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Metacognitive skills are important for text comprehension, especially at university where most learning processes are unsupervised, and students rely on self-control and regulation when reading for comprehension. In today's universities, English as L2 has become the vehicle language for teaching and learning. However, some studies have concluded that university students who read English as L2 have inadequate metacognitive monitoring skills. Higher level processing skills, such as comprehension monitoring, are difficult to study and then improve. The main goal of the present study was to analyze the mental processing of readers when they monitored expository texts in English as L2 considering their English proficiency. Mental processing was related to readers' behavior when performing a reading task by using a set of variables guided by a psychological mechanism proposed for inconsistency detection. A total of 169 university students participated. The task was modeled on the error detection paradigm, which involved assessing the comprehensibility of scientific texts in English and reporting comprehension difficulties encountered. A special software was used to collect detailed data online about the readers' text processing and written reports. The results confirmed the set of processing variables and the theory-based predictions.

Introduction: Patients with an uncontrolled glycemic index develop a wide variety of pathologies associated with diabetes, such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an adjunctive therapy used to heal wounds and prevent lower extremity amputations in this population. Objective: This preliminary study aimed to evaluate how HBOT impacts inflammation in patients with Wagner stages 2–4 DFUs by analyzing its effect on the gene expression of key oxidative stress regulators SOD1, SOD2, and GPX2, of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-12, and of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Methods: The effect of HBOT was assessed in 15 patients with Wagner stages 2–4 DFUs that underwent 30 sessions in the hyperbaric chamber. This protocol is registered on Clinical Trials under the title Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Diabetic Foot (July 15, 2024) with the number NCT06502808. Blood samples were collected, and relative gene expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: The hyperbaric chamber treatment increased the expression of SOD1 and GPX2 genes (0.4 and 3 times, respectively) after 30 sessions compared to baseline levels. Similarly, the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-12, IL-4, and NLRP3 increased after 30 sessions (2.1, 0.4, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively), while the expression of the TNFα gene decreased (0.5 times). Clinically, the patients’ lesions were fully resolved. Conclusions: HBOT directly influences the gene expression of several potent antioxidants and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus favoring angiogenesis and blood circulation in the extremities.

Introduction Genetic variations impact drug response, driving the need for personalised medicine through pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing. However, the adoption of pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing for commonly prescribed drugs, such as statins, outside of tertiary hospitals is limited due to a lack of pharmacoeconomic evidence to support widespread implementation by healthcare policy-makers. The Spanish Consortium for the Implementation of Pharmacogenetics (iPHARMGx Consortium) addresses this by developing a clinical trial master protocol that will govern multiple nested adaptive clinical trials that compare genotype-guided treatments to standard care in specific drug–gene–population triads, asses their cost-efficacy and identify novel biomarkers through advanced sequencing techniques. The first of these studies aims to assess whether a pre-emptive statin therapy genotyping scheme reduces the incidence of statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) in a population at risk of cardiovascular disease susceptible of receiving high-intensity or moderate-intensity doses of statins: The PREVESTATGx trial.Methods and analysis the PREVESTATGX trial is a multicentre, adaptive randomised controlled pragmatic phase IV clinical trial nested to the iPHARMGx master protocol with two parallel arms, aiming for superiority. Randomisation will be conducted on an individual basis with a centralised approach and stratification by centre. After inclusion in the trial and genotyping has been performed, subjects will be randomly allocated to experimental group (pharmacogenetic genotype-guided statin prescription) or standard-of-care statin prescription (as deemed by attending physician). The main objective is to assess the efficacy of a statin pre-emptive genotyping strategy in reducing the incidence of SAMS. A total of 225 subjects will be recruited among the 10 participating centres if no futility/efficacy boundary is reached in the prespecified interim analyses. Recruitment will be carried out during a 12-month period and subjects will be followed for a 9-month period.Ethics and dissemination The PREVESTATGx trial received ethical approval on 24 April 2024. Results will be disseminated via publication in peer-reviewed journals as well as presentation at international conferences. Trial results will be submitted for publication in an open-access peer-reviewed medical speciality-specific publication.Trial registration number EU CT number: 2023-509418-12-00/Clinical trial Identifier (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT06262685. Protocol version 1.2 12 April 2024 (includes non-substantial modification number 14 June 2024). Trial registration of this study can be located at both the EU Clinical Trials Register available from https:// euclinicaltrials.eu/search-for-clinical-trials/?lang=en and https://clinicaltrials.gov. Registration on both websites was done before the enrolment of the first patient complying with European regulations. EU Clinical Trials Register is a primary registry according to the WHO.

