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1. Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee

Author

Dann Turner, Andrey N. Shkoporov, Cédric Lood, Andrew D. Millard, Bas E. Dutilh, Poliane Alfenas-Zerbini, Leonardo J. van Zyl, Ramy K. Aziz, Hanna M. Oksanen, Minna M. Poranen, Andrew M. Kropinski, Jakub Barylski, J Rodney Brister, Nina Chanisvili, Rob A. Edwards, François Enault, Annika Gillis, Petar Knezevic, Mart Krupovic, Ipek Kurtböke, Alla Kushkina, Rob Lavigne, Susan Lehman, Malgorzata Lobocka, Cristina Moraru, Andrea Moreno Switt, Vera Morozova, Jesca Nakavuma, Alejandro Reyes Muñoz, Jānis Rūmnieks, BL Sarkar, Matthew B. Sullivan, Jumpei Uchiyama, Johannes Wittmann, Tong Yigang, Evelien M. Adriaenssens, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIM - Applied Microbiology, University of the West of England [Bristol] (UWE Bristol), University College Cork (UCC), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of Leicester, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cairo University, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, University of Guelph, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration [Adelaide, Australia], Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Novi Sad, Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology [Kyiv, Ukraine], National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), University of Gdańsk (UG), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics [Warsaw] (IBB), University of Oldenburg, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine [Novosibirsk, Russia] (ICBFM SB RAS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center (BMC), National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Okayama University, Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Quadram Institute Bioscience [Norwich, U.K.] (QIB), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), B.E.D. was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator Grant 865694: DiversiPHI, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2051 – Project-ID 390713860, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the context of an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Networks grant agreement no. 955974 (VIROINF). Work by J.R.B. was supported by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health. R.A.E was supported by an award from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institute of Health RC2DK116713 and an award from the Australian Research Council, DP220102915. R.L. is supported by the research grant PHAGEFORCE from the KU Leuven. C.L. is supported by the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO Grant 12D8623N) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy – EXC 2051 – Project-ID 390713860. V.M. is supported by the Russian state-funded project For ICBFM SB RAS, Grant 121031300043-8. H.M.O. was supported by the University of Helsinki and Academy of Finland by funding for FINStruct and Instruct Centre Finland, Instruct-ERIC. M.M.P. acknowledges funding from the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Academy of Finland (grant 331627). A.N.S is supported by a Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowship [220646/Z/20/Z] and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No 101001684). E.M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), this research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10356., European Project: 865694,H2020-EU.1.1. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC),DiversiPHI(2020), and European Project: 101001684,ERC-2020-COG,PHAGENET(2021)

Subjects
Science & Technology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Virology, General Medicine, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract

This article summarises the activities of the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses for the period of March 2021−March 2022. We provide an overview of the new taxa proposed in 2021, approved by the Executive Committee, and ratified by vote in 2022. Significant changes to the taxonomy of bacterial viruses were introduced: the paraphyletic morphological families Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, and Myoviridae as well as the order Caudovirales were abolished, and a binomial system of nomenclature for species was established. In addition, one order, 22 families, 30 subfamilies, 321 genera, and 862 species were newly created, promoted, or moved.

Published
2023
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2. Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the ICTV: Update of taxonomy changes in 2021

