old ≥65 years) onset and to explore the differential effect on lymphoma development.MethodsFrom a multicentre study population of 1997 consecutive pSS patients, those with early or late disease onset, were matched and compared with pSS control patients of middle age onset. Data driven analysis was applied to identify the independent variables associated with lymphoma in both age groups.ResultsYoung pSS patients (19%, n = 379) had higher frequency of salivary gland enlargement (SGE, lymphadenopathy, Raynaud’s phenomenon, autoantibodies, C4 hypocomplementemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, leukopenia, and lymphoma (10.3% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.030, OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.11–3.27), while old pSS patients (15%, n = 293) had more frequently dry mouth, interstitial lung disease, and lymphoma (6.8% vs. 2.1%, p = 0.011, OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.34–8.17) compared to their middle-aged pSS controls, respectively. In young pSS patients, cryoglobulinemia, C4 hypocomplementemia, lymphadenopathy, and SGE were identified as independent lymphoma associated factors, as opposed to old pSS patients in whom SGE, C4 hypocomplementemia and male gender were the independent lymphoma associated factors. Early onset pSS patients displayed two incidence peaks of lymphoma within 3 years of onset and after 10 years, while in late onset pSS patients, lymphoma occurred within the first 6 years.ConclusionPatients with early and late disease onset constitute a significant proportion of pSS population with distinct clinical phenotypes. They possess a higher prevalence of lymphoma, with different predisposing factors and lymphoma distribution across time.

Background Fatigue is a very common and debilitating symptom in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), even among those with a mild or inactive disease. The objective of this study is to define fatigue determinants and describe the impact of fatigue on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and illness perception in a monocentric cohort of patients with SLE.Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Adult patients with SLE were included. For each patient, demographics, medications, comorbidities, organ damage (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index), active disease manifestations and Systemic Lupus Disease Activity Index scores were collected. It was evaluated if each patient met the definitions of remission and low disease activity. At enrolment, each patient completed the Short Form-36 (SF-36), Functional Assessment Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), Lupus Impact Tracker (LIT), Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) and Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD). The FACIT-F questionnaire was also administered to a group of healthy controls.Results 223 patients were included (mean age 44.9±13.2 years, median disease duration 13 years). 18.2% had an active disease, 43.5% met the definition of remission on treatment, and 11.8% had a concomitant fibromyalgia. The median FACIT-F score of our cohort was significantly lower compared with that of healthy controls (40 vs 47; p

The diagnostic assessment of patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) can be challenging due to the large number of possible causes. Moreover, the diagnostic approach can be limited by the severity of the disease, which may not allow invasive exams. To overcome this issue, the referral centers for ILD organized Multidisciplinary Teams (MDTs), including physicians and experts in complementary discipline, to discuss the management of doubtful cases of ILD. MDT is currently considered the gold standard for ILD diagnosis, but it is not often simple to organize and, furthermore, rheumatologists are still not always included. In fact, even if rheumatologic conditions represent a common cause of ILD, they are sometimes difficult to recognize, considering the variegated clinical features and their association with all possible radiographic patterns of ILD. The first objective of this review is to describe the clinical, laboratory, and instrumental tests that can drive a diagnosis toward a possible rheumatic disease. The secondary objective is to propose a set of first-line tests to perform in all patients in order to recognize any possible rheumatic conditions underlying ILD.

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) may frequently coexist in clinical practice, resulting in a complex overlapping disorder that represents a particular example of the expression of heterogeneity in patients with autoimmune disorders. Objective of this review was to describe the prevalence of the SS–AITD association in the most recent literature, exploring in particular to what extent the presence of AITD might influence the clinical expression of SS and vice versa. Moreover, we summarized some of the proposed genetic, biologic, and molecular mechanisms implied in the pathogenesis of AITD–SS association. Finally, we explored risk factors for lymphoma development in both AITD and SS. We performed a Medline search of English language articles published in the PubMed database in order to provide a critical overview of the recent literature on pathogenesis and clinical features of AITD–SS overlapping disease. All the articles were critically analyzed to select the most relevant contributions.