ObjectiveTo ascertain the changes of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) values in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients treated with ocrelizumab and their association with treatment response.MethodsMulticenter prospective study including 115 RRMS patients initiating ocrelizumab treatment between February 2020 and March 2022 followed during a year. Serum samples were collected at baseline and every 3 months to measure sNfL and sGFAP levels using single-molecule array (SIMOA) technology. Based on age and body mass index, sNfL values were standardized using z-score. NEDA (non-evidence of disease activity)-3 status was defined for patients free of disease activity after a year of follow-up. Inflammation (INFL) was considered when new relapses occurred during follow-up or new MRI lesions were found at 1-year exploration. PIRA (progression independent of relapse activity) was defined as disability progression occurring in the absence of relapses or new MRI activity.ResultsAfter a year on ocrelizumab, 85 patients (73.9%) achieved NEDA-3. Thirty patients did not achieve NEDA: 20 (17.4%) because of INFL and 10 (8.7%) because of PIRA. Of INFL patients, 6 (30.0%) had relapses, and 17 (85.0%) had at least one new MRI lesion at the 12-month examination. At baseline, INFL patients had higher sNfL (p = 0.0003) and sGFAP (p = 0.03) than the NEDA-3 group. PIRA patients mostly exhibited low sNfL and heterogeneous sGFAP levels. After a year, NEDA-3 and INFL patients showed similar decreases in sNfL (p < 0.0001) and sGFAP (p < 0.0001 for NEDA-3 and p = 0.001 for INFL ones). However, the decrease occurred earlier in NEDA-3 patients. Accordingly, sNfL > 1.5 z-score 3 months after ocrelizumab initiation indicated a higher risk of inflammation (OR = 13.6; p < 0.0001). Decrease in sGFAP values occurred later in both groups, with significant reductions observed at 12 months for INFL and 6 and 12 months for NEDA-3. No significant changes in sNfL or sGFAP were observed in PIRA patients.ConclusionOcrelizumab induced normalization of sNfL and sGFAP in the majority of NEDA-3 and inflammatory patients but did not cause changes in the PIRA group. Our data suggest that normalization of sNfL and sGFAP is associated with the lack of inflammatory-associated disease progression but it may not affect non-inflammatory PIRA.

INTRODUCCIÓN. La lectura nos permite adquirir conocimientos, cultura y formación estética; además, ayuda a la socialización y al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico, lo cual es fundamental en la vida escolar y en la adulta. Sin embargo, alcanzar un nivel de competencia que permita dominarla funcionalmente e incorporar la lectura por placer más allá de la escolaridad requiere tiempo y esfuerzo, de aquí la importancia de la coordinación entre el profesorado de distintos niveles y etapas que garantice que este proceso se produzca de manera coherente en lo metodológico y con fluidez en relación con los ritmos de los procesos evolutivos del alumnado. MÉTODO. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer los aspectos en que se coordinan o coinciden los docentes de Educación Infantil y los de Educación Primaria a través del análisis de sus concepciones y saberes sobre la noción, la planificación y las prácticas de lectura y educación literaria. Con esta finalidad se ha diseñado una investigación de tipo cualitativo, a modo de estudio de caso múltiple, que ha usado como instrumento una entrevista clínica semiestructurada y como métodos de estudio el análisis del contenido, la teoría fundamentada, más el software QDA Miner. RESULTADOS. Los resultados evidencian ciertas coincidencias de los docentes de Infantil entre sí y de los de Primaria entre ellos, así como falta de coordinación entre niveles y etapas para establecer criterios comunes en la elaboración de itinerarios lectores o en el diseño de tareas sobre la lectura. Todos comparten la importancia de las actividades y de los textos elegidos como claves didácticas, así como la queja sobre falta de tiempo. DISCUSIÓN. Se concluye la necesidad de una mayor coordinación basada en una formación docente más actualizada que incorpore los hallazgos de las abundantes investigaciones disponibles sobre lectura y sobre la transición de Infantil a Primaria.