Author

Krupovic, Mart, Turner, Dann, Morozova, Vera, Dyall-Smith, Mike, Oksanen, Hanna M., Edwards, Rob, Dutilh, Bas E., Lehman, Susan M., Reyes, Alejandro, Baquero, Diana P., Sullivan, Matthew B., Uchiyama, Jumpei, Nakavuma, Jesca, Barylski, Jakub, Young, Mark J., Du, Shishen, Alfenas-Zerbini, Poliane, Kushkina, Alla, Kropinski, Andrew M., Kurtboke, Ipek, Brister, J. Rodney, Lood, Cedric, Sarkar, B. L., Yigang, Tong, Liu, Ying, Huang, Li, Wittmann, Johannes, Chanishvili, Nina, van Zyl, Leonardo J., Rumnieks, Janis, Mochizuki, Tomohiro, Jalasvuori, Matti, Aziz, Ramy K., Lobocka, Malgorzata, Stedman, Kenneth M., Shkoporov, Andrey N., Gillis, Annika, Peng, Xu, Enault, Francois, Knezevic, Petar, Lavigne, Rob, Rhee, Sung-Keun, Cvirkaite-Krupovic, Virginija, Moraru, Cristina, Moreno Switt, Andrea I., Poranen, Minna M., Millard, Andrew, Prangishvili, David, Adriaenssens, Evelien M., Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIM - Applied Microbiology, Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], University of the West of England [Bristol] (UWE Bristol), Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine [Novosibirsk, Russia] (ICBFM SB RAS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), University of Melbourne, University of Helsinki, Flinders Accelerator for Microbiome Exploration [Adelaide, Australia], Utrecht University [Utrecht], U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Azabu University, Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Montana State University (MSU), Wuhan University [China], Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), University of Guelph, University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Indian Council of Medical Research [New Dehli] (ICMR), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], University of the Western Cape, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre [Rīga], Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), University of Jyväskylä (JYU), Cairo University, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Portland State University [Portland] (PSU), University College Cork (UCC), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), University of Novi Sad, Chungbuk National University, University of Oldenburg, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UC), University of Leicester, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Quadram Institute, V.M. was supported by Russian Ministry of Education and Science Project No. 0245-2021-0008, H.M.O. was supported by University of Helsinki funding for FINStruct and Instruct-ERIC research infrastructure, R.A.E. was supported by the National Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number RC2DK116713, B.E.D. was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Consolidator grant 865694: DiversiPHI, M.B.S. was supported by National Science Foundation Advances in Biological Infrastructure award #1758974, M.Y. acknowledges funding by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF9195, S.D. was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of of China grant 32070032, C.L. is supported by the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (1S64718N), L.H. was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Award XDB42000000,National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) grant 31970170, T.M. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 21H02100, 19H04827, 18K14372, and JST JPMJJR2005, and SUMITOMO Fund 200673, MJ is supported by Academy of Finland grants #336518 and #297049 and Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, R.K.A. is supported by the Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) project #3046 (JESOR), M.L. is supported by the statutory funds for the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, K.M.S. is supported by the US. National Science Foundation (MCB1929273 and MCB2025305), A.N.S. is supported by Wellcome Trust Research Career Development Fellowship (220646/Z/20/Z) and by European Research Council (ERC) grant under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 101001684), X.P. is supported by Novo Nordisk Foundation/Hallas-Møller Ascending Investigator Grant (grant number NNF17OC0031154) and the Danish Council for Independent Research/FNU (grant number DFF–0135-00402), S.K.R. was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2021R1A2C3004015), C.M. acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the Collaborative Research Center TRR51 Roseobacter (INST 184/170-1), M.M.P. acknowledges funding from the Academy of Finland (grant 331627) and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, E.M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), this research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10356., European Project: 865694,H2020-EU.1.1. - EXCELLENT SCIENCE - European Research Council (ERC),DiversiPHI(2020), European Project: 101001684,ERC-2020-COG,PHAGENET(2021), Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), University of the Western Cape (UWC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, and Molecular and Translational Virology

Subjects
Archaeal Viruses, Societies, Scientific, virukset, Library science, Biology, bakteriofagit, Executive committee, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology Division News, Virology, viruses, Bacteriophages, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomy, 11832 Microbiology and virology, 0303 health sciences, Science & Technology, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, systematiikka (biologia), General Medicine, Archaea, virologia, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Taxonomy (biology), Bacterial virus, Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Abstract

In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-021-05205-9.

Published
2021
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3. Taxonomy of prokaryotic viruses: 2018-2019 update from the ICTV Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee

Author

Adriaenssens, Evelien M, Sullivan, Matthew B, Knezevic, Petar, van Zyl, Leonardo J, Sarkar, B L, Dutilh, Bas E, Alfenas-Zerbini, Poliane, Łobocka, Małgorzata, Tong, Yigang, Brister, James Rodney, Moreno Switt, Andrea I, Klumpp, Jochen, Aziz, Ramy Karam, Barylski, Jakub, Uchiyama, Jumpei, Kropinski, Andrew M, Petty, Nicola K, Clokie, Martha R J, Kushkina, Alla I, Morozova, Vera V, Duffy, Siobain, Gillis, Annika, Rumnieks, Janis, Kurtböke, İpek, Chanishvili, Nina, Goodridge, Lawrence, Wittmann, Johannes, Lavigne, Rob, Jang, Ho Bin, Prangishvili, David, Enault, Francois, Turner, Dann, Poranen, Minna M, Oksanen, Hanna M, Krupovic, Mart, Sub Bioinformatics, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Quadram Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering [Columbus, USA] (CEGE), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), University of Novi Sad, Institute for Microbial Biotechnology and Metagenomics [Cape Town, South Africa] (IMBM), University of the Western Cape (UWC), National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics [Utrecht, The Netherlands], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Institute of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Beijing University of Chemical Technology, National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Universidad Andrés Bello [Santiago] (UNAB), Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health [Zurich, Suisse] (IFNH), Department of Health Sciences and Technology [ETH Zürich] (D-HEST), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Cairo University, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Azabu University, San Diego State University (SDSU), University of Guelph, Ontario Veterinary College [Univ. Guelph, Canada], iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), University of Leicester, D.K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology [Kyiv, Ukraine], National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine [Novosibirsk, Russia] (ICBFM SB RAS), Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Rutgers University [Newark], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Imperial College London, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre [Rīga], University of the Sunshine Coast (USC), George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences [Bristol, UK], University of the West of England [Bristol] (UWE Bristol), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, This research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent project(s) BBS/E/F/000PR10353. B.E.D. was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), Vidi Grant 864.14.004. R.A.E was supported by Grant MCB-1330800 from the National Science Foundation. J.R.B. was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. R.L. is a member of the PhageBiotics Research Community, supported by FWO Vlaanderen. M.M.P. was supported by the Academy of Finland (272507). H.M.O. was supported by University of Helsinki funding for Instruct-F1 research infrastructure., The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies of their organizations. E.M.A gratefully acknowledges the support of the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)., UCL - SST/ELI/ELIM - Applied Microbiology, University of the Western Cape, Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Universidad Andrés Bello - UNAB (CHILE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], University of Helsinki, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])

