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Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) and mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) are two well studied biomaterial groups widely under investigation on their applicability to treat bone defects in orthopaedics and maxillofacial surgery. Recently the extrusion properties of CPC-MBG composites using a pasty CPC based on a hydrophobic carrier-liquid were studied in our group demonstrating that such composites are suitable for low temperature 3D plotting. Based on this work, we show in this study that by variation of the MBG content in the composite the degradation of the final scaffolds can be influenced. Furthermore, by modifying the cement phase and/or the MBG with therapeutically active ions like strontium, the released ion concentration can be varied over a wide range. In a second step the MBG was functionalized exploiting the high specific surface area of the glass as a carrier system for proteins like lysozyme or grow factors. We developed a protocol that allows the incorporation of protein-laden MBG in CPC pastes without impairing the extrudability of the CPC-MBG composites. Additionally, we found that released proteins from pure MBG or 3D plotted composite-scaffolds maintained their biological activity. Therefore, the combination of CPC and MBG allows the creation of a highly flexible composite system making it a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcium phosphate cements and mesoporous bioactive glasses are two promising degradable biomaterials for the regenerative treatment of bone defects. The combination of both materials to a 3D printable composite enables the creation of implants with patient specific geometry. By varying the composition of the composite, the degradation behaviour can be influenced and especially the release of therapeutically active ions is tailorable over a wide range. We demonstrated this for strontium, as it has been shown to stimulate bone formation. Moreover, the bioactive glass can be used as a carrier system for drugs or growth factors and we show the successful combination of such functionalised glass particles and a cement paste without affecting the printability.

The material recycling of complex waste streams such as external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) is challenging, which is why their recycling in the sense of a circular economy is currently hardly established. Therefore, the combined mechanical and thermochemical recycling of ETICS based on expanded polystyrene (EPS) is investigated experimentally and by simulating full process chains in order to evaluate circular economy opportunities. Model ETICS as example for building and construction waste is pretreated mechanically, followed by either pyrolysis and / or gasification steps, and full mass and energy balances are derived. By the combined recycling, inorganic compounds can be separated to a large extent allowing a pre-concentrate generation. The plastic-rich pre-concentrate is converted into either pyrolysis oil with a high styrene monomer content of 51 wt% or to synthesis gas in the subsequent thermochemical conversions. The holistic approach enables a high carbon recycling rate between 53 and 68 wt%. In addition, the investigation reveals technology limitations and opportunities to be further developed and optimized.

Chemical recycling of plastic wastes can be a useful complement to mechanical recycling to achieve the required plastics recycling rates and to establish a circular economy that is climate neutral and resource-efficient. Different mixed plastic wastes that are subject to future recycling efforts are studied under uniform conditions of intermediate pyrolysis characterized by a medium heating rate and pyrolysis temperature. Product distributions and selected product properties are determined, and process mass and energy balances are derived. Product yields and compositions are highly dependent on the waste pyrolyzed. The results show that pyrolysis is a suitable process to recover chemical feedstock from various complex mixed plastic wastes.