Background: Switching between calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be a beneficial strategy after discontinuation. The aim of this study was to evaluate switching outcomes of effectiveness/tolerability. Methods: Retrospective multicentric study of migraine patients who switched to another CGRP–mAb due to lack of tolerability or effectiveness (defined as

This study describes the methodology and main results obtained after applying several geomatic techniques, based on the fusion of data acquired by several sensors, to document the recovery works carried out in an abandoned church. A century ago, the façade was moved to a museum to ensure its preservation. In addition to documentary purposes, a secondary goal is the virtual repositioning of a model of this element on that of the church. The method takes advantage of the potential of each technique, considering the acquisition of geometry based mainly on laser scanning techniques and radiometry on photogrammetry. The results include 3D models and orthoimages, which are used to perform a stratigraphic study. The 3D model of the façade has been repositioned in the general one, considering common geometries previously fitted in both models and repeating part of the photogrammetric process, using masks to define the image areas related to the church and the façade. Therefore, we obtained a 3D model with the façade included in it. This procedure has demonstrated its feasibility despite the existence of different environmental conditions in both areas. Using these results, we have also developed a BIM to allow for the management of future restoration works.

Musical performance anxiety (MPA) is considered a subtype of social phobia and affects musicians who must face musical exposure in public, potentially severely affecting their emotional stability and significantly impairing the quality of their performance. This research has utilized previous scientific knowledge on the issue and a qualitative approach to musicians’ needs through focus groups in order to design a collective preventive program for MPA that could be implemented within the training curriculum of professional musicians. To evaluate the adequacy of the preventive program ‘ConfiDance’, a pilot test was conducted with a sample of 17 professional musicians in training, all post-graduate students in classical music performance. For the pilot test, a quasi-experimental model with a repeated measures methodology (pre-post and one-year follow-up after application) was carried out. The results indicate a significant decrease in MPA after the program implementation, with a notable improvement in effect one year post-application, demonstrating an even greater positive impact over time. These data should be interpreted cautiously due to sample limitations but represent an opportunity for the future implementation of a program that can prevent and treat MPA in music education centers.

We analyzed the motivational climate perceived by a group of young athletes and its relationship with adaptive and inhibitory aspects of behavior, pointing out the differences according to sex and age. The sample comprised 681 players (14-17 years) from different Spanish basketball and handball clubs, who responded to standardized tests on their adaptive resources to the perception of the climate constructed by their coaches. The results showed that, as a greater task-involving climate is perceived, the satisfaction of basic psychological needs increases (mainly relatedness), while the aversive causes of fear of failure decrease (mainly the fear of losing the interest of others and the fear of angering significant others). Girls showed statistically significant differences in the levels of task-involving climate and relatedness satisfaction, while boys showed significantly more ego-involving climate, fear of having an uncertain future, fear of losing the interest of others, and fear of angering significant others. Regarding age, differences in task climate were only found in favor of younger athletes (14-15 years). This study underlines the coach's educational role in young athletes. The promotion of a task climate favors relatedness and decreases the motives and the occurrence of cognitive-emotional processes of fear of failure in young athletes.

El artículo analiza la relación de la adquisición de deuda pública con la desigualdad y el desarrollo económico. Específicamente, utiliza la tasa de crecimiento de deuda pública, el Índice de Gini y el Índice de Rezago Social como variables. Considera 31 entidades federativas de la República mexicana y 2414 municipios desde 2010 hasta el 2018. La metodología de convergencia absoluta y condicional y datos de panel deriva en los siguientes resultados: (I) bajo la hipótesis de convergencia condicional, los estados y municipios de México se acercaron en términos de la deuda pública per cápita en el periodo 2010-2018. La velocidad de acercamiento es mayor en los estados que en los municipios, (II) la convergencia condicional indica que la desigualdad explica de manera significativa la tasa de crecimiento de la deuda pública en los estados, pero no en los municipios, (III) el modelo de datos de panel destaca que, para seis de las ocho regiones geográficas en México, la desigualdad es importante para explicar el aumento de la deuda municipal a lo largo del tiempo. Además, en el caso de las regiones centro-norte y noreste, el Índice de Rezago Social explica significativamente la evolución de la deuda per cápita y (IV) los modelos estimados muestran diferencias regionales a lo largo del tiempo. En el caso de la región suroeste, que incluye tres de los estados con mayor rezago social, ninguno de los modelos contemplados explica la evolución de la deuda pública per cápita.

