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The velocity, charge, and isotopic distributions of the products of nuclear reactions with 2 ≤ Z ≤ 11 have been studied in combinations of 18O (35 MeV/nucleon) + 181Та (9Ве) with a different isotope spin. The correlation of the isotope yields for the detected light elements with value Qgg has been established. The cross sections for the formation of neutron-rich nuclei have been measured and their yields in reactions with different neutron skin have been compared. A qualitative interpretation of the phenomenon of a significant increase in the probability of the formation of neutron-rich nuclei of light elements in reaction 18О (35 MeV/nucleon) + 181Та in comparison with 18О (35 MeV/nucleon) + 9Ве obtained in the reactions with the removal of a proton from the projectile nucleus has also been presented.

Low-molecular-weight metabolites known as mycotoxins of micromycetes from the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, etc. were studied using the enzyme immunoassay in the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus vesiculosus, Laminaria digitata, and Saccharina latissima collected from the Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea. The T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins of group B, alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, PR-toxin, mycophenolic acid, aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, emodin, roridin A, and ergot alkaloids were detected in thalli of A. nodosum, P. canaliculata, and F. vesiculosus. The latter species was found to contain almost all of the above-listed mycotoxins in significant amounts. P. canaliculata had lower levels of PR-toxin, mycophenolic acid, emodin, and roridin A than those recorded from A. nodosum, whereas the levels of the other substances did not differ significantly between these species. L. digitata and S. latissima contained only ergot alkaloids in trace amounts, and no other mycotoxins were detected.

The process of operation of vehicles is determined by the interaction of the wheel and rail. The result is the effect arising from the friction of rolling and especially from the friction of the wheel sliding on the rail during braking, in relation to these changes there is a significant increase in the intensity of wear of the wheels of rolling stock. Based on research in recent years, it is known that the strength of pearlitic rail steels has reached its limit. Based on the literature analysis, steels used in world practice for the production of railway rails from bainite were identified and compared with the chemical compositions of steels used in various fields in Ukraine. In order to determine the influence of basic chemical elements through known isothermal (TTT) diagrams and the actual chemical composition on the formation of the structure with the subsequent construction of thermokinetic (ССТ) diagrams. A promising approach is to increase resistance through the manufacture of railway rails with bainitic structure. The regularities of the decay kinetics of austenite grade 30HGS with 0.28% C, 1.49% Si, 0.92% Mn, 0.99% Cr were studied by the method of mathematical modeling. The intervals of cooling rates, within which the change of the mechanism of structure formation at austenite decay is observed, are determined. It is shown that at the cooling rate up to ~ 3°С/s the decay of austenite occurs with the formation of pre-eutectoid ferrite and perlite; at 3°C/s... 10°C/s the steel structure consists of pre-eutectoid ferrite, perlite and bainite; at 10°C/s ... 20°C/s - from pre-eutectoid ferrite, perlite, bainite and martensite; at 20°C/s ... 30°C/s - from bainite and martensite; at a cooling rate of 50°C/s the decay of austenite occurs with the formation of martensite. The critical cooling rate for the investigated steel is in the range of 30… 50ºС/s. The chemical composition of experimental steels for railway rails was developed and ingots smelting up to 10 kg were smelted in the laboratory.

The paper presents the results of mycotoxicological testing of the production batches of sunflower cake and meal, feedstuffs of soybean and wheat bran processing received from domestic processing establishments and livestock farms from 2009 to 2019. Detection and measurement of the content of fusariotoxins, including T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins of B group, as well as alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, aflatoxin B 1 , sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ergot alkaloids and emodin was carried out by a competitive ELISA in accordance with certified procedure. The summarized results demonstrate the predominant role of alternariol in the contamination of sunflower cake and meal, as well as the frequent occurrence of T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid and emodin. For the main contaminants, a shift in the medians and 90% percentile towards the lower values of the average and maximum contents was observed, which indicates the possibility of their accumulation beyond the typical range. The summary and results of mycotoxicological study of wheat bran and feedstuffs of soybean processing for a complete list of 14 parameters are presented in this paper for the first time. It was found that the range of mycotoxins that can contaminate soybean meal, cake and full-fat soybean is quite wide, which is consistent with the results of the study of soybean seed mycobiota composition. It was demonstrated that soybean meal can accumulate high concentrations of mycophenolic acid – up to 1,255 μg/kg. As for the wheat bran batches, cases of contamination with diacetoxyscirpenol and the frequent occurrence of T-2 toxin, emodin and ergot alkaloids were detected. The initial monitoring data, systematized and summarized in this paper, are presented in electronic form in the section “Additional materials”. The prospects of testing of feedstuffs from processing other oilseeds, as well as from wheat and corn grain processing are discussed.

