11 results on '"Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa"'
Search Results
2. Local Gastrointestinal Injury Exacerbates Inflammation and Dopaminergic Cell Death in Parkinsonian Mice
- Author
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Gil-Martínez, Ana-Luisa, Estrada, Cristina, Cuenca, Lorena, Cano, Juan-Antonio, Valiente, Manuel, Martínez-Cáceres, Carlos-Manuel, Fernández-Villalba, Emiliano, and Herrero, María-Trinidad
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The non-specific lethal complex regulates genes and pathways genetically linked to Parkinson’s disease
- Author
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Hicks, Amy R, primary, Reynolds, Regina H, additional, O’Callaghan, Benjamin, additional, García-Ruiz, Sonia, additional, Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, additional, Botía, Juan, additional, Plun-Favreau, Hélène, additional, and Ryten, Mina, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The IPDGC/GP2 Hackathon - an open science event for training in data science, genomics, and collaboration using Parkinson's disease data
- Author
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Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Aligning Science Against Parkinson's, National Institutes of Health (US), National Institute on Aging (US), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (US), Leonard, Hampton [0000-0003-2390-8110], Illarionova, Anastasia [0000-0002-1711-7155], Moore, Anni [0000-0003-1953-6449], Bustos, Bernabé I. [0000-0003-2679-9503], Huxford, Brook [0000-0002-5908-6983], Storm, Catherine S. [0000-0003-4957-1712], Towns, Clodagh [0000-0001-8418-6241], Yu, Eric [0000-0003-3525-4564], Elsayed, Inas [0000-0003-4646-8218], Lake, Julie [0000-0002-3441-2455], Brolin, Kajsa [0000-0003-4832-922X], Senkevich, Konstantin [0000-0003-3407-5716], Tan, Manuela M. X. [0000-0001-5835-669X], Makarious, Mary B [.0000-0002-7978-1051], Pillay, Nikita Simone [0000-0002-9058-0920], Betancor, Oswaldo Lorenzo [0000-0002-5607-8363], Real, Raquel [0000-0001-8117-742X], Reynolds, Regina H. [0000-0001-6470-7919], Scotton, William J. [0000-0003-0607-3190], Singleton, Andrew [0000-0001-5606-700X], Dey, Sumit [0000-0002-9087-4486], Blauwendraat, Cornelis [0000-0001-9358-8111], Noyce, Alastair [0000-0003-3027-5497], Leonard, Hampton, Murtadha, Ruqaya, Martínez-Carrasco, Alejandro, Jama, Alina, Müller-Nedebock, Amica Corda, Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, Illarionova, Anastasia, Moore, Anni, Bustos, Bernabé I., Jadhav, Bharati, Huxford, Brook, Storm, Catherine S., Towns, Clodagh, Vitale, Dan, Chetty, Devina, Yu, Eric, Grenn, Francis P., Salazar, Gabriela, Rateau, Geoffrey, Iwaki, Hirotaka, Elsayed, Inas, Foote, Isabelle Francesca, Jansen van Rensburg, Zuné, Kim, Jonggeol Jeff, Yuan, Jie, Lake, Julie, Brolin, Kajsa, Senkevich, Konstantin, Wu, Lesley, Tan, Manuela M. X., Periñán, María Teresa, Makarious, Mary B., Ta, Michael, Pillay, Nikita Simone, Betancor, Oswaldo Lorenzo, Reyes-Pérez, Paula R., Álvarez Jerez, Pilar, Saini, Prabhjyot, Al-Ouran, Rami, Sivakumar, Ramiya, Real, Raquel, Reynolds, Regina H., Hu, Ruifneg, Abrahams, Shameemah, Rao, Shilpa C., Antar, Tarek, Leal, Thiago Peixoto, Iankova, Vassilena, Scotton, William J., Song, Yeajin, Singleton, Andrew, Nalls, Mike A., Dey, Sumit, Bandres-Ciga, Sara, Blauwendraat, Cornelis, Noyce, Alastair, International Parkinson’s Disease Genomics Consortium, Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program, Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, Aligning