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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a third endoscopic injection to correct vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Patients and methods This was a prospective study of 605 patients, of whom 42 (6.4%), involving 44 (4%) ureteral units, received a third injection. The results were analysed regarding VUR grade and aetiology, substance used, volume, location and morphology of the mound, presence of poor prognostic factors, the urologist’s experience, and complications. Results The treatment resolved the VUR in 38 (86.4%) units, 22 of primary cause (91.6%) and 16 with anatomical/functional abnormalities (80%) (no significant difference; P = 0.26). There was also no significant difference in success rate with regard to the substance injected ( P = 0.23), the degree of VUR ( P = 0.76) or the volume injected ( P = 0.17). The success rate was higher (96.9%) if a less experienced urologist had performed the previous procedure versus a more experienced urologist (54.5%), and this difference was significant ( P Conclusion Third treatment presents a similar efficacy to first and second treatments, with a very low rate of complications, and could be indicated before open surgery.

Background A genetic tendency to develop latex IgE responses in children with spina bifida has been suggested, but their degree of exposure to latex as well as the route and chronology for sensitization can be different from those of other children with multiple surgeries. The aim was to study the influence of the type of operation on the development of latex sensitization in children with myelomeningocele. Methods In 90 children with myelomeningocele operated with latex, data were collected about age, sex, family, and personal history of allergy, serum total IgE, presence of a ventricular-peritoneal (v-p) shunt, and number and duration of operations, classified as urological, orthopedic, on the v-p shunt, other neurosurgical, and others. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, using the presence of latex sensitization as dependent variable. Results Serum total IgE, the number of urological and of orthopedic operations were synergistic variables to predict latex sensitization, together with the presence of a v-p shunt, but not the number of operations performed on this device. This seems to play an adjuvant role in the process of sensitization. Conclusions Not only the number, but also the type of operations, namely, of urological and orthopedic nature, is important in the development of latex sensitization in children with myelomeningocele.

Over 6 years, the prevalence of latex sensitization fell from 4/15 (26.7%) to 1/22 (4.5%) in children with spina bifida treated in a latex-free environment from birth compared with historic controls. These precautions appear to be efficacious for the primary prevention of latex sensitization.

To report our experience with pediatric renal adenocarcinoma.

Objectives To report our experience with pediatric renal adenocarcinoma. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of renal adenocarcinoma cases from 1971 to 2006. Results We treated 154 patients with renal tumor, 4 (2.6%) of whom had adenocarcinoma. The mean age of presentation was 8.5 years (range, 2-15 years). Three patients were female and 1 was male. The most common histologic subtype was clear cell carcinoma. Three patients were diagnosed as stage IIIB and one as stage II, according to Robson's classification. All patients were treated with radical nephroureterectomy. One patient died of disease and the other 3 are currently disease-free. Conclusions Adenocarcinoma is an uncommon histopathologic type of pediatric renal tumor. In patients with hematuria and abdominal or flank pain, we should consider this tumor as a possible diagnosis.

Estudio retrospectivo de 124 pacientes (edad media: 3,8 años) con hipospadias peneano medio: 48,3% (60 niños), peneano distal: 45,9% (57) y coronal 5,6% (7), de los cuales el 25,8% (16) presentaban incurvación ventral y el 4,8% (6) procedían del fracaso de otra técnica. Todos ellos intervenidos según técnica de Snodgrass, retirando la sonda entre el 6 y 7º día en la mayoría. La tasa global de complicaciones fue del 12%: 9 fístulas (7,2%) y 6 estenosis de meato (4,8%). El resultado estético fue satisfactorio en todos los casos, quedando incluso el glande cubierto por prepucio el 57,3%. Retrospective study of 124 patients (average age: 3.8 years) with midpenile hypospadias: 48,3% (60 children), distal penile: 45,9% (57) and coronal 5,6% (7), of which the 25.8% (16) presented ventral curvature and the 4,8% (6) resulting from the complication of another previous technique. All of them were operated according to Snodgrass' technique, removing the catheter between the 6th and 7th day in most of them. The global rate of complications was of 12%: 9 fistulae (7,2%) and 6 meatal stenosis (4,8%). Aesthetic result was satisfactory in all cases, getting glans covered by foreskin in 57,3%.

The case is presented of a 10-year-old HIV+ male with renoureteral pain, who developed an obstructive uropathy with renal function impairment and required endoscopic placement of a ureteral stent. Certain aspects of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention are discussed.