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Kenntnisstand zu den Mechanismen der Schmerzentstehung im Gelenk. Er fokussiert sich auf den Vorgang der Nozizeption in nozizeptiven Nervenfasern des Gelenks und stellt dar, wie Krankheitsprozesse im Gelenk auf Nozizeptoren wirken. Während Nozizeptoren im normalen Gelenk eine hohe Erregungsschwelle besitzen und nur durch hochintensive Reize aktiviert werden, kommt es bei Gelenkerkrankungen häufig zu einer Sensibilisierung dieser Nervenfasern, sodass sie bereits auf leichte Reize (Bewegungen, Palpation) ansprechen und nach zentraler Verarbeitung Schmerzempfindungen auslösen. Eine Sensibilisierung wird meistens durch Entzündungsmediatoren ausgelöst, für die die Nozizeptoren Rezeptoren besitzen. Werden Nervenfasern im Erkrankungsprozess geschädigt, können neuropathische Schmerzmechanismen hinzukommen. Chronische Gelenkerkrankungen sind durch entzündliche und destruktive Prozesse charakterisiert. Sowohl bei primären Arthritiden als auch bei Arthrosen sind entzündliche Prozesse für die Sensibilisierung der Nozizeptoren verantwortlich. Dafür werden neben den Prostaglandinen auch proinflammatorische Zytokine und der Nervenwachstumsfaktor (NGF) verantwortlich gemacht, für die viele Nozizeptoren Rezeptoren exprimieren. Demgemäß sind diese Moleküle auch Target innovativer Schmerztherapien, z. B. die Gabe von Antikörpern gegen NGF bei Arthrose. Besonders für die Neutralisation von TNF ist ein direkt schmerzlindernder Effekt nachgewiesen, der aus der Unterbrechung von nozizeptiven Vorgängen am Nozizeptor resultiert. Der direkte pronozizeptive Effekt der Zytokine und Bindungsstellen für Fc-Fragmente von Antikörpern an Nozizeptoren zeigen, dass Immunmechanismen auch für die Schmerzentstehung große Bedeutung haben. Auch destruktive Gelenkprozesse können Schmerzen verursachen. So kann bereits die Osteoklastenaktivität im präklinischen Stadium einer Arthritis Schmerzen verursachen, und nach Ausbruch der Arthritis tragen Destruktionsprozesse zu Schmerzen bei. Inwieweit die Hemmung der Osteoklastenaktivität Gelenkschmerzen lindert, wird derzeit erforscht. Auch weitere neue Ansätze, peripher wirksame Opioide, Cannabinoide und Ionenkanalblocker werden dargestellt. Schließlich geht der Beitrag auf generelle/systemische Faktoren ein, die Krankheitsprozesse im Gelenk und die Schmerzentstehung beeinflussen. Hier wird in erster Linie die Bedeutung des Diabetes mellitus angesprochen. Diese Stoffwechselerkrankung stellt einen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Arthrosen dar, und sie trägt zur Schmerzintensivierung bei. Dabei können verstärkte Entzündungsprozesse und auch neuropathische Schmerzkomponenten beteiligt sein.

With the aid of biofabrication, cells can be spatially arranged in three dimensions, which offers the opportunity to guide tissue maturation in a better way compared to traditional tissue engineering approaches. A prominent technique allowing biofabrication of tissue equivalents is extrusion-based 3D (bio)printing, also called 3D (bio)plotting or robocasting, which comprises cells embedded in the biomaterial (bioink) during the fabrication process. First bioprinting studies introduced bioinks allowing either good cell viability or good shape fidelity. Concepts enabling printing of cell-laden constructs with high shape fidelity were developed only rarely. Recent studies showed the great potential of the polysaccharide methylcellulose (mc) as supportive biomaterial that can be utilized in various ways to enable biofabrication and especially extrusion-based bioprinting of bioinks. This minireview highlights the multiple applications of mc for biofabrication: it was successfully used as sacrificial ink to enable 3D shaping of cell sheets or biomaterial inks as well as as internal stabilizing component of various bioinks. Moreover, a brief overview about first bioprinted functional tissue equivalents is given, which have been fabricated by using mc. Based on these studies, future research should consider mc as an auxiliary material for bioinks and biofabricated constructs with high shape fidelity.

This chapter provides a very condensed introduction to a formalism for Pollard & Sag (1994) and explains its fundamental concepts. It pays special attention to the model-theoretic meaning of HPSG grammars. In addition, it points out some links to other, related formalisms, such as feature logics of partial information, and to related terminology in the context of grammar implementation platforms. &nbsp

This chapter discusses the integration of theories of semantic representations into HPSG. It focuses on those aspects that are specific to HPSG and, in particular, recent approaches that make use of underspecified semantic representations, as they are quite unique to HPSG.