Science Against Parkinson's, National Institutes of Health (US), National Institute on Aging (US), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (US), Leonard, Hampton [0000-0003-2390-8110], Illarionova, Anastasia [0000-0002-1711-7155], Moore, Anni [0000-0003-1953-6449], Bustos, Bernabé I. [0000-0003-2679-9503], Huxford, Brook [0000-0002-5908-6983], Storm, Catherine S. [0000-0003-4957-1712], Towns, Clodagh [0000-0001-8418-6241], Yu, Eric [0000-0003-3525-4564], Elsayed, Inas [0000-0003-4646-8218], Lake, Julie [0000-0002-3441-2455], Brolin, Kajsa [0000-0003-4832-922X], Senkevich, Konstantin [0000-0003-3407-5716], Tan, Manuela M. X. [0000-0001-5835-669X], Makarious, Mary B [.0000-0002-7978-1051], Pillay, Nikita Simone [0000-0002-9058-0920], Betancor, Oswaldo Lorenzo [0000-0002-5607-8363], Real, Raquel [0000-0001-8117-742X], Reynolds, Regina H. [0000-0001-6470-7919], Scotton, William J. [0000-0003-0607-3190], Singleton, Andrew [0000-0001-5606-700X], Dey, Sumit [0000-0002-9087-4486], Blauwendraat, Cornelis [0000-0001-9358-8111], Noyce, Alastair [0000-0003-3027-5497], Leonard, Hampton, Murtadha, Ruqaya, Martínez-Carrasco, Alejandro, Jama, Alina, Müller-Nedebock, Amica Corda, Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, Illarionova, Anastasia, Moore, Anni, Bustos, Bernabé I., Jadhav, Bharati, Huxford, Brook, Storm, Catherine S., Towns, Clodagh, Vitale, Dan, Chetty, Devina, Yu, Eric, Grenn, Francis P., Salazar, Gabriela, Rateau, Geoffrey, Iwaki, Hirotaka, Elsayed, Inas, Foote, Isabelle Francesca, Jansen van Rensburg, Zuné, Kim, Jonggeol Jeff, Yuan, Jie, Lake, Julie, Brolin, Kajsa, Senkevich, Konstantin, Wu, Lesley, Tan, Manuela M. X., Periñán, María Teresa, Makarious, Mary B., Ta, Michael, Pillay, Nikita Simone, Betancor, Oswaldo Lorenzo, Reyes-Pérez, Paula R., Álvarez Jerez, Pilar, Saini, Prabhjyot, Al-Ouran, Rami, Sivakumar, Ramiya, Real, Raquel, Reynolds, Regina H., Hu, Ruifneg, Abrahams, Shameemah, Rao, Shilpa C., Antar, Tarek, Leal, Thiago Peixoto, Iankova, Vassilena, Scotton, William J., Song, Yeajin, Singleton, Andrew, Nalls, Mike A., Dey, Sumit, Bandres-Ciga, Sara, Blauwendraat, Cornelis, Noyce, Alastair, International Parkinson’s Disease Genomics Consortium, and Global Parkinson’s Genetics Program
- Abstract
Open science and collaboration are necessary to facilitate the advancement of Parkinson's disease (PD) research. Hackathons are collaborative events that bring together people with different skill sets and backgrounds to generate resources and creative solutions to problems. These events can be used as training and networking opportunities, thus we coordinated a virtual 3-day hackathon event, during which 49 early-career scientists from 12 countries built tools and pipelines with a focus on PD. Resources were created with the goal of helping scientists accelerate their own research by having access to the necessary code and tools. Each team was allocated one of nine different projects, each with a different goal. These included developing post-genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis pipelines, downstream analysis of genetic variation pipelines, and various visualization tools. Hackathons are a valuable approach to inspire creative thinking, supplement training in data science, and foster collaborative scientific relationships, which are foundational practices for early-career researchers. The resources generated can be used to accelerate research on the genetics of PD.