Introducción: La microlitiasis testicular (MT) constituye una entidad infrecuente en la edad pediátrica con una incidencia radiológica de 0,16 al 0,6% según series. El amplio uso de la ecografía así como la disponibilidad de sondas de alta frecuencia ha aumentado el descubrimiento incidental de MT. Material y Método: Desde enero de 1998 hasta octubre de 2002 se detectaron en nuestro hospital 7 niños entre 9 y 13 años (edad media 11años y un mes) con MT. La apariencia ecográfica de estas fue la de múltiples focos puntiformes hiperecogénicos de 1-3 mm sin sombra sónica distribuidos por el parénquima testicular. Objetivo: Valorar los patrones ecográficos de las MT, sus asociaciones e implicaciones clínicas y determinar el manejo de las mismas. Resultados: Todos los niños estaban asintomáticos y las motivos por las que se solicitó la ecografía fueron: criptorquidia (3), estudio por talla baja (1), estudio por ginecomastia por endocrino (1), varicocele (1) y traumatismo (1). Destacar que 3 de los casos presentaban microcalcificaciones bilaterales. De los 10 testículos con MT, 8 cumplían el criterio de MT Clásica (más de 5 microlitos/ campo) y 2 el de MT Limitada (menos de 5 microlitos/ campo). El seguimiento clínico y ecográfico está siendo anual y va desde 18 meses hasta 6 años, durante el cual no ha existido ni progresión ni regresión del número de las MT, ni tampoco en la distribución de las mismas. En ninguno de los casos ha aparecido una neoplasia testicular asociada. Conclusiones: En revisiones amplias queda demostrado que no hay evidencia para sugerir que las MT deban ser consideradas como lesiones premalignas por sí mismas. Sin embargo la asociación MT y tumor existe. Ante esto, y debido a la falta de un protocolo consensuado, pensamos que se debe realizar tanto un seguimiento clínico (exploración manual) como ecográfico con una periodicidad anual hasta la pubertad, y posteriormente, debemos informar al paciente con el riesgo de crear un enfermo ante un hallazgo casual, de una patología incierta. No está justificado realizar pruebas más agresivas (biopsia) ante su descubrimiento, excepto: 1) si además de las MT se observa alteración en la ecogenicidad testicular y 2) si observamos cambio en el número o en la distribución de las MT en el seguimiento. Introduction: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) represents an uncommon occurrence at paediatrics with a radiological incidence between 0.16 to 0.6% according to reports. The greater use of ultrasound as well as the availability of high-frequency probes has increased the number of incidental TM being diagnosed. Material and Method: From january 1998 to october 2002 seven children, aged 9 to 13 years (average 11 years and 1 months), were diagnosed of MT in our department. Sonographic appearance was hyperechogenic multiple small foci of 1-3 mm without acoustic shadowing of the testicular parenchyma. AIM: To evaluate sonographic patterns of TM, their associations, clinical consequences and to determine their management. Results: All children were asymptomatic and the reasons for the ultrasound were: cryptorchism (3), short height (1), gynecomastia (1), varicocele (1) and scrotum trauma (1). It should be noted that 3 of the cases showed bilateral TM. Out of 10 testicles with TM, 8 met classic testicular microlithiasis (CTM) criteria (at least one image that showed five or more microliths in either or both testes) and 2 had limited testicular microlithiasis (LTM) (to have at least one microlith). Clinical and radiological follow-up is being performed annually, ranging from 18 months to 6 years, during which there hasn’t been progression or regression in the number of TM or in their distribution. In none of these cases there has been shown a related testicular cancer. Conclusions: In other broad reviews it has been shown that there is no evidence to suggest that the TM have to be considered as premalignant lesions by themselves. However, the association among TM and cancer exists. Because of that, and due to the lack of consensus, we recommend annual clinical and radiological (ultrasound) follow-up until puberty, and thereafter the patient should be informed of unknown natural history of this condition. We do not recommend more invasive procedures such as biopsy except: 1) apart form the TM there is a change in the echogenicity or 2) if there is a change in the number or distribution of the TM.