Results of mycotoxicological survey of representative samples of feed and procured wheat, barley, oat and maize grain batches are demonstrated. The samples were submitted by the Veterinary Service officials, livestock farmers and feed mill operators, agricultural producers, specialized commercial business operators and farm owners in seven Federal Districts of the Russian Federation in 2009-2019. Similar amounts of wheat and barley grain samples were received from the Central, Volga, Ural and Siberian Federal Districts. The amount of wheat samples delivered from the Southern Federal District prevailed over the number of barley samples, and the maize samples were mostly delivered from the regions of the Central Federal District. Fusarium toxins including T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins of group B as well as alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, aflatoxin В1, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, mycophenolic acid, ergot alkaloids and emodin were detected and measured according to the validated competitive ELISA procedure. Generalization of the results demonstrated domination of fusarium toxins and active involvement of alternariol in the contamination of all types of feed grains as well as high occurrence of emodin in ear cereals and increased occurrence of T-2 toxin and ochratoxin A in barley. Shift of medians and 90%-percentile of the basic contaminants to lower values as compared to mean and maximal ones was reported thus being indicative of their possible accumulation at the levels outside the typical range. The highest levels of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A as well as 90%-percentile values exceeded the acceptable levels. The maize grains demonstrated the whole complex of the tested fusarium toxins with the prevalence of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisins; and the maximal amounts of these mycotoxins by several times exceeded the accepted regulatory levels. Diacetoxyscirpenol, aflatoxin В1, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid and ergot alkaloids are classified as rare feed grain contaminants. High prevalence of alternariol and emodin known as “diarrhea factor” as well as maize grain contamination with mycophenolic acid (mycotoxin having an immunosuppressive effect) are for the first time reported in this paper. These data support the need of their introduction in the group of regulated substances significant for public health. Original monitoring data systematized and summarized in the paper are given in electronic format in section Additional materials.Part 1: Veterinary Science Today. 2020; 1 (32): 60–65. DOI: 10.29326/2304-196X-2020-1-32-60-65.

Results of the ten-year annual mycotoxicological testing of complete mixed feeds for pigs and poultry submitted by holdings and processing establishments located in the Northwestern, Central, Southern, Volga and Ural Federal Districts are presented. Competitive ELISA tests showed that the occurrence of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenon, fumonisines B, alternariol, ochratoxin A, citrinin, mycophenolic acid, ergoalkoloids and emodin was about 5% and quantities thereof varied within one or three orders; quantities of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenon, fumonisines, and ochratoxin A might exceed maximum admissible levels for feed grains. Diacetoxyscirpenol, aflatoxin В1, sterigmatocystin and cyclopiazonic acid belonged to group of rare contaminants. Level of feed contamination with T-2 toxin and emodin was found to be consistently high during the said period; in some of the years occurrence of deoxynivalenol, fumonisines as well as ochra­toxin A, citrinin, mycophenolic acid and ergoalkoloids increased. In 2016–2018, mixed feed contamination with alternariol increased whereas contamination with fumonizin steadily decreased and level of zearalenon occurrence remained consistently low. Evidence for a wide occurrence of emodin known as “diarrheic factor” as well as for sporadic increase in mixed feed contamination with alternariol, citrinin, mycophenolic acid, mycotoxins having the highly dangerous toxic impact and long-term adverse effects, was detected for the first time. These data confirmed the need for their inclusion into the regulated group of substances significant for public health. General features of pig and poultry feed contamination as well as usefulness of regional surveys for intoxication risk prediction are described. Special attention is paid to the importance of the projects for creation of common information resources that could become a unique scientific basis for innovations in feed poisoning prevention. Original monitoring data systematized and summarized in the paper are given in electronic format in section Additional materials.