- Published
- 2023
5. Effect of NAC treatment and physical activity on neuroinflammation in subchronic Parkinsonism; is physical activity essential?
- Author
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Gil-Martínez, Ana-Luisa, Cuenca, Lorena, Sánchez, Consuelo, Estrada, Cristina, Fernández-Villalba, Emiliano, and Herrero, María Trinidad
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. IntroVerse: a comprehensive database of introns across human tissues
- Author
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García-Ruiz, Sonia, primary, Gustavsson, Emil K, additional, Zhang, David, additional, Reynolds, Regina H, additional, Chen, Zhongbo, additional, Fairbrother-Browne, Aine, additional, Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, additional, Botia, Juan A, additional, Collado-Torres, Leonardo, additional, and Ryten, Mina, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Urolithins: potential biomarkers of gut dysbiosis and disease stage in Parkinson's patients
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Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundación Séneca, Federación de Asociaciones de Parkinson de la Región de Murcia, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Romo Vaquero, María, Fernández-Villalba, Emiliano, Gil-Martínez, Ana-Luisa, Cuenca-Bermejo, Lorena, Espín de Gea, Juan Carlos, Herrero, María Trinidad, Selma, María Victoria, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Fundación Séneca, Federación de Asociaciones de Parkinson de la Región de Murcia, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Romo Vaquero, María, Fernández-Villalba, Emiliano, Gil-Martínez, Ana-Luisa, Cuenca-Bermejo, Lorena, Espín de Gea, Juan Carlos, Herrero, María Trinidad, and Selma, María Victoria
- Abstract
Gut microbiota alteration (gut dysbiosis) occurs during the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Gut dysbiosis biomarkers could be relevant to prodromal disease. Urolithins, anti-inflammatory metabolites produced from some dietary polyphenols by specific gut microbial ecologies (urolithin metabotypes), have been proposed as biomarkers of gut microbiota composition and functionality. However, this has not been explored in Parkinson's disease patients. The current study aimed to assess associations between urolithin metabotypes, gut dysbiosis and disease severity in Parkinson's disease patients. Participants (52 patients and 117 healthy controls) provided stool samples for microbiota sequencing and urine samples for urolithin profiling before and after consuming 30 g of walnuts for three days. Data on demographics, medication, disease duration and Hoehn and Yahr disease stage were collected. We observed a significant gradual increase of urolithin non-producers (metabotype-0) as the disease severity increased. The gut microbiome of metabotype-0 patients and patients with the greatest severity was characterized by a more altered bacterial composition, i.e., increased pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae and reduced protective bacteria against autoimmune and inflammatory processes, including butyrate and urolithin-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae members and Gordonibacter). Besides, their microbiome was characterized by predictive functions of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and metabolism of glutathione, cysteine and methionine that could indirectly reflect the gut pro-inflammatory status. Urolithin detection in urine is a feasible, non-invasive and fast approach that can reflect gut microbiome dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation in Parkinson's disease patients. Our current study could provide novel strategies for improving diagnostics, and for preventing and treating disease progression in microbiota-based interventions.