Objetivo: Revisar los casos de uretrorragia, la necesidad de exploraciones complementarias, su manejo e historia natural. Material y Métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente 12 pacientes que presentaron una uretrorragia, diagnosticados de forma consecutiva en nuestro centro. Se evaluaron parámetros como la edad, tiempo de evolución y hábito miccional. De igual modo, describimos las técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, el manejo terapéutico y la evolución del paciente. Resultados: Todos los casos corresponden a varones con edad media de 8,7 años (18 meses y 14 años). Los episodios de uretrorragia aparecen en el 100% de los pacientes, mientras que fueron diarios en el 58,4%. El 33% (4/12) se acompañan además de otra sintomatología miccional. El 75% (9/12) presentaban un hábito miccional perezoso. Entre los antecedentes urológicos destacan: 1 paciente circuncidado hacía 3 años, otro al que se le practicó una meatotomía por estenosis del meato 2 años antes y por último, uno al que se le realizó una electrocoagulación de un pólipo uretral hacía un mes. El 83,4% (10/12) de los urinocultivos realizados fueron negativos. Se practicó uretrocistoscopia en 9 pacientes, detectando en 4 una hipertrofia del verum, en 3 cambios inflamatorios adyacentes a la uretra membranosa, en 1 paciente esfacelos en uretra bulbar y en el último no se objetivaron hallazgos patológicos. De los 8 pacientes que presentaban un hábito miccional perezoso, el 75% (6/8) se resolvieron espontáneamente después de corregir el hábito miccional tras una media de 9 meses. Sólo 2 precisaron tratamiento quirúrgico mediante resección endoscópica transuretral. En los otros 2 pacientes la sintomatología desapareció espontáneamente en el transcurso del seguimiento de los mismos. Conclusiones: La uretrorragia en el niño es un proceso benigno en la gran mayoría de los casos, que se resuelve de forma espontánea prácticamente siempre durante los 2 primeros años de seguimiento. Los estudios radiológicos y las exploraciones endoscópicas resultan innecesarios en el manejo inicial de estos pacientes quedando relegadas a cuadros persistentes en el tiempo. Objetive. To review urethrorrhagia cases, the need of complementary test, its management and natural history. Material and method. A retrospective analysis was carried out for the 12 patients who suffered from urethrorrhagia, consecutively diagnosed in our department. Parameters as age, and micturitional habit were evaluated.In this way, we described the diagnostic techniques used, assessment and the follow-up of each patient. Results. All cases correspond to male children with an average age of 8.7 years (range: 18 months- 14 years).Urethrorrhagia appears in 100% of the patients, episodes which were daily in 58.4%. 33% (4/12) of them also present other micturitional symptoms. 75% (9/12) had a lazy micturitional habit. Among the urological backgrounds we found: 1 patient was circumcised 3 years ago, a meatotomy was done in other due to meatus stenosis 2 years before, and a last one had an electrocoagulation of a urethral polyp just 1 month before. 83.4% (10/12) of urine cultures were negative. An urethrocystoscope was done in 9 patients finding a verum hypertrophy in 4, inflammatory changes next to membranous urethra in 3, scar at the bulbar urethra in 1 and in a last one no abnormalities were found. Out of 8 patients with lazy micturitional habit, 75% (6/8) resolve spontaneously once they correct their habits after a mean follow-up of 9 months. Only 2 patients needed surgery (TUR). In the other 2 patient, symptoms. Conclusions. Urethrorrhagia in childhood is a benign condition in most cases, which is almost always cured spontaneously during the first 2 years of follow-up. Radiological studies as well as endoscopic procedures are unnecessary in the early management of these patients thus being relegated to recurrent or persistent bleeding.

La torsión del teste criptorquídico presenta una sintomatología inespecífica, cuya sospecha clínica nos obliga a una exploración quirúrgica, ya que a pesar de considerar a la ecografía Doppler-color la prueba de imagen recomendada, sus criterios de isquemia testicular son discutidos por su porcentaje nada desdeñable de falsos negativos. En cuanto al tratamiento, se realizará una orquiectomía ante una clara necrosis testicular siendo controvertida la actitud terapéutica del testículo contralateral. Nuestra filosofía es la no fijación sistemática del teste solitario porque pensamos que es más importante la educación sanitaria al respecto de los padres y posteriormente del adolescente, para así conseguir un diagnóstico precoz de una futura torsión. Torsion of a cryptorchidid testicle presents a non-specific symptomatology. Clinical suspicion indicates surgical exploration, irrespective of Doppler ultrasound with its inherent false negative results. With regards to treatment, an orchiectomy is performed when the testis is necrotic. Management of the contralateral testis is controversial. Our policy is not to fix them systematically because we believe that a healthy education of parents and children is more important, so as to obtain an earlier diagnosis of a future torsion.

