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A demanda pela diversificação da matriz energética brasileira tem se tornado cada vez mais importante, sendo estimulado por dois principais fatores. Primeiro pelo atual panorama energético, pois a diminuição das chuvas vem acontecendo frequentemente e a consequência faz com que aconteça a redução de energia geradas pelas hidrelétricas. E ainda, pela necessidade de explorar recursos renováveis que trazem flexibilidade e sustentabilidade quando da sua utilização. Diante deste cenário, a energia solar fotovoltaica apresenta-se como uma tecnologia em constante avanço, no Brasil e no mundo. O trabalho busca apresentar o princípio de utilização da energia, demostrando sua metodologia e seus impactos no cenário mundial. Com base em pesquisas realizadas, artigos e revistas, tem-se uma visão da utilização da luz solar para a produção de energia elétrica através de painéis fotovoltaicos, sendo aplicada em casas, iluminações públicas, fábricas e etc.

Ein 17-jahriges Madchen wurde somnolent und mit Erbrechen in der Hauslichkeit aufgefunden und in ein Krankenhaus gebracht. Dort zeigte sich eine zunachst sehr schwer zu terminierende ventrikulare Tachykardie. Im Verlauf kam es zur Ausbildung eines kardiogenen Schocks, an dessen Folgen das Madchen verstarb. Bei ungeklarter Todesart erfolgte eine gerichtliche Obduktion. Diese erbrachte als Todesursache eine letale Flecainidintoxikation.

A 17-year-old girl was found vomiting and somnolent at home and was taken to a hospital. The girl initially presented with ventricular tachycardia with broad QRS complexes which was very difficult to control. During the course a subsequent cardiogenic shock developed and despite exhaustion of all therapeutic options the fatal outcome could not be averted. The medicolegal autopsy revealed no evidence of any form of violence but the signs of medical treatment. Furthermore, no pathology of internal organs was detected. The toxicological analyses revealed a lethal intoxication with flecainide as the cause of death. The investigations of the police indicated that the girl took flecainide in suicidal intention.

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Todliche Unfalle im Zusammenhang mit Kuhen sind in landlichen Gebieten nicht selten. Todesursachlich konnen Verletzungen, bedingt durch stumpfe und spitze Gewalt, sein. Die vorliegende Kasuistik stellt den Fall einer 53-jahrigen Frau vor, die am Blutverlust aufgrund massiver Weichteilverletzungen im Unterbauch und in der Genital-/Analregion, verursacht durch eine behornte Kuh, verstarb. Zum Zeitpunkt der Feststellung der Todesursache konnte nicht eindeutig geklart werden, welche Kuh diese Verletzungen verursacht hatte, sodass die molekulargenetische Untersuchung der Horner einer Kuh angeordnet wurde.

Im Zuge des jahrlich auf dem ehemaligen Flughafen Larz stattfindenden Fusion Festivals werden von den lokalen Polizeibehorden rund um den Veranstaltungsort gros angelegte Strasenverkehrskontrollen durchgefuhrt und dabei regelmasig Blutuntersuchungen auf Drogen gemas § 24a Strasenverkehrsgesetz (StVG) in Auftrag gegeben. In den Jahren 2012 und 2013 wurden insgesamt 355 polizeilich angeordnete Blutuntersuchungen auf Betaubungsmittel vom Institut fur Rechtsmedizin Greifswald durchgefuhrt. Dabei kamen immunchemische Screeninguntersuchungen und rechtssichere Bestatigungsuntersuchungen mithilfe der Gaschromatographie mit Massenspektrometriekopplung (GC-MS) zur Quantifizierung zum Einsatz. Im Jahr 2012 waren etwa 65 % und 2013 etwa 50 % der untersuchten Falle positiv gemas § 24a StVG, sodass eine ordnungswidrige Handlung vorliegen sollte. Fur die Zuordnung wurden die von der Grenzwertkommission vorgeschlagenen „Cut-off“-Werte fur die infrage kommenden Wirkstoffe herangezogen. Die Analysen zeigen, dass in abnehmender Haufigkeit Cannabis als Einzeldroge, Cannabis und Amphetamine in Kombination sowie Amphetamine als Einzeldrogen konsumiert wurden. Bei den Amphetaminen bzw. Amphetaminderivaten wurde Ecstasy mit dem Wirkstoff 3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin (MDMA) weitaus am haufigsten nachgewiesen. Im Jahr 2013 wurden gegenuber 2012 fast 67 % mehr drogenauffallige Verkehrsteilnehmer im Zusammenhang mit dem Fusion Festival festgestellt, die zwar weniger grenzwertuberschreitende Wirkstoffkonzentrationen im Blut aufwiesen, diese dafur aber haufiger im grenzwertigen Bereich lagen. Es zeigt sich deutlich, dass entgegen den bisher im Einzugsgebiet der Rechtsmedizin Greifswald beobachteten Konsumtrends Ecstasy, neben der Einnahme von Amphetamin und Methamphetamin, im Zusammenhang mit dem Festival besondere Bedeutung zukommt.

