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Developments in vacuum storage technology present an opportunity to achieve significant improvements on protection, preservation and storage of agricultural commodities for residential and commercial use. Sub-baric storage is a environmental friendly, non-residue organic technology which provides chemical-free and insect contamination-free products. Due to creation of vacuum, there is a change in the environment inside the storage structure. This study therefore contributes an important knowledge and method in the development, fabrication and application of a sub baric storage bin (SBSB) as a best alternative to the commonly used traditional and modern storage structure. In its embodiment, the work focuses on the design and fabrication of the sub-baric storage bin to provide efficient storage of food grains by preventing the use of pesticides and insecticides and to reduce material loss during storage, a sub-baric storage bin of 500 kg capacity was designed and developed. The developed storage bin consists of storage chamber (500 kg), Vacuum pump, suction blower, grain inlet with pipe for loading, grain outlet for unloading, vacuum gauge, thermocouple, control panel, agitator, air filter, two inlet valves for gas infusion, vacuum release valve and SS mobile skid. The designed sub-baric storage bin is cylindrical in geometry with conical shape at bottom side and flat circular plate on top side and the storage bin has capacity of 500 kg to store food grains with hopper angle of 60°. The storage bin was designed in such a way that, it has provision for both bulk and bag storage and to work from 0-650 mm Hg vacuum. The developed SBSB was subjected to hydraulic pressure test and vacuum drop test to ensure a safe operation. It was observed that there was no implosion (compression) or explosion confirming to the fact that the design was adequate and also safe to operate. Also, there were no signs of bulging, buckling or any deformations observed in any of the components or the pipe lines, connections, fixtures or fasteners. Hence, it was concluded that the designed equipment could be operated safely at 650 mm Hg vacuum pressure satisfying all the applicable safety assurances and standards relevant to the industry.

The present research provides a clear explanation of the mechanism of oxidative degradation of the API losartan potassium (losartan) the most frequently utilized antihypertensive medication. Losartan potassium is fairly stable in thermal, hydrolytic and photolytic conditions. However, there was evidence of significant degradation under oxidative stress conditions. This research aimed at identifying the products of oxidative degradation that are produced by losartan via forced degradation with hydrogen peroxide as a reagent. Two significant compounds of oxidative degradation are formed and detected using analysis of UPLC-MS and are identified as regio-isomeric N-hydroxylosartans using advanced methods like HRMS as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. According to our research, the two degradation products are unique and are not mentioned in any literature.

Background: Hoof lesions and lameness in cattle is currently a serious problem in the dairy industry and significantly affects the health and welfare of animals. High milk yield has been associated with lameness and claw lesions. It was found that 87.5% of lame animals were suffered from claw lesions and hoof lesions were present in all the cows having lameness. Hoof trimming is performed to prevent hoof lesions and improve gait by correction and maintenance of the hoof symmetry and shape. Lameness caused by hoof disorders can be treated by correct hoof trimming. The aim of this study was to know the production performance in dairy cattle before and after hoof trimming. Methods: In this study twenty lame cows were selected and lameness index score was given to them (0-5 score). The nutrient requirements of the animals were met as per ICAR (2013) through concentrate feed and ad libitum green fodder. Care was taken to ensure that feed was provided at same levels throughout the study period and to nullify any effects of feed on lameness. Milk yield in kg/day were recorded before week of hoof trimming (HT) and after hoof trimming intervention it was recorded on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day, 8th day, 11th day, 14th day. Result: Our results showed that significant difference (P≤0.05) in milk yield was on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day and 8th day when compared with before week of HT (13.25±0.83). Significant increase in milk Fat % (P≤0.05) was observed on 11th day and 14th day (4.10±0.04), significant decrease (P≤0.05) in milk SNF % was observed on 0th day, 3rd day, 6th day and 8th day (8.45±0.03), whereas significant difference (P≤0.05) in milk protein % was observed on 0, 3 and 6th day (2.64±0.04) when compared with before week of HT. From this study it was concluded that the hoof trimming intervention has an immediate effect on production performance of dairy cows. Further this is a novel improved intervention using angle cutter modified to trim the hoof which is safe and painless compared to conventional Hoof cutter which caused a lot of cutting and bleeding hooves.