Objetivo: Analizar la presentación clínica, diagnóstico y manejo terapéutico del megaprepucio congénito (MC). Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los 4 casos de MC diagnosticados y tratados en nuestro Servicio desde octubre 1997 hasta abril de 2005, describiendo el diagnóstico y la técnica quirúrgica empleada en todos ellos. Conclusiones: El MC es una condición infrecuente, que puede confundirse con otras patologías, que es necesario reconocer y tratar correctamente por parte del Urólogo. Objetive: To analize the clinical presentation, diagnosis and surgical management of congenital megaprepuce (CM). Material and methods: We have made a retrospective study of four cases of CM diagnosed and treated in our centre between october 1997 and april 2005. We studied the diagnosis and surgical treatment. Conclusions: CM is an infrecuent condition that can be confused with others pathologies. It´s necessary to diagnose and treat it correctly.

Los quistes de uraco son anomalías congénitas detectadas con mayor frecuencia en la infancia. Suelen manifestarse cuando se infectan, simulando diversas patologías agudas intraabdominales o pélvicas. Presentamos un caso en una niña de 7 años diagnosticada de quiste de uraco infectado. Analizamos el origen embriológico de esta patología, sus formas de presentación clínica y sus aspectos diagnóstico-terapéuticos. Urachal cysts are congenital anomalies detected predominantly during the childhood. They are often diagnosed when an infection occur mimicking a variety of acute intra-abdominal or pelvic processes. We present a case in a 7-year-old female infant, diagnosed of infected urachal cyst. The embryologic origin of this anomaly, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

Objetivo: Valorar la eficacia del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) de etiología secundaria con polidimetilsiloxano. Material y método: Hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de RVU y tratados en nuestro servicio por vía endoscópica con polidimetilsiloxano, desde enero de 1999 a diciembre de 2001, analizando los resultados tras un seguimiento medio de 30 meses. Tratamos 144 pacientes, 92 niñas y 52 niños, con 213 reflujos ureterales (124 primarios y 89 de etiología secundaria). La eficacia inicial del tratamiento fue definida como la ausencia completa de RVU en la cistografía isotópica realizada un los tres meses tras la punción. Resultados: La eficacia del global tratamiento endoscópico en reflujos de etiología secundaria fue inferior al alcanzado en el tratamiento del RVU primario (el 77,7 % vs. 86,2 %) sin alcanzar estas diferencias la significación estadística (p=0,226). Tampoco encontramos diferencias significativas al comparar el volumen inyectado y la tasa de resolución del reflujo entre las diferentes etiologías de RVU (p=0,361). Únicamente se objetivó recurrencia del RVU en pacientes con reflujo secundario a disfunción neurogénica o por disfunción de vaciado (4,34%). Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico del RVU de etiología secundaria es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, presenta escasa morbilidad y es eficaz en el RVU de etiología secundaria en pacientes seleccionados. El riesgo de recurrencia a largo plazo es mayor en el reflujo secundario a alteraciones funcionales (vejiga neurógena e inestabilidad funcional), por lo que el seguimiento debería establecerse según la patología de base. Objective: To value the efficacy in endoscopic treatment of the vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Material and method: We have realized a prospective study in patients with RVU treated with endoscopic polydimethylsiloxane, from January 1999 until December 2001, analyzing the results after an average pursuit of 30 months. We included 144 patients, 92 girls and 52 children, with 213 VUR (124 primary ones and 89 of secondary etiology). The initial efficacy of the treatment was defined as the finished absence of RVU in the isotopic cystography, realized three months after the puncture. Results: The global efficacy of the endoscopic treatment in secondary etiology reflux was lower than the reached one in the treatment of the primary RVU (77.7 % against 86.2 %) but the differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0,226). We do not also find significant differences on having compared the injected volume and the valuation of resolution of the ebb between the different causes of secondary RVU (p=0.361). We found recurrence in patients with RVU due to lower urinary tract dysfunction (4.34 %). Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of the secondary VUR is a minimally invasive skill, presents scarce morbidity and it is effective in chosen patients. The risk of a long term recurrence is grater in VUR secondary to functional alterations (neurogenic bladder and functional instability), for what, pursuit has to be established according to the base pathology.