Diversi gradi di copolimeri commerciali multiblocchi etilene/1-ottene (INFUSE®-DOW Chemical Company), preparati con la tecnologia chain-shuttling, sono stati frazionati ed analizzati con varie tecniche (13CNMR, GPC, DSC, WAXD, SAXS, POM). La microstruttura e le proprietà molecolari e termiche dei campioni sono state correlate con le proprietà meccaniche ed il comportamento elastomerico: L'analisi strutturale mostra per questi campioni una struttura a microfase separata che consiste in domini hard all'interno di una matrice amorfa costituita dai blocchi soft; tra questi i campioni che formano un network interpenetrato cristallizzano più lentamente (a basse temperature) e mostrano maggiore resistenza meccanica e duttilità anche a temperature elevate. Al contrario i campioni privi di tale struttura presentano una morfologia più eterogenea e perdono buona parte della loro resistenza meccanica già a 60°C.

Copolimeri sindiotattici propene-1-ottadecene e 1-eicosene, ottenuti impiegando come sistema catalico un metallocene single-center a simmetria Cs, in associazione col MAO, sono stati caratterizzati mediante spettroscopia NMR mono- e bi-dimensionale. Un'analisi dettagliata di tutte le risonanze ha evidenziato un "errore" nella formazione della diade mista PY, dove P = propene e Y = comonomero, imputabile a: a) perdita di stereocontrollo da parte del sito, a causa dell'ingombro sterico del comonomero, in cui la catena crescente migra senza che prima avvenga l'inserzione, (back skip); b) il sistema catalitico perde lo stereocontrollo quando si inserisce il comonomero. Per comprendere l'origine dell'errore si valuterà tramite analisi 2D NMR l'influenza del tipo di comonomero, in termini di lunghezza ed ingombro sterico, sul meccanismo di copolimerizzazione del propene con 1-olefina.

Copolimeri a base di polipropilene sindiotattico con 1-eicosene come comonomero sono stati sintetizzati con un range di composizione tra 1 e 10 mol% di comonomero. Una completa caratterizzazione strutturale e meccanica è stata condotta su questi campioni: il polimorfismo indotto dallo stiro è stato studiato analizzando spettri di diffrazione a raggi X durante la deformazione e il rilassamento ed è stato correlato con le proprietà meccaniche e il comportamento elastomerico. Si è osservato come i diversi tipi di elasticità dipendano dal tipo e dalla concentrazione del comonomero lungo la catena e dalla cristallinità. L'origine del comportamento elastico è principalmente di tipo entalpico per i copolimeri a basso contenuto di comonomero ed elevate cristallinità mentre diventa principalmente di tipo entropico per i copolimeri con elevate percentuali di 1-eicosene.