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- 2022
8. IntroVerse: a comprehensive database of introns across human tissues.
- Author
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García-Ruiz, Sonia, Gustavsson, Emil K, Zhang, David, Reynolds, Regina H, Chen, Zhongbo, Fairbrother-Browne, Aine, Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, Botia, Juan A, Collado-Torres, Leonardo, and Ryten, Mina
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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9. Neuroprotection in neurodegenerative processes associated with parkinsonism and aging : correlation between dopaminergic neuronal death and glial activation
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Gil Martínez, Ana Luisa, Herrero Ezquerro, María Trinidad, Steinbusch, Harry W.H., and Escuela Internacional de Doctorado
- Subjects
Neurociencias ,Neurobiología ,Envejecimiento de la población ,6 - Ciencias aplicadas::61 - Medicina::616 - Patología. Medicina clínica. Oncología::616.8 - Neurología. Neuropatología. Sistema nervioso [CDU] - Abstract
Diferentes estudios señalan que los procesos neuroinflamatorios tienen un papel fundamental en el inicio y la progresión de la enfermedad de Párkinson (EP). Estos mecanismos están regulados principalmente por las células de la glia, de las que destacan las células de la microglia y los astrocitos. Estas células son los componentes principales que intervienen en los procesos neuroinflamatorios desencadenados tras una lesión en las neuronas dopaminérgicas. En base a esto, se investigan posibles estrategias terapéuticas basadas en anti-inflamatorios y/o anti-oxidantes para diseñar tratamientos más efectivos que reduzcan o eviten los efectos secundarios producidos por los fármacos comúnmente utilizados en la EP. Con esto en mente, los estudios presentados en esta tesis examinan la implicación de los procesos neuroinflamatorios en la neurodegeneración dopaminérgica producida por la inducción de parkinsonismo por la administración de una neurotoxina, 1-metil-4-fenil-1,2,3,6-tetrahidropiridina (MPTP), en ratones jóvenes y viejos. En primer lugar, el Capítulo 1 familiariza al lector con la patología y la patogénesis de la EP. Después de esta breve introducción, el Capítulo 2 presenta una descripción completa del papel de la neuroinflamación en esta enfermedad. En esta revisión se recogen las principales contribuciones desde los primeros trabajos que sugirieron la implicación de los procesos neuroinflamatorios en la EP hasta las principales cuestiones todavía por resolver. Se exponen que los principales desafíos que debe superar la investigación están centrados en las estrategias terapéuticas para tratar a los pacientes parkinsonianos. Como alternativa, se describen las diferentes ventajas que ofrece el "reposicionamiento de fármacos" entre las que destacan la disminución de efectos secundarios y la aceleración en cuanto a la identificación de nuevas dianas farmacológicas. El primer trabajo experimental de esta tesis, recogido en el Capítulo 3, comienza con una investigación sobre el efecto de la inflamación sistémica en la neurodegeneración y en la activación glial en ratones parkinsonianos. La hipótesis de este trabajo está inspirada en publicaciones que sugieren que tanto la inflamación cerebral como la periférica podrían desempeñar un papel clave en la progresión de este trastorno. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se utilizó un modelo de colitis ulcerosa y se combinó cuidadosamente con un modelo experimental de parkinsonismo. Los estudios post mortem mostraron una disminución muy significativa de las neuronas dopaminérgicas en el SNpc, así como una disminución significativa de las fibras dopaminérgicas estriatales del grupo tratado con MPTP+DSS en comparación con el grupo control. Además, hubo una exacerbación significativa de la activación glial en los animales MPTP+DSS en comparación con el grupo no tratado. En general, los datos indicaron que una lesión gastrointestinal, que induce una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, puede exacerbar los mecanismos de muerte celular de las neuronas dopaminérgicas restantes desencadenando en una degeneración progresiva en la enfermedad. Estos resultados abren nuevas líneas de investigación sobre el papel de la inflamación sistémica en la progresión de la degeneración dopaminérgica. La segunda parte de esta tesis recoge estudios experimentales enfocados en el diseño de estrategias terapéuticas como el "reposicionamiento de fármacos". En el Capítulo 4, se evaluó el posible efecto neuroprotector de la combinación de dos fármacos: (i) la N-acetilcisteína (NAC), un precursor de glutatión e inhibidor de JNK con acciones antioxidantes, y (ii) HA-1077, un inhibidor de ROCKinase y polarizador de microglia. Junto con esto, se estudió el efecto de la combinación de NAC y HA-1077 sobre la neurodegeneración y la