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Samuel J Goldstein,1 Symielle A Gaston,2 John A McGrath,3 Chandra L Jackson2,4 1The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 2 Department of Health and Human Services, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 3Social & Scientific Systems, Inc, Durham, NC, USA; 4Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USACorrespondence: Chandra L Jackson 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Tel +984-287-3701Fax +301-480-3290Email Chandra.Jackson@nih.govPurpose: Prior studies investigating the relationship between sleep and serious psychological distress (SPD) have lacked racial/ethnic diversity and generalizability. We investigated associations between sleep and SPD among a large, nationally representative, and racially/ethnically diverse sample of US adults.Methods: We pooled cross-sectional data from the 2004 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey. Participants self-reported sleep duration and sleep disturbances (eg, trouble falling and staying asleep). SPD was defined as a Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) score ≥ 13. Adjusting for sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics, we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of SPD for each sleep characteristic, overall and by race/ethnicity.Results: Among 316,840 participants, the mean age ± standard error was 46.9 ± 0.1 years, 52% were women, 75% were non-Hispanic (NH)-White, 16% NH-Black, and 9% Hispanic/Latinx. The prevalence of SPD was 3.4% for NH-Whites, 4.1% for NH-Blacks, and 4.5% for Hispanics/Latinxs. Participants with < 7 hours versus 7– 9 hours of sleep duration were more likely to have SPD, and the magnitude of the association was strongest among NH-Black participants (PRNH-Blacks=3.50 [95% CI: 2.97– 4.13], PR Hispanics/Latinx=2.95 [2.42– 3.61], and PRNH-Whites=2.66 [2.44– 2.89]). Positive associations between sleep disturbances and SPD were generally stronger among NH-Black and Hispanic/Latinx compared to NH-White adults.Conclusion: Poor sleep health was positively associated with SPD, and the magnitude of the association was generally stronger among racial/ethnic minorities. Future investigations should prospectively focus on the determinants and health consequences of SPD attributable to objectively measured sleep across racial/ethnic groups.Keywords: sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, sleep, psychological stress, health status disparities, continental population groups, race factors

Se reporta la frecuencia de los 28 fonemas del mapudungun (variedad central), en un corpus lexemático monomorfémico elaborado a partir del Diccionario de mapudungún-español de Augusta. Con el fin de evitar distorsiones en nuestros resultados, se controlaron fenómenos lingüísticos y extralingüísticos, como la variación fonológica de algunos lexemas, la derivación y flexión afijal, la reduplicación y el efecto que pudiesen tener estructuras fonológicas en préstamos de la lengua castellana y quechua. El análisis fonoestadístico permitió visualizar una distribución típica para las frecuencias fonemáticas, donde las vocales centrales y anteriores, además de la oclusiva velar, manifiestan las mayores ocurrencias. Se exploran las implicancias de estos resultados por medio de la comparación con otros trabajos que han abordado este tema en la literatura. De igual modo, se esbozan relaciones entre la frecuencia fonemática y aspectos sociolingüísticos.

Este trabajo describe la alternancia morfofonológica en mapudungun, ocasionada por el causativo «-(ü)m» a una raíz verbal terminada en /f/, /ɣ̞/ (y /ɻ/, de acuerdo con lo consultado en fuentes históricas), segmentos que se realizan como /p/, /k/ (y /ʈ͡ʂ/), respectivamente. De manera sincrónica, el fenómeno no afecta a una clase natural de sonidos. Tras una revisión de fuentes lexicográficas históricas del mapudungun, fue posible identificar cuatro pares de lemas que darían sustento a que la alternancia en algún momento de la historia del mapudungun estuvo condicionada por la fonología. Los pares son: «pür/pütrüm», «lür/lütrüm», «nor/notrüm», «trür/trütrüm». Se vincula este hallazgo con antecedentes respecto de la pronunciación histórica de algunos segmentos mapuche que en la actualidad presentan alófonos en variación libre.

This study presents the results of fracture toughness tests conducted on specimens obtained by additive manufacturing techniques, specifically using low-force stereolithography. The samples were manufactured from a transparent 3D printing material for biocompatible applications, the so-called BioMed Durable Resin, which is a Formlabs-patented polymer material that simulates the strength and rigidity of polyethylene. The selected toughness tests in this context were performed following the ASTM D5045-99 guidelines. All tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity, ensuring adherence to the standard and the replicability of the experimental results. To investigate the influence of printing plane orientation, specimens were produced at three printing orientation angles (0, 45, and 90 degrees). These angles were selected to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the anisotropy effects in the material. They cover both extreme orientations (0° and 90°) and include an intermediate value (45°), allowing us to assess variations in mechanical behavior across a representative range of printing orientations, consistent with prior research in the field. The experimental tests yielded data on the crack resistance and energy release rate for each angle of orientation. There are various implications of the findings, beyond materials engineering, for applications in biomedicine. Indeed, this same approach opens the door to new research methods for manufacturing certified biocompatible materials from such durable resins. Finally, complementary issues such as related medical applications have been slightly addressed for future work, since biomedicine innovation clusters can contribute to accelerating growth in this crucial field for productive sector activity and the local business environment.

Este artículo aporta al conocimiento de la fonología suprasegmental del Mapudungun (específicamente, del acento), aspecto que ha sido escasamente abordado, en comparación con la fonía segmental de esta lengua. Sus focos principales son determinar cómo se distribuye el acento léxico en el Lafkenche hablado en la localidad de Los Álamos, Octava Región de Chile; y la comparación con el trabajo de Ortiz (2021), el cual se ocupa de este aspecto prosódico en el cordón cordillerano de habla Pewenche. Para ello, se determinaron las sílabas tónicas de palabras monomorfémicas bisilábicas y trisilábicas elicitadas a 6 hablantes adultos bilingües de Mapudungun-español. Los resultados muestran una clara tendencia a emplear una acentuación paroxítona, lo que difiere del habla del cordón cordillerano de habla Pewenche, donde predomina la acentuación oxítona. Esta diferencia puede explicarse por el mayor grado de contacto del Lafkenche con el español. Además, se estableció que la ocurrencia de la sílaba CVC no cumple un rol prominente en la asignación del acento en la zona.

En este estudio se entregan datos de tipo descriptivo de las consonantes retroflejas /ɻ/ y /ʈ͡ʂ/ del mapudungun hablado en Alto Biobío, para conocer sus alófonos, la ocurrencia de ellos y, de esta manera, realizar un contraste con los estudios previos. Los datos provienen de 10 hablantes adultos (5 de sexo femenino y 5 de sexo masculino). Los resultados muestran 3 realizaciones alofónicas del fonema /ɻ/: [ɻ], [ɻˠ] y [ʐ], y dos del fonema /ʈ͡ʂ/: [ʈ͡ʂ] y [ʈ]. La comparación de estos alófonos y sus respectivas frecuencias de aparición con las de otras variedades del cordón cordillerano de habla pehuenche evidencian que en Alto Biobío los alófonos no canónicos aproximante velarizado [ɻˠ] y oclusivo retroflejo [ʈ], que en las otras variantes no ocurren o tienen una frecuencia marginal, ocurren con un importante 11 % y un 30 %, respectivamente.

In buildings, ventilation, or rather, a lack of airtightness facilitates air leaks, from the outside to the inside and vice versa, and is not controlled. Cold air enters through the enclosure, and warm air is lost to the outdoors, due to the poor hermeticity of the facades, roofs, carpentry, ducts, etc. In order to quantify the airtightness in multi-family dwellings in Madrid, 151 blower door tests have been carried out in multi-family dwellings built in different periods whose execution has been regulated by the UNE-EN 13829 standard. Through its quantification by an n50 value, the average values of 5.8 renovations per hour have been obtained in addition to detecting the main points where air infiltration occurs. The constant improvement in the transmittance of construction elements has indicated that the entry of outside air has a progressively greater relevance to the total energy consumed by the residential sector while facilitating the uncontrolled movement of air through the building envelope. This not only implies higher energy consumption but also generates a series of problems that affect the health of the occupants, such as a lack of thermal comfort, entry of pollutants and odours, noise, inadequate operation of ventilation systems, and less protection against fire.