The Transient Receptor Potential vanilloid 4 ion channel (TRPV4) is an important sensor for osmotic and mechanical stimuli in the musculoskeletal system, and it is also involved in processes of nociception. In this study we investigated the putative role of TRPV4 ion channels in joint pain. In anesthetized rats we recorded from mechanosensitive nociceptive A∂- and C-fibres supplying the medial aspect of the knee joint. The intraarticular injection of the TRPV4 antagonist RN-1734 into the knee joint reduced the responses of C-fibres of the normal joint to noxious mechanical stimulation and the responses of the sensitized C-fibres of the acutely inflamed joint to innocuous and noxious mechanical stimulation. The responses of nociceptive A∂-fibres were not significantly altered by RN-1734. The intraarticular application of the TRPV4 agonists 4αPDD, GSK 1016790 A, and RN-1747 did not consistently alter the responses of A∂- and C-fibres to mechanical stimulation of the joint nor did they induce ongoing activity. We conclude that TRPV4 ion channels are involved in the responses of C-fibres to noxious mechanical stimulation of the normal joint, and in the enhanced sensitivity of C-fibres to mechanical stimulation of the joint during inflammation of the joint.

In the title structure, 5-fluoro-3-phenyl-2-[(1S)-1-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl]quinazolin-4(3H)-one (= idelalisib) tert-butanol monosolvate dihydrate, C22H18FN7O·C4H10O·2H2O, the idelalisib molecule displays planar quinazoline and purine systems which are nearly perpendicular to one another. Seven distinct hydrogen-bonding interactions link the idelalisib, t-BuOH and water molecules into a complex chain structure with the topology of a 2,3,4,5-connected 4-nodal net having the point symbol (3.4.52.62)(3.4.52.64.72)(3.5.6)(5).

In the literature on idioms, conjunction modification is understood as involving a modifier that does not lexically belong to the idiom at hand, modifying the literal meaning of a noun in that idiom while the idiomatic meaning of the expression as a whole is preserved. The construction relies on the hearer perceiving the idiomatic meaning of the whole and the literal meaning of a part of it simultaneously and in conjunction. We investigate instances of naturally occurring examples of four semantically non-decomposable verb-phrase idioms (two English, two German) whose complements contain such a modifier. We examine the possible interpretations and the contextual conditions of these idiom-modifier combinations. They are particularly interesting instances of one-to-many relations between form and meaning.

Negative concord is a prominent one-to-many correspondence between form and meaning at the syntax-semantics interface, in which one semantic function may correlate with several semantic exponents. Languages are typically classified as showing negative concord or not, yet they all seem to exhibit the same interpretation strategy of conjoined negative noun phrases, i.e. cases like no lecture and no seminar. We will analyze this construction within a framework of a constraint-based, underspecified syntax-semantics interface (Lexical Resource Semantics, LRS, Richter & Sailer 2004). We will combine an earlier LRS analysis of cross-linguistic variation of negative concord with a new analysis of coordination. The latter will make it necessary to integrate into LRS so-called equality up-to constraints, which were originally introduced in Pinkal (1999) as a core type of constraint for underspecified semantic systems. We show that the resulting analysis captures the negative-concord-like behavior of conjoined negative noun phrases even in a non-negative concord language like Standard German.

Bioactive glasses have been used for bone regeneration applications thanks to their excellent osteoconductivity, an osteostimulatory effect, and high degradation rate, releasing biologically active ions. Besides these properties, mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBG) are specific for their highly ordered mesoporous channel structure and high specific surface area, making them suitable for drug and growth factor delivery. In the present study, calcium (Ca) (15 mol%) in MBG was partially and fully substituted with zinc (Zn), known for its osteogenic and antimicrobial properties. Different MBG were synthesized, containing 0, 5, 10, or 15 mol% of Zn. Up to 7 wt.% of Zn-containing MBG could be mixed into an alginate-methylcellulose blend (algMC) while maintaining rheological properties suitable for 3D printing of scaffolds with sufficient shape fidelity. The suitability of these composites for bioprinting applications has been demonstrated with immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. Uptake of Ca and phosphorus (P) (phosphate) ions by composite scaffolds was observed, while the released concentration of Zn2+ corresponded to the initial amount of this ion in prepared glasses, suggesting that it can be controlled at the MBG synthesis step. The study introduces a tailorable bioprintable material system suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

This paper sketches an analysis in Lexical Resource Semantics of adverbial and adjectival modification in nominal projections which is extensible to modification of other syntactic categories. It combines insights into the syntax-semantics interface of recursive modification in HPSG with underspecified semantics and type-logical meaning representations in the tradition of Montague grammar. The analysis is phrased in such a way that it receives a direct implementation in the Constraint Language of Lexical Resource Semantics as part of the TRALE system.

