Search

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae inclusion on ruminal fermentation, feed intake and dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility in cows fed Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate. Cows were randomly assigned in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, into four treatments: control and three doses of A. oryzae culture (1, 2 and 3 g/d). Experimental periods had 21 days, in which 14 days were allowed for treatment adaptation and 7 days for sampling. Addition of 2 g/d increased (p = 0.0054) total anaerobic bacteria. For cellulolytic bacteria and fungal populations increases (p < 0.0001) with all doses were observed. Highest concentrations of total short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, isovalerate and valerate were observed with 2 g/d of additive. Propionate concentration and acetate: propionate (Ac:Pr) ratio were unaffected by treatments. A. oryzae addition did not modify ruminal pH. A decrease of ammonia-N was observed with 2 g/d of additive. Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility of DM were increased (p = 0.0171 and p = 0.0023, respectively) with the fungal culture addition. It is concluded that Aspergillus oryzae strain H/6.28.1 stimulates ruminal fermentation and improves feed intake and dry matter apparent digestibility in cows feeding with Cenchrus purpureus forage and concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the effect of three collections of Tithonia diversifolia (mv-12, mv-14 and mv-17), collected in the eastern region of Cuba, on the ruminal microbial population of cattle, an experiment under in vitro conditions was developed. The control treatments with Cynodon nlemfuensis (star grass) were compared: star grass + mv-12; star grass + mv-14 and star grass + mv-17. The three collections were included at a rate of 20 % of the dry matter. The crude protein content was 19-23 % of the dry matter. With the materials mv-14 and mv-17 higher populations of cellulolytic bacteria were obtained, at three and six hours after starting fermentation with respect to that obtained with star grass. The three collections doubled the population of proteolytic bacteria three hours after starting fermentation, while at six hours only mv-12 produced effects in this bacterial group. The methane values were 37.4, 32.6, 33.2 and 32.33 g/kg of digested organic matter for the control, and the treatments mv-12, mv-14 and mv-17, respectively. Although they did not differ between plant materials, mv-12, mv-14 and mv-17 produced less methane than the star grass treatment only (P = 0.0477). It is concluded that the treatments mv-12, mv-14 and mv-17 caused modifications in the ruminal ecosystem, by increasing the population of total cellulolytic organisms and proteolytic bacteria; in addition to reducing the protozoan population. The methane estimated from crude protein concentration also decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information obtained in the Institute of Animal Science of Cuba about the effect of additives with viable yeasts for ruminants is presented. Institutions from Mexico, Colombia and Brazil helped to gather all this information. The document is structured as follows: 1) effect of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae L25/7/13 on ruminal fermentation and milk production, 2) isolation, characterization and molecular identification of yeast strains from the ruminal ecosystem under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Cuba, 3) Effect of Levica-25 (Candida tropicalis) strain on ruminal microbial fermentation of animals that consume fibrous diets and 4) Evaluation of factors affecting the use of yeasts as microbial additives for ruminants (strain, culture medium, inclusion level and diet). This review is a valuable contribution, mainly intended for specialists in nutrition biochemistry, who project the use of viable yeasts as activating additives for ruminal fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potentialities of the in vitro gas production technique were evaluated as a method to predict the relations between the simulated intake level and fermentation indicators. The in vitro simulated intake levels were 1.9, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.5% live weight. The diets were made with fixed amounts of maize meal and grass, while the amount of sugarcane meal varied (equivalent to 0; 6.0, 10.0 and 20.0 g kg-1 LW). At 24 h, the degradability of dry matter and nitrogen, the gas production and short chain fatty acids (total and individual), synthesis efficiency of microbial biomass and NH3 concentration were determined. An experimental randomized block design was used, the Pearson correlation indexes were determined among the studied variables and multiple linear regressions were performed to study the functional relation between the simulated intake level (response variable) and the variables of the degradability of dry matter, gas production, total short chain fatty acids and synthesis efficiency of microbial biomass (predictor variables). The Pearson correlation between the simulated intake level and fermentation indicators showed a high positive correlation for gas production, short chain fatty acids (acetic, butyric and totals) and synthesis efficiency of microbial biomass (P <0.05). There was high negative correlation with the degradability of dry matter and nitrogen (P <0.01). The multiple linear regression equations showed that R2 improved when the predictor variables increased from 2 to 3. The dry matter degradability showed the highest values of partial R2, although when excluding the gas production at 24 h explained 65.7% of the variability. The obtained results suggest that the voluntary intake levels that were simulated in vitro from the data of dry matter degradability and gas production can be predicted, while the inclusion of total short chain fatty acids and the synthesis efficiency of microbial biomass as predictor variables increased the determination coefficient of