Subjects
06 Biological Sciences, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Archaeal Viruses, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Bacteriophages/classification, Bacteria, 030306 microbiology, MESH: Bacteria/virology, Coronacrisis-Taverne, General Medicine, Classification, MESH: Archaeal Viruses/classification, Archaea, 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Virology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Tumours of the digestive tract Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 14], Bacteriophages, MESH: Archaea/virology, MESH: Classification/methods, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

International audience; This article is a summary of the activities of the ICTV's Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee for the years 2018 and 2019. Highlights include the creation of a new order, 10 families, 22 subfamilies, 424 genera and 964 species. Some of our concerns about the ICTV's ability to adjust to and incorporate new DNA- and protein-based taxonomic tools are discussed.

Published
2020
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4. Centennial celebration of the bacteriophage research

Author

Patrick Forterre, Mart Krupovic, David Prangishvili, Mzia Kutateladze, Laurent Debarbieux, Département de Microbiologie - Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, MESH: Humans, Biomedical Research, MESH: Biomedical Research, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, General Medicine, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Bacteriophage, [SHS.HISPHILSO]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, Philosophy and Sociology of Sciences, stomatognathic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Centennial, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Humans, Bacteriophages, MESH: Bacteriophages, Molecular Biology, Classics
Abstract

International audience; The year 2017 marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of Félix d’Herelle entitled “On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli” in which he coined the term “bacteriophage [...]

Published
2018
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5. Expert Opinion on Three Phage Therapy Related Topics: Bacterial Phage Resistance, Phage Training and Prophages in Bacterial Production Strains

Author

Daniel Gelman, Elene Kakabadze, Grégory Resch, Dana Štveráková, Khatuna Makalatia, Bob G. Blasdel, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Gilbert Verbeken, Roman Pantucek, Laurent Debarbieux, Nina Chanishvili, Christine Rohde, Maia Merabishvili, Małgorzata Łobocka, Hilde Van Raemdonck, Andrzej Górski, Ivana Mašlaňová, Alice Maestri, Thomas Rose, Gabriel Magno de Freitas Almeida, Danish J. Malik, Ronen Hazan, Isabelle Huys, Department of Microorganisms [Braunschweig], Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), Department of Fundamental Microbiology [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Queen Astrid Military Hospital [Brussels], Département de Microbiologie - Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratory for Bacteriology Research [Ghent], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], This work was supported through the PHAGEFORWARD project of the fourth EuropeanJoint Programming Initiative on Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR) call: 'AMR Networks/Working Groups'., Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, phage therapy, Phage therapy, prophage, medicine.medical_treatment, viruses, 030106 microbiology, lcsh:QR1-502, Resistance (psychoanalysis), adaptation, lcsh:Microbiology, Bacteriophage, resistance, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, Virology, Political science, medicine, Prophage, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biology, business.industry, Conference Report, regulation, Public relations, Research findings, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Expert opinion, production, business
Abstract

Phage therapy is increasingly put forward as a "new" potential tool in the fight against antibiotic resistant infections. During the "Centennial Celebration of Bacteriophage Research" conference in Tbilisi, Georgia on 26-29 June 2017, an international group of phage researchers committed to elaborate an expert opinion on three contentious phage therapy related issues that are hampering clinical progress in the field of phage therapy. This paper explores and discusses bacterial phage resistance, phage training and the presence of prophages in bacterial production strains while reviewing relevant research findings and experiences. Our purpose is to inform phage therapy stakeholders such as policy makers, officials of the competent authorities for medicines, phage researchers and phage producers, and members of the pharmaceutical industry. This brief also points out potential avenues for future phage therapy research and development as it specifically addresses those overarching questions that currently call for attention whenever phages go into purification processes for application. ispartof: Viruses vol:10 issue:4 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Published
2018
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6. Beneficial Protective Role of Endogenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Against Mycotic Contamination of Honeybee Beebread

Author

Franck Déniel, Irakli Janashia, Emmanuel Coton, Yvan Choiset, Nina Chanishvili, Thomas Haertlé, Damian Jozefiak, Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM), Université de Brest (UBO), Teheran University, Partenaires INRAE, and Science and Technology Service of the French Embassy in Tbilisi

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Starch, Honeybee, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Lactobacillales, Pollen, Casein, [SDV.IDA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food engineering, Antibiosis, medicine, Lactic acid bacteria, Beebread, Animals, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, Food science, Antifungal activity, Symbiosis, Molecular Biology, biology, Host (biology), Aspergillus niger, Fungi, food and beverages, Bees, biology.organism_classification, Lactic acid, 010602 entomology, Transformation (genetics), 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Molecular Medicine, Bacteria
Abstract