This study examined the effect of including seductive details in an expository-structured scientific text. 66 low prior-knowledge students read the text without a seductive detail, or with an interesting biographic detail. Interestingness associated to the materials was pre-tested in a preliminary study. Post-reading memory (text recall and literal sentences verification task), comprehension (inferred sentences verification task), and synthesis capacity (title selection) were collected. Results revealed that the condition that read the biographic detail showed the poorest recall and the highest error rate in the verification of sentences related to the text segments adjacent to the detail. These results are interpreted considering the deviated integration hypothesis.

The study examined how readers integrate information from and about multiple information sources into a memory representation. In two experiments, college students read brief news reports containing two critical statements, each attributed to a source character. In half of the texts, the statements were consistent with each other, in the other half they were discrepant. Each story also featured a non-source character (who made no statement). The hypothesis was that discrepant statements, as compared to consistent statements, would promote distinct attention and memory only for the source characters. Experiment 1 used short interviews to assess participants' ability to recognize the source of one of the statements after reading. Experiment 2 used eye-tracking to collect data during reading and during a source-content recognition task after reading. As predicted, discrepancies only enhanced memory of, and attention to source-related segments of the texts. Discrepancies also enhanced the link between the two source characters in memory as opposed to the non-source character, as indicated by the participants' justifications (Experiment 1) and their visual inspection of the recognition items (Experiment 2). The results are interpreted within current theories of text comprehension and document literacy.

Esta investigación presenta los fonemas segmentales y realizaciones alofónicas del mapudungun hablado en Los Álamos, VIII Región del Biobío. Es un estudio de carácter descriptivo, realizado de acuerdo con el formato estándar del descriptivismo norteamericano. Los datos fueron entregados por seis adultos hablantes de las localidades rurales de Pangue y Sara de Lebu. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron dos listas léxicas ad hoc. Luego de presentar el inventario de fonemas y alófonos, este artículo se focaliza en los segmentos de estatus controversial [t̟]/[n̟]/[l̟], [ʃ]/[tʃ], [ɣ], [v]/[f] y [ð]/[θ]. Los principales resultados obtenidos incluyen la ausencia de estatus fonémico de [n̟] y [l̟]; el estatus fonémico de [t̟], [ʃ] y [ɣ]; la tendencia a realizar con sonoridad los segmentos fricativos labiodental e interdental ([v] y [ð]); y la ocurrencia de algunos segmentos que podrían ser atribuidos de manera plausible a la influencia de la fonología segmental del español.

Tüfa chi zugu mew güneltugey chem ñi azkonkülen mufü pin mew chew ñi wepümtugen kimeltugen ta kewüh wej kake kishu azmapu kewüh, feygen ta mapunzugun. Femechi mew tukugey fij az güneltun ñi mülewmen mew wej zoygey kishu az güneluwün kimün ye- nieyewmelu ta elürpuel chi kewüh. Fey wüxampüramgey fij azküno kimeltugen ta kewüh chew ñi newenyegetun, fij günel azküno kewüh kimeltun kimün ka tüfeychi kishu azkünow mapun kimüngewmechi kewüh kimün mew. Ka xürüwüngechi zugu mew, wepümtugey fij zuguntukun güneltun, chumgechi ñi yeniegen mapunzugun fey ti chi epu rume kimeltuwün-kewüh zugu piel mew, ka may chum nüwmen mapun az kimün ka rakizuam mew feygen ñi pelom püramgeal mapun kimeltuwün zugu kizugenkülen chi azkünowün kimeltun. Kiñe yaf püram pefal zugu tüfachi pin mew rume fanentugen ñi amuael wej ñi konael tüfachi mapun azküno kimel- tuwün nüwmeyelu ta mapun azmogen mew, femechi ñi newenyegetuael mapun kewüh, femechi ñi inakonkülepuael wi- gka kimün güneltun kimeltun wenunye- niel chi kewüh mew.

Abstract We examined the contribution of Internet operational and navigation skills, previous knowledge, and working memory capacity to expository text comprehension as a lesson within an e-learning course. As different from previous studies in controlled settings; this study addressed students’ typical behavior in more ecological conditions. The first study tested self-reported Internet Skills Scale structure, reliability and concurrent validity, in a sample of 254 college students from a large Latin American public university. The second study addressed the contribution of self-reported Internet skills, previous domain knowledge, and working memory capacity to text comprehension in e-learning. Students (n = 125) read high or low previous knowledge expository science texts and answered questions about them, in an e-learning course specifically designed for research purposes, accessed remotely. They also completed working memory tests. Working memory and navigation were significantly associated with text comprehension: higher working memory, and lower scores in self-reported navigation behavior, led to better comprehension. These results have implications for instructional design and reading strategies interventions.

Spontaneous fermentation or traditional method of preserving indigenous foods using several microorganisms, is frequently practiced in the marginal world. Fermented seeds and milk are mostly consumed in the form of food condiments and desserts in Africa, Asia and others parts of world. Our previous studies deal with the production of Bacteriocin-Like Inhibitory Substances by Bacillus from fermented food and quality of fermented milk consumed in Burkina Faso. The rep-PCR and sequencing were used to characterize thirty eights strains isolated various fermented foods from Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic tree were constructed by the neighbour-joining method based on 16S or 26S rRNA genes sequences using MEGA X. Based on colonies characteristics and cells morphology, biochemical tests and gene sequencing, the isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus sensu lato (13), Bacillus pumilus group (03) with one strain (LCG1) presumed LAB was identified as Bacillus australimaris or Bacillus pumilus by 16S rRNA sequencing, Enterococcus durans (03), Lactobacillus paracasei (03), Lactobacillus plantarum (04), Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (01), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (04), Kluyveromyces marxianus (01), Candida tropicalis (01), Pichia kudriavzevii (01), Clavispora lusitaniae (02), Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (01) and, Cyberlindnera fabianii (01). Several microorganisms with potential technological interest are housed in fermented foods from Burkina Faso. These microorganisms are responsible for the fermentation of food through their enzymatic activity, leading to production of fermented food with desirable organoleptic characteristics, improved food safety, the enrichment of nutrients and the promotion of health of consumers. Keywords: Fermented foods, Biodiversity, Bacillus, Lactic acid bacteria, Yeasts, Rep-PCR

RESUMEN: Se examinó la generación de inferencias causal-antecedente durante y luego de la lectura de textos expositivos con contenidos científicos poco familiares en 52 estudiantes de grado universitario (Edad M = 24.48, DS = 3.6), quienes leyeron 24 textos científicos breves. Se registraron dos medidas de activación durante la lectura (tiempos de lectura y decisión léxica) y una medida post-lectura (respuestas a preguntas); además, se controló el grado de familiaridad de los materiales. Los resultados sugieren que las inferencias causal-antecedente son generadas al leer materiales científicos poco familiares, pero el grado de activación de la información requerida por la inferencia depende de la distancia de las partes del texto a ser integradas. ABSTRACT: The generation of causal inferences-background was examined during and after the reading of expository texts with little unfamiliar scientific content in 52 university level students (M Age = 24.48, SD = 3.6), who read 24 short scientific texts. There were two activation measures during the reading (reading times and lexical decision) and a post-reading measure (answers to questions); in addition, the degree of familiarity of the material was controlled. The results suggest that causal inferences-background is generated when reading unfamiliar scientific material, but the degree of activation of the information required by inference depends on the distance of the parts of the text to be integrated.

