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This chapter mentions Alfred C. Kinsey's 1948 report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, which was one of the most prominent research on sexuality that François Mauriac associated with Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex. It analyses Kinsey and his team of American scientists' investigation of sexual acts, practices, inclinations, and tastes they had discovered among their fellow citizens. It also talks about critics who were deeply invested in the role of literature, and the responsibility of the writer who warned that The Second Sex and the Kinsey report debased the public. The chapter likens The Second Sex and the Kinsey report to the “erotic jungle” of American popular culture and fashion magazines, and to a world of commerce, sensationalism, and prurience. It explores the scholarly study of sexuality and the public's fixation on the subject that situates The Second Sex in the larger history of contemporary culture.

This chapter talks about an Austrian woman who had been reading Das andere Geschlecht or “The Other Sex,” and sent Simone de Beauvoir her reflections on the sections concerning marriage. It describes the Austrian reader as passionate, appreciative, not a philosopher, and casts Beauvoir's argument in terms very much her own. It also references other letters to Beauvoir concerning marriage that loomed over the lives of the letter writers as much as the Algerian War loomed over the Republic. The chapter recounts how marriage was an almost inescapable lifelong drama with many ramifications as broad social and cultural changes in the 1950s and 1960s helped create a wave of unhappiness about marriage. THe chapter mentions unmarried people who were implicated in marriage's galling legal and economic dependencies.

This chapter recounts Simone de Beauvoir's interview with the magazine France Observateur regarding the future of women and feminism in France in 1960. It talks about Marie Craipeau, Simone de Beauvoir's interviewer, who plainly considered the future of women dim and expressed how women are disappointingly traditional, slow to “adapt” to a rapidly changing world, and ill-at-ease with modernity. It also explains how women were easily dissuaded from taking on ambitious projects and readily diverted from assuming self-sovereignty or facing their freedom. The chapter describes Beauvoir's vexed relationship with the members of her public, which was a recurring theme of her career as a writer, an engaged intellectual, and a feminist. It emphasizes how the 1960 France Observateur interview reiterated Beauvoir's earlier diagnosis in The Second Sex of the contradictions of femininity and political repercussions.

This chapter explains how Simone de Beauvoir's memoirs were thoroughly intertwined with the Algerian War and with some of the most dramatic years of the French Republic. It looks at Beauvoir's writing from 1954 to 1962, which brought a tidal wave of correspondence and show how her relationship with her readers deepened and became more difficult. The chapter highlights readers who shared Beauvoir's political feelings on the French state's war against Algerian nationalism, the revelations of torture in that war, and historical memories of Nazi imperialism and brutality during World War II. It mentions Djamila Boupacha, the young Algerian militant that was arrested, tortured, and raped by the French military in 1960, who sent a letter to Beauvoir. The chapter also covers letters that came from soldiers who were either conscience-stricken or fiercely unapologetic about the war, and from social workers and schoolteachers who felt implicated in the French state's actions.

This chapter reconstructs how the public was introduced to The Second Sex, Simone de Beauvoir's most famous work, and considers its critical reception. It mentions reviewers and critics who saw themselves as custodians of literary standards and public taste, and held very firm and contrasting views on the broader reading public. It elaborates how the reviewers and critics' views provide new ways to understand Beauvoir's arguments and the expectations that took shape around her. The chapter describes The Second Sex as an eight-hundred-page manuscript that challenges philosophical argument, literary criticism, history, and social science, as well as provide a detailed description of sexual and bodily experience. It points out how The Second Sex was considered ahead-of-its time with its narrative of the philosophical reconsideration of the female condition or situation.

This chapter elaborates how Simone de Beauvoir burst into the world of literary stardom in the 1950s. It begins with Mandarins from 1954, Beauvoir's novel about postwar French intellectuals' political, literary, and ethical debates, and their love lives, which won many readers and gained a blizzard of publicity. It also cites the novels, plays, and philosophical essays on justice, ethics, and morality that Beauvoir has written as an accomplished writer. The chapter talks about Beauvoir's publication of her reflections on her travels through the United States, America Day by Day, which was dedicated to Richard and Ellen Wright. It describes the outcome of Beauvoir's hard work as an epic of postwar existentialism and its attendant anguish, a readable and serious fare that fueled the mid-twentieth-century expansion of book publishing.

When this book's author discovered a virtually unexplored treasure trove of letters to Simone de Beauvoir from Beauvoir's international readers, it inspired the author to explore the intimate bond between the famed author and her reading public. This correspondence, at the heart of the book, immerses us in the tumultuous decades from the late 1940s to the 1970s — from the painful aftermath of World War II to the horror and shame of French colonial brutality in Algeria and through the dilemmas and exhilarations of the early gay liberation and feminist movements. The letters provide a glimpse into the power of reading and the power of readers to seduce their favorite authors. The relationship between Beauvoir and her audience proved especially long, intimate, and vexed. The book traces this relationship, from the publication of Beauvoir's acclaimed The Second Sex to the release of the last volume of her memoirs, offering an unfamiliar perspective on one of the most magnetic and polarizing philosophers of the twentieth century. Along the way, we meet many of the greatest writers of Beauvoir's generation — Hannah Arendt; Dominique Aury, author of The Story of O; François Mauriac, winner of the Nobel Prize and nemesis of Albert Camus; Betty Friedan; and, of course, Jean-Paul Sartre — bringing the electrically charged salon experience to life. The book lays bare the private lives and political emotions of the letter writers and of Beauvoir herself. Her readers did not simply pen fan letters but, as the book shows, engaged in a dialogue that revealed intellectual and literary life to be a joint and collaborative production.