International audience; The purpose of this article is to reveal the role of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the beebread transformation/preservation, biochemical properties of 25 honeybee endogenous Lstrains, particularly: antifungal, proteolytic, and amylolytic activities putatively expressed in the beebread environment have been studied. Seventeen fungal strains isolated from beebread samples were identified and checked for their ability to grow on simulated beebread substrate (SBS) and then used to study mycotic propagation in the presence of LAB. Fungal strains identified as Aspergillus niger (Po1), Candida sp. (BB01), and Z. rouxii (BB02) were able to grow on SBS. Their growth was partly inhibited when co-cultured with the endogenous honeybee Lstrains studied. No proteolytic or amylolytic activities of the studied Lwere detected using pollen, casein starch based media as substrates. These findings suggest that some honeybee Lsymbionts are involved in maintaining a safe microbiological state in the host honeybee colonies by inhibiting beebread mycotic contaminations, starch, and protein predigestion in beebread by Lis less probable. Honeybee endogenous Luse pollen as a growth substrate and in the same time restricts fungal propagation, thus showing host beneficial action preserving larval food. This study also can have an impact on development of novel methods of pollen preservation and its processing as a food ingredient.

Published
2018
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7. Characterization of fructophilic lactic microbiota of Apis mellifera from the Caucasus mountains

Author

Domenico Carminati, Miriam Zago, Nina Chanishvili, Irakli Janashia, Maria Emanuela Fornasari, Giorgio Giraffa, Lia Rossetti, Thomas Haertlé, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Ivan Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Research center for forage production and dairy (FLC), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation (SRNSF), Service of Science and Technology of the French Embassy in Tbilisi, and Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria (CREA)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Caucasus, medicine.drug_class, Microorganism, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Antibiotics, Population, activité bactérienne, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, law.invention, Microbiology, Honeybees, 03 medical and health sciences, Probiotic, Antibiotic resistance, Microbial ecology, law, description génétique, medicine, colonisation bactérienne, Microbiome, education, abeille, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, biology, Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria, biology.organism_classification, Microbial adhesion, 030104 developmental biology, bee, Bacteria
Abstract

Microbial symbionts of honeybee colony are considered as promising tools to support the honeybee population welfare. The majority of existing honeybee microbiota studies is focused on genetic description of the honeybee-associated microbiome fingerprints. The lack of a deeper knowledge on the bacterial community colonizing the honeybee niche, which may be helpful in encouraging industrial applications of this microbiota, led us to undertake this study. The biodiversity of the cultivable fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) isolated from adult honeybee intestine and beebread samples was studied. Phenotypic properties of probiotic interest, such as the adhesive potential using in vitro models and adhesion determinants, were also investigated. Antibiotic resistance profiles as reliable markers to evaluate the impact of long-term and current exposure of honeybees to antibiotics were phenotypically determined on the isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The mannose-specific adhesion and high cell surface hydrophobicity found in the studied FLAB isolates sheds light on the effective adaptation of microbiota to specific ecologic niche. It is the first report of phenotypically detected antibiotic resistance profiles of honeybee endogenous bacteria and the first account of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for four antibiotics used in beekeeping practice.

Published
2016
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8. Protection of honeybee apis mellifera by its endogenous and exogenous lactic flora against bacterial infections

Author

Irakli Janashia, Nata Bakuradze, Yvan Choiset, Hanitra Rabesona, Thomas Haertlé, Nina Chanishvili, Noraphat Hwanhlem, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Ivan Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), and UMR1268, Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, American foulbrood, medicine.drug_class, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030106 microbiology, Antibiotics, Gut microbiota, Biology, Gut flora, Microbial resource management, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bacteriocin, Bacteriocins, medicine, Lactic acid bacteria, lcsh:Agriculture (General), lcsh:Science (General), Pathogen, Host (biology), food and beverages, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, lcsh:S1-972, Lactic acid, chemistry, Apis mellifera, Bacteria, lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) symbionts of honeybees are certainly playing key roles in their host's colony functioning. The defense against bacterial pathogen invasion by endogenous LAB has been considered as promising and usable phenomenon. This study addresses bacteriocinogeny as one of antibacterial action mode displayed by bacteria. The honeybee endogenous LAB isolated from worker honeybee intestines (61 strains), queen honeybee intestines (16 strains) and beebread (25 strains) were tested for bacteriocin production ability. We checked also well characterized bacteriocin producing LAB strains against bacteria causing American foulbrood (AFB) – Paenibacillus larvae aiming possible use of exogenous LAB for control AFB in honeybees and in the same time to observe the vulnerability of endogenous bacteria exposed to bacteriocin producers. We demonstrated that none of 102 studied LAB strains, isolated from worker honeybee intestines, from queen honeybee intestines and from beebread, produced bacteriocins detectable by the well diffusion method (WDM). All of them failed to inhibit two strains of P. larvae . Three exogenous bacteriocin-producing LAB strains were tested against the same pathogens and against 25 endogenous bacterial isolates representing 11 different LAB species. The screening showed that all the tested exogenous bacteriocin-producing strains inhibited the tested P. larvae strains. The endogenous LAB strains exhibited varied sensitivity profiles when treated with bacteriocin-producing strains. This raises similar challenges to those observed in antibiotic applications leading to dysbacteriosis, even though the efficacy of these bacteriocins against P. larvae in an in vitro system is evident.