Ricinuleids are considered one of the most enigmatic and neglected arachnid orders. The low diversity and poor local abundance of several species, makes the study of most aspects related to biology and behavior of this group very difficult. Most of the current knowledge related to ricinuleid biology relies on anecdotal observations. So far, no published studies exist that describe in detail ricinuleid behavior. Here we present the behavioral repertory of a ricinuleid, the Neotropical species Cryptocellus narino. Eighteen individuals (six males, six females and six immatures) were examined under laboratory conditions to describe and quantify their behavioral repertory and its variation along the day. The behavioral repertory in males exhibited a higher number of behavioral acts when compared to females and immatures. The most frequent behavioral categories were “resting”, “exploring” and “feeding”. “Resting” was the most common behavior during the photophase, while “feeding” and “exploring” were the most common during scotophase, suggesting this species is predominantly nocturnal. This study also provides behaviors previously not known for this group as well as a description of the daily schedule. We expect this work will become a baseline study for further research on ricinuleid ethology. Fil: Garcia, L. F.. Instituto de Invest. Biologicas "clemente Estable"; Uruguay Fil: Torrado León, E.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Tallarico, G.. University of Greifswald; Alemania Fil: Peretti, Alfredo Vicente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecologia Animal; Argentina

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare form of parkinsonism. The incidence rates are about 0.3-1.1 cases per 100,000 persons. The only two case-control studies performed up to now show conflictual results as regards education and residence in rural areas. Recently, a cluster of PSP and atypical parkinsonism has been observed in French Antilles. The hypothesis is that a consumption of both tropical fruit and herbal tea may be associated with PSP onset. Some PSP families with a probably autosomal dominant transmission have been described. A high frequency of a tau haplotype (H1/H1) associated with PSP is reported by some authors. The significance of this association is still not clear. We have performed a case-control study on 58 PSP cases, 116 hospital controls and 58 population controls.

This paper describes the characteristics of the seismicity in the volcanic Neapolitan area during the year 2000 recorded by the monitoring seismic network of the Osservatorio Vesuviano. In particular, a detailed analysis of the seismicity of Vesuvius is presented. We compared the seismic velocity models available for the Vesuvius area locating the earthquakes recorded in the year 2000 and on the basis of the results, we introduce for routine earthquake location the new velocity model obtained by the seismic tomography experiments (TomoVes) performed in the area. We also determined the focal mechanisms and analysed the seismicity rate, comparing the results with those obtained for the past years. After the introduction of the new acquisition system at the Osservatorio Vesuviano, a re-calibration of the duration magnitude scale was necessary to avoid biases related to the different instrumental response. Consequently, we re-calibrated the magnitude relation used for the Vesuvius earthquakes, obtaining a new formula to be used for the earthquakes recorded by the new acquisition system. Finally, we give a description of the seismic activity in the Campi Flegrei area during the summer of 2000.

