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1. Antibody characterization is critical to enhance reproducibility in biomedical research.

Author

Kahn, Richard, Virk, Harvinder, Laflamme, Carl, Houston, Douglas, Polinski, Nicole, Meijers, Rob, Levey, Allan, Saper, Clifford, Errington, Timothy, Turn, Rachel, Bandrowski, Anita, Trimmer, James, Rego, Meghan, Freedman, Leonard, Ferrara, Fortunato, Bradbury, Andrew, Cable, Hannah, and Longworth, Skye

Subjects
RRID, YCharOS, antibody characterization, antibody validation, cell biology, immunology, inflammation, none, renewables, reproducibility, Biomedical Research, Reproducibility of Results, Humans, Antibodies, Animals
Abstract

Antibodies are used in many areas of biomedical and clinical research, but many of these antibodies have not been adequately characterized, which casts doubt on the results reported in many scientific papers. This problem is compounded by a lack of suitable control experiments in many studies. In this article we review the history of the antibody characterization crisis, and we document efforts and initiatives to address the problem, notably for antibodies that target human proteins. We also present recommendations for a range of stakeholders - researchers, universities, journals, antibody vendors and repositories, scientific societies and funders - to increase the reproducibility of studies that rely on antibodies.

Published
2024

6. The Few and the Many; Two Views on Public Affairs Education. Notes and Essays on Education for Adults, 38.

Author

Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults, Brookline, MA., Freedman, Leonard, and Power, Hilton

Abstract

Two adult educators offer their personal evaluations of nationwide needs for (and existing provision of) public affairs education, and each offers recommendations for improving university adult education on issues of national and international concern. Referring to the problem of a relatively uninformed public, Freedman calls for deeper, more meaningful programs for the minority with a serious and sustained interest in public areas, and greater cooperative planning by university extension agencies. Power suggests that universities should experiment vigorously with centrally prepared discussion materials, new cooperative relationships and program planning, as shown in the Great Decisions Program in Colorado, maximum use of present resources, and other means of reaching a wider range of the population. (ly)

Published
1963

7. Changing the culture of cell culture: applying best practices and authentication to ensure scientific reproducibility: taking immediate steps to address misidentified and contaminated cultured cell lines will improve the reproducibility of preclinical research

Author

Freedman, Leonard P., Gibson, Mark C., and Neve, Richard M.

Subjects
Cell culture -- Research, Biotechnology industry, Business, Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries
Abstract

Irreproducible preclinical research is a global, expensive, and well-recognized problem that contributes to delays and increased costs of drug discovery (1, 2). One published study conservatively estimated the total prevalence [...]

Published
2015

18. p21 is a transcriptional target of HOXA10 in differentiating myelomonocytic cells

Author

Bromleigh, V. Carrie and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Cytochemistry -- Research, Cell differentiation -- Genetic aspects, Homeobox genes -- Research, Genetic transcription -- Regulation, Cell cycle -- Genetic aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

It has been found that p21 is a transcriptional target of HOXA10 in differentiating myelomonocytic cells and this is discussed in this research communication. The myeolomonocytic cell line U937 differentiates into macrophages, responding to various agents. Ectopic expression of either gene brings on U937 differentiation. A mechanism by which p21 and HOXA 10 may act in concert is described. In it HOXA10 can bind directly to the p21 promoter and with its trimeric partners PBS1 and MEIS1, activate p21 transcription resulting in cell cycle arrest and differentiation.

Published
2000

19. Ligand-dependent transcription activation by nuclear receptors requires the DRIP complex

Author

Rachez, Christophe, Lemon, Bryan D., Suldan, Zalman, Bromleigh, Virginia, Gamble, Matthew, Naar, Anders M., Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye, Tempst, Paul, and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Genetic transcription -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

A distinct group of ligand-dependent proteins, known as DRIPS, that interact with the vitamin D receptor, constitute a new cofactor complex. They bind to nuclear receptors and mediate ligand-dependent enhancement of transcription by VDR. The 13 DRIPS that make up the complex have been identified and it is shown that the complex is central to hormone-dependent transactivation by VDR on chromatin templates.

Published
1999

20. Increasing the complexity of coactivation in nuclear receptor signaling

Author

Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Proteins -- Analysis, Cell receptors -- Analysis, DNA -- Analysis, Biological sciences
Abstract

A series of coactivators that associates with nuclear receptors have been isolated. The nuclear receptors, which are indistinguishable from other eukaryotic factors regulating transcription, bind selectively to DNA. An RNA coactivator for steroid receptors was also determined. It works through the N-terminal AF1 domain and may possibly function as an RNA. However, several concerns still remain about nuclear receptor coactivation.