Published
2016
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9. Quality and safety requirements for sustainable phage therapy products

Author

Miguel Garcia, Daniel De Vos, Jérôme Gabard, Andrzej Górski, Nina Chanishvili, Olivier Patey, Gilbert Verbeken, Mikael Skurnik, Christine Rohde, Jacques Scheres, Laurent Bretaudeau, Laurent Debarbieux, Angus Buckling, Flavie Pouilot, Mario Vaneechoutte, Jason R. Clark, Volker Côrte-Real Sofia, Kaarle J. Parikka, Martin Zizi, Elizabeth Kutter, Alain Dublanchet, Rob Lavigne, Grégory Resch, Isabelle Huys, John Hardcastle, Bob G. Blasdel, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Luc Van Parys, Guy Van den Eede, Ewa Olchawa, Maia Merabishvili, Marina Goderdzishvili, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital [Brussels], Laboratory of Gene Technology, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Clean Cells, Department of Biosciences [Penryn], University of Exeter, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Novolytics Limited [Warrington], TechnoPhage [Lisbon], Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Service de Médecine Interne, Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales [Villeneuve-Saint-Georges], Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges (CHIV), Pherecydes Pharma, Medical University of Warsaw - Poland, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy [Leuven], Evergreen State College, Laboratory for Bacteriology Research [Ghent], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Instytut Biotechnologii Surowic I Szczepionek Biomed, Department of Physiology [Brussel], Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgian Defense Staff, Medical Operational Command (COMOPSMED), Department of Fundamental Microbiology [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Microorganisms [Braunschweig], Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH / Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), National Institute of Public Health, Haartman Institute [Helsinki], Faculty of Medecine [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Laboratory diagnostics, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 5th Element of Medical Intervention [Belgium] (5 EMI), European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Surgical clinical sciences, Skin function and permeability, Physiology, Medicum, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Mikael Skurnik / Principal Investigator, Immunobiology Research Program, Research Programs Unit, Clinicum, Genetica & Celbiologie, International Health, RS: FHML non-thematic output, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki

Subjects
antibiotic resistance, medicine.medical_treatment, viruses, Antibiotics, Pharmaceutical Science, Gene transfer, HUMAN PATHOGEN, Pharmacologie, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Medicine and Health Sciences, Pharmacology (medical), Personalized therapy, media_common, Medicine(all), Bacterial Infections, 3. Good health, Biological Therapy, Lytic cycle, medicinal product, 317 Pharmacy, BACTERIA, Perspective, Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology, bacteriophages, phage therapy, Phage therapy, medicine.drug_class, MESH: Bacterial Infections, media_common.quotation_subject, Biotechnologie, Biology, GENE-TRANSFER, Antibiotic resistance, medicine, Humans, Quality (business), MESH: Bacteriophages, AGENTS, Pharmacology, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Organic Chemistry, PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA, Biology and Life Sciences, Biologie moléculaire, MESH: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Chimie organique, New product development, 3111 Biomedicine, Sciences pharmaceutiques, production, business, MESH: Biological Therapy, quality and safety, RESISTANCE
Abstract

The worldwide antibiotic crisis has led to a renewed interest in phage therapy. Since time immemorial phages control bacterial populations on Earth. Potent lytic phages against bacterial pathogens can be isolated from the environment or selected from a collection in a matter of days. In addition, phages have the capacity to rapidly overcome bacterial resistances, which will inevitably emerge. To maximally exploit these advantage phages have over conventional drugs such as antibiotics, it is important that sustainable phage products are not submitted to the conventional long medicinal product development and licensing pathway. There is a need for an adapted framework, including realistic production and quality and safety requirements, that allowsa timely supplying of phage therapy products for 'personalized therapy' or for public health or medical emergencies. This paper enumerates all phage therapy product related quality and safety risks known to the authors, as well as the tests that can be performed to minimize these risks, only to the extent needed to protect the patients and to allow and advance responsible phage therapy and research., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2015
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10. Molecular detection of OXA carbapenemase genes in multidrug-resistant isolates from Iraq and Georgia

Author

Kusradze, Ia, Diene, Seydina M., Goderdzishvili, Marina, Rolain, Jean-Marc, George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Acinetobacter baumannii, enes, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, OXA carbapenemase, NDM-1, humanities, Carbapenem-resistant
Abstract