Background: The aim was to diagnose Candida in the oral cavity of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a genotyping technique and compare the results with those from conventional diagnosis by Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. Methods: Palatal mucosa smears were performed on 18 dental care patients diagnosed with T2DM and grade I, II, and III prosthetic stomatitis who met the inclusion criteria; 18 healthy control subjects were also included in the study. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were determined from total blood. Using exfoliative cytology, the Pap staining technique was used to diagnose candidiasis. Exfoliative cytology was also used for molecular diagnosis; DNA was obtained for Candida genotyping, and RNA was used for gene expression studies. Results: Clinical patterns indicated that all subjects were positive for Candida; however, Pap analysis revealed only three positive subjects, whereas end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed 15 subjects with some type of Candida. The most common Candida species found were Candida guilliermondii (38.8%), Candida krusei (33.3%), Candida tropicalis, and Candida lusitaniae (22.2%). Interestingly, the coexpression of different species of Candida was found in various patients. In all patients, HbA1c levels were increased. Gene expression analysis showed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in TLR2 expression in positive subjects, whereas TLR4 expression did not differ significantly among patients. Conclusions: The end-point PCR technique showed better sensitivity for the diagnosis of Candida when compared with the diagnosis by Pap staining. T2DM subjects showed an increased presence of C. guilliermondii that was correlated with decreased TLR2 expression.

Abstract Variational autoencoder architectures have the potential to develop reduced-order models for chaotic fluid flows. We propose a method for learning compact and near-orthogonal reduced-order models using a combination of a β-variational autoencoder and a transformer, tested on numerical data from a two-dimensional viscous flow in both periodic and chaotic regimes. The β-variational autoencoder is trained to learn a compact latent representation of the flow velocity, and the transformer is trained to predict the temporal dynamics in latent-space. Using the β-variational autoencoder to learn disentangled representations in latent-space, we obtain a more interpretable flow model with features that resemble those observed in the proper orthogonal decomposition, but with a more efficient representation. Using Poincaré maps, the results show that our method can capture the underlying dynamics of the flow outperforming other prediction models. The proposed method has potential applications in other fields such as weather forecasting, structural dynamics or biomedical engineering.

Background: Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) is a common clinical condition caused by inflammation and the presence of a thrombus inside a superficial vein. It has traditionally been considered a benign and banal disorder, although it can progress or can be associated with thromboembolic disease of deep territories in up to 20%, asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE), especially if it affects the main trunk of the internal saphenous vein. The impact of deep vein thrombosis on the quality of life and its sequelae have long been described in the literature; however, they have not been studied in superficial vein thrombosis. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the risk factors, management, and complications of SVT and its impact on the quality of life of our patients. Methods: Observational, prospective, single-center study to evaluate the management of SVT. The ultrasound (US) was performed initially on symptomatic patients, during treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), at a follow-up, and at the end of 45 days of treatment. A quality-of-life questionnaire was administered to determine the risk factors, management, and complications of SVT at the moment of diagnosis and at the end of treatment. We included patients referred from the emergency department to a monographic consultation for thromboembolic disease, over 18 years of age with a diagnosis of acute SVT symptomatic, without contraindication to initiate anticoagulation. Results: In total, 63 patients were evaluated between October 2020 and April 2022. The mean age was 65.8 years (SD 13.5), of which 35 were women (55.6%), 39 presented cardiovascular risk factors (61.9%), 25 had a history of previous personal venous thromboembolism (VTE) (39.7%), and 10 had obesity (15.9%), 47 had chronic venous insufficiency or varicose veins (74.9%). During follow-up with ultrasound, 39.7% had partial revascularization, and at discharge, 63.5% had permeabilized the thrombosis against 19% who had residual thrombosis or progression of thrombosis. There was a positive correlation between mobility parameters and improvement in the performance of daily activities (rho = 0.35; p = 0.012) and with improvement in pain/discomfort (rho = 0.37; p = 0.007). An improvement in pain parameters was statistically significantly related to a global assessment health perception (rho = 0.48; p < 0.001). Anxiety and depression parameters were related to a global assessment health perception (rho = 0.462; p = 0.001) and to an overall improvement at 12 months (rho = 0.45; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) is a highly prevalent disease, which is traditionally considered banal and has good evolution, with heterogeneous management in clinical practice and limited information on patient selection for therapies, current treatment routes, and drug use, as well as outcomes. In recent years, the importance of this entity has become evident due to its frequency in clinical practice, its risk of complications, and the impact it has on the quality of life. This study’s results emphasize the importance of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of superficial venous thrombosis.