Introducción: Desde el comienzo del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) se protocolizó el uso de la ecografía basándose en dos indicaciones: a) Detección de las complicaciones (ectasia); b) Evaluación del resultado (visualización del material implantado y la presencia del "jet ureteral" mediante ecodoppler-color). Objetivos: Determinar el valor de la ecografía en la evaluación del resultado del tratamiento endoscópico del RVU y en la detección de sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: Durante el periodo 2001-2002 aplicamos el tratamiento endoscópico a un total de 261 unidades ureterales de todo grado y etiología. 246 evaluadas postoperatoriamente con ecografía al mes y todos con cistografía a los tres meses. En una muestra aleatoria de 92 unidades se ha comparado el resultado de la cistografía isotópica con la visualización del material implantado en la vejiga, y en una muestra aleatoria de 56 unidades se ha comparado el resultado de la cistografía isotópica con la presencia de jet ureteral en el estudio con ecodoppler-color tras hidratación del paciente. Para ello se han realizado las correspondientes tablas comparativas 2 x 2 y se ha calculado la Sensibilidad (S) y Especificidad (E) de las pruebas, así como sus valores predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN), el grado de acuerdo de ambas pruebas con el índice de Kappa y el nivel de significación estadística con Chi cuadrado. Resultados: La ecografía resultó normal o sin cambios respecto a estudios previos en 213 unidades (86,58%) y en 5 (2,03%) ha aparecido una ectasia atribuible al tratamiento, de las cuales 3 han cursado con dolor renoureteral y en los otros 2 ha desaparecido espontáneamente en controles posteriores. La S y E de la presencia de material implantado ha sido de 94% y 10% respectivamente y sus VPP y VPN de 80% y 10% y ésta tiene un nivel de significación estadística del 0,564 y un grado de correlación de 0,0675. La S y E de la visualización del jet ha sido de 82% y 30%, con VPP de 84% y VPN de 27, un nivel de significación estadística del 0,836 y un grado de correlación de 0,121. Conclusiones: La ecografía no es una técnica útil en la evaluación del resultado del tratamiento endoscópico del RVU. Su papel en la evaluación de las complicaciones es muy reducido y solamente está indicada para confirmar la sospecha de ectasia en aquellos pacientes que presentan clínica de dolor renoureteral. Introduction: Since the beginning of the application of the RVU treatment, the use of the ultrasound was used taking into account two main indications/symptoms: a) identification of the complications; b) assessment of the result (visualization of the implanted material and the presence of the "uretheral jet" by means or through/of ecodoppler-color). Objective: To determine the value of the ultrasound in the assessment of the result of the endoscopic treatment of the RVU and in the detection of its complications. Material and method: From 2001-2002 we have carried out the endoscopic treatment to an overall of 261 ureteral units of all degree and etiology. 246 were assessed post-operation with an ultrasound per month and all of them were evaluated with a cistography after 3 months. In a random sample of 92 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the visualization of the implanted material in the bladder; and in a random sample of 56 units, the result of the isotopic cistography has been compared with the presence of ureteral jet in the study with ecodoppler-color after moisturizing of the patient. In order to do, we have done two corresponding comparative charts 2 x 2 and we have calculated the Sensibility and Specificity of the tests, as well as their predictive positive and negative values, the degree of similarity of both tests with the Kappa index, and the degree of statistical relevance with Chi squared. Results: The ultrasound did not show significant changes if compared to previous studies in 213 units (86,58 %) although in 5 patients an ectasia has been identified as attributed to the treatment. 3 of this patients have developed renoureteral pain, and in 2 pain has spontaneously disappeared as shown in later tests. The S and the E of the presence of implanted material is 94% and 10% respectively and its VPP and VPN of 80% and 10% and estadistical. The S and E of the jet visualization is 82% and 30%, with a VPP of 84% and a VPN of 27%, a level of statistical relevance of 0.836 and a degree of correlation of 0.121. Conclusions: Ultrasound is not a useful technique in the assessment of the result of the endoscopic treatment of the RVU. The role it plays in the assessment of complications is a small one and its use is only indicated to confirm the suspicion of ectasia in those patients that present renoureteral pain.