For maize grain, which has been important for the forage production of the country over the past two decades, persistent contamination with toxins of fusarium fungi, more often T-2/HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and more rarely with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in quantities that pose risks for animal intoxication was showed by enzyme immunoassay. The cases of superintensive accumulation of cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, mycophenolic acid, and ochratoxin A were revealed. In 2016–2018, for maize grain from four subjects of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation, a significant prevalence of T-2/HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins with fluctuations in the frequency of occurrence of zearalenone over the years was found; diacetoxyscirpenol was detected in several samples from the Kursk and Voronezh oblasts. Contamination of grain with alternariol in 2016 and 2017 was mild both by frequency (5.3%) and accumulation levels (20–85 μg/kg), but the proportion of samples containing this toxin was 40.7% with a content range of 25–295 μg/kg in the yield of 2018. The influence of soil and climatic factors on the nature of mycotoxin contamination of the maize grain yield, the contribution of fungi belonging to dematiaceous hyphomycetes, and the prevailing variants of combined contamination with fusariotoxins are discussed.

For corn grain traded in the country's forage production sector over the past two decades, enzyme immunoassay showed persistent contamination with toxins of fusarium fungi, more often T-2 / HT-2 toxins, fumonisins, and more rarely with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in quantities that pose risks of animal intoxication. The cases of superintensive accumulation of cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, mycophenolic acid and ochratoxin A. were revealed. In 2016-2018 For maize grain from 4 subjects of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation, a significant prevalence of T-2 / HT-2 toxins, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins was found with fluctuations in the frequency of occurrence of zearalenone over the years, diacetoxyscirpenol was detected in several samples from the Kursk and Voronezh regions. Contamination of grain with alternariol in 2016 and 2017 was mild both in frequency (5.3%) and accumulation levels (20–85 µg / kg), but in the collection of 2018, the proportion of samples containing this toxin was 40.7% with a content range of 25 295 µg / kg. The influence of soil and climatic factors on the nature of mycotoxin contamination of corn grain crops, the contribution of fungi belonging to dark-colored hyphomycetes and the prevailing variants of combined contamination with fusariotoxins are discussed.

Preliminary results of measurements of the total reaction cross sections σR for nuclei 4He, 6He, 8He, 7Li, 8Li, 9Li, 1Li, 11Be, 9Be, 10Be, 11Be, 12Be, 8B, 10B, 11B and 12B nuclei at energy range (10-50) A MeV with 28Si target is presented. The secondary beams of light nuclei were produced by bombardment of the 15N (50 A MeV) primary beam on Be target and separated by COMBAS fragment-separator. In dispersive focal plane a horizontal slit defined the momentum acceptance as 1% and a wedge degrader of 600 μm Al was installed. The Bρ of the second section of the fragment-separator was adjusted for measurements in energy range (10-45) A MeV. The strong absorption model reproduces the A-dependence of ψR, but not the detailed structure. We are comparing our experimental data with predictions of microscopic (dashed line) and strong absorption model, Glauber multiple scattering theory and preliminary results are obtained.

The component composition and content of mycotoxins in perennial legumes of the genera Lathyrus (L. pratensis L., L. vernus (L.) Bernh., L. sylvestris L., L. niger (L.) Bernh., L. japonicus Willd., L. palustris L.) and Vicia (V. cracca L., V. sepium L., V. sylvatica L.) selected from natural biocenoses were studied. The greatest intensity of accumulation and diversity of fungal metabolites were found in meadow peavine, and the lowest intensity was in the peas. The general features and interspecific peculiarities of the mycotoxin profile in the plants of the genera Lathyrus and Vicia, as well as its variability in meadow peavine and cow vetch within different periods of vegetation, are discussed.