En el presente artículo se explicitan y sistematizan mediante una serie de pasos jerarquizados -un algoritmo- los criterios que subyacen a los procesos de determinación de estatus fonético, fonológico y formas básicas de materiales lingüísticos fónicos. La secuencia que aborda el algoritmo son: (a) la determinación del estatus fonético de sonidos de origen articulatorio; (b) discriminación entre segmentos y secuencias; (c) agrupación de fonos sospechosos; (d) determinación de grupos de alófonos, distribuciones; (e) determinación de la forma básica del fonema, y (f) otros procesos de interpretación fonético-fonológica. Todas las discusiones teórico-metodológicas se respaldan con ejemplos actuales y/o casos reales de difícil solución del castellano (de Chile), poniendo así a prueba la solidez de las opciones teóricas que sustentan cada etapa del algoritmo. Finalmente, se presenta un diagrama de flujo que resume y esquematiza el funcionamiento del algoritmo.In this study, the criteria that underlie the processes for establishing the status of phonetic, phonological, and base forms of phonic linguistic data are presented in an explicit and systematized manner by means of a series of ordered steps--an algorithm. The steps of the algorithm are: (a) determining the phonetic status of sounds of articulatory origin; (b) distinguishing between segments and sequences; (c) grouping of suspect phones; (d) determining groups of allophones and distributions; (e) determining the base form of the phoneme; and (f) other processes of phonetic-phonological interpretation. All theoretical-methodological discussions are supported with current examples and/or real cases of Chilean Spanish that are difficult to resolve, thus demonstrating the reliability of the theoretical options that undergird each step of the algorithm. Finally, the algorithm's function is summarized and schematized by means of a flow chart.

El tema en que se centra este trabajo es la lengua hablada por los gitanos de Chile: el rromané jorajané. Específicamente, presentamos aquí un instrumento que, estimamos, permite determinar el grado de influencia de la fonología del español en la fonología del rromané hablado por preadolescentes gitanos y, a partir de este dato, da cuenta del estado actual y proyecciones del bilingüismo castellano-rromané. Además, presentamos la aplicación de esta propuesta a una gitana preadolescente, nómade, residente temporalmente en un campamento gitano de Lirquén, Octava Región, Chile.This work is focused on the language spoken by the Gypsies from Chile: Romani jorajané. Specifically, we present in this article a stool which let us know the level of influence of the Spanish phonology in the Romani phonology spoken by gipsy teenagers, and based on this information, to demonstrate the current condition and implications of the Spanish - Romani bilingualism. In addition, we present the application of this proposal to a nomad gipsy teenager, who lives in a gipsy squatter village in Lirquén, Octava Region, Chile.

El tema en que se centra esta presentación, dividida en dos artículos, es la lengua hablada por los gitanos: el rromané. En concreto, proponemos un grafemario para la variante hablada en Chile. Esta propuesta se enmarca en las investigaciones desarrolladas por los lingüistas Alvaro González y Gastón Salamanca acerca de los dialectos de la lengua gitana hablada en Chile y Argentina. Tales investigaciones abarcan los planos fonológico, morfológico y sintáctico. En este primer artículo, presentamos una breve introducción etnográfica sobre los gitanos de Chile, los objetivos que nos hemos propuesto con esta investigación, los marcos de referencia que se utilizaron, las consideraciones fonológicas y morfofonémicas pertinentes para la propuesta grafémica, la propuesta misma y algunas conclusiones preliminares. En un segundo artículo, presentamos una comparación de nuestra propuesta con otros grafemarios, cuatro relatos orales de la tradición gitana transcritos según el grafemario propuesto, y algunas consideraciones finales y proyecciones del trabajo.This presentation, divided into two articles, is focused on the language spoken by Gypsies: Romani. Specifically, we propose a grapheme alphabet for the variant spoken in Chile. This proposal is within the framework of the researches about dialects of gipsy language spoken in Chile and Argentina made by the linguists Alvaro González and Gastón Salamanca. Such researches include phonological, morphological and syntactic levels. In this first article, we present a brief ethnographic introduction about gypsies from Chile, the aims to achieve in this research, reference framework used, pertinent phonological and morphological considerations for a graphemic proposal, the proposal in itself and some preliminar conclusions. In a second article, we present a comparison of our proposal with other grapheme alphabets, four oral tales about gipsy tradition transcribed according to the proposed grapheme alphabet, and some final considerations and future projections.

Este artículo corresponde a la segunda parte y final de nuestra "Propuesta de grafemario para el rromané jorajané, lengua hablada por los gitanos de Chile (1)". Presentamos aquí: una comparación de nuestra propuesta con la grafía que se contiene en la Traducción del Evangelio según San Juan en Romané; una canción (yek llilí) y tres cuentos tradicionales gitanos (trin paramíchura) transcritos de acuerdo a nuestro grafemario; y algunas consideraciones finales y proyecciones de nuestra propuesta. Como expresamos en nuestro primer artículo, esperamos que este grafemario, que tiene como punto de partida premisas de la lingüística descriptiva, se constituya en una herramienta útil y práctica para la lectoescritura en rromané.This article belongs to the second and final part of our "Propuesta de grafemario para el rromané jorajané, lengua hablada por los gitanos de Chile (1)". We present in this part: a comparison of our proposal with the alphabet contained in the Traducción del Evangelio según San Juan en Romané; a song (yek llilí) and three gipsy traditional tales (star paramíchura) transcribed according to our grapheme alphabet; and some final considerations and future projections of our proposal. As we said in our first article, we hope that this graphemic alphabet, whose starting point are some premises of descriptive linguistics, can be a useful and practical tool for reading and writing in romani language.

Se estudió el impacto de incluir detalles seductores sobre el recuerdo y la comprensión de un texto expositivo de ciencias, de contenidos poco familiares para los participantes. 94 estudiantes leyeron un texto expositivo sin detalles seductores, con un detalle seductor irrelevante (sin relación causal explícita con el resto del texto), o con un detalle seductor relevante (relacionado causalmente de modo explícito con el texto). La relevancia causal y el nivel de interés asociados al detalle fueron analizados en un pre-testeo inicial de los materiales. Los resultados indicaron que la condición que recibió el detalle en versión irrelevante tuvo más dificultades que el resto para recordar los contenidos y para contestar afirmaciones derivadas del texto. La condición que recibió el detalle seductor en versión relevante, por su parte, presentó el puntaje de recuerdo más alto. Estos resultados son interpretados atendiendo a su aplicación en el uso de textos en ámbitos educacionales.

En este artículo se describen los fonemas segmentales del romané de Chile y su distribución. Además, se presenta un cuento gitano en transcripción fonémica.

RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como foco la descripción de los fonemas segmentales y las realizaciones alofónicas del mapuche hablado en Melipeuco. Se mencionan, en primer lugar, los estudios fonológicos anteriores realizados sobre la lengua mapuche. En segundo lugar, se detalla la metodología utilizada en la investigación (se mencionan aquí aspectos relativos a la zona donde se recogieron los datos, los informantes que colaboraron en ella y las características más relevantes de las transcripciones y lista léxica utilizadas). Luego, se señala el marco de referencia escogido para el análisis del material fónico (el método descriptivista norteamericano) y se presenta in extenso el inventario de fonemas y realizaciones alofónicas de esta variante del mapuche. En el quinto punto, se indican las características más relevantes de la pauta de combinación de las unidades fonémicas segmentales (se mencionan aquí las características más relevantes de la estructura silábica y de la estructura de la palabra) y los casos de fluctuación de fonemas que se detectaron. Por último, y como conclusión de esta investigación, se presenta una síntesis comparativa entre la variante estudiada y las otras variantes dialectales del mapuche. Abstract The aim of this article is to provide a description of the segmental phonemes and the allophonic realizations of oral Mapuche in Melipeuco. First, earlier phonologic studies on Mapuche are cited. Second, the research methodology is explained (details are given about the area where data were collected, participants, and the most relevant characteristics of the transcriptions and lexical lists used). Third, the theoretical framework selected for the phonic material is provided (the American descriptivist method). After that, a complete inventory of phonemes and allophonic realizations of the Melipeuco variant of Mapuche are presented. Then, the most relevant characteristics are indicated of the segmental phonemic model combination (the most relevant characteristics of the syllabic structure and word structure are mentioned here) and phoneme fluctuation. Last, and as a conclusion of this research work, a comparative synthesis is presented of the Melipeuco variant and the other dialectical variants of Mapuche.