the obtained models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compiles information related to ruminant activators, their action mechanism and their function in fermentative processes produced in the rumen of the animals. It is composed by four sections: 1) particularities of the digestive system of ruminants, 2) ruminal microbial ecosystem, 3) manipulation of rumen fermentative processes and 4) ruminal activators. Rumen is presented as the largest of the pre-stomach compartments of ruminants, with one of the most complex ecosystems in nature. It integrates bacteria, fungi, protozoa, bacteriophages and, occasionally, yeasts and final products of fermentation (organic acids, ammonia and gases, among others). Fermentative processes that occur in this organ can be manipulated with the application of different strategies, aimed at modifying sensitive sites for microbial development, enzyme production, final products of microbial action, specifically the fermentation pattern, nutrient passage, and some others. One of the procedures for manipulating ruminal fermentation is the use of ruminant activators. These increase the digestive utilization of food consumed by the animals, which is transformed into higher voluntary intake and milk, meat and wool production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted under in vitro conditions for determining the effect of a raw saponin extract on the ruminal microbial population and in vitro methane production with star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) substrate. Treatments were designed according to the quantity of saponin extract: 1) control, without saponins, 2) 0.6 %, 3) 1.2 % and 4) 1.8 % of the DM of raw saponin extract. The basal diet was star grass (C. nlemfuensis). The saponin extract was obtained from Sapindus saponaria fruit and its saponin content was of 139.5 mg, equivalent of diogenin.mL-1. There was a reduction in protozoa population, regardless the saponin level. Its effect on the main cellulolytic bacteria, determined by PCR-RT, showed that the amount of Fibrobacter succinogenes was not modified while the values of Ruminococcus albus were 25.92; 26.72; 25.2 and 22.35 CT for the levels 0; 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8 %, respectively. The acetic acid concentration was not modified by the saponins; the propionic was reduced with 1.2 % inclusion. The concentration of valeric acid was 0.68; 0.62; 0.52 and 0.49 mmol.L-1 for 0, 0.6; 1.2 and 1.8 % of saponin extract, respectively. Saponins increased methanogenic representation and methane production. It is concluded that the saponin extract modulates the fermentative process on reducing protozoa, does not modify the presence of F. succinogenes and decreases that of R. albus, probably due to the fact that both utilize the same resource, space and carbon source in the rumen. The quantity of methanogens was higher with 1.2 and 1.8 % coinciding with the highest methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To know by means of in vitro fermentation the effect of mulberry inclusion (M. alba Linn. cv. cubana) on the microbial populations and fermentative products in river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) rumen liquid, four inclusion levels of M. alba Linn. cv. cubana (0, 15, 30, and 45 %) in a star grass(Cynodon nlemfuensis) basic diet were evaluated. The treatments chemical composition, gas volume and accumulated methane were determined at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of fermentation. The sowing and count of total viable bacteria, cellulolytics, proteolytics, methanogenics and cellulolytic fungi were carried out at 0, 4 and 8 h. The protozoa count, the pH and ammonia concentration (NH3) was made at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of incubation. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was applied. The treatments and the fermentation hours were the factors and four repetitions were made in time. From eight and up to 24h, all the treatments with M. alba had gas productions higher than the control (P < 0.0001), although the 30 and 45 % inclusion promoted similar amounts to each other (52.92 and 54.13 mL/g DM, respectively).The ruminal methane production was higher, when including 15 and 45 % de M. alba L. cv. cubana (P < 0.05), while the incorporation of 30% originated a volume that did not differ from control treatment. The populations of bacteria, fungi and protozoa, the pH, and the ammonia concentration were not affected with the M. alba inclusion. The obtained results allow to conclude that 15, 30 and 45 % of Morus alba cv. cubana inclusion do not exerts effect on the rumen microbial populations , pH and ammonia concentration, but when this plant is included in 15 and 45 % it increase the ruminal methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To know by means of in vitro fermentation the effect of mulberry inclusion (M. alba Linn. cv. cubana) on the microbial populations and fermentative products in river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) rumen liquid, four inclusion levels of M. alba Linn. cv. cubana (0, 15, 30, and 45%) in a star grass(Cynodon nlemfuensis) basic diet were evaluated. The treatments chemical composition, gas volume and accumulated methane were determined at 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of fermentation. The sowing and count of total viable bacteria, cellulolytics, proteolytics, methanogenics and cellulolytic fungi were carried out at 0, 4 and 8 h. The protozoa count, the pH and ammonia concentration (NH3) was made at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h of incubation. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement was applied. The treatments and the fermentation hours were the factors and four repetitions were made in time. From eight and up to 24h, all the treatments with M. alba had gas productions higher than the control (P < 0.0001), although the 30 and 45% inclusion promoted similar amounts to each other (52.92 and 54.13 mL/g DM, respectively).The ruminal methane production was higher, when including 15 and 45% de M. alba L. cv. cubana (P < 0.05), while the incorporation of 30% originated a volume that did not differ from control treatment. The populations of bacteria, fungi and protozoa, the pH, and the ammonia concentration were not affected with the M. alba inclusion. The obtained results allow to conclude that 15, 30 and 45% of Morus alba cv. cubana inclusion do not exerts effect on the rumen microbial populations, pH and ammonia concentration, but when this plant is included in 15 and 45% it increase the ruminal methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para evaluar el efecto del follaje de plantas tropicales en el control de la producción de metano y la población de protozoos, se condujo un experimento en condiciones in vitro, donde se utilizó el follaje de 12 árboles y se comparó con el control de pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Las plantas evaluadas fueron: Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Pithecellobium dulce, Cordia alba, Guazuma ulmifolia, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Tithonia diversifolia material vegetal (mv) 10 y Tithonia diversifolia mv 23. Se determinó la producción de metano, así como la población de protozoos. De acuerdo con la capacidad de producir metano, las plantas se integraron en cuatro grupos: el testigo; las plantas capaces de reducir en mayor magnitud la producción de metano en el rumen (2); el grupo integrado por Enterolobium cyclocarpum (3) y las plantas que pueden ser utilizadas para reducir la metanogénesis ruminal, pero en menor magnitud (4). Todas las plantas redujeron la población de protozoos y sus poblaciones fueron: 4,5; 3,7; 4,5; 4,6; 4,6; 4,5; 4, 4,6; 6; 6; 5; 6 y 9 x 106 células.mL-1 para las plantas S. saman, A lebbeck, T. diversifolia mv-23, C. alba, L. leucocephala, P. dulce, M. oleifera, G. sepium, G. ulmifolia, T. diversifolia mv-10, E. cyclocarpum y C. nlemfuensis, respectivamente. Se concluye que las plantas evaluadas se pueden utilizar en la dieta de los animales para reducir la producción de metano y la población de protozoos ruminales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para reducir la población de metanógenos ruminales, se condujo un experimento con seis ovejos de la raza Pelibuey. Los animales se encontraban en jaulas de metabolismo, ubicadas en un túnel de polietileno y disponían de una cánula en el saco dorsal del rumen. Se empleó un producto modulador de la fermentación ruminal, con dos niveles de inclusión de aceite de coco: A) control, sin aceite de coco y B) 15 % de aceite de coco. El resto de la dieta consistió en pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Se aplicó un diseño experimental cuadrado latino replicado, con seis repeticiones. Los muestreos se efectuaron antes del consumo de alimento (hora 0), a las 2, 4 y 12 h posteriores a la ingestión del modulador. El modulador con aceite de coco redujo la población de bacterias metanogénicas y sus conteos fueron 43.44 y 15.94 x 109 ufc.mL-1 para los tratamientos sin aceite de coco y con él, respectivamente. La población de bacterias celulolíticas fue de 29 y 18 x 106 ufc.mL-1 para los tratamientos A y B, respectivamente. El aceite de coco no modificó las poblaciones de bacterias viables totales, proteolíticas, hongos celulolíticos ni protozoos totales, aunque los Entodiniomorphos se redujeron a la mitad de su población inicial. La concentración de AGCC y NH3 no se modificó como resultado de la inclusión del aceite de coco en el modulador. Se concluye que la inclusión de un modulador con 15 % de aceite de coco reduce la población de metanógenos y los protozoos Entodiniomorphos. El efecto de disminución en la población de bacterias celulolíticas permite la recomendación de su uso con cautela en dietas fibrosas, si se desea optimizar la degradación de la fibra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce ruminal methanogenic population, a research with six male sheep from Pelibuey breeds was carried out. The animals were kept in metabolism cages, located in a polyethylene tunnel, and they had a cannula in the dorsal sac of the rumen. A product that modulates the ruminal fermentation was used, with two inclusion levels of coconut oil: A) control, without coconut oil and B) 15% of coconut oil. The remainder of the diet consisted on star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). A Latin square design with six repetitions was applied. The samples were made before the food intake (hour 0), at 2, 4 and 12 hours after the ingestion of the regulator. The regulator with coconut oil reduced the population of methanogenic bacteria and its counts were 43.44 and 15.94 x109 cfu. mL-1 for treatments without and with coconut oil, respectively. The cellulolitic bacteria population was 29 and 18 x 106 cfu. mL-1 for treatments A and B, respectively. The coconut oil did not modify the population of proteolytic and viable total bacteria, cellulolitic fungi and total protozoa, although the Entodiniomorphos were reduced to a half of its initial population. The concentration of SCFA and NH3 was not modified as a result of the inclusion of coconut oil in the regulator. It is concluded that the inclusion of a regulator with 15% of coconut oil reduces the population of methanogens and Entodiniomorphos protozoa. The decrease effect on the population of cellulolitic bacteria allows the recommendation of its cautious use in fibrous diets for optimizing the fiber degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effect of tropical plant foliage on the control of methane production and protozoa population, an experiment under in vitro conditions was carried out, where the foliage of 12 trees was used and compared to the control of Star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Plants evaluated were: Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, Pithecellobium dulce, Cordia alba, Guazuma ulmifolia, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Tithonia diversifolia plant material (pm) 