International audience; The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility to imipenem (IPM) of isolates from different countries and to characterise the carbapenemase-encoding genes in IPM-resistant isolates. A total of 12 strains collected in Belgium ( = 2), Iraq ( = 8) and Georgia ( = 2) were included in the study. Identification of the isolates was confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method, and Etest was used to determine the IPM minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of resistant isolates. The presence of carbapenemase-encoding genes was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates were eventually identified by MALDI-TOF MS with high score values. Among the 12 strains, 6 were found to be resistant to IPM (MICs ≥ 16μg/mL), comprising clinical isolates from wound infections of soldiers who were injured either during the Iraq war in 2007 (5 isolates) or during the Georgian-Russian war in 2008 (1 isolate from Georgia). All isolates contained IS and , but isolates from Iraq contained the gene located on a plasmid whereas the isolate from Georgia contained the gene located on the chromosome. None of the IPM-resistant isolates contain the - or -encoding genes. In conclusion, these results re-emphasise the worldwide dissemination of OXA carbapenemase genes in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of and, to the best of our knowledge, reports the first IPM-resistant strain isolated from a patient during the Georgian-Russian war with the gene located on the chromosome.

Published
2011
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11. The Phage Therapy Paradigm: Prêt-à-Porter or Sur-mesure?

Author

Rob Lavigne, Martin Zizi, Andrzej Górski, Nina Chanishvili, Joana Azeredo, Isabelle Huys, Maia Merabishvili, Guy Van den Mooter, Mario Vaneechoutte, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Angus Buckling, Elisabeth Kutter, Revaz Adamia, Flavie Pouillot, Daniel De Vos, Laurent Debarbieux, Geert Laire, Alain Dublanchet, Gilbert Verbeken, Physiology, Universidade do Minho, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital [Brussels], George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophages, Microbiology and Virology [Tbilisi, Georgia], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Brussels Free University, Office of the Surgeon General, Belgian Defence, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford [Oxford], Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris], Pherecydes Pharma, Evergreen State College, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Villeneuve-Saint-Georges (CHIV), Medical University of Warsaw - Poland, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Oxford, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universidade do Minho = University of Minho [Braga]

Subjects
antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages, phage therapy, Drug Industry, Phage therapy, MESH: Bacterial Infections, medicine.medical_treatment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], viruses, Pharmacology toxicology, education, Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmacy, Biology, drugs, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Anti-Bacterial Agents, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), MESH: Bacteriophages, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, health care economics and organizations, 030304 developmental biology, Pharmacology, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, Science & Technology, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Organic Chemistry, bacterial infection, Bacterial Infections, Virology, humanities, Anti-Bacterial Agents, 3. Good health, Bacteriophage Therapy, MESH: Drug Industry, Molecular Medicine, business, Biotechnology
Abstract

The present opinion is the result of discussions on the future of phage therapy (personalized or large-scale uniform therapy?) during the first International Congress on Viruses of Microbes, held at the Institut Pasteur in Paris on June 21–25, 2010.

Published
2011
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12. PHAGE-BACTERIA INTERACTIONS UNDER METAL STRESS: A STUDY OF THE NOVEL STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA PHAGE VB_STM18.

Author

Kusradze I, Rcheulishvili O, Karumidze N, Rigvava S, Rcheulishvili A, Goliadze R, Kamashidze L, Chipurupalli A, Metreveli N, and Goderdzishvili M

Subjects
Biodegradation, Environmental, Stress, Physiological drug effects, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virology, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia drug effects, Cadmium toxicity, Bacteriophages
Abstract

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a highly adaptable gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating resilience in metal-contaminated environment, which makes it a key subject for understanding microbial survival under heavy metal stress. This study investigates the effects of cadmium ions (Cd²⁺) on the growth dynamics, cadmium uptake, and bacteriophage vB_Stm18-host interactions, with implications for environmental microbiology and applied biotechnology. Growth analysis revealed that S. maltophilia tolerates Cd²⁺ at 0.01 g/L, although exposure prolonged the lag phase by 3 hours. Despite the initial growth inhibition, the bacterium adapted and achieved control-like growth levels by 18 hours. Bioaccumulation assays showed progressive cadmium uptake, reaching 1876 µg/g at 24 hours, highlighting its potential for bioremediation. The influence of Cd²⁺ on phage vB_Stm18's life cycle was assessed through adsorption efficiency and burst size measurements. Short-term exposure to Cd²⁺ caused minimal reductions in adsorption efficiency (97% vs. 98% in control) but significantly decreased the burst size to 17 particles per infected cell. Prolonged exposure exacerbated these effects, with adsorption efficiency decreasing to 58% and burst size dropping to 6 particles per infected cell, after 18 hours of pre-incubation. These findings suggest that cadmium alters bacterial surface structures, intracellular processes and disrupts phage replication and release. Therefore, this study sheds light on the molecular interplay between environmental pollutants and microbial systems providing valuable insights into microbial ecology in metal-contaminated habitats as well as informing strategies for optimizing phage therapy and bioremediation under heavy metal stress.