Opuntia stricta var. dillenii, a member of the Cactaceae family, produces a fruit known as prickly pear. This fruit is rich in bioactive compounds, including betalains and phenolic compounds, which play an important role in health promotion due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the impact of prickly pear extracts obtained from the whole fruit, peel, pulp, and an industrial by-product (bagasse) on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. During the differentiation process, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were treated with prickly pear extracts at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL from day 0 to day 8 post-induction. Moreover, the potential mechanisms justifying the observed effects were assessed by RT-PCR. All extracts led to an increase in both triacylglycerol accumulation and cell number. In conclusion, the analysed extracts demonstrated adipogenic effects in 3T3-L1 maturing pre-adipocytes by increasing the expression of the c/ebp-β, srebf-1, and c/ebp-α genes. Additionally, a potential anti-inflammatory effect was observed through the upregulation of adiponectin.

Background/Objectives: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a form of oxidative DNA damage caused by oxidative stress (OS), which is considered a major factor in male infertility. The cellular defense system against 8-OHdG involves base excision repair (BER) with the enzyme 8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1). However, studies on the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) OGG1 Ser326Cys have demonstrated that the Cys326Cys genotype could be the cause of an increment in oxidative DNA damage. In this study, the OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism and its effect on DNA oxidation were evaluated in 118 infertile men. Methods: Polymorphic screening was performed using TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, and oxidative DNA damage was evaluated through the quantification of 8-OHdG and total antioxidant capacity (TAC); in addition, electrical bioimpedance spectroscopy (EBiS) measurements were used as a reference for different electrical properties associated with 8-OHdG concentrations. Results: The detected Cys (G) allele frequency (0.4) was higher compared to the allele frequency reported in the “Allele Frequency Aggregator” (ALFA) and “Haplotype Map” (HapMap) projects for American populations (0.21–0.29), suggesting that the Cys (G) allele carrier could be a factor associated with American infertile populations. The values of 8-OHdG were twofold higher in carriers of the Cys326Cys (GG) genotype than the other genotypes and, in concordance, the TAC levels were threefold lower in Cys326Cys (GG) genotype carriers compared to the other genotypes. Moreover, the EBiS magnitude exhibited potential for the detection of different oxidative damage in DNA samples between genotypes. Conclusions: The Cys326Cys (GG) genotype is associated with oxidative DNA damage that could contribute to male infertility.

This study analyses the use of a flipped classroom to develop the 'learning to learn' competence in the university context. This research was conducted on a subject about Applied Teaching Methodology included in the Physical Activity and Sports Science degree at the Polytechnic University of Madrid (Spain). A total of 110 university students (mean age 21.6 ± 3.0 years) participated in the research and were divided into two groups: one group (44 students) received an intervention based on the traditional method (with theoretical classes and resolved questions) and the other group (66 students) received an intervention using the flipped classroom method; self-perception of the level of development of the 'learning to learn' competence was analysed before and after the intervention. The design involved two groups that followed different types of teaching (traditional vs. flipped classroom) × two moments in time (before and after). This study did not find any significant differences between the traditional and flipped classroom method, in the perception of the development of the 'learning to learn' competence.

There is evidence that promoting school physical activity (PSPA) benefits children and adolescents, but little is understood about how this promotion may relate to academic achievement and school climate across varying levels of socioeconomic status (SES). Hence, the study aimed to address this knowledge gap by examining two main objectives: (1) determining the association between PSPA and academic achievement and school climate according to schools’ SES and (2) exploring the potential mediating role of PSPA in the relationship between schools’ SES and academic achievement and school climate. This cross-sectional study at the school level focused on 4,990 schools (including public, subsidized, and private schools) that participated in the National Educational Study 2018 (Chile), which was applied to primary schoolchildren (4th grade, aged 8–10 years). Schools were divided into non-PSPA (n = 4,280) and PSPA (n = 710) during the year 2018. Changes in academic achievement from 2017 to 2018 and school climate were considered. PSPA was associated with improvements in maths (low-SES OR: 1.80, p