10 and Tithonia diversifolia pm 23. Methane production and protozoa population were determined. Regarding the ability of producing methane, plants were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) plants able to reduce, at a great extent, methane production in the rumen, (3) group integrated by Enterolobium cyclocarpum, and (4) plants that can be used for reducing the ruminal methanogenesis, but at a low extent. All plants reduced the protozoa population and its populations were: 4.5; 3.7; 4.5; 4.6; 4.6; 4.5; 4, 4,6; 6; 6; 5; 6 and 9 x 106 cells.mL-1 for S. saman, A lebbeck, T. diversifolia pm 23, C. alba, L. leucocephala, P. dulce, M. oleifera, G. sepium, G. ulmifolia, T. diversifolia pm 10, E. cyclocarpum and C. nlemfuensis, respectively. It can be concluded that the evaluated plants can be used in the animal diet for reducing methane production and ruminal protozoa population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of mulberry (Morus alba cv. Cubana) on the population of methanogens within the rumen liquor of water buffaloes was determined using the Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). For this, an in vitro fermentation was made and five treatments were evaluated, which corresponded to different inclusion levels of mulberry into the diet based on star grass (SG) (Cynodon nlemfuensis): (1) 100% of SG (control); (2) SG + 15% M. alba cv. Cubana; (3) SG + 20% M. alba cv. Cubana; (4) SG + 25% M. alba cv. Cubana and (5) SG + 30% M. alba cv. Cubana. Before the analysis of samples, a standardization of the DGGE was carried out. After 12 h of fermentation, samples of the rumen liquor were taken, from which the DNA was extracted and the DGGE was performed. The gel was scanned, images were analyzed by the Bionumerics software and dendrograms of similarities were performed. As a result, the levels of inclusion of M. alba cv. Cubana did not produced marked variations in the composition of ruminant methanogens regarding the control, grouping all treatments in a cluster with 81% of similarity. It can be concluded that M. alba cv. Cubana has no marked effect on the population of methanogens within rumen liquor of water buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral status of cows and its relationship with the soil-pasture system in a dairy unit of the Eastern region of Cuba was studied. For soil analysis, Na, K, Mg, Ca and P contents were determined in the different animal feed production areas. The chemical composition of pastures was established and blood samples were taken to 10% of the herd for analyzing their macro and microelement composition. The mineral content of soils varied regarding the agroproductive system where animals grazed. Pastures presented CP contents lower than those reported for the species. Cows showed severe Cu and Zn deficiencies, below the contents considered as normal. The Ca/P relationship was not adequate. It is concluded that the productive systems under study show mineral deficiencies. The use of correction mineral formulas is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se determinó por DGGE, el efecto de morera (Morus alba vc. cubana) en la población de metanógenos presentes en el líquido ruminal de búfalos de río. Para ello, se realizó una fermentación in vitro y se evaluaron cinco tratamientos que correspondieron con diferentes niveles de inclusión de morera a una dieta base de pasto estrella (PE) (Cynodon nlemfuensis): (1) 100 % de PE (control); (2) PE + 15 % M. alba vc. cubana; (3) PE + 20 % M. alba vc. cubana; (4) PE + 25 % M. alba vc. cubana y (5) PE + 30 % M. alba vc. cubana. Antes del análisis de las muestras, se realizó la estandarización de la DGGE. A las 12 h de fermentación, se tomaron muestras de líquido ruminal, a las que se les extrajo el ADN y se les realizó la DGGE. El gel se escaneó, las imágenes se analizaron mediante el software Bionumerics y se realizaron dendogramas de similitud. Se obtuvo como resultado que los niveles de inclusión de M. alba vc. cubana no produjeron variaciones marcadas en la composición de metanógenos ruminales con relación al tratamiento control, agrupándose todos los tratamientos en un clúster con 81 % de similitud. Se concluye que la inclusión de M. alba vc. cubana no ejerce efecto marcado en la población de metanógenos presentes en líquido ruminal de búfalos de río. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se estudió el estatus mineral de las vacas y su relación con el sistema suelo-pasto en una vaquería de la región oriental de Cuba. Para el análisis del suelo, se determinaron los contenidos de Na, K, Mg, Ca y P en las diferentes áreas de producción de alimento animal. Se determinó la composición química de los pastos y se tomaron muestras de sangre a 10 % del rebaño, para analizar su composición en macro y microelementos. El contenido mineral de los suelos varió en relación con el sistema agroproductivo donde pastaban los animales. Los pastos presentaron contenidos de PB inferiores a los informados para las especies. Las vacas mostraron severas deficiencias de Cu y Zn, por debajo de los tenores que se consideran normales. La relación Ca/P no fue la adecuada. Se concluye que los sistemas productivos en estudio presentan deficiencias minerales. Se recomienda el uso de fórmulas minerales correctoras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four growing-fattening sheep of the Pelibuey breed, with liveweight of 25 kg ± 3.5, canulated in the rumen were used in a change over design to determine the effect of supplementing L. leucocephala foliage on the intake, in vivo methane production and apparent digestibility (AD) of DM, OM and NDF. The diets consisted of 63% of fresh forage of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cuba CT-169 and 37% of concentrate (A) or 63% de fresh forage of Pennisetum, 27% of Leucaena and 10% of concentrate (B). The experimental period was of 18 d: twelve of adaptation and six of sampling. The feed offer and rejection were weighed to determine the total intake. The chamber method (tunnels) with open