Present work illustrates the stress degradation behaviour of rivaroxaban under hydrolytic, oxidative, thermal and photolytic conditions as per ICH guidelines. Under thermal and photolytic conditions drug had a fair stability where as in other stress conditions degradation products were observed. Initial identification of the degradation products was performed by hyphenated mass spectrometry coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS) and mass directed auto purification (MDAP) was used for isolation. Various 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed to characterize the degradation products which were assisted by FT-IR and HRMS data. Two novel degradant products were observed in hydrolytic conditions, isolated and characterized by spectroscopic techniques as (R)-2-(2-((4-((3-(5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxamido)-2-hydroxypropyl)amino)phenyl)- amino)ethoxy)acetic acid (DP-2) (m.w. of 427.90 g/mol and m.f. C18H22N3O5SCl), and 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid (DP-3) (m.w. 161.95 g/mol and m.f. C5H3O2SCl). Additionally, two more degradation products were observed in basic and acidic conditions, viz. (R)-5-chloro-N-(2- hydroxy-3-((4-(3-oxomorpholino)-phenyl)amino)propyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (DP-1) (m.w. 409.09 g/mol and m.f. C18H20N3O4SCl) and (S)-2-(2-((4-(5-((5-chlorothio-phene-2- carboxamido)methyl)-2-oxooxazolidin-3-yl)phenyl)amino)ethoxy)acetic acid (DP-4) (m.w. 453.08g /mol and m.f. C19H20N3O6SCl) are already reported.

Gulabjamun , a popular Indian dairy sweet, is characterised with a brown crust and a soft, slightly spongy core with a uniform granular texture and a pleasant cooked flavour. The sub-baric processing is a novel technology which uses low temperature, low pressure and minimal exposure to oxygen which ultimately improves the quality parameters of fried foods. An attempt was made to compare conventional and sub-baric processed Gulabjamun in terms of its sensory, physical, chemical and microbial attributes. The processing conditions for frying were 118°C/5min/400mmHg vacuum and 140°C/8min/atm for sub-baric frying and conventional frying, respectively. The soaking conditions were 60°Brix at 30°C for 5min for sub-baric soaking and 63°Brix/60°C/4 h for conventional soaking. The sub-baric frying of Gulabjamun resulted in reduced oil and moisture content in the final product. Microbial enumeration also indicated a lower count in sub-baric fried product when compared to conventionally fried Gulabjamun . The colour of both samples was comparable while the textural properties were found to be better for sub-baric processed product. Sensory score for overall acceptability based on 9 point hedonic scale were 8.2 and 7.14 for sub-baric processed and conventional product, respectively. Apart from these advantages, sub-baric processing recorded significantly less processing time than the conventional method.

Vacuum impregnation of sugar syrup into sub-baric fried Gulabjamun was evaluated as a technological approach to prepare a product of most acceptable quality. Sugar syrup concentrations (40, 50 and 60 °Brix) in combination with process time (2, 4 and 6 min) were analyzed for their effect on product quality in terms of its overall acceptability, expansion ratio, hardness, juiciness and sugar content. The effect of the process conditions on the five listed responses during the vacuum impregnation process was evaluated using response surface methodology and modelled using a second order polynomial equation. The optimum combination was obtained as soaking in a syrup of 55 °Brix for 5 min and was experimentally validated for its real time adequacy. The experimental values of the quality parameters thus obtained were found to be in close agreement with the predicted values.

Vacuum impregnation of sugar syrup into sub-baric fried Gulabjamun was evaluated as a technological approach to prepare a product of most acceptable quality. Sugar syrup concentrations (40, 50 and 60 °Brix) in combination with process time (2, 4 and 6 min) were analyzed for their effect on product quality in terms of its overall acceptability, expansion ratio, hardness, juiciness and sugar content. The effect of the process conditions on the five listed responses during the vacuum impregnation process was evaluated using response surface methodology and modelled using a second order polynomial equation. The optimum combination was obtained as soaking in a syrup of 55 °Brix for 5 min and was experimentally validated for its real time adequacy. The experimental values of the quality parameters thus obtained were found to be in close agreement with the predicted values. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-019-03734-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The present work describes the stress degradation behavior of Levosimendan as per ICH guidelines. Under thermal and photolytic conditions drug had a fair stability and in other stress conditions degradation products (DP) were observed. Initial identification of the DP was performed by UPLC-MS and isolation by MDAP. Various 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments along with supporting FT-IR and HRMS data were performed to characterize the DP. A novel degradant product observed in acidic conditions was isolated and characterized as (R,Z)-2(2-(4-(4-amino-2-methyl-4-oxobutanoyl) phenyl) hydrazono)-2-cyanoacetic acid (DP-1) with molecular formula C14H14N4O4. Additionally, two more DP were observed in both basic and peroxide conditions which are basically reported impurities. (R,E)-2-amino-N’-(4-(4-methyl-6-oxo-1,4,-5,6-tetrahydropyridazin-3-yl)phenyl)-2-oxoaceto hydrazonoyl cyanide (DP-2), a Cyano to amide converted product and (R)-5-methyl-6-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one (DP-3) formed as result of cleavage of aryl nitrogen bond of benzene substituted dicyano hydrazine. HighlightsLevosimendan was subjected to force degradation under acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions as per ICH guidelines.In Acid, base and oxidative conditions three degradant products were observed. DP-1 is identified and is novel. It is not reported in any literature. DP-2 and DP-3 are known and reported earlier, however this known degradation products only identified by LCMS.In present paper all the three degradation products have been identified and characterized by using various high-end analytical techniques such as HRMS, NMR, SFC and FT-IR. Levosimendan was subjected to force degradation under acidic, basic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal conditions as per ICH guidelines. In Acid, base and oxidative conditions three degradant products were observed. DP-1 is identified and is novel. It is not reported in any literature. DP-2 and DP-3 are known and reported earlier, however this known degradation products only identified by LCMS. In present paper all the three degradation products have been identified and characterized by using various high-end analytical techniques such as HRMS, NMR, SFC and FT-IR.