OBJECTIVE To create an artificial neural network (ANN) to aid in predicting the results of endoscopic treatment for vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR). MATERIALS AND METHODS During 1999–2001 we used endoscopic treatment in 261 ureteric units with VUR of all grades and causes. An ANN based on multilayer perceptron architecture was created using an 11 × 6 × 1 structure, taking the following as variables: the cause and grade of VUR, the patient's age and sex, the type of implanted substance and its volume, the number of treatments, the affected ureter, the endoscopic findings, and the type of cystography used. In all, 174 cases were used as training samples for the ANN and 87 to validate it. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV), and the success rate (%) of the system. RESULTS In the training group the ANN gave a sensitivity of 86.4%, a specificity of 89.5%, a PPV of 76% and NPV of 94%, with a success rate of 88.6%. In the same training group logistic regression (LR) gave respective values of 68.2%, 58.8%, 39%, 82.7% and 61.4%. In the validation group the respective values for the ANN were 71.4%, 81.6%, 58.8%, 88.6% and 78.9%, and in the same validation group the LR gave 64.4%, 50%, 32.1%, 79.2% and 53.9%. The Wilcoxon test confirmed the independence of both methods (P

El Síndrome de Berdon es una malformación congénita muy poco frecuente que asocia megavejiga y alteraciones intestinales severas, las cuales condicionan el pronóstico en la mayoría de los casos. Presentamos una revisión de tres casos diagnosticados en nuestro servicio en el periodo 1976- 2003. Se comentan los aspectos diagnósticos, terapéuticos y la evolución. Berdon Syndrome is a rare congenital malformation that consists in megacystis and severe intestinal malformations that condition the prognosis in most of the cases. We report the three cases diagnosticated between 1976-2003. Diagnosis, therapeutics aspects and evolution are discussed.

El infarto testicular hemorrágico es una entidad poco usual en el neonato, desarrollándose generalmente como consecuencia de la torsión del cordón espermático. Presentamos un caso de infarto testicular en neonato asociado a hidrocele a tensión. Hemorrhagic infarction of the testicle is an unusual occurrence in the newborn infant. It usually develops as a consequence of torsion of the spermatic cord. We report a case of global testicular infarction in a newborn associated with a tense hydrocele.

La ectopia renal intratorácica es un tipo de ectopia muy rara, representando menos del 5% de las ectopias renales. La asociación de duplicidad pieloureteral y ectopia intratorácica es infrecuente. Presentamos el caso de una niña afecta de esta asociación de anomalías, tratándose del primer caso descrito en la literatura revisada. Se comentan los estudios diagnósticos realizados, así como el tratamiento y evolución de la paciente. Intrathoracic ectopia is an unusual ectopia that represents less than 5% of renal ectopia. The association of a duplex system and an intrathoracic renal ectopia is very rare. We report a case of a girl affected from these two anormalyties, being the first case published in the literature reviewed. Presentation, diagnosis and therapeutic aspects are discussed.