This chapter focuses on Djamila Boupacha, which was a book about political intervention from a public intellectual that reported on Djamila Boupacha's trial and gathered testimony on other cases of torture. It cites sections of Simone de Beauvoir's Force of Circumstance from 1963 that dealt with the Algerian War and excavates several layers of memory, feeling, and experience. The chapter explains how The Force of Circumstance addressed both Beauvoir's intimate public and her fellow intellectuals. It refers to Beauvoir's memoir, The Prime of Life, which had come out in the fall of 1960, right after the Boupacha scandal, and emphasizes how Beauvoir wrote The Force of Circumstance in deliberate philosophical detail, expressing her antiwar politics and political feelings.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and with excess costs. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are the most common HCAIs in neonates and children. Aim: To establish national benchmark data for rates of CLABSI in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units (NICUs and PICUs) and paediatric oncology units (ONCs). Methods: Active surveillance for CLABSI was conducted from June 2016 to February 2017. A collaborative of 14 NICUs, four PICUs, and six ONCs participated in the programme. Surveillance definitions of central line (CL), central line utilization (CLU) ratio, CLABSI event, and CLABSI rate were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Medical records were assessed daily for calculating CL-days, patient-days, and susceptibility of isolated organisms. Findings: A total of 111 CLABSI episodes were recorded. The overall mean CLABSI rate was 4.41 infections per 1000 CL-days, and the CLU ratio was 0.31. CLABSI rates were 6.02 in NICUs, 6.09 in PICUs, and 2.78 per 1000 CL-days in ONCs. A total of 123 pathogens were isolated. The most common pathogens were Enterobacteriaceae (36%), followed by Gram-positive cocci (29%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (16%), and fungi (16%). Overall, 37% of Gram-negative pathogens were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and 37% to carbapenems. Conclusion: Nationally representative CLABSI rates were determined for paediatric patients. These data could be used to benchmark and serve as baseline data for the design and evaluation of infection control and antimicrobial stewardship interventions. © 2018 The Healthcare Infection Society

Los traumatismos de los organos genitales externos masculinos son poco frecuentes y afectan sobre todo a una poblacion joven. La precocidad del tratamiento condiciona los resultados funcionales. La exploracion quirurgica es la norma, salvo en los traumatismos «moderados» del testiculo si la ecografia confirma su integridad. Por el momento, la resonancia magnetica testicular no presenta indicaciones especiales, a pesar de que algunas secuencias rapidas pueden permitir valorar mejor las situaciones dificiles en caso de duda clinica o ecografica. Los traumatismos del pene requieren una reparacion quirurgica urgente, salvo si se trata de una ruptura de la vena dorsal del pene. En caso de amputacion, es indispensable un tratamiento combinado psiquiatrico y urologico.

Information Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) are converging as integration from the real-time to the enterprise gains ground across many industries. This paper focuses on accelerating the convergence of IT and OT to deliver increased safety, efficiency and productivity in the petroleum industry resulting from harmonizing processes, aligning technologies and enhancing governance. We start by contextually defining IT vs. OT to highlight key attributes of these capabilities as information technology vs. digital capability used in process operations. With this context and differentiating attributes of our industry, we discuss the need and present means to align business strategy, process capabilities, technical disciplines, work processes, and organizational models to achieve value in convergence – specifically, business and operational change management needed to realize better decision support through improved visibility, discovery, predictability and optimization. After presenting a structured approach to assess maturity and plan for convergance within the framework of existing and new digital oilfiled initiatives, we propose a way forward as a change management process. We conclude our discussion by presenting a recent example to highlight collaboration across the ecosystem to foster integration across disciplines, and enable utilization of internal and external expertise.

Objectifs Decrire l’experience francaise des traitements conservateurs (nephrectomie partielle, radiofrequence et cryoablation) des tumeurs du greffon renal. Methodes Etude retrospective, nationale, multicentrique basee sur les donnees recueillies dans 32 centres de transplantation en France. De janvier 1988 a decembre 2013, les patients traites par traitements conservateurs pour tumeur d’un greffon fonctionnel ont ete inclus. Cent seize tumeurs du greffon ont ete diagnostiquees. Resultats Quarante-huit patients ont eu un traitement par nephrectomie partielle, 11 par radiofrequence et 3 par cryoablation. Les tumeurs traitees par nephrectomie elargie etaient plus souvent symptomatiques par rapport aux autres traitements ( p = 0,019). L’analyse anatomopathologique apres nephrectomie partielle retrouvait 27 carcinomes papillaires, 19 carcinomes a cellules claires, 1 tumeur mixte et 2 oncocytomes sans difference significative par rapport aux traitements ablatifs. La taille moyenne tumorale etait de 24,9 mm sans difference par rapport aux traitements ablatifs ( p = 0,3). Neuf patients ont eu des complications postoperatoires (20,9 %), quatre necessitant une reprise chirurgicale (Clavien IIIb). Aucun des patients traites par radiotherapie ou cryoablation n’ont eu de complications. La duree moyenne de suivi etait de 44,9 mois. Cinquante-neuf (95,1 %) patients avaient un greffon fonctionnel au long terme. La survie specifique etait de 100 %. Conclusion La nephrectomie partielle a prouve son efficacite dans le traitement des petites tumeurs de-novo du greffon renal avec des resultats oncologiques et fonctionnels a long terme satisfaisants. Chez des patients selectionnes, la cryoablation et la radiofrequence peuvent etre des alternatives therapeutiques avec egalement de bons resultats.