Nowadays the multimedia data easily available to most people. It is the main cause of illegal access to multimedia content, theft of the intellectual property, easily copying and manipulate the data over the internet, and spreading fake news. With the increase in the availability of the internet to a common man, it is observed that most of the multimedia data misused. Nowadays telemedicine, tele diagnosis, tele consultation, teleradiology, telematic services are necessary. Electronic Patient Record is essential to provide these services. It is necessary to secure the multimedia data by using a suitable watermarking technique. Due to the huge availability of high-speed internet, digital movie piracy was increased rapidly and it causes revenue loss and affects the employment of the people. The high demand for protecting digital videos or movies from unauthorized access. So, it is necessary to protect the intellectual property of the owner, stop unauthorized access of data, also protect and stop the spreading of fake news. In this article, we presented a survey of digital watermarking, bolding its key concepts, embedded and extracted features, state-of-the-art implementation, and research challenges. The primary goal of this article is to provide an improved understanding of the embedding-extracting of watermarking challenges of watermarking and identify important research paths in health care and multimedia applications.

In present situation, use of vehicles is rapidly increasing all over the world, particularly in urban areas. In the recent years, the numbers of vehicles on roads are arising at an exponential rate. This increase is accomplished by the road accidents and signal jumping is the major cause. In future, a traffic control system of smart features is an important issue as the people using the road increase and the existing resources and infrastructures are narrow. An intelligent traffic control system is designed to overcome the increasing demand of all these essentials. A system should be designed to optimize the control of traffic. This paper will express the improvement of traffic reduction largely in a city. Management of traffic is a sturdy case. With several junctions, the difficulty enhances as the traffic state increases. By redefining the threshold values for a real time application, an excellent way of improving the traffic is proposed. By using RASPBERRY PI controller performing the processing of real time data obtained from sensors, Smart traffic junction using Raspberry pi based light control system is implemented as key role. This concept is that incoming vehicles at a traffic junction is outfitted with a retractable barrier. When there is red light at the traffic junction, the barrier rises and widely blocks the incoming vehicles and when there is green light at the traffic junction, the barrier retracts. Thus, this project will control traffic on four-way roads based on traffic control barriers. With this system, there will be less traffic jams, emergency vehicles will reach the destination in time and the country will be developed. So, this intelligent system will help us to control traffic in more autonomous way.

Dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in regard to its large water consumption. Dairy is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface land or water. Various operations in a dairy industry may include pasteurization, cream, cheese, milk powder, etc. The dairy industry handles large volumes of milk and the major waste material from processing is the water. The water removed from the milk can contain considerable amounts of organic milk products and minerals. In addition cleaning of plant, results in caustic wastewater. This review article discusses the impact of wastewater released in the environment, methods to minimise the amount of both the organic and inorganicmaterial in the wastewater and waste water treatment.

Slaughter houses and meat processing industry produce large amounts of waste water with high fat, grease and protein content with BOD level of 1500–2000 mg/L. Because of the possible pollution of water sources, the efficient disposal of effluent from meat plants is important. In India, most of the slaughter houses do not have the technology to effectively collect blood, separation of manure or effluent treatment methods. Thus extremely complex effluents are discharged into land or water. Abattoir effluent treatment process mainly includes three steps such as preliminary/primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Preliminary treatment is based on the physical removal of solids present in the effluent and it works based on three principles like usage of screens, air floatation methods and physico-chemical treatment. Secondary treatment is carried out using biological treatment systems, which involves mixing of culture of microorganisms. These organisms utilize the continuous supply of organic matter present in the effluent to synthesize new cells. Selection of the most suitable secondary system depends on costs, BOD level required, land area available, odour level, etc. Anaerobic process is carried out in totally enclosed systems to prevent the entry of air. It will result in a fast reduction of organic material by a two-stage fermentation process with the production of biogas. The main aerobic treatments include activated sludge process, trickling filters, lagoons, evaporation and irrigation. Combination of anaerobic and aerobic methods is the most suitable effluent treatment for meat industries. Final treatment provides the final removal of contaminants and discharged into the environment without much of risk. Several options are available for discharging effluent in soil. After secondary treatment, two types of material will be available, sludge and treated water. Liquid is treated with chorine or other suitable disinfectant like QAC and discharged into natural bodies and sludge is used for landfill purpose, composting, manure, soil conditioning, etc.