Patients surviving acute myocardial infarction (AMI) may experience several clinical events (reinfarction, congestive heart failure, sudden death) still responsible for high mortality rates. AMI early complicated by residual angina, left ventricular dysfunction, or malignant arrhythmias has a worse prognosis. Secondary prevention of myocardial infarction and death has been the end point of many clinical trials in the past two decades. It is well known that beta blockers prevent sudden death if administered chronically after AMI. Meta-analysis of controlled randomized trials demonstrated a significant reduction in reinfarction and vascular death with long-term antiplatelet treatment. Oral anticoagulants prevent fatal and non-fatal reinfarction and show a trend towards lower mortality rates, though treated patients have a higher incidence of haemorrhagic events, particularly stroke. Early administration of heparin gave contradictory results on short-term prevention of myocardial infarction and death after AMI. Data on long-term heparin therapy point out a significant reduction in recurrent AMI and a trend towards a decrease in general mortality.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a form of atypical parkinsonism with unknown etiology. The epidemiological studies conducted up to now on this disease are scarce. The incidence rate is about 0.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year. The prevalence rates show 4-5 cases per 100,000 persons. In Italy, about 4,900 prevalent cases have been estimated. The mean onset age is about 54 years; the median survival is 7-9 years. Only one case-control study has been performed on this disease. This study showed an increased risk of MSA associated with occupational exposure to organic solvents, plastic monomers and additives, pesticides and metals. Smoking habits seem to be less frequent in MSA cases (as in Parkinson's disease cases) than in healthy controls. Quinn's clinical criteria and those of the Consensus Conference promoted by the American Academy of Neurology are in fair agreement. We have performed a case-control study on 73 MSA cases, 146 hospital controls and 73 population controls.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether mononuclear cell abnormalities exist in salivary glands from autoimmune Bio-Breeding (BB) rats. Frozen sections of gland tissues were prepared from five diabetes-resistant BB rats (BB-DR), from five BB rats with diabetes (BB-DP) and from five Wistar rats. A panel of six monoclonal antibodies was used to identify membrane antigens associated primarily with monocytes (ED1), mature tissue macrophages (ED2), lymphoid macrophages (ED3), MHC class II (Ia) antigen (0X6), CD5+ T lymphocytes (0X19), and rat B lymphocytes (0X33). Normal submandibular, sublingual and parotid glands contained few EDI-positive cells, usually two or fewer per field. Tissue macrophages identified by clone ED2 comprised a major mononuclear cell subset in both Wistar and BB rats. However, the number of ED2-positive mononuclear cells was significantly depressed in the submandibular and parotid glands from BB-DR and BB-DP animals, being present in quantities 25–50% of those observed in glands from normal Wistar rats (p < 0.001). In contrast, 25- to 30-fold greater numbers of ED3-positive macrophages were observed in submandibular glands from BB rats (p < 0.001). MHC class II (Ia) antigen expression also was 4− to 6-fold greater in BB rat submandibular glands, compared to Wistar rats (p < 0.001). CD5+ T-lymphocytes were rare or entirely absent in BB sublingual glands (0 to 1 cell per 0.87 mm2 field), compared to 47 cells per field from Wistar sublingual glands. No B lymphocytes were identified with antibody OX33 in any of the rat strains. These findings indicate that BB rat salivary glands differ significantly from Wistar salivary glands. In BB rats there is a rich population of ED3-positive macrophages and T lymphocytes in submandibular gland, low quantities of T lymphocytes in sublingual gland, and fewer ED2-positive macrophages in all three major salivary glands. These differences in mononuclear cell subpopulations may also influence salivary gland function in mucosal immunity.

We describe a case of Crohn's disease which came up before pregnancy and which is responsible of an acute abdomen picture caused by intestinal reacutation and perforation to the 38th week of amenorrhea. The relations between the disease and the pregnancy state are analyzed from the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutical aspect.

Endometrial hyperplasia is a very frequent pathology during menopause and involves the risk of the malignant transformation of lesions and the onset of anemia due to concomitant clinical phenomena. Standard medical treatments often involve major collateral effects which impede their long-term use. In an attempt to avoid radical surgery for many women or the use of other invasive techniques, this paper proposes the use of Leuprolide acetate which was used to treat 30 patients with histologically confirmed symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. This controlled-session LHRH analog was administered using an intramuscular route every 30 days for 6 months. Hysteroscopic and histological controls were carried out 30 days after the last treatment and showed the resolution of histological and clinical symptoms; this was confirmed after 3 months. Fibroma, which are the most frequently associated pathology, were considerably reduced.