Published
2024

13. Lysogeny destabilizes computationally simulated microbiomes.

Author

Gilman RT, Muldoon MR, Megremis S, Robertson DL, Chanishvili N, and Papadopoulos NG

Subjects
Computer Simulation, Bacteria virology, Models, Biological, Lysogeny, Microbiota, Bacteriophages physiology
Abstract

Microbiomes are ecosystems, and their stability can impact the health of their hosts. Theory predicts that predators influence ecosystem stability. Phages are key predators of bacteria in microbiomes, but phages are unusual predators because many have lysogenic life cycles. It has been hypothesized that lysogeny can destabilize microbiomes, but lysogeny has no direct analog in classical ecological theory, and no formal theory exists. We studied the stability of computationally simulated microbiomes with different numbers of temperate (lysogenic) and virulent (obligate lytic) phage species. Bacterial populations were more likely to fluctuate over time when there were more temperate phages species. After disturbances, bacterial populations returned to their pre-disturbance densities more slowly when there were more temperate phage species, but cycles engendered by disturbances dampened more slowly when there were more virulent phage species. Our work offers the first formal theory linking lysogeny to microbiome stability., (© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2024
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14. Bacteriophage therapy for human musculoskeletal and skin/soft tissue infections.

Author

Metsemakers WJ, Onsea J, Moriarty TF, Pruidze N, Nadareishvili L, Dadiani M, and Kutateladze M

Subjects
Humans, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Europe, Soft Tissue Infections drug therapy, Bacteriophages, Phage Therapy methods
Abstract

Background: Bacteriophage therapy has a long history in the treatment of musculoskeletal and skin/soft tissue infections, particularly in the former Soviet Union. Due to the global rise in antimicrobial resistance, phage application has experienced a resurgence of interest and expanded to many countries., Objectives: This narrative review aims to provide clinical microbiologists, infectious disease specialists and surgeons a brief history of bacteriophage therapy for human musculoskeletal and soft tissue infections, as well as data on current practices and ongoing clinical studies., Sources: A search of PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed to identify relevant studies. Search terms were 'bacteriophage therapy', 'musculoskeletal infection' and 'soft tissue infection'. The bibliography of all retrieved articles was checked for additional relevant references., Content: Past and current data on the use of bacteriophage therapy for human musculoskeletal, skin and soft tissue infections are evaluated. Moreover, we present the clinical trials registered in public databases. Based on current clinical experience and data, several scenarios of bacteriophage application for human therapy are examined. Finally, we discuss legislative hurdles in the regulatory approval process and present future perspectives for bacteriophage therapy., Implications: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important global public health challenges. Several different alternatives to conventional antibiotics are under development; bacteriophage therapy is one of them. Currently, therapeutic use of phages is restrained by regulatory hurdles and largely limited to sporadic authorization in compassionate use or under temporary approval as new drugs in Europe and the US. Although bacteriophage therapy seems to be safe and clinical results of phage treatment are promising, future data from high-quality (randomized controlled) trials could provide a better understanding of the reasonable minimal criteria required for expansion of bacteriophage therapy., (Copyright © 2023 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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15. Professor Giorgi Eliava and the Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage.

Author

Chanishvili N, Myelnikov D, and Blauvelt TK

Abstract

In the history of medicine little is known about Prof. Giorgi (George) Eliava, who must be recognized as one of the central figures in the story of bacteriophages. Today it may be said without any exaggeration that without the support that Eliava provided to Felix d'Herelle, much of our knowledge about phage therapy would never have been acquired. Eliava played a central role in developing and promoting therapeutic uses of bacteriophages in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and beyond, and it was largely due to his efforts-and the institute that he established-that phage therapy survived in Soviet Georgia during the Cold War when it was largely abandoned in the West. Because of his progressive thinking, tireless activities, and close collaborations with many foreign scientists, including d'Herelle, Eliava became a victim of Stalin's regime in 1937, declared an "Enemy of the People" and executed. Most photographs and documents belonging to Eliava were destroyed by the Committee for State Security ( Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti ), so it is difficult to ascertain many of the details of his life, and his scientific activities are largely unknown. His memory was restored only after the reassessment of the outcomes of the Great Terror and Stalin's regime in later periods. In this article, we bring the remarkable but little-known story of Giorgi Eliava to a wide readership and thus pay tribute to his talent and his dedication to science, and celebrate his contributions to phage research and phage therapy., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (Copyright 2022, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.)

Published
2022
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16. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Human Isolates of Multidrug-Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica .

Author

Sedrakyan AM, Ktsoyan ZA, Arakelova KA, Zakharyan MK, Hovhannisyan AI, Gevorgyan ZU, Mnatsakanyan AA, Kakabadze EG, Makalatia KB, Chanishvili NA, Pirnay JP, Arakelyan AA, and Aminov RI

Abstract

A total of 291 non-duplicate isolates of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) were collected from the fecal samples of patients with salmonellosis in Armenia and Georgia during 1996-2016. The isolates were tested for resistance to antimicrobials, including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). The high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) and ESBL-producer phenotypes was detected among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) isolates collected from patients in Armenia between 1996 and 2016. A total of 36 MDR NTS isolates were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the genetic background of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and mobile genetic elements. All ESBL-producing S . Typhimurium isolates belonged to the same sequence type (ST328). The ESBL-producer phenotype was associated with plasmid-encoded CTX-M-5 production. A range of other plasmids was associated with resistance to other antimicrobials, including the MDR phenotype., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Sedrakyan, Ktsoyan, Arakelova, Zakharyan, Hovhannisyan, Gevorgyan, Mnatsakanyan, Kakabadze, Makalatia, Chanishvili, Pirnay, Arakelyan and Aminov.)