A protocol for the carboxylation of diamines employing quaternary ammonium hydrogen carbonates as C1 source is presented. The approach is used to obtain industrially relevant bis-O-alkyl carbamates with diverse structural features in very high yield, even on gram scale. The quaternary ammonium salts, formally acting as “transporters” of the carboxylating agent, can be recovered after the reaction, and recycled with high efficiency. Regeneration of the hydrogen carbonates on ion-exchange resin grants excellent atom economy in the process.

Sewage sludge quantities have grown continuously since the introduction of the European Directive (UWWTD 91/271/EEC) relating to the treatment of urban wastewater. In the present, most of the sewage sludge is combusted in single fuels incineration plants or is co-fired in waste incineration or coal power plants. The combustion of sewage sludge is a proven technology. Other treatments, such as fluidized bed gasification, were successfully adopted to produce suitable syngas for power production. Besides, the number of large wastewater treatment plants is relatively small compared to the local rural ones. Moreover, alternative technologies are arising with the main target of nutrients recovery, with a special focus on phosphorus. The aforementioned issues, i.e. the small scale (below 1MW) and the nutrients recovery, suggest that pyrolysis in screw reactors may become an attractive alternative technology for sewage sludge conversion, recovery and recycling. In this work, about 100kg of dried sewage sludge from a plant in Germany were processed at the newly developed STYX Reactor, at KIT. The reactor combines the advantages of screw reactors with the high temperature filtration, in order to produce particle and ash free vapors and condensates, respectively. Experiments were carried out at temperatures between 350°C and 500°C. The yield of the char decreased from 66.7wt.% to 53.0wt.%. The same trend was obtained for the energy yield, while the maximum pyrolysis oil yield of 13.4wt.% was obtained at 500°C. Besides mercury, the metals and the other minerals were completely retained in the char. Nitrogen and sulfur migrated from the solid to the condensate and to the gas, respectively. Based on the energy balance, a new concept for the decentral production of char as well as heat and power in an externally fired micro gas turbine showed a cogeneration efficiency up to about 40%.

Zusammenfassung Ein in der Kreditwirtschaft gängiges Maß zur Quantifizierung effizienten Wirtschaftens stellt die Cost-Income-Ratio (CIR) dar. Allerdings wird diese Kennzahl in der Literatur schon seit längerer Zeit kritisiert. Daher wird im Rahmen dieser Studie zunächst ein moderneres Maß zur Bestimmung von Effizienz entwickelt. Eine deskriptive Analyse der Effizienzwerte liefert erste empirische Erkenntnisse zu möglichen Erfolgsfaktoren. Anschließend werden Ähnlichkeitsstrukturen mittels Multidimensionaler Skalierung visualisiert. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode zeigt sich noch genauer, ob effiziente Banken einer bestimmten Systematik folgen.