circuit was used to collect the gas expired by the animals. The methane of the collected gas was determined by gas chromatography. The supplementation with leucaena foliage increased (P <0.01) the DM intake (% LW) and OM (kg) in 19%, compared with the control treatment. It did not affect either the DM AD or the NDF AD. The total volume of produced methane in L.d-1 did not differ between treatments (5.63 and 6.65, respectively). However, when these values were expressed in function of the DM intake, a methane diminish of 16% was observed in the treatment with leucaena. Under these experimental conditions, the inclusion of 27% of L. leucocephala in a basal diet of P. purpureum increased the DM and OM intake, and reduced, in 15.6%, the methane production in L/kg consumed DM, without affecting the apparent digestibility of nutrients in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment with completely randomized design in factorial arragement (4 x 5) and under in vitro conditions was conducted to assess the effect of Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck and Tithonia diversifolia, plant material 23, on the methanogen population and on the ruminal microbial ecology. Four treatments were compared: A) Cynodon nlemfuensis (star grass, control), B) Samanea saman (carob tree), C) Albizia lebbeck (albizia) and D) Tithonia diversifolia, plant material 23 (tithonia). The samplings were conducted before incubation (hour 0), at 4, 8,12 and 24 h after the beginning of fermentation. They were replicated four times in time. There was no effect of the foliage trees on the population of total viable bacteria of the rumen. The methanogen populations, in the fermentation up to 8 h, were 70, 34, 19 and 18.5 x 109 ufc mL-1 for star grass, carob tree, and tithonia, respectively. The highest population of cellulolytic bacteria was found in albizia, while the cellulolytic fungi, at 8 h of fermentation, had the highest population with this same plant. The protozoa population was 8.9, 7.2, 6.0 and 6.5 x 105 cells mL-1 for the treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. No effects on the pH or on the ammonium concentration in the rumen were found. It is concluded that carob tree, albizia and tithonia reduce the methanogen population and have beneficial effects on the ruminal microbial ecology when modifying the populations of protozoa, bacteria and cellulolytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para evaluar el efecto de Samanea saman, Albizia lebbeck y Tithonia diversifolia, material vegetal 23, en la población de metanógenos y ecología microbiana ruminal, se condujo un experimento con diseño completamente aleatorizado, en arreglo factorial (4 x 5) y en condiciones in vitro. Se compararon cuatro tratamientos: A) Cynodon nlemfuensis (pasto estrella, control), B) Samanea saman (algarrobo), C) Albizia lebbeck (albizia) y D) Tithonia diversifolia, material vegetal 23 (tithonia). Los muestreos se efectuaron antes de incubar (hora 0), a las 4, 8, 12 y 24 h después de iniciada la fermentación. Se replicaron cuatro veces en tiempo. No se encontró efecto del follaje de los árboles en la población de bacterias viables totales del rumen. Las poblaciones de metanógenos, en la fermentación hasta 8 h, fueron 70, 34, 19 y 18.5 x 109 ufc mL-1 para pasto estrella, algarrobo, albizia y tithonia, respectivamente. La mayor población de bacterias celulolíticas se encontró con albizia, mientras que los hongos celulolíticos, a las 8 h de fermentación, presentaron la más alta población con esta misma planta. La población de protozoos fue 8.9, 7.2, 6.0 y 6.5 x 105 células mL-1 para los tratamientos A, B, C y D, respectivamente. No se encontró efectos en el pH ni en la concentración de amoníaco a nivel ruminal. Se concluye que el algarrobo, albizia y tithonia reducen la población de metanógenos y ejercen efectos beneficiosos en la ecología microbiana ruminal, al modificar las poblaciones de protozoos,bacterias y hongos celulolíticos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of mulberry (M. alba Linn.) cv. Cubana on the fermentation and reduction of the rumen methanogenesis in river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), an in vitro fermentation was performed and five levels of inclusion of M. alba L. cv. Cubana (0, 15, 20, 25 y 30 %) were assessed in a diet based on star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). The volume of gas and methane accumulated was determined at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of fermentation, as well as the concentration of total and individual short chain fatty acids (SCFA), the ammonia (NH3), and the pH at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation. The inclusion of M. alba L. cv. Cubana increased the production of gas accumulated at 24 h of fermentation, compared with the treatment containing only star grass. The different mulberry inclusion levels reduced the methane production in the rumen, compared with the control. The 30 % was the level that reduced it the most. The concentration of total and individual SCFA was not affected, nor that of NH3. It was concluded that the inclusion levels of 15, 20, 25, and 30 % of M. alba L. cv. Cubana did not affect the end products of the fermentation and reduced the in vitro rumen methane production. The 30 % was the level that reduced the most the rumen methanogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para evaluar el efecto de diferentes niveles de inclusión de morera (M. alba Linn.) vc. cubana en la fermentación y reducción de la metanogénesis ruminal en búfalos de río (Bubalus bubalis), se realizó una fermentación in vitro y se evaluaron cinco niveles de inclusión de M. alba L. vc. cubana (0, 15, 20, 25 y 30 %) en una dieta basada en pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Se determinó el volumen de gas y metano acumulado a las 4, 8, 12 y 24 h de fermentación, así como la concentración de ácidos grasos de cadena corta totales e individuales (AGCC), amoníaco (NH3) y pH a las 0, 4, 8, 12 y 24 h de incubación. La