Resumen Este artículo muestra las características más relevantes del verbo temático del rromané, lengua de los gitanos de Chile. Se presentan aquí las categorías semánticas expresadas por el verbo rromané, los paradigmas de conjugación, y los morfemas con sus respectivos alomorfos. Abstract This article shows the most relevant characteristics of the thematic verb of the Romane (language spoken by the Rom (Gypsies) of Chile). Presented herewith are the most relevant semantic categories expressed by the Romane (Romani) verb, conjugation paradigms, and morphemes with its allomorphs.

Este artículo presenta los fonemas segmentales del ludar hablado en Argentina. Además, incluye una breve introducción etnográfica de los gitanos, una referencia a estudios anteriores, algunos detalles del marco teórico empleado y un cuento en transcripción fonémica.

El error de conjunción (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983) se estudió en dos escenarios de probabilidad que suponen distintos contenidos en las tareas a resolver: ficcional y realista (Teigen, Martinussen & Lund, 1996). Participaron voluntariamente 83 sujetos de ambos sexos, alumnos de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, quienes resolvieron ambas tareas. Las diferencias halladas en las cantidades de errores de conjunción al comparar las ejecuciones en los dos escenarios fueron altamente significativas. Los resultados reflejan una disminución de los errores cuando se presentan tareas realistas en lugar de ficcionales. Tales hallazgos indican la relevancia de considerar elementos socioecológicos tanto en razonamientos probabilísticos (Hertwig & Gigerenzer, 1999) como en las estrategias didácticas de enseñanza de probabilidad.Conjunction errors were studied in two types of prediction tasks that implied different notions of probability: fictional and realistic (Teigen, Martinussen & Lund, 1996). In the present study, 83 students of Psychology of the University of Buenos Aires were asked to evaluate the probability of Argentina winning the first three matches of the World Soccer Cup 2006 (realistic) and Linda's problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). The differences found in the amount of errors between the two tasks were highly significant. Conjunction errors were reduced by judgments that involve realistic contents. Such findings indicate the relevance of considering socio ecological factors in probabilistic reasoning (Hertwig & Gigerenzer, 1999) as well as in didactic strategies.

En esta investigación se estudió la relación entre la producción de resúmenes y el tipo textual. Por un lado, la producción de un resumen implica una actividad cognitiva compleja que supone haber construido una representación concisa del texto original (Kintsch y van Dijk, 1975). Por otro lado, investigaciones previas han demostrado la influencia del tipo textual en la comprensión de textos (Meyer, 1984; Mc Namara, 2004). En este estudio, en una muestra de 83 alumnos universitarios, se administraron dos textos (expositivo y narrativo) y se solicitó la realización de un breve resumen. Luego se analizaron los puntajes obtenidos según los índices de contenido y coherencia, y se clasificaron los resúmenes según modalidad. Los resultados obtenidos muestran puntajes diferenciales entre los índices mencionados, reflejando un mejor desempeño en contenido y un efecto del tipo de texto sobre la modalidad de los resúmenes producidos.The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between summary production and type of text. Summary production implies building a concise and comprehensive representation of the original text (Kintsch & van Dijk, 1975). Previous research has shown the influence of type of text (expositive vs. narrative) in text comprehension (Meyer, 1984; Mc Namara, 2004). In this study, a total of 83 undergraduate students read a narrative and an expository text and later summarized them. Each summary was scored into two scales: content and coherence, and was classified according to its structural organization. Results indicate different scores among scales, with a better performance in content, and show an effect of the type of text on summaries' modality.

Background: Uterine fibroids disproportionately affect Black women, and exposure to chemicals from hair relaxers or straighteners ("straighteners") may contribute to fibroid development., Objectives: We examined the association between straightener use and prevalent young-onset uterine fibroids (diagnosed before age 36 y), as well as incident fibroids (diagnosed age 36-60 y), with a focus on Black women. We also examined differences in associations across birth cohorts as proxies for formulation changes., Methods: Data from 4,162 Black women in the Sister Study, a prospective cohort of women 35-74 y of age (enrolled 2003-2009), were analyzed. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for the association of straightener use at 10-13 y of age and self-reported young-onset fibroids. We used Cox regression to assess hazard ratios (HRs) for straightener use (age 10-13 y and in 12 months before enrollment) and incident fibroids among 779 premenopausal Black women. Similar analyses were conducted in 40,782 non-Hispanic White women., Results: Over 70% of Black women used straighteners. In comparison with no use, any [ OR = 1.15 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96, 1.36] and frequent use ( OR = 1.18 ; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.42) of straighteners at 10-13 y of age were associated with young-onset fibroids. This association was most apparent among those born between 1928 and 1945 ( OR = 1.78 ; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.74) and 1965-1974 ( OR = 1.64 ; 95% CI: 0.82, 3.29). Fibroid incidence from 36 to 60 y of age was modestly associated with use of straighteners at 10-13 y of age [hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.14 ; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.63] and in the 12 months prior to enrollment ( HR = 1.32 ; 95% CI: 0.88, 2.00). Among non-Hispanic White women, straightener use at 10-13 y of age was similarly associated with young-onset fibroids ( OR = 1.23 ; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.47) despite lower use ( ≤ 5 % ) of straighteners. Sensitivity analyses indicated a potential for bias due to fibroid misclassification, with an overestimation of the effect likely if nulliparous women or women from households with lower education reported their fibroid status less accurately., Discussion: Hair straightener use may be positively associated with fibroid risk. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14493.

Objectives: Neighborhood social cohesion or living in communities characterized by trust and social ties may mitigate sleep disparities among sexual minoritized vs. heterosexual persons; but its relation to sleep health is understudied among sexual minoritized groups. To investigate associations between perceived neighborhood social cohesion and sleep health among adult US men and women who identified as "lesbian or gay, bisexual, or something else," we used cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey data (2013-2018)., Methods: Participants reported neighborhood social cohesion (categorized as low or medium vs. high) and sleep characteristics. Adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and residential characteristics, we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals for poor sleep., Results: Among 4666 sexual minoritized adults, 44% reported low, 32% medium, and 24% high neighborhood social cohesion. Women, minoritized racial/ethnic groups, and young adults disproportionately reported low neighborhood social cohesion. Overall, low vs. high neighborhood social cohesion was associated with a higher prevalence of short sleep (PR=1.27 [95% confidence interval:1.11-1.45]) and all sleep disturbances (e.g., PR insomnia symptoms =1.36 [1.19-1.55]). PRs were often higher as intersectionality or membership to multiple minoritized groups increased., Conclusions: Lower perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with poorer sleep. Fostering community cohesiveness may mitigate sleep disparities among sexual minoritized adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In environmental epidemiology, we use an array of tools from various, related disciplines to answer key questions about environmental exposures in relation to health outcomes. Typically, we ask questions related to what, who, where, when, and how. We value these questions because they contribute to novel scientific discovery and our understanding of disease etiology linked to environmental exposures. In addition, these questions help us better understand who might be at highest risk of exposure and subsequent risk of disease. Although necessary for the goals of environmental epidemiology, these questions are insufficient for addressing environmental health disparities. Specifically, these questions may be able to help us describe exposure-health outcome associations but are limited in their ability to move beyond identification to intervening on observed disparities to achieve environmental health equity., Objectives: We sought to emphasize the need to value and routinely add the key question of "Why?" in environmental epidemiological studies. In asking this additional critical question, we can identify and incorporate the structural determinants and drivers of environmental exposure disparities and determine whether these factors are linked to existing and historically recalcitrant health disparities. Further, we can design effective studies that build on existing frameworks to address the fundamental causes of environmental health disparities., Discussion: This commentary underscores the need to routinely incorporate "why" questions in the practice of environmental epidemiology. By asking and addressing "Why?" we can employ better, more solution-oriented study designs, improve data collection, and enhance our ability to collaborate with diverse study populations through trust-building and community-engaged research. Incorporating these approaches will move environmental epidemiology forward from mostly documenting to actively addressing environmental health disparities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14513.