Heat effects are known to be crucial for the performance of the Li-battery. In addition to the irreversible effects (e.g. Joule heat), reversible heat effects may play a role. These effects, i.e. the Soret and Seebeck effects, are however scarcely investigated. We report the initial and stationary state thermoelectric potentials of a pouch cell having electrodes where Li is intercalated in CoO2. The electrolyte consists of 1.0 M lithium hexafluoro phosphate dissolved in a mixture of equal volumes of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate.The two identical electrodes were thermostatted at different temperatures, the average being always 298 K and the potential was measured over several days. We observe two time-dependent phenomena with characteristic times of 4.5 and 21.3 hours. We explain them by thermal diffusion of salt and esters. The Seebeck coefficient varies from -2.8 mV/K in the initial state to 1.5 mV/K in the state characterized by partial Soret equilibrium. The time-variation of the signal is used to compute Seebeck coefficients, the contributions to the heats of transfer, and the reversible heat effect at the LiCoO2-and carbon electrodes. The electrode heat effects in a Li-battery is surprisingly asymmetric, given the small entropy of the total reaction.The LiCoO2 electrode heat varies from 51 to - 46 kJ/mol, while the carbon electrode will vary from -73 to 56 kJ/mol. Uncertainties in computations are within 15%. This may explain why the reaction entropy depends largely on the state of charge. It may also be important for thermal modeling of the battery. This is a submitted manuscript of an article published by The Electrochemical Society in ECS Transactions, Oct 4 2017

The ageing of 75 commercial Li-ion secondary batteries with LiNiMnCoO 2 | hard carbon chemistry was studied up to 4 years. The nominal capacity was 17.5 Ah. The batteries were cycled at different current rates and between different states of charge. Shelf studies were carried out at different temperatures and at different states of charge. The ageing temperature varied from 18-55 °C. The specific ohmic resistance was obtained as a function of state of health, ageing temperature, and ageing time. We found that the cell tolerated less cycles at higher temperatures. The loss of capacity also increased for storage at higher temperatures, in a predictable manner. We observed that the state of charge at the moment of storage was very important for the loss of discharge capacity. Thermal conductivities of pristine and aged electrodes were measured in the presence and absence of electrolyte solvent and under different compaction pressures. The thermal conductivity was found to range from 0.14–0.41 WK −1 m −1 for dry electrode active material and from 0.52–0.73 WK −1 m −1 for electrolyte solvent-soaked electrode active material. The thermal conductivity of the electrode materials did not change significantly with ageing, but a strong correlation was seen between remaining battery capacity and increasing ohmic resistance. To assess the impact of these changes, the measured results were used in a one-dimensional model to compute the battery internal temperature. Temperature profiles were computed as a function of discharging rate (2C - 10C) and ageing time (0 - 4 years). The model showed that the internal temperature can raise by a factor about 2.5 during ageing from the pristine state of health at 100 % to 58 % capacity.

Die vorliegende uberarbeitete Leitlinie zum Lipodem wurde unter der Federfuhrung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Phlebologie (DGP) erstellt und finanziert. Die Inhalte beruhen auf einer systematischen Literaturrecherche und dem Konsens von acht medizinischen Fachgesellschaften und Berufsverbanden. Die Leitlinie beinhaltet Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie des Lipodems. Die Diagnose ist dabei auf der Basis von Anamnese und klinischem Befund zu stellen. Charakteristisch ist eine umschriebene, symmetrisch lokalisierte Vermehrung des Unterhautfettgewebes an den Extremitaten mit deutlicher Disproportion zum Stamm. Zusatzlich finden sich Odeme, Hamatomneigung und eine gesteigerte Schmerzhaftigkeit der betroffenen Korperabschnitte. Weitere apparative Untersuchungen sind bisher besonderen Fragestellungen vorbehalten. Die Erkrankung ist chronisch progredient mit individuell unterschiedlichem und nicht vorhersehbarem Verlauf. Die Therapie besteht aus vier Saulen, die individuell kombiniert und an das aktuelle Beschwerdebild angepasst werden sollten: komplexe physikalische Entstauungstherapie (manuelle Lymphdrainage, Kompressionstherapie, Bewegungstherapie, Hautpflege), Liposuktion und plastisch-chirurgische Interventionen, Ernahrung und korperliche Aktivitat sowie ggf. additive Psychotherapie. Operative Masnahmen sind insbesondere dann angezeigt, wenn trotz konsequent durchgefuhrter konservativer Therapie noch Beschwerden bestehen bzw. eine Progredienz des Befundes und/oder der Beschwerden auftritt. Eine begleitend zum Lipodem bestehende morbide Adipositas sollte vor einer Liposuktion therapeutisch angegangen werden.