inclusión de M. alba L. vc. cubana produjo incremento en la producción de gas acumulada a las 24 h de fermentación con respecto al tratamiento que solo contenía pasto estrella. Los diferentes niveles de inclusión de morera redujeron la producción de metano ruminal en comparación con el tratamiento control, el 30 % fue el nivel que más la redujo. No se afectó la concentración de AGCC totales e individuales ni la de NH3. Se concluye que los niveles de inclusión de 15, 20, 25 y 30 % de M. alba L. vc. cubana no afectaron los productos finales de la fermentación y redujeron la producción de metano ruminal in vitro. El 30 % fue el nivel que más redujo la metanogénesis ruminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se determinó el efecto de cuatro variedades de morera (Morus alba inn) en la población microbiana y productos fermentativos en condiciones in vitro, con líquido ruminal de búfalos de río (Bubalus bubalis). Se desarrolló una fermentación in vitro para evaluar cinco tratamientos: 1) 100 % de pasto estrella (PE) (Cynodon nlemfuensis) (control), 2) PE + 30 % variedad cubana, 3) PE + 30 % variedad acorazonada, 4) PE + 30 % variedad tigreada y 5) PE + 30 % variedad indonesia. Se realizó la siembra y conteo de bacterias viables totales, celulolíticas, proteolíticas, amilolíticas, metanogénicas y hongos. También se efectuó el conteo de protozoos, medición de pH y determinación de la concentración de amoníaco. Se aplicó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con arreglo factorial 5 x 3 para los conteos de bacterias y hongos, y de 5 x 5 para los indicadores pH, concentración de amoníaco y conteo de protozoos. La inclusión de las diferentes variedades de morera no afectó las poblaciones de bacterias viables totales, proteolíticas, celulolíticas y hongos. A las ocho horas de fermentación, el tratamiento con la variedad acorazonada mostró los menores conteos de metanógenos (1.96 x 10^9 ufc⋅mL-1) con respecto a los que incluyeron las variedades cubana, tigreada e indonesia (3.75, 3.99 y 3.70 x 10^9 ufc⋅mL-1, respectivamente). Los conteos de protozoos fueron superiores para la variedad cubana (1.04 x 10^4 cel⋅mL-1). El pH disminuyó, independientemente del tratamiento, a medida que transcurrió el tiempo de fermentación, aunque siempre se mantuvo cercano a la neutralidad. La concentración de amoníaco fue similar para todos los tratamientos. Se concluye que la inclusión de 30 % de las variedades de morera: acorazonada, cubana, tigreada e indonesia no afectó las poblaciones que degradan la fibra, y tampoco los productos finales de la fermentación ruminal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of four mulberry (Morus alba Linn) varieties on the microbial population and fermentative products was determined under in vitro conditions, using rumen liquid from river buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). An in vitro fermentation was developed to evaluate five treatments: 1) 100 % of star grass (SG) (Cynodon nlemfuensis) (control), 2) SG + 30 % Cuban variety, 3) SG + 30 % Acorazonada variety, 4) SG + 30 % Tigreada variety and 5) SG + 30 % Indonesia variety. The culture and count of total viable, cellulolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and methanogenic bacteria and fungi were performed. Also, the count of protozoa was conducted, as well as the pH measurement and the determination of the ammonia concentration. A completely randomized design was applied with 5 x 3 factorial fit for the counts of bacteria and fungi, and with 5 x 5 for the indicators pH, ammonia concentration, and count of protozoa. The inclusion of the different mulberry varieties did not affect the populations of total viable, proteolytic, and celullolytic bacteria and fungi. At eight hours of fermentation, the treatment with the Acorazonada variety showed the lowest counts of methanogens (1.96 x 109 cfu.mL-1) compared with those including the Cuban, Tigreada, and Indonesia varieties (3.75, 3.99 and 3.70 x 109 cfu•mL-1, respectively). The counts of protozoa were superior for the Cuban variety (1.04 x 104 cel•mL-1). The pH declined, regardless the treatment, with the fermentation time, although it was always closed to neutrality. The concentration of ammonia was similar for all the treatments. It was concluded that the inclusion of 30 % of the mulberry varieties: Acorazonada, Cuban, Tigreada, and Indonesia did not affect the fiber-degrading populations or the end products of the rumen fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de Tithonia diversifolia en la población de protozoos y metanógenos ruminales en condiciones in vitro. Los tratamientos se diseñaron de acuerdo con el nivel de T. diversifolia y fueron: (A) 0 (control); (B) 10 % y (C) 20 %. El resto de la dieta consistió en pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado. Los muestreos se efectuaron a las 0, 2 y 4 horas después de iniciada la fermentación. La composición química de la planta mostró los siguientes valores: 23.95 % PC, 33.43 % FDN y 29.54 % FDA. El tamizaje fitoquímico demostró la presencia de taninos y saponinas. La población de protozoos fue 3.75, 3.25 y 1.5 x 105 células. mL-1 para A, B y C, respectivamente. Las bacterias metanogénicas se redujeron en 1.64 y 2.7 veces con 10 y 20 % de T. diversifolia, respectivamente. La inclusión de 10 % activó la población de bacterias celulolíticas aunque el 20 % no difirió del control. No se encontraron efectos en la población de hongos ruminales. Se concluye que Tithonia diversifolia reduce la población de protozoos y los metanógenos ruminales en condiciones in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of Tithonia diversifolia on the population of rumen protozoa and methanogens under in vitro conditions. The treatments were designed according to the level of T. diversifolia and were: (A) 0 (control); (B) 10 % and (C) 20 %. The rest of the diet consisted of star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis). The experimental design was completely randomized. The samplings were performed at 0, 2, and 4 hours