Los quistes epidérmicos testiculares son lesiones muy infrecuentes en la edad infantil (3% de todas las tumoraciones testiculares). Sólo se ha descrito su aparición bilateral en la edad pediátrica en 2 observaciones y ninguna de ellas asociada a síndrome de Klinefelter. Presentamos, en este sentido, el primer caso en nuestro conocimiento de quiste epidérmico bilateral testicular asociado a síndrome de Klinefelter en un niño, destacando el manejo y la conducta terapéutica realizada analizando asimismo las distintas pautas de tratamiento propuestas. Epidermoid cysts of the testis are rare in children (3% of all the testicular tumors). Bilateral appearance has only been described in the pediatric age in 2 cases and none associated to Klinefelter´s syndrome. We present, for our knowledge, the first case of bilateral epidermoid testicular cyst associated to klinefelter´s syndrome in a boy, highlighting its management and therapeutic approach. We analyze the different kinds of treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: La vesicostomía cutánea (VC) es una técnica de derivación urinaria temporal, de elección en pacientes con dilatación del tracto urinario superior (TUS), secundaria a patología vesical o infravesical. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar nuestra experiencia en niños sometidos a esta derivación, analizando su eficacia para prevenir la infección urinaria, mejorar o resolver la ureteroectasia y estabilizar o mejorar la función renal; en definitiva la recuperación morfológica y funcional del TUS. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Presentamos 43 niños, con una edad media de 2,5 años (rango: 1 mes - 14 años) a los que realizamos vesicostomía cutánea (técnica de Blocksom en 36 y el procedimiento de Lapides en el resto) por presentar ureterohidronefrosis grado IV-V, infección urinaria persistente y/o deterioro de la función renal. De ellos, 30 presentaban vejiga neuropática (26 con reflujo vesicoureteral secundario), 7 reflujo vesicoureteral primario masivo y 6 niños válvulas de uretra posterior. RESULTADOS: El 100% de los niños con vejiga neurogénica (30 casos), presentaron tras la derivación, mejoría en la ectasia ureteropielocalicial, y el 90% mejoraron su función renal, desapareciendo el reflujo vesicoureteral en el 65%. En 12 pacientes se realizó cistoplastia de ampliación con intestino durante el cierre de la vesicostomía, con derivación tipo Mitrofanoff en 5 de ellos. En otros 7 niños se realizó como único procedimiento, la misma derivación continente con apéndice cecal. Los 11 niños restantes mantienen en la actualidad la vesicostomía. En 5 de los 7 niños con reflujo vesicoureteral primario, éste desapareció, procediéndose al cierre de la vesicostomía. En los otros 2 fue necesario, en el mismo acto quirúrgico, la corrección del reflujo. De los 6 niños afectos de válvulas de uretra posterior, 2 recibieron un trasplante renal, uno se encuentra en lista de espera y el resto (50%) mantienen una función renal aceptable. Durante el primer año de seguimiento, 4 pacientes presentaron infección urinaria sintomática, que desapareció posteriormente. El resto, ocasionalmente presentó bacteriuria asintomática que no fue necesario tratar. Como complicaciones se produjo prolapso vesical por la ostomía en 4 pacientes, litiasis en 3 y estenosis del estoma en 2. CONCLUSIONES: Consideramos que la vesicostomía es la técnica de derivación urinaria electiva en los casos de obstrucción del tramo común y/o ureterohidronefrosis no obstructiva, en neonatos que no mejoran con tratamiento conservador. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cutaneous vesicostomy (CV) is a choice temporary urinary diversion technique for patients with upper urinary tract (URT) dilation, secondary to vesical o infravesical disease. The objective of this study is to share our experience in children undergoing such diversion, analysing its efficacy to prevent urinary infections, improve or resolve the ureterectasia, and stabilise or improve renal function; in short the functional and morphological recovery of URT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 43 children, mean age 2,5 years (range: 1 month - 14 years) with ureterohydronephrosis grade IV-V, persistent urinary infection and/or renal function impairment underwent cutaneous vesicostomy (Blocksom’s technique in 36 and Lapides’ procedure in the rest). Thirty subjects had neuropathic bladder (26 with secondary vesicoureteral reflux), 7 massive primary vesicoureteral reflux, and 6 posterior urethral valve. RESULTS: All children (100%) with neurogenic bladder (30 cases), showed improvement of ureteral-pyelic-calyceal ectasia after the diversion, and 90% improved renal function with disappearance of vesiculoureteral reflux in 65%. Augmentation cystoplasty with gut was performed in 12 patients during vesicostomy closure, using Mitrofanoff’s type diversion in 5 of them. The same continent diversion with cecal appendix was used in another 7 children as the only procedure. The remaining 11 children still retain their vesicostomy. In 5 of the 7 children with primary vesicoureteral reflux , the reflux disappeared and so the vesicostomy was closed. Reflux correction during the same surgical procedure was required for the other 2 children. Of the 6 children with posterior urethral valves, 2 received a renal transplant, one is in waiting list and the rest (50%) maintain an acceptable renal function. In the first year of follow-up, 4 patients developed symptomatic urinary infection that later disappeared. The rest had occasional asymptomatic bacteriuria that required no treatment. Complications included vesical prolapse due to ostomy in 4 patients, lithiasis in 3 and stomal stenosis in 2. CONCLUSIONS: We consider vesicostomy to be the choice urinary diversion technique in cases of common section obstruction and/or nonobstructive ureterohydronephrosis in new-borns who do not improve with conservative treatment.