Aim of the study was to verify the reliability of thoracic bioimpedance cardiography (TEB) in detection, non-invasively, cardiac index (IC) and ejection fraction (FE), compared to simultaneous evaluation by invasive thermodilution (TD) in 39 patients with acute myocardial infarction in Killip class I-II (group I), and by cineventriculography (CVG) in 26 patients with chronic coronary artery disease in NYHA class I-II (group II). In order to define the reproducibility of TEB values, in the latter patients, the above mentioned parameters were evaluated 6 times more, running the first evaluation. The statistical analysis was performed by the linear regression test and the Student's "t" test and by the test of variance for the reproducibility evaluation. Results (mean +/- SD) were as follows: group I: TEB-IC 2.89 +/- 0.63; TD-IC 2.83 +/- 0.56 (1/min/m2); r = 0.68; p0.01. Group II: TEB-IC 2.88 +/- 0.71; CVG-IC 3.48 +/- 0.66; r = 0.77; p0.001; TEB-FE 57.7 +/- 6.8%; CVG-FE 58.1 +/- 13.7%; r = 0.40; p = ns. Results of the reproducibility referred to the 6 measurements (mean +/- SD) were the follows: TEB-IC (1/min/m2) (1) 2.83 +/- 0.76; (2) 2.85 +/- 0.73; (3) 2.8 +/- 0.79; (4) 2.83 +/- 0.71; (5) 2.87 +/- 0.81; (6) 2.88 +/- 0.8, p = ns, the variability was assesses within +/- 9.3%. TEB-FE (%): (1) 56.7 +/- 6.2; (2) 55.8 +/- 5; (3) 57.1 +/- 5.5; (4) 56.1 +/- 6.1; (5) 55.4 +/- 5.8; (6) 57.3 +/- 6.3, p = ns; the variability was assessed within +/- 9.1%. The analysis of the results showed a good correlation in the IC detection among TEB and the compared techniques, conversely TEB evaluation of FE appear of poor values in this kind of patients. Relatively to the results of the reproducibility this unquestionable characteristic of TEB was demonstrated.

A case of acute myocardial infarction of the inferior-posterior and lateral wall of the left ventricle, complicated at the onset with cardiogenic shock and myocardial rupture of the free wall, is presented. The precise and immediate echocardiographic diagnosis made it possible, by means of appropriate pharmacologic support, to reach a satisfactory haemodynamic balance in order to send the patient to decisive surgical operation.

The present work was performed in order to assess the differences in electrocardiographic and hemodynamic responses to supine and upright dynamic exercise of patients with coronary artery disease. Changes in heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, rate-pressure product (RPP) and ST segment depression during supine and upright bicycle stress test were compared in twenty patients suffering from stable effort angina and without previous myocardial infarction. In the supine posture lower values of HR were observed at rest, during stress test and during three minutes of the recovery period. Conversely, in all patients both SBP and DBP were higher during the stress test in the supine position decubitus. No significant changes in RPP was observed between the two different postures. Finally, ST segment didn't show differences at rest between the upright and supine position. All the patients had a lower ischemic threshold during exercise in the supine position than in the upright one. In fact an ST segment depression greater than 1 mm was observed during stress test in the supine position at lower work-load levels and at lesser HR values. Consequently for given HR, SBP and DBP ST segment, depression was greater in the supine rather than in the upright position.

The field of stereoselective propene polymerization has been dramatically innovated by the discovery of homogeneous metallocene-based catalysts with well-defined and tunable molecular structure. Of all, "oscillating" metallocenes are probably the most ingenious and challenging example of catalyst design. Their catalytic species were built to "flip-flop" between a chiral and an achiral conformation, at a rate intermediate between those of monomer insertion and chain transfer. The result of this molecular switching would be a polypropylene with an isotactic/atactic stereoblock structure, performing as a thermoplastic elastomer. This essay discusses how the real polymerization mechanism differs from what the catalyst inventors had in mind, but also how - through fortunate circumstances their optimism has been rewarded.

Questo volume ricostruisce la genesi di un processo di “restituzione urbana” da sette decadi atteso e sollecitato dalla Città di Torino: una tormentata vicenda – storica, culturale, tipologica – che accompagna la costruzione della nuova Aula Magna dell’Università degli Studi di Torino, nel cuore della Zona di Comando. L’opera si colloca a pieno titolo nella solida tradizione italiana del recupero e del restauro architettonico del patrimonio, secondo una prospettiva secondo una prospettiva innovativa, che vede l’istituzione accademica capofila di una coraggiosa e incisiva azione di rigenerazione urbana a forte valenza sociale This volume retraces the genesis of a process of ‘urban restitution’ undertaken at the urging of the City of Turin but unfulfilled for seven decades: a tormented tale – historical, cultural and typological – of the construction of the new auditorium of the University of Turin, in the heart of the city’s Command Area.The work that resulted places itself fully within the solid Italian tradition of architectural renovation and restoration of heritage, according to an innovative perspective that sees the academic institution as the leader of a brave and incisive urban regeneration action with a strong social value.