Background: Studies have shown an association between hair product use and adverse health outcomes. Scientists have hypothesized that exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) drives these associations, but few studies have directly evaluated associations between hair product use and biomarkers of EDCs. Even more limited are studies of Black women, who frequently use EDC-containing products (e.g., hair relaxers)., Objective: We estimated associations between hair product use and EDC biomarker concentrations., Methods: We leveraged cross-sectional data from the Study of Environment, Lifestyle, and Fibroids, a cohort of females aged 23-34 years who self-identified as Black/African American from the Detroit-metropolitan area (USA; n = 425). On structured questionnaires, participants reported their past 24-h and past 12-month use of hair products, including relaxers/straighteners/perms, styling products, moisturizers, oils, and hair food. We quantified urinary concentrations of 19 phthalate/phthalate alternative metabolites, 7 phenols, and 4 parabens using high performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. EDC biomarker concentrations were creatinine-adjusted and natural log-transformed. We used multivariable linear regression to estimate mean percent differences in EDC biomarker concentrations and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with hair product use, adjusting for sociodemographic confounders., Results: Hair product use was associated with greater concentrations of multiple EDC biomarkers. Notably, use of hair products in the previous 24 h (compared with non-use) was associated with 16.2% (95% CI = 0.7%, 35.9%), 35.0% (95% CI = 2.6%, 77.6%), and 32.3% (95% CI = 8.8%, 92.0%) higher concentrations of mono-isobutyl phthalate, methyl paraben, and ethyl paraben, respectively. Use of hair relaxers/straighteners/perms, styling products, moisturizers, oils, and hair food in the past 12 months was also associated with higher concentrations of multiple phthalate, phenol, and paraben biomarkers., Conclusion: Hair product use was associated with higher biomarker concentrations of multiple phthalates, phenols, and parabens. These findings suggest that hair products are potentially important exposure sources for hormonally-active chemicals among Black women., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Racially minoritised groups tend to have poorer cardiovascular health (CVH) than non-Hispanic (NH)-White adults and are generally more likely to work in labourer or support service positions where job strain-associated with cardiovascular disease-is often high. Yet, few studies have included racially/ethnically diverse samples., Methods: Using 2004-2018 National Health Interview Survey cross-sectional data, we investigated standardised occupational classifications in relation to 'ideal' CVH using a modified 'ideal' CVH (mICVH) metric among US adults (n=230 196) by race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age, and income. mICVH was defined as a report of 'yes' to the following: never smoked/former smoker; body mass index (≥18.5-25 kg/m 2 ); physical activity (≥150-300 min/week moderate or ≥75-150 min/week vigorous); sleep duration (7-9 hours/night); and no prior diagnosis of dyslipidaemia, hypertension, or diabetes/pre-diabetes. Adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical factors, and health behaviour confounders, we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs of mICVH overall and by race/ethnicity and performed Wald tests for interaction., Results: Latinx (53%) and NH-Black (37%) adults were more likely than NH-White adults (29%) to report labourer positions and had the lowest prevalence of mICVH (5.2% (Latinx) and 3.9% (NH-Black)). Labourer versus professional/management occupational class positions were associated with a lower mICVH prevalence among NH-Asian (PR=0.60 (0.46-0.79)), NH-White (PR=0.80 (0.74-0.87)) and NH-Black (PR=0.77 (0.58-1.01)), but with no evidence of an association among Latinx (PR=0.94 (0.78-1.14) adults; p interaction <0.001)., Conclusions: In conclusion, working in labourer versus professional/management positions was associated with lower mICVH, except among Latinx adults. Given the higher likelihood of labourer occupations and lower prevalence of mICVH among minoritised racial/ethnic groups, social determinants related to occupational class should be considered in future studies of racial and ethnic disparities in CVH., Competing Interests: Competing interests None declared.

Background: Compared to White women, Black women in the United States are more likely to use personal care products (PCPs) with higher concentrations of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and harsher chemical formulations. This may contribute to differential health outcomes in Black women such as increased risk of breast cancer, cardiometabolic outcomes, adverse birth outcomes, and uterine fibroids., Objective: Classify distinct PCP use patterns across multiple types of products and examine how patterns vary by socio-demographic characteristics., Methods: The Study of Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids is a cohort study of reproductive-aged Black individuals living around Detroit, Michigan. Using self-reported data on frequency of PCP collected between 2013-2018, we employed latent class analysis to identify distinct groups of participants with similar PCP use. Socio-demographic characteristics were compared across latent classes., Results: Among 1562 participants, we identified 6 latent classes: Lower Overall; Higher Nailcare; Higher Skincare; Moderate Overall; Higher Makeup/Haircare/Skincare; Higher Overall. Makeup and nailcare usage were the most predictive for classifying participants into groups. Participants in classes with less frequent use of all PCPs and those with only high use of nailcare products, were more likely to report lower socio-economic status (SES), be current smokers, have a body mass index of ≥35 kg/m 2 , and have ≥3 births. In comparison, participants in classes with average and more frequent use of PCPs were more likely to report higher SES, be non-smokers, be nulliparous, and have ever used oral contraceptives., Impact Statement: This study is one of the first detailed assessments of PCP usage among a large cohort of young adult Black women that considers multiple product categories including makeup, hair, skin, nail, and vaginal products. Latent class analysis was used to capture complex patterns of PCP use and identify distinct groups of individuals with similar product use. Although the latent classes are specific to this study population, the identified socio-demographic characteristics or behaviors associated with latent classes may inform targeted and impactful exposure reduction strategies in similar populations., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Background: Hair products may be a source of harmful chemicals and have been linked to age-related health outcomes. We investigated whether the use of hair products is related to epigenetic age in a sample of Black (both Hispanic and non-Hispanic) and non-Hispanic White women., Methods: In a subset of 4358 participants aged 35-74 years from the Sister Study, we estimated cross-sectional associations between self-reported use of four chemical hair products (permanent dye, semipermanent dye, straighteners/relaxers, and hair permanents/body waves) in the year before enrollment (2003-2009) and three DNA methylation-based measures of epigenetic age (DunedinPACE, GrimAge age acceleration [GrimAgeAccel], and PhenoAge age acceleration [PhenoAgeAccel]) using survey-weighted multivariable linear regressions. Associations were estimated both overall and by self-identified race and ethnicity, adjusting for chronological age, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, body mass index, menopausal status, and DNA methylation platform., Results: Associations between the use of hair products and the three epigenetic age measures were largely null. Use of hair permanents/body waves was modestly associated with higher DunedinPACE among all participants ( β ever-never = 0.010; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.001, 0.019) and with lower PhenoAgeAccel among Black women ( β ever-never = -1.53; 95% CI = -2.84, -0.21)., Conclusion: In this US-based study, we found little evidence of associations between chemical hair product use and epigenetic age in Black and non-Hispanic White women. Observed associations were modest and largely not supported by dose-response relationships or were inconsistent across epigenetic age measures. Previously observed associations between chemical hair product use and aging-related health outcomes may not be explained by the biological aging pathways captured by DunedinPACE, GrimAgeAccel, or PhenoAgeAccel. Alternative biological pathways are worth investigating in racially diverse samples., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report.