Об'єктом дослідження є температурне поле суцільного, нескінченого циліндра, який у розігрітому стані переміщено в охолоджуюче середовище. Математична модель цієї задачі складається з одновимірного квазілінійного диференціального рівняння теплопровідності, початкових і граничних умов. Безрозмірний варіант цієї математичної задачі розв’язано сітковим методом. Програмна реалізація алгоритму перевірена на реальному прикладі. Результати очікувані.

The article presents the results of complex study of cotton-seed cake from the Republic of Tajikistan, including the determination of content of mycotoxins, the analysis of exposure to microscopic fungi and the assessment of the potential of their toxin formation. The ability to produce mycotoxins was established for 11 species of micromycetes belonging to the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Scop-ulariopsis, and Trichothecium. Alternariol, zearalenone, fu-monisins, aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, citrinin and emodin were found in the composition of the cotton-seed cake. Prospects for further research and the practical significance of the results are discussed.

The component composition and content of mycotoxins in the terrestrial parts of perennial legumes of the genera Medicago (M. falcata L., M. lupulina L., M. sativa L.), Melilotus (M. albus Medik., M. officinalis (L.) Pall.), as well as Caucasian goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.), Spanish licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), and Washington lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.) selected from natural biocenoses within different periods of vegetation, were studied. The intensity of accumulation and the variety of fungal metabolites are most clearly expressed in licorice and lupine and more weakly expressed in goat’s rue; the species of alfalfa and melilot, the contamination of which did not differ noticeably, occupied an intermediate position. The general features and peculiarities of the mycotoxin profile during the period of vegetation in the plants of the genera Medicago and Melilotus are discussed.

On samples of forage and harvested grain selected in 38 subjects of seven federal districts of the Russian Federation in 2009–2017, the higher occurrence of T-2/HT-2 toxins is shown in barley grain (71.9%) in comparison with wheat grain (32.9%) by ELISA. With the similarity of contamination of 8-oxo-trichothecenes of the 4-deoxynivalenol group (21.5 and 24.6%) and zearalenone (1.5 and 3.1%), they were detected for the first time jointly in wheat grains from geographically distinct areas. In samples of wheat grains of the harvest of 2017 from Lipetsk oblast and Krasnodar region, the presence of fumonisins of B group was detected in amounts ranging from 75 to 1990 μg/kg. Comparative analysis and discussion of cases of combined grain contamination with fusariotoxins and infection by toxin-producing fungi were carried out.

The component composition and content of mycotoxins in perennial grasses of five species of the genus Trifolium, selected from natural biocenoses in different periods of vegetation, were studied. In the terrestrial parts of plants, the permanent presence of alternariol, cyclopiazonic acid, and emodin was shown. It was noted that differences in contamination are most clearly expressed in meadow clover Trifolium pratense L. and white clover Trifolium repens L., while alsike clover Trifolium hybridum L. occupies an intermediate position. It was found that zigzag clover Trifolium medium L. and mountain clover Trifolium montanum L., morphologically close to meadow clover, practically did not differ in the composition of toxic metabolites. The ways of formation of metabolic equilibrium in plants with participation of microscopic fungi are discussed.

The article presents the results of an extensive mycotoxicological examination of 11 samples of peanut beans grown in two regions of the Republic of Tajikistan. The determination of 16 mycotoxins was carried out by indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercial and certified research test systems. It has been established that for peanut beans in this area, a combined contamination by a group of sanitary-significant mycotoxins, including diacetoxyscirpenol, alternariol, ochratoxin A, PR-toxin and cyclopiazonic acid, is characteristic. The prospects of further research and the practical significance of the results are discussed.

International audience; Secondary beams (6Li,7Be,8B) obtained by separation of fragmentation products of 15N beam (50 A MeV) impinging on a Be target using COMBAS spectrometer. The secondary products will be detected by a telescope consisting of five Si-detectors (dE) and CsI(Tl) detector (Er). By the dE-E method, the telescope allowed us to achieve unambiguous particle identification originating from incident secondary beams as well as theirs reaction products resulting from reactions with one of Si detectors chosen as the target. Accordingly, break-up reactions of 6Li, 7Be and 8B were studied in this experiment.