La costruzione di uno "spazio aulico" nasce da un'intuizione poetica e insieme dalla profonda conoscenza delle cromie originali dell'architettura sabauda. Nella volontà del progetto, che si rafforza nella consapevolo conoscenza degli "strati" del "palinsesto" architettonico emerge una scelta primaria: mantenere in secondo piano l'edificio antico, che recita un ruolo sommetto e pregnante. Per contro, si evince la volontà di aggiungere alle sedimentazioni della storia il gesto chiaro, assertivo della contemporaneità. Non è solo la forma a reclamare un proprio promato spaziale, ma un concerto intessuto di intense emozioni sensoriali, uditive,tattili, immaginate come Gesamtkunstwerk. The construction of the noble space stems from a poetic intuition and a deep knowledge of the original colour shades of the Savoy architecture. The primary choice of the project, reinforced by a conscious knowledge of the layers of the architectural palimpsest, was to keep the ancient edifice in the background, with its unpretentious and weighty role. In contrast, the determination to add an assertive and clear gesture of contemporaneity to the sedimentations of history is inferred. Not only does the form claim its spatial record: it is also a concert, interwoven with intense sensorial emotions – auditory, tactile – imagined as a Gesamtkunstwerk. First, after having crossed the archway, there is the reception space of the 19th-century triangle, which allows the anomalous axiality of the old riding school to deviate, in order to burst into the alienating space of the shipyard. The walls are painted with Pompeian red, in contrast to the dark grey shades of the windows and doors and the light ones of the flooring. In fact, this is a symphony of greys that rolls along the fluid old wall ribbon; these are shades variously modulated and designed to vibrate with natural light and the imperfections and speckling of the ancient walls. It is a non-colour that comes alive with environmental glares when it is swiped by the sabre cuts of spotlights. Tenuously dove-coloured pearl greys change into buttery white lead shades as they open into the large, arch-vaulted hall. On the other hand, they take on exasperated greenish glares in the earthly shades of the toilets, gates and doors that occlude the entrances to the old stables and square windows. The evocation of the original use of the edifice acts as a counterpoint to the stunning vermeil inside the hall. The wall surface is an unexpected prize, almost a royal stage that enhances the vitality of the institution’s body. One’s thought runs to the primal force of the heraldic symbols, which represent the reality of the students, a young, active, controversial, creative audience…The flow that runs through the cavea and shines in the foyer ignites the austere military spatiality and again counterposes itself to academic firmitas: the elegant sequence of seats reserved for lecturers is lead grey. The atavistic symbol of the construction, the warm and natural glare of the wooden shell, the slats that simulate the hull’s planking and the blond shininess of the oak floors stand between these extremes of austere military formality and firmitas. These are elements that give serenity and ease in a continuous search for balance and rationality. The black and white colours are either the absolute limits that hide functional elements, secret doors and structural curbing corners, or which reveal and enhance spaces, accesses and services for the audience. Similarly, categories of perception -smooth vs rough, opaque as opposed to shiny- allow us to recognize and walk through, in a similarly tactile way, a cognitive iter inside the Hall. Surfaces, metaphorically speaking, reclaim and take on the complexity of our age, made of textures and human colours. A few steps away from the Teatro Regio designed by Mollino are the poetic licences taken by Agostino Magnaghi, a pupil of that peculiar master, and which he narrates through a child’s eyes, with astonishment and exuberance, play, velocity and derringdo. Youth, a season of life that eternally succeeds to itself and renovates.

Following our previous work, we have tested an effective computational strategy to study olefin polymerization at Al systems. The proposed protocol rests on a combined use of post–Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT) methods, to obtain the best ratio between accuracy and resource demand. Several Al systems have been treated, selected so as to explore different electronic and structural environments around the metal site. Our results confirm that termination reactions involving hydrogen transfer cannot be reliably described at the DFT level, but this problem can be overridden by our combined approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003

s of Papers, PMSE-396.