The increasing amount of food packaging waste is perceived as a problem in urgent need of solution in all industrialized countries. According to the environment protection act, waste is any substance which constitutes scrap material, an effluent, unwanted surplus substance, article which requires disposing of as being broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled. Waste leads to the production of significant greenhouse gas, methane which is over 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Source reduction, reuse and recycle are the most powerful and effective thing we can do to manage waste. Plastic Waste Management has assumed great significance in view of the urbanization activities. Plastic waste generated by the polymer manufacturers at the production, extrusion, quality control and laboratory testing etc., stages, as well as, by the consumers require urgent disposal and recycling to avoid health hazards. Various strategies are being devised to mitigate the impact of plastic waste in India.

Large quantities of whey are produced as a by-product during the manufacture of cheese and casein, and this must be disposed of or processed in an environmentally acceptable way. The key to the utilisation of this resource has been changing the perception of whey from a ‘waste material’ to an ‘opportunity’ for further processing. In our country, there has been a substantial increase in the production of cheese resulting in an increased accessibility of whey. India’s annual production is estimated at 650,000 tons of paneer and yielding 3.3 million tons of whey are produced per annum. By effectively utilizing the whey for the production of ethanol, the cost spent on the treatment of dairy waste to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand can be minimized and the ethanol produced can be utilized as bio-fuel for the automobiles and power generation.

The stereoselective synthesis of C1–C10 fragment of cytostatic macrolide bryostatin is described. Two of the three chiral centers have been established via the Sharpless kinetic resolution of racemic allylic alcohol 15 followed by regioselective reduction of epoxy alcohol 8 with Red-Al. Diastereoselective Aldol reaction of an aldehyde 7 with methyl isobutyrate affords the corresponding β-hydroxyester 23 which is then transformed into tetrahydropyran ring system 3 via an intramolecular hemi-ketalization.

The paper presents a novel VLSI architecture for high-speed data compressor designs which implement the X-Match algorithm. This design involves important trade off that affects the compression performance, latency, and throughput. The most promising approach is implemented into FPGA hardware. This device typical compression ratio that halves the original uncompressed data. This device is specifically targeted to enhance the performance of Gbits/s data networks and storage applications where it can double the performance of the original systems. To get high compression rate or to get high data rate of communication not restriction to follow the parallel architecture of data compression. By using existing method the main draw backs are 1. Variation in compression 2. Throughput, 3.Latency, 4.High space, 5. High power. So by using this proposed method we can reduce the variation in the compression, latency and increase through put. And this novel VLSI architecture has a power consumption of 81mwatts power

Grid Computing pools the resources from various heterogeneous computers to solve a particular problem which requires huge computation. In a grid, a number of known and unknown entities from same or different domain participate in communication where in every entity need to undergo a strong authentication and authorization scheme. There is risk while making the communication among untrusted entities since there is a chance of misusing resources. So, in-order to avoid this problem a strong trust establishment phenomenon is required. This paper demonstrates a randomized algorithm for developing a trust model which makes the user and service provider to maintain consistency among their ratings from each other every time, so that they reach the eligible criteria for communication.

Lithium perchlorate is found to catalyze efficiently the electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with aldehydes and ketones in diethyl ether to afford the corresponding bis(indolyl)methanes in high yields. LiOTf is also found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of these compounds.

Homoallylic alcohols smoothly undergo cross-coupling reactions with aldehydes on the surface of montmorillonite clay to generate 4-hydroxy-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans in high yields with high diastereoselectivity.

Lithium perchlorate is found to catalyze efficiently the electrophilic substitution reactions of indoles with aldehydes and ketones in diethyl ether to afford the corresponding bis(indolyl)methanes in high yields. LiOTf is also found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of these compounds.

A variety of N-tosyl aziridines undergo ring opening with indium trihalides in acetonitrile at ambient temperature to afford the corresponding haloamines in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.

Scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate is found to catalyze efficiently the O-glycosidation of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal with various alcohols and phenols to afford the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated glycosides in excellent yields with good anomeric selectivity.

A variety of N-tosyl aziridines undergo ring opening with indium trihalides in acetonitrile at ambient temperature to afford the corresponding haloamines in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.

Scandium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate is found to catalyze efficiently the O-glycosidation of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-d-glucal with various alcohols and phenols to afford the corresponding 2,3-unsaturated glycosides in excellent yields with good anomeric selectivity.