respuesta glial en ratones añosos intoxicados con MPTP. Curiosamente, los estudios post mortem demostraron que el tratamiento basado en NAC+HA-1077 produjo un aumento significativo en la degeneración de las terminales estriatales dopaminérgicas. Este evento estuvo acompañado por un aumento de la activación glial. En general, los inesperados efectos tóxicos, encontrados después de la administración combinada de NAC y HA-1077 en ratones viejos parkinsonianos, resaltan la importancia de tener en cuenta que la combinación de algunos fármacos en pacientes ancianos parkinsonianos puede tener efectos secundarios que pueden resultar en la exacerbación del proceso neurodegenerativo. El capítulo 5 sigue una línea de investigación similar a la del capítulo anterior. De acuerdo con los efectos neuroprotectores obtenidos por la administración de NAC, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar si hubo un efecto sinérgico positivo de NAC a lo largo de la actividad física voluntaria (PA) sobre la neurodegeneración dopaminérgica y la respuesta glial en ratones jóvenes parkinsonianos. Los resultados de los estudios post mortem en la vía nigroestriatal demostraron un aumento significativo de la degeneración dopaminérgica. Así, el tratamiento combinado no protege las neuronas dopaminérgicas contra una intoxicación subcrónica de MPTP. Con respecto a la respuesta glial, los resultados obtenidos del análisis microglial no muestran un aumento significativo en el número de células Iba-1+ en MPTP+NAC y MPTP+PA+NAC. Estos resultados se ven reforzados por los obtenidos del análisis de la activación astroglial, en la que se observa una disminución en la expresión de células GFAP+ en MPTP+NAC y MPTP+PA+NAC en comparación con los grupos MPTP en la vía nigrostriatal. Estos resultados muestran un efecto potencialmente positivo, solo debido al tratamiento con NAC, en la respuesta neuroinflamatoria después de una intoxicación subcutánea por MPTP. Sin embargo, estos resultados sugiere que la actividad física, utilizada con fines terapéuticos, tiene un efecto beneficioso a largo plazo por lo que estudios más largos podrían demostrar su efecto como estrategia neuroprotectora. La última parte experimental de esta tesis se presenta en el Capítulo 6, que profundiza en los cambios, a lo largo del tiempo, de los eventos relacionados con la degeneración dopaminérgica, la respuesta astroglial y la expresión de las MAPKinasas. Las proteínas quinasas activadas por mitógenos (MAPK) se han señalado como una de las principales vías metabólicas involucradas en la regulación de la inflamación y, como consecuencia, se ha relacionado con diferentes enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Los resultados mostraron que ambos procesos relacionados con la neurodegeneración y la respuesta astroglial comenzaron a aumentar significativamente en comparación con los animales no tratados a partir de las 24 h. Además, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la expresión fosfo-ERK mientras que los niveles de fosfo-p38 aumentaron a partir de las 4 h en la vía nigrostriatal y, específicamente, se hicieron significativas a las 48 h solo en el cuerpo estriado. La importancia de estos datos radica en la descripción de los eventos primarios desencadenados en ratones viejos después de la intoxicación con MPTP. En conclusión, estos resultados abren la puerta a estudios más profundos para evaluar las diferentes vías metabólicas tanto en sentido ascendente como descendente, junto con su comparación entre diferentes regímenes de intoxicación (aguda y crónica). En este proyecto, los tratamientos están diseñados en función del uso de antiinflamatorios y/o antioxidantes para ver su efecto neuroprotector en la muerte neuronal dopaminérgica y en la activación de procesos neuroinflamatorios en ratones parkinsonianos (jóvenes y viejos). La importancia de estos estudios radica en la posibilidad de dilucidar los mecanismos subyacentes de los procesos neurodegenerativos para mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y proporcionar conocimiento para la búsqueda de soluciones que retrasen el desarrollo y la progresión de la degeneración neuronal. Por lo tanto, esta tesis proporciona diferentes observaciones que resaltan la importancia de la participación de los procesos neuroinflamatorios, mediados por las células gliales, en el desarrollo y la exacerbación de los procesos neurodegenerativos en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Different shreds of evidence have been point out that the neuroinflammatory processes have a key role in the initial state and progression of Parkinson’s disease. These mechanisms are mainly regulated by glial cells from which microglial cells and astrocytes stand out. These cells are the main components involve when neuroinflammation processes are triggered after a dopaminergic insult. In this line, therapeutic strategies based on anti-inflammatory