Published
1999

22. List of Contributors

Author

Abrams, Steven A., primary, Adams, John S., additional, Adams, Judith E., additional, Adorini, Luciano, additional, Anderson, Paul H., additional, Atkins, Gerald J., additional, Aubin, Jane E., additional, Bailleul-Forestier, Isabelle, additional, Barsony, Julia, additional, Barthel, Thomas K., additional, Bell, Norman H., additional, Berdal, Ariane, additional, Bergh, Joel J., additional, Berry, Jacqueline L., additional, Bikle, Daniel D., additional, Bilezikian, John P., additional, Binderup, Ernst, additional, Binderup, Lise, additional, Bishop, Nicholas J., additional, Bogaerts, Ilse, additional, Boland, Ricardo L., additional, Boskey, Adele L., additional, Bouillon, Roger, additional, Boyan, Barbara D., additional, Brachet, Philippe, additional, Brown, Alex J., additional, Brown, Edward M., additional, Carlberg, Carsten, additional, Carmeliet, Geert, additional, Carpenter, Thomas O., additional, Chapuy, Marie-Claire, additional, Chan, Fredriech K.W., additional, Chen, Tai C., additional, Christakos, Sylvia, additional, Clagett-Dame, Margaret, additional, Clemens, Thomas L., additional, Choi, Je-Yong, additional, Coe, Fredric L., additional, Colston, Kay, additional, Compston, Juliet E., additional, Cooke, Nancy E., additional, Crescioli, Clara, additional, Cross, Heide S., additional, Danilenko, Michael, additional, Davideau, Jean-Luc, additional, Davies, Michael, additional, DeLuca, Hector F., additional, Demay, Marie B., additional, Dhawan, Puneet, additional, Dominguez, Carlos Encinas, additional, Dowd, Diane R., additional, Drezner, Marc K., additional, Dunlop, Thomas W., additional, Dusso, Adriana S., additional, Eastell, Richard, additional, Econs, Michael J., additional, Eisman, John, additional, Epstein, Sol, additional, Eriksen, Erik Fink, additional, Esteban, Luis M., additional, Faibish, Dan, additional, Fang, Yue, additional, Farach-Carson, Mary C., additional, Favus, Murray J., additional, Feldman, David, additional, Findlay, David, additional, Frank, Christian, additional, Freedman, Leonard P., additional, Fujiki, Ryuji, additional, Fukagawa, Masafumi, additional, Gagel, Robert F., additional, Garcion, Emmanuel, additional, Gardiner, Edith M., additional, Gascon-Barré, Marielle, additional, Giovannucci, Edward, additional, Glerup, Henning, additional, Glorieux, Francis H., additional, Godtfredsen, Wagn O., additional, Goltzman, David, additional, Gutierrez, Soraya, additional, Gysemans, Conny, additional, Halloran, Bernard P., additional, Haussler, Carol A., additional, Haussler, Mark R., additional, Heaney, Robert P., additional, Heersche, Johan, additional, Henry, Helen L., additional, Hershberger, Pamela A., additional, Hewison, Martin, additional, Heyman, Richard A., additional, Higashio, Kanji, additional, Holick, Michael F., additional, Hollis, Bruce W., additional, Horst, Ronald L., additional, Hsieh, Jui-Cheng, additional, Insogna, Karl L., additional, Jacobs, Elizabeth T., additional, Javed, Amjad, additional, Jones, Glenville, additional, Johnson, Candace S., additional, Jurutka, Peter W., additional, Kahraman, Mehmet, additional, Zaidi, S. Kaleem, additional, Kalkwarf, Heidi J., additional, Kato, Shigeaki, additional, Kissmeyer, Anne-Marie, additional, Kitagawa, Hirochika, additional, Koberle, Lilia M.C., additional, Koeffler, H. Phillip, additional, Koren, Ruth, additional, Kream, Barbara E., additional, Kremer, Richard, additional, Krishnan, Aruna V., additional, Kubodera, Noboru, additional, Kumar, Rajiv, additional, Kurokawa, Kiyoshi, additional, Laing, Christopher J., additional, Lemire, Jacques, additional, Lézot, Frédéric, additional, Li, Yan Chun, additional, Lian, Jane B., additional, Lichtler, Alexander C., additional, Lips, Paul, additional, Liu, Yan, additional, MacDonald, Paul, additional, Maehr, Hubert, additional, Maggi, Mario, additional, Malloy, Peter J., additional, Mangelsdorf, David J., additional, Mathieu, Chantal, additional, May, Brian, additional, Mee, Andrew P., additional, Meunier, Pierre J., additional, Michigami, Toshimi, additional, Montecino, Martin, additional, Moras, Dino, additional, Morosetti, Roberta, additional, Morris, Howard A., additional, Motola, Daniel L., additional, Muindi, Josephia, additional, Nakajima, Shigeo, additional, Naveh-Many, Tally, additional, Naveilhan, Philippe, additional, Neveu, Isabelle, additional, Norman, Anthony W., additional, Nykjaer, Anders, additional, O'Kelly, James, additional, Omdahl, John L., additional, Ordentlich, Peter, additional, Ozono, Keiichi, additional, Parfitt, A. Michael, additional, Peehl, Donna M., additional, Peleg, Sara, additional, Peng, Xiaorong, additional, Pettifor, John M., additional, Pike, J. Wesley, additional, Platz, Elizabeth A., additional, Plum, Lori A., additional, Pockwinse, Shirwin, additional, Pols, Huibert A.P., additional, Portale, Anthony A., additional, Posner, Gary H., additional, Rahmaniyan, Mehrdad, additional, Ravid, Amiram, additional, Reddy, G. Satyanarayana, additional, Reichrath, Jörg, additional, Reinhardt, Timothy A., additional, Reszka, Alfred A., additional, Riggs, B. Lawrence, additional, Rochel, Natacha, additional, Rubin, Mishaela R., additional, Russo, Andrew F., additional, Sambrook, Philip, additional, Schneider, Adina E., additional, Schwartz, Gary G., additional, Schwartz, Zvi, additional, Shen, Jiali, additional, Shevde, Nirupama K., additional, Sicinski, Rafal R., additional, Silver, Justin, additional, Slatopolsky, Eduardo A., additional, Specker, Bonny L., additional, St-Arnaud, René, additional, Stein, Gary S., additional, Stein, Janet L., additional, Stern, Paula H., additional, Studzinski, George P., additional, Suda, Tatsuo, additional, Sutton, Amelia L.M., additional, Tebben, Peter, additional, Tenenhouse, Harriet S., additional, Thatcher, Michelle L., additional, Thys-Jacobs, Susan, additional, Towler, Dwight A., additional, Trump, Donald L., additional, Uitterlinden, André G., additional, Uskoković, Milan R., additional, Väisänen, Sami, additional, Van Baelen, Hugo, additional, Van Cromphaut, Sophie, additional, van Leeuwen, Johannes P.T.M., additional, van Meurs, Joyce B.J., additional, van Wijnen, Andre J., additional, Verboven, Christel, additional, Vieth, Reinhold, additional, Wasserman, Robert H., additional, Welsh, JoEllen, additional, Whitfield, G. Kerr, additional, Whyte, Michael P., additional, Willnow, Thomas, additional, Wion, Didier, additional, Yasuda, Hisataka, additional, Young, Daniel, additional, and Zhang, Chi, additional