Background: Minoritized racial/ethnic groups and women in the United States (US) are disproportionately burdened by food insecurity, which likely contributes to disparities in cardiovascular health (CVH). Disparities are projected to widen due to the worsening climate crisis that is straining the agricultural system including food supplies. Nonetheless, studies have not investigated the relationship between food security status and 'ideal' CVH in a large, nationally-representative and racially/ethnically diverse US sample., Methods and Results: We investigated household food security status in relation to 'ideal' CVH among US adults (N = 157,001) using 2014-2018/2020 National Health Interview Survey data. Food security status was defined as very low, low, marginal, or high. A summed score of 4 health behaviors and 3 clinical factors totaling 7 different measures was dichotomized (yes/no) to assess modified 'ideal' CVH (mICVH). Using Poisson regression with robust variance, we estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs of mICVH by household food security status. We stratified models by sex/gender and race/ethnicity. Very low food security prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic (NH)-Black (8.0%) compared to Hispanic/Latinx (5.1%), NH-White (3.1%) and NH-Asian (1.7%) adults. The association between very low versus high food security and mICVH was stronger among women (PR = 0.23 [95% CI: 0.17-0.31]) than men (PR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.35-0.66]). Compared to NH-White adults with high food security, racially/ethnically minoritized groups with very low to high food security were generally less likely (range: [PR very low  = 0.25[95% CI: 0.14-0.44] - [PR high  = 0.88 [95% CI: 0.79-0.97]) to meet mICVH criteria., Conclusions: Food insecurity was associated with lower mICVH prevalence and racially/ethnically minoritized groups were disproportionately burdened., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Objective: To investigate associations between perceived childhood neighborhood safety and sleep over the life course., Methods: Among a cohort of 1693 Black/African American women aged 23-35 years at enrollment (2010-2012), participants recalled neighborhood safety (safe vs. unsafe) when they were 5, 10, and 15 years old. Participants' mothers/caregivers and participants reported sleep-related health behaviors at age 5. We used ordinal logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sleep-related health behaviors (i.e., rarely/never or sometimes vs. mostly/always going to bed by 8:00 p.m., bed in a quiet room, bed in a dimly lit or unlit room), separately. Adulthood sleep duration and insomnia symptoms were reported at enrollment and over three follow-up periods. We applied generalized estimating equations to log binomial regression models to estimate relative risks (RR) for adulthood sleep characteristics., Results and Conclusions: Four percent of participants reported an unsafe neighborhood at age 5 years, only, and 12% reported an unsafe neighborhood at all ages. Participants in perceived unsafe vs. safe neighborhoods at age 5 had higher odds of poor sleep-related health behaviors (e.g., rarely/never or sometimes going to bed in a quiet room: OR = 1.73 [1.27-2.35]). Participants in perceived unsafe vs. safe neighborhoods throughout childhood had higher risk of short sleep (RR = 1.10 [1.02-1.18]) and insomnia symptoms (RR = 1.07 [1.00-1.15]) during adulthood after adjustment for life course socioeconomic characteristics and adulthood health behaviors and characteristics. Perceived unsafe childhood neighborhood was associated with poorer sleep over the life course and may serve as an early intervention target., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lauren Hale reports a relationship with Harvard Medical School that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with University of Miami that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with Auburn University that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with New York University that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with Columbia University that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with Princeton University Health Services that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with National Sleep Foundation that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale reports a relationship with Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Lauren Hale ended her term as Editor-in-Chief of Sleep Health in 2020. Lauren Hale has not received any funding for work on this manuscript. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Introduction: Pregnant women and their offspring are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity and its adverse effects during critical periods of fetal development. Racially/ethnically minoritized women in the United States (US) who are pregnant are additionally burdened by food insecurity, which may exacerbate cardiovascular health (CVH) disparities. Despite heightened social vulnerability, few studies have employed an intersectional framework, including race and gender, to assess the food insecurity and CVH relationship., Methods: We used 2012-2018 and 2020 National Health Interview Survey data among US pregnant women aged 18-49 years old ( N  = 1,999) to assess the prevalence of food insecurity status by race/ethnicity and to investigate household food security status in relation to ideal CVH, using a modified ideal CVH (mICVH) metric. We categorized food security status as "very low/low", "marginal", or "high". To assess mICVH, a summary score of 7 clinical characteristics and health behaviors was dichotomized as yes [(7)] vs. no [<7]. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of associations between food security status and mICVH were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance. Models were adjusted for age, household income, educational attainment, geographic region, marital status, alcohol consumption, survey year, and race/ethnicity (in overall model)., Results: The mean age ± standard error was 29.0 ± 0.2 years. Among pregnant women, 12.7% reported "very low/low", 10.6% reported "marginal", and 76.7% reported "high" food security. "Very low/low" food security prevalence was higher among NH-Black (16.2%) and Hispanic/Latina (15.2%) pregnant women compared to NH-White (10.3%) and NH-Asian (3.2%) pregnant women. The mICVH prevalence was 11.6% overall and 14.5% for NH-White, 4.1% for NH-Black, 5.0% for Hispanic/Latina, and 26.7% for NH-Asian pregnant women. Among all pregnant women, "very low/low" and "marginal" vs. "high" food security status was associated with a lower prevalence of mICVH {[PR very low/low  = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.08-0.75)]; [PR marginal  = 0.47 (95% CI: 0.23 -0.96)]}., Conclusion: Household food insecurity was higher among pregnant women in minoritized racial/ethnic groups and was associated with lower mICVH prevalence. Given the higher burden of food insecurity among minoritized racial/ethnic groups, food security may be an important intervention target to help address disparities in poor CVH among pregnant women., Competing Interests: CP and WJ were employed by Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Murkey, Gaston, Payne, Jackson II and Jackson.)

Importance: Although understudied, there are likely within-group differences among minoritized racial and ethnic groups in associations between racial and ethnic discrimination (RED) and hypertension risk, as minoritized individuals with higher educational attainment may more frequently encounter stress-inducing environments (eg, professional workplace settings, higher-income stores and neighborhoods) characterized by, for instance, exclusion and antagonism., Objectives: To investigate educational attainment as a potential effect modifier of associations between RED and hypertension risk among US women; the study hypothesis was that the magnitude of associations would be stronger among participants with higher vs lower educational attainment., Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a nested case-control study using Sister Study data collected at enrollment (2003-2009) and over follow-up visits until September 2019. Among eligible US Black or African American (hereafter Black), Latina, and non-Hispanic White women without prior hypertension diagnoses, incidence density sampling was performed to select self-reported hypertension cases that developed over a mean (SD) follow-up 11 (3) years. Data were analyzed August 2022 to February 2023., Exposures: Participants reported lifetime everyday (eg, unfair treatment at a business) and major (eg, mistreatment by police) RED via a self-administered questionnaire., Main Outcome and Measures: Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for associations between RED and hypertension by educational attainment category at baseline (college or higher, some college, and high school or less) within racial and ethnic groups., Results: Among 5179 cases (338 [6.5%] Black; 200 [3.9%] Latina; and 4641 [89.6%] non-Hispanic White) and 10:1 race and ethnicity- and age-matched control participants with a mean (SD) age of 55 (9) years at enrollment, half (49.9%) of women reported attaining college or higher education, and Black women with college or greater education had the highest burden of RED (eg, 83% of case participants with college or higher education reported everyday RED compared with 64% of case participants with high school or less education). Everyday RED was associated with higher hypertension risk among Black women with college or higher education (OR, 1.56 [95% CI, 1.06-2.29]) but not among Black women with some college (OR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.47-1.11]), with evidence of both multiplicative and additive interaction. Results for Black women with high school or less education suggested increased risk, but confidence intervals were wide, and the result was not statistically significant but may be clinically significant (OR, 1.89 [95% CI, 0.83-4.31]). Educational attainment was not a modifier among other racial and ethnic groups or for associations with major RED., Conclusions and Relevance: In this nested case-control study of RED and hypertension risk, chronic or everyday RED-associated hypertension disproportionately affected Black women with the highest levels of educational attainment.