after the start of the fermentation. The chemical composition of the plant showed the following values: 23.95 % CP, 33.43 % NDF, and 29.54 % ADF. The phytochemical screening proved the presence of tannins and saponins. The population of protozoa was 3.75, 3.25, and 1.5 x 105 cells. mL-1; for A, B, and C, respectively. The methanogenic bacteria were reduced 1.64 and 2.7 folds with 10 and 20 % of T. diversifolia, respectively. The 10 % inclusion activated the population of cellulolytic bacteria although the 20 % did not differ from the control. No effects were found on the population of rumen fungi. It is concluded that Tithonia diversifolia reduces the population of rumen protozoa and methanogens under in vitro conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para evaluar el efecto de un hidrolizado enzimático de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en la población microbiana ruminal, se condujo un experimento en condiciones in vitro. Se utilizó la técnica de cultivo sumergido con agitación mecánica, en un baño a 39 °C. Los tratamientos correspondieron a los niveles de hidrolizado que se emplearon, y fueron: A) 0 (control), B) 75 mL/kg de concentrado/d y C) 100 mL/kg de concentrado/d. Como sustrato a fermentar se utilizó Pennisetum purpureum vc. Cuba CT- 115, de 112 d de rebrote. Los muestreos se efectuaron antes de incubar (hora 0) y a las 4 y 8 h después de iniciada la fermentación. La población de bacterias viables totales fue 20.89, 22.37 y 50.47 x 10 11 ufc/mL, para los tratamientos A, B y C, respectivamente. Se encontró interacción significativa entre los tratamientos y diferentes tiempos de fermentación para las bacterias celulolíticas. Sus mayores poblaciones se encontraron a las 4 h después de iniciada la fermentación en los tratamientos donde se suministró 75 y 100 mL/kg de concentrado/d. No hubo efecto del hidrolizado en la población de bacterias proteolíticas, hongos y pH del rumen. Se concluye que el hidrolizado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae incrementa la población total de bacterias del rumen yes capaz de activar la población de bacterias celulolíticas en las horas de máxima fermentación. Esto puede contribuir a una mayor degradación de la fibra en los rumiantes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de preparados con levaduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae y LEVICA -25 viables, en los metanógenos y metanogénesis ruminal in vitro. El experimento se condujo mediante la técnica de cultivo sumergido. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los tratamientos fueron: A) control, B) Saccharomyces cerevisiae y C) LEVICA 25. Los muestreos se efectuaron antes de incubar (hora 0) y a las 4, 8,12 y 24 h después de iniciada la fermentación.Como sustrato a fermentar se utilizó el pasto estrella (Cynodon nlemfuensis). Saccharomyces cerevisiae y LEVICA 25 redujeron la población de metanógenos. Sus poblaciones a las 4 h fueron 268; 56.33 y 49.33 x 10-10ufcmL-1 para el control, S. cerevisiae y LEVICA 25, respectivamente. La producción de metano en el rumen a las 24 h de fermentación fue 78.97; 45.21 y 21.52 µL para el tratamiento control de pasto estrella, S. cerevisiae y LEVICA 25, respectivamente. S. cerevisiae incrementó en 1.75 veces la población de bacterias celulolíticas y LEVICA 25 multiplicó por 2.25 la población de viables totales. El número de protozoos fue 12.55; 16.30 y 17.55 x 10-5 células mL-1 para los tratamientos A, B y C, respectivamente. Se concluye que los preparados con levaduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae y LEVICA -25 reducen los metanógenos y la metanogénesis ruminal, lo que brinda la posibilidad de utilizarlos para mejorar la eficiencia de utilización de la energía en rumiantes, lo que pudiera contribuir a mitigar el impacto de estos gases al medio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Para determinar el efecto de Aspergillus oryzae en la fermentación ruminal de Pennisetum purpureum vc. Cuba CT-115, se realizó un experimento con dos ensayos, según diseño completamente aleatorizado, con la aplicación de la técnica de producción de gas in vitro. Se evaluaron cinco tratamientos. En la primera etapa del experimento se compararon las dosis de 0, 500 y 1000 µL de cultivo de A. oryzae en 80 mL de solución de incubación, y en la segunda 0, 100 y 200 µL de cultivo en 80 mL de solución de incubación. Se realizaron cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. En la primera etapa, las lecturas se realizaron cada tres horas hasta las 24 h de incubación, y en la segunda cada dos horas hasta las 77 h. En las dosis de 0, 100 y 200 µL se determinaron los parámetros de la cinética de fermentación. Los resultados señalaron que la dosis adecuada del aditivo microbiano fue la de 200 µL de cultivo en 80 mL de solución de incubación. Los valores de producción de gas alcanzados con esta inclusión fueron superiores (P < 0.001) a los del control sin inocular. Esta dosis mostró mayor potencial de producción de gas, mayor velocidad de fermentación y menor fase lag, con respecto al control sin inocular. Las dosis de 500 y 1000 µL de cultivo de A. oryzae provocaron disminución de la producción de gas. Se sugiere que la adición de esta cepa de A. oryzae, en una dosis de 200 µL de cultivo en 80 mL de solución de incubación, fue capaz de estimular la fermentación ruminal de Pennisetum purpureum en experimentos in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La producción de metano en el rumen causa daños atmosféricos y reduce la productividad del animal. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de cuatro variedades de morera (Morus alba) en la producción de gas total y metano en condiciones in vitro y seleccionar la variedad más promisoria en el control de la metanogénesis ruminal en búfalos de río. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial (5 x 5) para evaluar cinco tratamientos: 1) 100 % de pasto estrella (PE) (Cynodon nlemfuensis) (control), 2) PE + 30 % variedad Cubana, 3) PE + 30 % variedad Acorazonada, 4) PE + 30 % variedad Tigreada, 5) PE + 30 % variedad Indonesia. Se usó la técnica de producción de gas in vitro y se midió el volumen de gas y de metano producido, a las 4, 8, 12 y 24 h de incubación. Para el análisis de los resultados se realizó un análisis de varianza multivariada. Se observó que la producción de gas se incrementó en el tiempo para todos los tratamientos. A las 24 h de incubación, las cuatro variedades de morera (Morus alba) produjeron más gas que el tratamiento control y la variedad Indonesia fue la que más gas produjo (102.36 mL gas/g de MS). La producción de metano fue similar entre el tratamiento control y el tratamiento que contenía 30 % de la variedad Cubana (99.74 y 89.13 µL/g de MS, respectivamente). Con respecto al control, las variedades Acorazonada, Tigreada e Indonesia produjeron más metano. De ellas, la Indonesia fue la que más produjo. Se concluye que el 30 % de inclusión de las variedades evaluadas no logró disminuir la producción de metano en el rumen. Se recomienda evaluar otros niveles de inclusión de la variedad Cubana para lograr mayor reducción de la producción de metano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methane production in rumen causes atmospheric harms and reduces animal productivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of four varieties of mulberry (Morus alba) on the total gas and methane production under in vitro conditions and select the most promising variety in the control of the river buffalo rumen methanogenesis. A complete random design with factorial fit (5 x 5) was used to evaluate five treatments: 1) 100 % of star grass (SG) (Cynodon nlemfuensis) (control), 2) SG + 30 % Cubana variety, 3) SG + 30 % Acorazonada variety, 4) SG + 30 % Tigreada variety, and 5 ) SG + 30 % Indonesia variety. The in vitro gas production technique was used, and the volumes of gas and methane produced were measured at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h of incubation. It was observed that the gas production was increased in time for all the treatments. At 24 h of incubation, the four varieties of mulberry (Morus alba) produced more gas than the control, and the Indonesia variety was the one that produced gas the most (102.36 mL gas/g of DM). The methane production was similar between the control and the treatment with 30 % of the Cuban variety (99.74 and 89.13 μL/g of DM, respectively). As compared to the control, the varieties Acorazonada, Tigreada, and Indonesia produced more methane. Out of them, Indonesia was the one that produced the most. It was concluded that the 30 % inclusion of the varieties evaluated did not decrease the methane production in rumen. It is recommended to evaluate other levels of inclusion of the Cubana variety to attain higher reduction in the methane production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine the effect of Aspergillus oryzae on the rumen fermentation of Pennisetum purpureum cv Cuba CT-115, an experiment was conducted with two trials, according to complete random design using the in vitro gas production technique. Five treatments were assessed. The doses of 0, 0.5, and 1 mL of A. oryzae culture in 80 mL of incubation solution were compared in the first stage, and those of 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mL culture in 80 mL of incubation solution were compared in the second. Four repetitions were carried out per treatment. In the first trial, the readings were performed every 3 h up to 24 h of incubation and, in the second, every two hours up to 77 h. The parameters of the fermentation kinetics were determined in the doses of 0, 0.1, and 0.2 mL. The outcomes showed that the adequate dose of microbial additive was of 0.2 mL of culture in 80 mL of incubation solution. The values of gas production attained with this level of inclusion were higher (P < 0.001) than those of the control without inoculum. This dose showed higher potential of gas production, higher fermentation speed, and lower lag phase, compared with the control without inoculum. The levels of 0.5 and 1 mL of A. oryzae culture provoked a decline in gas production. It is suggested that the addition of this strain of A. oryzae at doses of 0.2 mL of culture in 80 mL of incubation solution is able of stimulating the rumen fermentation of Pennisetum purpureum in experiments under in vitro conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-four yearling steers of 134kg of average LW were handled in a completely randomized design to compare the effect of a multiple mixture of herbaceous legumes and Leucaena leucocephala on the microbial population and fermentative products in the rumen of Zebu upgraded yearling steers. The treatments were: (A) Leucaena leucocephala, and (B) multiple mixture of herbaceous legumes, composed of Neonotonia wightii, Pueraria phaseoloides, Macroptilium atropurpureum, and Centrocema pubescens. The stocking rate was of three animals/ha and the experiment lasted 150 d. The use of the multiple mixture of herbaceous legumes tripled the population of cellulolytic bacteria in rumen (11.1 and 34.2 x 106 cfu/mL for A and B, respectively). The populations of total viable and proteolytic bacteria were higher in the rumen of yearling steers fed the multiple mixture of herbaceous legumes, compared with those on L. leucocephala. There were not differences in the populations of fungi and protozoa. The concentration of ammonia was 13.58 and 18.26 mmol/L for L. leucocephala and herbaceous legumes, respectively. The multiple mixture of herbaceous legumes increased in 12 % the concentration of total short-chain VFAs. The concentration of acetic acid was 84.78 and 102.68 mmol/L, and that of propionic, 20.22 and 14.13 % for A and B, respectively. It was concluded that the grazing on herbaceous legumes increases the cellulolytic organisms and enhances the microbial composition in rumen, compared with L. leucocephala, although both systems are appropriate to keep an adequate rumen functioning in pre-fattening yearling steers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]