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* Objective.--To determine the normative rates of expiration and wastage for units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets (PLTs) in hospital communities throughout the United States, and to examine hospital blood bank practices associated with more desirable (lower) rates. Design.--In 3 separate studies, participants in the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes laboratory quality improvement program collected data retrospectively on the numbers of units of FFP and PLTs that expired (outdated) prior to being used and that were wasted due to mishandling. Participants also completed questionnaires describing their hospitals' and blood banks' laboratory and transfusion practices. Setting and Participants.--One thousand six hundred thirty-nine public and private institutions, more than 80% of which were known to be located in the United States. Main Outcome Measures.--Quality indicators of FFP and PLT utilization: the rates of expiration and wastage of units of FFP and PLTs. Results.--Participants submitted data on 8 981 796 units of FFP and PLTs. In all 3 studies, aggregate combined FFP and PLT expiration rates ranged from 5.8% to 6.4% and aggregate combined FFP and PLT wastage rates ranged from 2.0% to 2.5%. Among the top-performing 10% of participants (90th percentile and above), FFP and PLT expiration rates were 0.6% or lower and FFP and PLT wastage rates were 0.5 % or lower. Among the bottom-performing 10% of participants (10th percentile and below), expiration rates were 13.8% or higher and wastage rates were 6.8% or higher. We were unable to associate selected hospital characteristics or blood bank practices with lower rates of FFP and PLT utilization. Conclusions.--The rates of FFP and PLT expiration and wastage vary greatly among hospitals in the United States. Hospital blood bank personnel are capable of achieving FFP and PLT expiration and wastage rates below 1%., To satisfy their obligations to the medical communities they serve, including satisfying the obligation of meeting requirements for hospital accreditation, (1) hospital blood bank managers routinely scrutinize the utilization of [...]

Context.--Most information on compliance with audit criteria for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions comes from single institutions; few studies have compared practices among many hospitals. Objective.--To survey a cross-section of hospitals in 2008 for criteria and compliance with RBC transfusion guidelines, using the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes format. Design.--One hundred twenty-eight hospitals, representing about 4.5% (724 332 of 16 212 000) of all annual RBC usage in the United States, provided information on their RBC audit practices and their recent rates of compliance. They also each examined 50 RBC transfusion episodes for compliance with their guidelines. Results.--The participants' median, pretransfusion hemoglobin thresholds for audit review were 8.0 to 8.9 g/dL for most clinical settings and 9.0 to 9.9 g/dL for patients with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. For the transfusion episodes examined, 60% (2063 of 6518) were for a single unit. The median of the institutional averages for pretransfusion hemoglobin was 8.1 g/dL, and the median rate of compliance was 69% (range, 0%-100%). Involvement by a pathologist or transfusion medicine expert in the audit system was associated with more-strict audit criteria and better compliance. Conclusions.--Median hemoglobin thresholds for RBC transfusion audits were somewhat higher than currently evolving recommendations, but opportunities for improvement were provided by expert involvement and by the growing frequency of 1-unit transfusions. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2015; 139:351-355; doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0756-CP), More than 13 million units of red blood cells (RBCs) were transfused in the United States in 2011.1 The medical indications for these transfusions have received increased scrutiny in recent [...]

Context.--Although a rare occurrence, ABO incompatible transfusions can cause patient morbidity and mortality. Up to 20% of all mistransfusions are traced to patient misidentification and/or sample mislabeling errors that occur before a sample arrives in the laboratory. Laboratories play a significant role in preventing mistransfusion by identifying wrong blood in tube and rejecting mislabeled samples. Objectives.--To determine the rates of mislabeled samples and wrong blood in tube for samples submitted for ABO typing and to survey patient identification and sample labeling practices and sample acceptance policies for ABO typing samples across a variety of US institutions. Design.--One hundred twenty-two institutions prospectively reviewed inpatient and outpatient samples submitted for ABO typing for 30 days. Labeling error rates were calculated for each participant and tested for associations with institutional demographic and practice variable information. Wrong-blood-in-tube rates were calculated for the 30-day period and for a retrospective 12-month period. A concurrent survey collected institution-specific sample labeling requirements and institutional policies regarding the fate of mislabeled samples. Results.--For all institutions combined, the aggregate mislabeled sample rate was 1.12%. The annual and 30-day wrong-blood-in-tube aggregate rates were both 0.04%. Patient first name, last name, and unique identification number were required on the sample by more than 90% of participating institutions; however, other requirements varied more widely. Conclusions.--The rates of mislabeled samples and wrong blood in tube for US participants in this study were comparable to those reported for most European countries. The survey of patient identification and sample labeling practices and sample acceptance policies for ABO typing samples revealed both practice uniformity and variability as well as significant opportunity for improvement., Rates of red blood cell (RBC) mistransfusion are surprisingly high (approximately 1 in 14000), while ABO incompatible transfusions occur at a rate of approximately 1 in 38 000 (1) or [...]

In 2007, the Futurescape of Anatomic Pathology meeting provided plenty of discussion about the technologic future of the field. Toward the end of that meeting, a "Reality Check" discussion provided [...]

To place a cloak of reality on business prognostications, the first questions to answer are (1) what is the real business in consideration, (2) what are the components or analogs [...]

Context.--Critical laboratory values are values that may be indicative of life-threatening conditions requiring rapid clinical intervention. Designation of critical values by clinical laboratories is required by the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments and regulatory agencies. The development of critical values often involves consultation with clinical services. Also, questions are frequently asked about how critical values compare between institutions. Objective.--To examine and compare critical value ranges for selected common critical value analytes. Additional specific questions addressed the source of these values, the inclusion of specific items on a critical values list, and the procedures for establishing such lists. Design.--A total of 163 clinical laboratories provided critical values for potassium, calcium, magnesium, thyroid-stimulating hormone, hemoglobin, platelet count, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Collected data were subjected to analysis for statistical variation. A questionnaire regarding demographic characteristics, institutional practices, and critical values management was also completed by participants. Results.--There was slight variation in pediatric and adult critical values used by the central 80% of study laboratories. Three areas of interest were noted: (1) 27% of laboratories allowed nonpractitioners to accept inpatient critical value reports, (2) there was nonconsensus regarding the handling of outpatient critical values during weekday versus evening/weekend hours, and (3) only 56% of respondents had a written critical values policy or procedure. Conclusions.--Pediatric and adult critical values for the selected analytes were consistent in a comparison between the 163 clinical laboratories. Several weaknesses in current critical values management were identified. A consensus critical values list that may be of value to other institutions was assembled. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131:1769-1775), Critical values reporting is the mechanism by which direct reporting of potentially life-threatening laboratory results is made to caregivers. First described by Lundberg more than 30 years ago, (1) clinical [...]

* Context.--Standards have been developed for establishing reference intervals, but little is known about how intervals are determined in practice, interlaboratory variation in intervals, or errors that occur while setting [...]

The article focuses on the application of tools and techniques in the field of anatomic pathology (AP). Evolution along clinical pathology lines and radiology image lines are the two key trends in the practice of AP. Pattern recognition algorithms will improve accuracy, reliability, specificity and productivity as pathology becomes more digitized. Pathologists will also use computer-assisted, image-based, and analytic tools to assess and diagnose specimens when pathology is fully digitized.