Background: Personal care products (PCPs) contain many different compounds and are a source of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including phthalates and phenols. Early-life exposure to EDCs commonly found in PCPs has been linked to earlier onset of puberty., Objective: To characterize the human and animal evidence on the association between puberty-related outcomes and exposure to PCPs and their chemical constituents and, if there is sufficient evidence, identify groups of chemicals and outcomes to support a systematic review for a class-based hazard or risk assessment., Methods: We followed the OHAT systematic review framework to characterize the human and animal evidence on the association between puberty-related health outcomes and exposure to PCPs and their chemical constituents., Results: Ninety-eight human and 299 animal studies that evaluated a total of 96 different chemicals were identified and mapped by key concepts including chemical class, data stream, and puberty-related health outcome. Among these studies, phthalates and phenols were the most well-studied chemical classes. Most of the phthalate and phenol studies examined secondary sex characteristics and changes in estradiol and testosterone levels. Studies evaluating PCP use and other chemical classes (e.g., parabens) had less data., Conclusions: This systematic evidence map identified and mapped the published research evaluating the association between exposure to PCPs and their chemical constituents and puberty-related health outcomes. The resulting interactive visualization allows researchers to make evidence-based decisions on the available research by enabling them to search, sort, and filter the literature base of puberty-related studies by key concepts. This map can be used by researchers and regulators to prioritize and target future research and funding to reduce uncertainties and address data gaps. It also provides information to inform a class-based hazard or risk assessment on the association between phthalate and phenol exposures and puberty-related health outcomes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Objective: Research investigating cannabis use and sleep health is limited, and results are mixed. Few studies were nationally representative with racially-ethnically diverse samples or assessed potential modifiers. Our objective was to investigate cross-sectional associations between reported cannabis use and sleep disturbances by potential modifiers among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic/Latino men and women in the United States., Methods: We used nationally representative National Comorbidity Survey-Replication data collected from 2001 to 2003 among 3929 adults. Poisson regression with robust variance estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals of patterns of sleep disturbances identified through latent class analysis. Models adjusted for sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics were stratified by race-ethnicity and by race-ethnicity along with sex/gender, and age, separately., Results: Over half of adults reported cannabis use (52%-ever/lifetime vs 48%-never). We identified two latent classes: multiple sleep disturbances with daytime sleepiness and no sleep disturbances with some daytime sleepiness. Prevalence of multiple sleep disturbances with daytime sleepiness was higher among participants reporting lifetime cannabis use (23% vs 20%). Associations did not vary by race-ethnicity or sex/gender. Lifetime vs never cannabis use was marginally associated with a higher prevalence of multiple sleep disturbances with daytime sleepiness only among adults aged 25-29years (PR=1.09 [95% confidence interval: 1.00-1.18]; eg, PR age 40+ years =1.00 [0.97-1.03], p interaction =0.03)., Conclusions: Associations between cannabis use and sleep may vary by age. Replication with more recent data and prospective studies that investigate intersectional identities among diverse populations with objective assessments are warranted., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflict of interest Outside of the current work, OMB received subcontract grants to Pennsylvania State University from Proactive Life (formerly Mobile Sleep Technologies) doing business as SleepSpace (National Science Foundation grant #1622766 and National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging Small Business Innovation Research Program R43AG056250, R44 AG056250), honoraria/travel support for lectures from Boston University, Boston College, Tufts School of Dental Medicine, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, New York University, University of Miami, University of South Florida, University of Utah, University of Ariona, and Allstate, consulting fees from Sleep Number, and an honorarium from the National Sleep Foundation for his role as the Editor-in-Chief of Sleep Health (sleephealthjournal.org). The remaining authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: In the United States (US), the health and financial consequences of COVID-19 have disproportionately impacted women and minoritized racial-ethnic groups. Yet, few US studies have investigated financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic and sleep health disparities. Our objective was to investigate associations between financial hardship and sleep disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic by gender and race and ethnicity in the United States., Methods: We used the nationally representative COVID-19's Unequal Racial Burden cross-sectional survey data collected among 5339 men and women from 12/2020 to 2/2021. Participants reported financial hardship (eg, debt, employment/work loss) since the pandemic began and completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Management Information System Short Form 4a for sleep disturbances. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using adjusted, weighted Poisson regression with robust variance., Results: Most (71%) participants reported financial hardship. Prevalence of moderate to severe sleep disturbances was 20% overall, higher among women (23%), and highest among American Indian/Alaska Native (29%) and multiracial adults (28%). Associations between financial hardship and moderate to severe sleep disturbances (PR = 1.52 [95% confidence interval: 1.18, 1.94]) did not differ by gender but varied by race and ethnicity: associations were strongest among Black/African American (PR = 3.52 [1.99,6.23]) adults., Conclusions: Both financial hardship and sleep disturbances were prevalent, and their relationships were strongest among certain minoritized racial-ethnic groups, particularly Black/African American adults. Interventions that alleviate financial insecurity may reduce sleep health disparities., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Low neighborhood social cohesion (nSC) has been associated with obesity. Still, few studies have assessed the nSC-obesity relationship among a large, nationally representative, and racially/ethnically diverse sample of the United States population. To address this literature gap, we examined cross-sectional associations among 154,480 adult participants of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) from 2013-2018. We also determined if associations varied by race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age, annual household income, and food security status. Based on a 4-item scale from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey, we categorized nSC as low, medium, and high. Based on body mass index (BMI) recommendations, we categorized obesity as ≥30 kg/m 2 . We used Poisson regression with robust variance to directly estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, such as annual household income, educational attainment, and marital status, along with other confounders. Study participants' mean age ± standard error was 47.1±0.1 years; most (69.2%) self-identified as Non-Hispanic (NH)-White, and 51.0% were women. NH-Black and Hispanic/Latinx adults comprised more of the population in neighborhoods with low nSC (14.0% NH-Black, 19.1% Hispanic/Latinx, and 61.8% NH-White) versus high nSC (7.7% NH-Black, 10.4% Hispanic/Latinx and 77.0% NH-White). Low vs. high nSC was associated with a 15% higher prevalence of obesity (PR=1.15 [95% CI: 1.12-1.18]), and the magnitude of the association was more substantial among NH-White (PR=1.21 [95% CI: 1.17-1.25]) compared to associations among Hispanic/Latinx (PR=1.04 [95% CI: 0.97-1.11]) and NH-Black (PR=1.01 [95% CI: 0.95-1.07]) adults. Low vs. high nSC was associated with a 20% higher prevalence of obesity in women (PR=1.20 [95% CI: 1.16-1.24]) compared to a 10% higher prevalence in men (PR=1.10 [95% CI: 1.06-1.14]). Low vs. high nSC was associated with a 19% higher prevalence of obesity among adults ≥50 years old (PR=1.19 [95% CI: 1.15-1.23]) compared to a 7% higher prevalence of obesity among adults <50 years old (PR=1.07 [95% CI: 1.03-1.11]). Efforts to address nSC may improve health and address health disparities., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: None declared Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