Preliminary results of measurements of the total reaction cross sections σR for weakly-bound 6,8He and 8,9Li nuclei at energy range (25–45)/A MeV on 27Al and 208Pb targets are presented. The secondary beams of 6,8He and 8,9Li were produced by bombardment of the 11B (33 A MeV) primary beam on Be (89 mg cm–2) target and separated by COMBAS fragment-separator. In dispersive focal plane a horizontal slit defined the momentum acceptance as 1% and a wedge degrader of 200 μm Al was installed. The B ρ of the second section of the fragment-separator was adjusted for measurements in energy range (25–45)/A MeV. The secondary products were detected by a telescope consisting of two Si ΔE detectors 300, 1000 μm and E-detector, which consisted of nine CsI/Tl granules.

Up to date analysis of velocity and isotope distributions of light fragments obtained in the projectile fragmentation reactions of 18O at 35 A MeV on 9Be and 181Ta targets measured at COMBAS fragment separator at the U400 M Research Facility in JINR are presented. The results of velocity spectra analytical parameterization and isotopic ratios are compared with the ones obtained in the experiments presented in the literature. The discussion of the different mechanisms involved in these types of the reactions is given.

The basic ion-optical characteristics of the luminosity and the high-resolution of kinematic separator COMBAS realized for the first time on the strong focusing principle are presented. The developed facility allows to separate the high-intensity secondary radioactive beams in a wide range of mass numbers A and atomic numbers Z which are produced in heavy ion reactions in the energy range of 20 ≤ E ≤ 100 MeV/A (Fermi energy domain). Two distinct detector systems such as realized Si strip detector telescope and the promising development of the three dimension time-projection chamber are discussed. Program of the investigations of nuclear reaction mechanisms at intermediate energies of 20–100 MeV/A, measurement of the radii of unstable nuclei, study of the cluster structure of light nuclei near the nuclear drip-line and search of 26,28O resonances in exchange reactions is proposed. The upgrading of experimental facility by the integration of COMBAS separator with the Ion Catcher is discussed.

The component composition of mycotoxin complexes is characterized in foliose lichens of the genera Nephroma, Peltigera, Umbilicaria, and Xanthoria. The interspecies differences in the genus Peltigera are expressed by the number of metabolites detected, from seven in P. aphthosa to three in P. canina, P. didactyla, P. praetextata, and P. rufescens. In Nephroma arcticum eight mycotoxins occurred regularly, with mycophenolic acid in especially high quantities in comparison with other lichens. In Umbilicaria, of six permanent components the content of alternariole is the highest, and in Xanthoria the content of emodine is the highest. Variation of the quantitative content of mycotoxins in general and of species of lichens is discussed, as is expansion of the background spectrum of these metabolites in collections from different territories.

Complexes of mycotoxins in fruticose lichens of 14 species belonging to five genera of the family Parmeliaceae were characterized by size, composition, and content of individual components. It was shown that species of the genus Bryoria always contain five mycotoxins (sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, citrinin, emodin, and alternariol). In Evernia and Pseudevernia, this list is supplemented with zearalenone, diacetoxyscirpenol, and cyclopiazonic acid or fumonisins. It was noted that Alectoria and Usnea are distinguished by a peculiar set of toxic metabolites and occupy an intermediate position according to their number. The similarities and distinctions of the mycotoxin profile in species belonging to the same genus and in specimens from different habitats are discussed.

The (ΔE1, ΔE2, E) multidetector telescope has been developed and tested. The telescope is a compact combination of two 32-strip silicon ΔE1-, ΔE2-detectors and a scintillation E-detector, which is a 3 × 3 array of CsI(Tl) crystals. A timing signal can be obtained from any of the Si detectors for time-of-flight (TOF) measurements. Single-channel and 32-channel charge-sensitive preamplifiers have been developed and manufactured for the multidetector module to serve the ΔE- and E-detectors with high efficiency and sensitivity. Reaction products obtained in the 40Ar (35 MeV/nucleon) + 9Be reaction have been unambiguously identified in the experiment by mass number A and atomic number Z.