drugs are studied in detail in order to design new ones more effective that reduce or avoid the side effects produced by the current treatments commonly used in Parkinson’s disease. With this in mind, the work presented in this thesis examines and explores the involvement of neuroinflammatory processes in the dopaminergic neurodegeneration produced by the induction of Parkinsonism by the administration of MPTP in both young and old mice. First, Chapter 1 familiarizes the reader with the pathology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and draws the attention to the main problem to be addressed in this work and how it has been approached. After this brief introduction, Chapter 2 presents a thorough overview of the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease. This report unfolds the timeline of the main contributions, from experimental, genetic and epidemiological studies, that involve inflammatory processes as crucial in the development of the disease. Finally, it is exposed the main challenges that the research focus on therapeutic strategies to treat PD patients has to overcome. As an alternative, it is suggested the different advantages that the “drug repositioning” offers to avoid possible side effects, since the compounds have already passed the safety studies in Phase I, and to accelerate the identification of new pharmacological targets. The first experimental part of this thesis, Chapter 3, starts with an investigation about the effect of systemic inflammation in the neurodegeneration and glial activation in Parkinsonian mice. The hypothesis of this work is inspired by the literature that suggests that both brain and peripherally inflammation could play a key role in the progression of this disorder. In the study, a model of ulcerative-colitis was carefully combined with an experimental model of Parkinsonism. The post-mortem studies showed a very significant decrease of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc as well as a significant decrease of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum of the MPTP+DSS-treated group compared with the control animals. In addition, there was a significant exacerbation of microglial and astroglial activation in the MPTP+DSS animals compared to the untreated group. Overall, the data indicated that a specific gastrointestinal injury, which induces a systemic inflammatory response, is able to exacerbate cell death mechanisms of the remaining dopaminergic neurons and then, contributes to the persistent progression of the disease. These results open new lines of research about the role of exclusive colonic inflammation and the progression of nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. The design of therapeutic strategies focus on “Drug repositioning”, the re-use of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drugs are a great bet to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. In Chapter 4, it was evaluated the possible neuroprotective effect of the combination of two different common drugs: (i) the N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor and JNK inhibitor with anti-oxidant actions, and (ii) HA-1077, a ROCKinase inhibitor and microglia polarizer. Along with this, it was studied the effect of the combination of NAC and HA-1077 on the neurodegeneration and glial response in aged 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. Interestingly, the post-mortem studies showed that NAC+HA-1077-based treatment produced a significant increase in the degeneration of the dopaminergic striatal terminals. This event was accompanied by an increase of the glial activation. Overall, the unexpected toxic effects, found after the combined administration of NAC and HA-1077 in old-Parkinsonian mice, highlight the importance of taking into account that the combination of some drugs in elderly Parkinsonian patients (most of them used for other different age-related alterations) can have side effects that may result in the exacerbation of the neurodegenerative process. Chapter 5 covers a similar line of research as the previous chapter. Thus, according to the neuroprotective effects obtained by the administration of NAC, this study aimed to analyse if there was a synergistic positive effect of NAC along voluntary physical activity (PA) on dopaminergic neurodegeneration and glial response in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism model after sub-chronic intoxication. The results from post-mortem studies in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) showed a significant decrease in the number of TH+ cells in all MPTP groups. TH+ expression in the striatum was significantly decreased in all MPTP groups. Thus, the combined treatment does not overprotect dopaminergic neurons against a subchronic intoxication of MPTP. Regarding glial response, the results obtained from microglial analysis do not show a