Published
2020
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17. Stability of bacteriophages in burn wound care products.

Author

Merabishvili M, Monserez R, van Belleghem J, Rose T, Jennes S, De Vos D, Verbeken G, Vaneechoutte M, and Pirnay JP

Subjects
Anti-Infective Agents chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Bacteriophages physiology, Burns virology, Wound Infection virology
Abstract

Bacteriophages could be used along with burn wound care products to enhance antimicrobial pressure during treatment. However, some of the components of the topical antimicrobials that are traditionally used for the prevention and treatment of burn wound infection might affect the activity of phages. Therefore, it is imperative to determine the counteraction of therapeutic phage preparations by burn wound care products before application in patients. Five phages, representatives of two morphological families (Myoviridae and Podoviridae) and active against 3 common bacterial burn wound pathogens (Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) were tested against 13 different products commonly used in the treatment of burn wounds. The inactivation of the phages was quite variable for different phages and different products. Majority of the anti-infective products affected phage activity negatively either immediately or in the course of time, although impact was not always significant. Products with high acidity had the most adverse effect on phages. Our findings demonstrate that during combined treatment the choice of phages and wound care products must be carefully defined in advance.

Published
2017
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18. Pre-adapting parasitic phages to a pathogen leads to increased pathogen clearance and lowered resistance evolution with Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis bacterial isolates.

Author

Friman VP, Soanes-Brown D, Sierocinski P, Molin S, Johansen HK, Merabishvili M, Pirnay JP, De Vos D, and Buckling A

Subjects
Adaptation, Biological, Biological Evolution, Cystic Fibrosis microbiology, Humans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation & purification, Host-Pathogen Interactions physiology, Pseudomonas Phages, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity, Pseudomonas aeruginosa virology
Abstract

Recent years have seen renewed interest in phage therapy--the use of viruses to specifically kill disease-causing bacteria--because of the alarming rise in antibiotic resistance. However, a major limitation of phage therapy is the ease at with bacteria can evolve resistance to phages. Here, we determined whether in vitro experimental coevolution can increase the efficiency of phage therapy by limiting the resistance evolution of intermittent and chronic cystic fibrosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung isolates to four different phages. We first pre-adapted all phage strains against all bacterial strains and then compared the efficacy of pre-adapted and nonadapted phages against ancestral bacterial strains. We found that evolved phages were more efficient in reducing bacterial densities than ancestral phages. This was primarily because only 50% of bacterial strains were able to evolve resistance to evolved phages, whereas all bacteria were able to evolve some level of resistance to ancestral phages. Although the rate of resistance evolution did not differ between intermittent and chronic isolates, it incurred a relatively higher growth cost for chronic isolates when measured in the absence of phages. This is likely to explain why evolved phages were more effective in reducing the densities of chronic isolates. Our data show that pathogen genotypes respond differently to phage pre-adaptation, and as a result, phage therapies might need to be individually adjusted for different patients., (© 2015 European Society For Evolutionary Biology. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2015 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.)

Published
2016
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19. Molecular diversity and predictability of Vibrio parahaemolyticus along the Georgian coastal zone of the Black Sea.

Author

Haley BJ, Kokashvili T, Tskshvediani A, Janelidze N, Mitaishvili N, Grim CJ, Constantin de Magny G, Chen AJ, Taviani E, Eliashvili T, Tediashvili M, Whitehouse CA, Colwell RR, and Huq A

Abstract

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-related gastroenteritis and is also an autochthonous member of marine and estuarine environments worldwide. One-hundred seventy strains of V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from water and plankton samples collected along the Georgian coast of the Black Sea during 28 months of sample collection. All isolated strains were tested for presence of tlh, trh, and tdh. A subset of strains were serotyped and tested for additional factors and markers of pandemicity. Twenty-six serotypes, five of which are clinically relevant, were identified. Although all 170 isolates were negative for tdh, trh, and the Kanagawa Phenomenon, 7 possessed the GS-PCR sequence and 27 the 850 bp sequence of V. parahaemolyticus pandemic strains. The V. parahaemolyticus population in the Black Sea was estimated to be genomically heterogeneous by rep-PCR and the serodiversity observed did not correlate with rep-PCR genomic diversity. Statistical modeling was used to predict presence of V. parahaemolyticus as a function of water temperature, with strongest concordance observed for Green Cape site samples (Percent of total variance = 70, P < 0.001). Results demonstrate a diverse population of V. parahaemolyticus in the Black Sea, some of which carry pandemic markers, with increased water temperature correlated to an increase in abundance of V. parahaemolyticus.

Published
2014
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