Background Previous findings suggest that sensitization to latex in children with spina bifida is a dynamic process. Objective To study if changes appear in the sensitization status after withdrawal of latex. Methods We studied a consecutive sample of 68 children with spina bifida, by means of latex skin prick tests and quantification of serum latex-specific IgE on two separate occasions two years apart. Results Forty-four (65%) were classified as nonsensitized, 6 (9%) showed indeterminate results, and 18 (26%) were sensitized to latex, six of whom had clinical reactions to latex. They were instructed to avoid latex. In a second evaluation, 2 years later, 38 (56%) were classified as nonsensitized, 3 (4%) as indeterminate, and 27 (40%) as sensitized to latex, 11 of whom had presented latex symptoms. This meant 22% of spina bifida children demonstrated progressive sensitization, in spite of having adopted a latex-free environment at our hospital. It illustrates the progressive character of latex sensitization in these patients. Conclusion Latex avoidance measures both in the medical and home settings must be stressed. We recommend that children with spina bifida should be periodically evaluated regarding latex sensitization.

We present a case of transitional cell tumor of the urinary bladder in an 8-year-old boy and discuss certain aspects of the epidemiology, aetiology, prognosis, treatment and follow-up. We review the published cases in the literature since 1992, and compare them with the classic series.

We report a case of a 3-month-old boy with a megaprepuce presented since birth. Certain aspects of the aetiology, denomination, diagnosis and treatment are discussed. We compare our case with the three unique cases published in the literature.

Histological changes in the contralateral testis in 8 prepubertal children whose ages ranged from 3 to 7.5 years with a history of testicular torsion and subsequent atrophy were studied. The following histological parameters were evaluated: fertility tubular index (FTI), Sertoli cell index (SCI) and minimum tubular diameter (MTD). According to our findings and following Nistal and Paniagua's classification (1984) for tubular alterations, we found 5 cases (62.5%) who present the following alterations. Type 1 (case 2): FTI was decreased above 50% corresponding to slight germinal hypoplasia with normal MTD and SCI. Type 2 (cases 3 and 5): testis with remarkable germinal hypoplasia; FTI was between 30 and 50% while MTD was below normal values. Type 3 (case 8): testis with diffuse tubular hypoplasia; FTI was below 30%, whereas MTD showed 33% decrease regarding normal values. Type 4 (case 6): testes with hyperplasia of Sertoli cells; SCI was increased one third with regard to that corresponding to his age; FTI showed severe hypoplasia of germ cells. No relationship between alterations in either the age of the patients or the time elapsed since the torsion was observed. Because of all these facts and the young age of our patients, we believe that the alterations found in the contralateral testis were due to congenital dysgenesia.

We review 37 patients diagnosed of Wilms' tumor at the Clinica Infantil "La Fe", in the last ten years, looking at the misdiagnosed cases. In two children, histological study showed a multilocular renal cyst. We also report a case previously diagnosed as being a multicystic kidney; the histological study revealed, however, a cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma. No case of extrarenal tumors was present in the misdiagnosed patients. We comment the difficulties to make a correct diagnosis when confronted with the above mentioned entities and before histological data are available.

A series of 42 children with Wilms' tumor collected in 11 years is reported. The female-to-male ratio was 1,5:1 and 85 per cent of the patients were under 5 years at diagnosis. The majority of the tumors were Stage I (38 per cent) followed by Stages III and IV. Pathological findings following Belkwith's criteria are commented upon. The 5 year survival was 72 per cent, and tumor-free survival was 62 per cent. There was a clear relationship between survival and Stage, age and the presence or absence of intra-abdominal lymph-node spread. Efficacity of preoperative chemotherapy and its' influence on the stage of tumor at operation is discussed.

Single system ectopic ureters are usually associated with multiple congenital abnormalities and the corresponding renal units is frequently abnormal. 19 cases of single system ectopic ureters were diagnosed and treated in our hospital during the last 20 years. The patients were less than 11 years old. The abnormality was bilateral in two cases and the 63% of all had associated malformations, being the anorectal abnormalities the most frequent. The incidence of reflux into the ectopic ureter was 57%, and the association to unilateral or contralateral renal agenesis, 26.3%. Thirteen ectopic ureters were reimplanted successfully into the bladder, and the cases of nonfunctioning kidneys were removed (nephroureterectomy). The follow-up period was 10 months to 14 years, developing the 68% of the cases without any complication and a good renal function. Two patients were transplanted due to a kidney failure. Diagnosis is often extremely difficult and requires a high degree of suspicion. This diagnosis may be incidental, and it may be made during investigation of patients with other malformations. An early diagnosis and treatment must be made in order to avoid a disturbance of renal function. We wish to point up the high incidence of reflux into the ectopic ureter and the high association to renal agenesis in the single system ectopic ureters in comparison with ectopic ureter of duplex system.