In prior research, perceived low neighborhood social cohesion (nSC) has been associated with prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, few studies have investigated the nSC-T2DM relationship among a large, racially/ethnically diverse, and nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. We used National Health Interview Survey (2013-2018) data to determine overall, age-, sex/gender-, and racial/ethnic-specific associations between nSC and T2DM among 170,432 adults. Self-reported nSC was categorized as low, medium, and high. T2DM was determined by participants being told they had diabetes by a health professional. We used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for confounders. Mean age was 47.4 ± 0.1 years, 52% were women, and 69% self-identified as Non-Hispanic (NH)-White. Low vs. high nSC was associated with a higher prevalence of T2DM (PR = 1.22 [95% CI: 1.16-1.27]), after adjustment. A higher prevalence of T2DM was observed among participants 31-49 years old who perceived low vs. high nSC (PR = 1.36 [95% CI: 1.20-1.54]) and among participants ≥50 years old (PR = 1.18 [95% CI: 1.13-1.24]). Hispanic/Latinx women 18-30 years old in neighborhoods with low vs. high social cohesion had a higher prevalence of T2DM (PR = 3.70 [95% CI: 1.40-9.80]), whereas NH-Black women 18-30 years old in neighborhoods with medium vs. high social cohesion had a lower prevalence of T2DM (PR = 0.35 [95% CI: 0.14-0.89]). Our findings support the literature by demonstrating an association between neighborhood environment and T2DM as well as extend it by identifying determinants for intervention for T2DM., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: Childhood adversity has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes risk in adulthood. However, studies have yet to investigate traumatic childhood experiences (TCEs) beyond abuse and neglect (e.g., natural disaster) while considering potential racial/ethnic differences., Research Design and Methods: To investigate race/ethnicity as a potential modifier of the association between TCEs, MetS, and type 2 diabetes, we used prospectively collected data from 42,173 eligible non-Hispanic White (NHW; 88%), Black/African American (BAA; 7%), and Hispanic/Latina (4%) Sister Study participants (aged 35-74 years) enrolled from 2003 to 2009. A modified Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey captured TCEs. At least three prevalent metabolic abnormalities defined MetS, and self-report of a new diagnosis during the study period defined type 2 diabetes. We used adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for type 2 diabetes over a mean ± SD follow-up of 11.1 ± 2.7 years, overall and by race/ethnicity. We also tested for modification and mediation by MetS., Results: Incident cases of type 2 diabetes were reported (n = 2,479 among NHW, 461 among BAA, and 281 among Latina participants). Reporting any TCEs (50% among NHW, 53% among BAA, and 51% among Latina participants) was associated with a 13% higher risk of type 2 diabetes (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.04-1.22). Associations were strongest among Latina participants (HR 1.64 [95% CI 1.21-2.22] vs. 1.09 for BAA and NHW). MetS was not a modifier but mediated (indirect effect, HR 1.01 [95% CI 1.00-1.01]; P = 0.02) the overall association., Conclusions: TCE and type 2 diabetes associations varied by race/ethnicity and were partially explained by MetS., (© 2023 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Background: Hair products may contain hazardous chemicals with endocrine-disrupting and carcinogenic properties. Previous studies have found hair product use to be associated with a higher risk of hormone-sensitive cancers including breast and ovarian cancer; however, to our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the relationship with uterine cancer., Methods: We examined associations between hair product use and incident uterine cancer among 33 947 Sister Study participants aged 35-74 years who had a uterus at enrollment (2003-2009). In baseline questionnaires, participants in this large, racially and ethnically diverse prospective cohort self-reported their use of hair products in the prior 12 months, including hair dyes; straighteners, relaxers, or pressing products; and permanents or body waves. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to quantify associations between hair product use and uterine cancer using Cox proportional hazard models. All statistical tests were 2-sided., Results: Over an average of 10.9 years of follow-up, 378 uterine cancer cases were identified. Ever vs never use of straightening products in the previous 12 months was associated with higher incident uterine cancer rates (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.12 to 2.88). The association was stronger when comparing frequent use (>4 times in the past 12 months) vs never use (HR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.46 to 4.45; Ptrend = .002). Use of other hair products, including dyes and permanents or body waves, was not associated with incident uterine cancer., Conclusion: These findings are the first epidemiologic evidence of association between use of straightening products and uterine cancer. More research is warranted to replicate our findings in other settings and to identify specific chemicals driving this observed association., (Published by Oxford University Press 2022.)

Background: Serious psychological distress (SPD) is common and more prevalent in women, older adults, and individuals with a low-income. Prior studies have highlighted the role of low neighborhood social cohesion (nSC) in potentially contributing to SPD; however, few have investigated this association in a large, nationally representative sample of the United States. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the overall and racial/ethnic-, sex/gender-, self-rated health status-, age-, and household income-specific relationships between nSC and SPD., Methods: We used data from survey years 2013 to 2018 of the National Health Interview Survey to investigate nSC and SPD among Asian, Non-Hispanic (NH)-Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and NH-White men as well as women in the United States (N = 168,573) and to determine modification by race/ethnicity, sex/gender, self-rated health status, age, and annual household income. nSC was measured by asking participants four questions related to the trustworthiness and dependability of their neighbors. nSC scores were trichotomized into low (< 12), medium (12-14), and high (15-16). SPD was measured using the Kessler 6 psychological distress scale with scores ≥ 13 indicating SPD. After adjusting for sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical confounders, we used Poisson regression with robust variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)., Results: Among 168,573 participants, most were Non-Hispanic (NH)-White (69%), and mean age was 47 ± 0.01 years. After adjustment, low vs. high nSC was associated with a 75% higher prevalence of SPD overall (PR = 1.75 [1.59-1.92]), 4 times the prevalence of SPD among Asian men (PR = 4.06 [1.57-10.50]), 2 times the prevalence of SPD among participants in at least good health (PR = 2.02 [95% CI: 1.74-2.35]), 92% higher prevalence of SPD among participants ≥ 50 years old (PR = 1.92 [1.70-2.18]), and approximately 3 times the prevalence of SPD among Hispanic/Latinx participants with household incomes ≥ $75,000 (PR = 2.97 [1.45-6.08])., Conclusions: Low nSC was associated with higher SPD in the overall population and the magnitude of the association was higher in Asian men, participants who reported good health, older participants, and Hispanic/Latinx adults with higher household incomes. Future research should continue to examine how neighborhood contexts can affect health across various sociodemographic groups, especially among groups with multiple marginalized social identities., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

To determine potential measurement error related to the assessment of lifetime discrimination, Van Dyke et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2022;191(3):370-378) investigated inconsistencies in reporting of racial, socioeconomic status, and sex discrimination over time among Black and White adults enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. The authors found that "ever" reports of discrimination (as assessed by the Experiences of Discrimination Scale) decreased over time and that populations who most experience discrimination (i.e., Black/African-American people, younger persons, persons of low socioeconomic status, and women) were often also the most likely to inconsistently report discrimination over the course of the study period (from 1992 to 2010). The authors have raised an important issue related to the potential underestimation of lifetime discrimination that may depend on when discrimination is assessed, as well as the social identity of individuals surveyed. With implications for health inequities, these findings highlight study design and methodological issues that should be addressed to accurately estimate the true burden discrimination places on health. In this commentary, we further illuminate potential methodological challenges and opportunities to consider when investigating the impact of discrimination on health., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2021. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.)