Published
2005
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27. A novel protein complex that interacts with the vitamin D3 receptor in a ligand-dependent manner and enhances VDR transactivation in a cell-free system

Author

Rachez, Christophe, Suldan, Zalman, Ward, Jeremy, Chang, Betty Chao-Pei, Burakov, Darya, Erdjument-Bromage, Heidye, Tempst, Paul, and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Vitamin D3 -- Research, Ligand binding (Biochemistry) -- Research, Cell nuclei -- Research, Genetic transcription -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Existence of a complex of novel functional nuclear receptor coactivators not known before has been shown. The vitamin D3 receptor ligand-binding domain (VDR LBD) has been used as an affinity matrix to identify parts of a nuclear extract active in transcription. As a response to ligand, the components interact with VDR. At least 10 VDR interacting proteins (DRIPs) from 65 to 250 kD associate in a complex with the receptor in a way that is strictly dependent on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

Published
1998

31. Modulation of nuclear receptor interactions by ligands: kinetic analyses using surface plasmon resonance

Author

Cheskis, Boris and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Ligands (Biochemistry) -- Genetic aspects, Plasma spectroscopy -- Usage, Hormone receptors -- Genetic aspects, Biological sciences, Chemistry
Abstract

The reaction rates of protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions by the human 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) and 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor (RXR) with or without their cognate ligands was characterized by surface plasmon resonance. Results showed that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding enhances VDR-RXR heterodimerization. As a consequence, the amount of VDR-RXR heterodimers in solution is increased which in turn results to an enlarged VDR-RXR complex formation on DNA.