The distribution of mycotoxins anc unic acid in the thallus of epigenous fruticose lichens Alectoria ochroleuca; several species of the genera Cladonia, Cotraria, and Flavocetraria; foliose lichens Nephroma arcticum; and six species of the genus Peltigera were studied by mnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mycotoxin content was lower in the top or apical parts of the thalli than in the basal parts and in dead areas. Differences in the distribution of usnic acid were insignificant in the majority of species, but in Cladonia stellaris and N. arcticum lichens the content of this metabolite in the upper and pc ripheral areas was higher than in the basal parts.

The development of an experimental facility based on the high-luminosity COMBAS fragment separator and a fast ion catcher is discussed. The main characteristics of the COMBAS fragment separator and the ion catcher determining the advantages of the proposed combination are presented. The developed facility is expected to allow production of secondary radioactive beams with a quality higher than the quality of beams obtained using the in-flight separation technique. It is planned that the facility will be used in a tandem with a post-accelerator for producing single-isotope and monochromatic high-intensity secondary radioactive beams in a wide range of mass numbers A and atomic numbers Z. A list of perspective scientific problems requiring high-intensity and high-quality secondary beams of exotic nuclei is proposed.

Secondary fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) in 22 lichen species of the families Parmeliaceae, Nephromataceae, Umbilicariaceae, Ramalinaceae, Cladoniaceae, Peltigeraceae, and Teloschistaceae were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following mycotoxins were found in these lichens in a broad concentration range with a frequency of 70–100%: sterigmatocystin (7–2090 ng/g), alternariol (20–6460 ng/g), and emodin (45–94500 ng/g). Mycophenolic acid frequently occurred in 19 lichen species; citrinin, in 17 species; diacetoxyscirpenol, in 11 species; cyclopiazonic acid, in 10 species; and zearalenone, in 9 species. PR toxin was regularly detected in three lichen species; deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A, in two species; and T-2 toxin and ergot alkaloids, in one species. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in only six species with a frequency of 2–42%, whereas roridin A was present in 10% of Hypogymnia physodes samples.

The levels and frequencies of mycotoxin accumulation in lichens belonging to 20 genera of the families Cladoniaceae, Nephromataceae, Parmeliaceae, Peltigeraceae, Teloschistaceae, and Umbilicariaceae were characterized using enzyme immunoassay. Alternariol, sterigmatocystin, mycophenolic acid, citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, and emodin were regularly detected in all genera, except for Peltigera, at an average level of more than 1000 ng/g (i.e., 0.0001%). The necessity for the safety monitoring of drugs based on lichen extractives is discussed.

An enzyme immunoassay for usnic acid in lichens was developed, the sensitivity of which was 0.1 μg/g of air-dried material (0.00001%). Polyclonal rabbit antibodies against bovine serum albumin conjugated to (+)-usnic acid under the conditions of formaldehyde condensation made it possible to determine the analyzed substance in solutions at concentrations from 1 ng/mL when it interacts with immobilized gelatin conjugate homologous in the binding mode. Usnic acid in 2–26600 μg/g (0.0002–2.6%) amounts was found in all 236 studied samples of lichens belonging to 53 species and 8 families.

The component composition of mycotoxin complexes is characterized in foliose lichens of the genera Nephroma, Peltigera, Umbilicaria, and Xanthoria. The interspecies differences in the genus Peltigera are expressed by the number of metabolites detected, from seven in P. aphthosa to three in P. canina, P. didactyla, P. praetextata, and P. rufescens. In Nephroma arcticum eight mycotoxins occurred regularly, with mycophenolic acid in especially high quantities in comparison with other lichens. In Umbilicaria, of six permanent components the content of alternariole is the highest, and in Xanthoria the content of emodine is the highest. Variation of the quantitative content of mycotoxins in general and of species of lichens is discussed, as is expansion of the background spectrum of these metabolites in collections from different territories.