significant increase in the number of Iba-1+ cell in MPTP+NAC and MPTP+PA+NAC. These results are reinforced by those obtained from the analysis of astroglial activation, in which a decrease in the expression of GFAP+ cells are observed in MPTP+NAC and MPTP+PA+NAC compared with MPTP groups both in the nigrostriatal pathway. Our results show a potential positive effect, only due to NAC treatment, on the neuroinflammatory response after subchronic MPTP intoxication. However, we believe that physical activity, used for therapeutic purposes, has a beneficial long-term effect. In this line, these results open the door to design longer studies to demonstrate its promising effect as a neuroprotective strategy. The final experimental part of this thesis is presented in Chapter 6, which delves into the changes, over time, of the events related to the dopaminergic degeneration, the astroglial response and the expression of the MAPKinases. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) has been pointed out as one of the main metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of inflammation and, as a consequence, it has been related to different neurodegenerative diseases. The results showed that both processes related to neurodegeneration and astroglial response started to increase significantly in comparison to untreated animals from 24h. Moreover, no significant differences were found in the expression phospho-ERK while the levels of phospho-p38 increased from 4h in the nigrostriatal pathway and, specifically, they became significant at 48h only in the striatum. The importance of these data lies in the description of the primary events triggered in old mice after the MPTP intoxication. In conclusion, these results open the door to deeper studies to evaluate the different metabolic pathways both upstream and downstream together with their comparison between different intoxication regimens (acute and chronic). In this project, treatments are designed based on the use of anti-inflammatories and/or antioxidants to see its effect on dopaminergic neuronal death and on the activation of neuroinflammatory processes in parkinsonian mice (young and old). The importance of these studies lies in the possibility of elucidating the underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes to improve the quality of life of patients and to provide knowledge for the search for solutions that slow down the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. Thus, this dissertation provides different observations that highlight the importance of the involvement of neuroinflammatory processes, mediated by glial cells, in the development and exacerbation of neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease.
- Published
- 2019
10. Unexpected Exacerbation of Neuroinflammatory Response After a Combined Therapy in Old Parkinsonian Mice
- Author
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Gil-Martínez, Ana Luisa, primary, Cuenca, Lorena, additional, Estrada, Cristina, additional, Sánchez-Rodrigo, Consuelo, additional, Fernández-Villalba, Emiliano, additional, and Herrero, María Trinidad, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Rodent Models.
- Author
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Estrada C, Tarragon E, Kelley JB, Lopez D, Gil-Martínez AL, Villalba EF, and Herrero MT
- Subjects
- Animals, Brain physiology, Brain physiopathology, Models, Animal, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation methods
- Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that can be used as an interventional technique to investigate causality in the brain-behavior relationship, through depolarization or hyperpolarization in the neurons of the brain. Different techniques of TMS can be used to investigate causality in the brain-behavior relationship. The behavioral effects induced by TMS are complex since it has been shown that the performance in the same cognitive task can be either facilitated or inhibited depending on the area being stimulated. To date, most studies involving TMS are focused mainly on the facilitation properties of this technique. It is used to treat a wide-range of neurological and psychiatric conditions such as depression, ischemia, Alzheimer's disease, or motor impairment. Interestingly, TMS can be used to induce a virtual lesion that could provide a valuable and much needed model of cognitive impairments in early preclinical development. This review describes the existing TMS paradigms in rodents and the major challenges that were encountered by the researchers as the method was translated from clinical to preclinical applications. In summary, the existing knowledge gained in animal research emphasizes the necessity to investigate new TMS paradigms in the preclinical setting and its effects.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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