Published
1996

37. DNA target selectivity by the vitamin D3 receptor: mechanism of dimer binding to an asymmetric repeat element

Author

Towers, Terri L., Luisi, Ben F., Asianov, Alexander, and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Mutagenesis -- Research, Binding sites (Biochemistry) -- Analysis, Science and technology
Abstract

A study located areas inside the vitamin D3 receptor zinc finger area that conform selectivity for direct repeats with suitable spacing, by using molecular modeling and site-controlled mutagenesis. Similar to other members of the nuclear receptor super family, the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor develops dimers in solution that are possibly stabilized by a dyad symmetrical interface developed by the ligand-binding region. These areas regulate asymmetrical protein-protein contacts by mapping to the edge of the first zinc finger molecule and the N and C terminii of the second finger module.

Published
1993

40. A coactivator code for transcription

Author

Gamble, Matthew J. and Freedman, Leonard P.

Subjects
Histones -- Genetic aspects, Chromatin -- Genetic aspects, Genetic transcription -- Regulation, Biological sciences, Chemistry
Abstract

The study of the covalent modifications of the N-terminal tails of histones and their effects on chromatin structure and function, known as `the histone code,' is proceeding at a rapid pace. Recent work by several groups suggests that coactivators, such as p300/CBP, are also controlled by an array of various covalent modifications. This suggests the existence of a `coactivator code' for p300/CBP and other seemingly promiscuous coregulators. Such a code could have wide-reaching implications for conferring specificity to general, ubiquitous transcriptional regulatory factors.

Published
2002

42. The Ethics and Economics of Supplemental Teaching.

Author

Freedman, Leonard

Abstract

The ethics and economics of supplemental teaching are discussed by a dean of continuing education. It is suggested that the provision of opportunities to faculty that take them away from their primary responsibilities is a minor aspect of the ethical problem. Continuing education overload compensation is generally low, and there are many people outside the university who seek to teach in the university's continuing education program. However, ethical conflicts for university faculty created by continuing education teaching may become more serious in the future. Three possible alternatives to faculty overload teaching are the expanded use of nonfaculty instructors, increasing the number of full-time continuing education faculty, and increasing the proportion of continuing education teaching by regular faculty as part of their normal teaching load. Nonfaculty instructors are generally people with strong educational qualifications and extensive experience in the field in which they are teaching. Full-time continuing education faculty are specialists not only in their subject fields but also in teaching those subjects to adults. However, a full-time staff is more expensive than a part-time faculty. It is possible that continuing education may come to be regarded as an integral part of campus instructional responsibilities of regular faculty members. (SW)

Published
1979

43. Quality in Continuing Education: Principles, Practices, and Standards for Colleges and Universities. Jossey-Bass Higher Education Series.

Author

Freedman, Leonard and Freedman, Leonard

Abstract

Criteria for determining quality in continuing education at the college level are addressed. After considering conceptual and practical difficulties to assuring quality in continuing higher education (CHE), the background characteristics, capabilities, and performance of adult learners and traditional college students are compared. The following curricular issues are discussed: the proper academic level of the programs, their predominantly practical or applied nature; the lack of integrated curriculum design in many noncredit programs; the need to protect the intellectual integrity of CHE; and CHE's relationship to public service. Types of CHE programs that have adopted some principles of andragogical learning are considered, including external degree programs and study-discussion programs. The extensive use of traditional teaching methods in CHE is defended. Instructional technologies and issues related to the instructional staff are examined. Also considered are: approaches to review quality for degree credit programs and noncredit offerings; marketing CHE; key quality issues in program administration; personal qualities and preparation needed by professional CHE staff; and two contrasting approaches to quality in CHE (the university faculty standard and the student needs standard). 139 references.

Published
1987

44. Continuing Education in the Academy.

Author

Freedman, Leonard

Abstract

The author explores the reasons for the marginality of extension education, the advantages and disadvantages of assimilation, and an alternative to assimilation: greater faculty involvement and insistence on high standards in continuing education programs. (SK)

Published
1983

46. The Open University-Toppling The Ivory Tower

Author

Freedman, Leonard

Abstract

Because the assumption that formal education should be completed between the ages of 18 and 24 is no longer tenable, the author suggests that universities will increasingly become continuing education institutions. The prediction is made that the role of extension education in the new situation will be large. (LF)

Published
1971

47. Degree Programs For Adults: Fad or Commitment?

Author

Freedman, Leonard

Abstract

Article describes the role of Extension Education in the current movement toward external degrees. London University, The Open University, Empire State, and Goddard are some of the examples used as programs for non-traditional degrees. (GB)

Published
1972

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