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1. Head and neck cancers

Author

Gill Barnett and Tilak Das

Abstract

Imaging plays a pivotal role in the management of head and neck cancer (HNC). CT and MRI are used as initial staging investigations, whilst PET-CT is performed if the primary tumour is not evident. PET-CT is also recommended in patients with more advanced stage HNC to assess for mediastinal disease or metastases. Ultrasound (US) with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a useful adjunct to CT and MRI for the detection of involved lymph nodes. PET-CT is used to assess response to definitive treatment with chemoradiation. The combination of US, CT, and MRI is also used to assess salivary gland tumours. MRI is particularly useful for detecting perineural invasion. US is the imaging modality of choice for both diagnosis and follow up of thyroid cancer, usually with FNAC or core biopsy. CT or MRI is reserved only for locally advanced disease to assess whether surgery is feasible. CT may be used to assess for pulmonary metastases.

Published
2021

2. Author Correction: Germline variation at 8q24 and prostate cancer risk in men of European ancestry

Author

Sara Benlloch, Roger L. Milne, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, José Manuel Ruiz-Dominguez, Steven Joniau, Maria P. Silva, Martin Andreas Røder, Constance Turman, Anne-Maree Haynes, Jin Ling, Robert N. Hoover, Jong Y. Park, Johanna Schleutker, Brian E. Henderson, Amy Hutchinson, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Manolis Kogevinas, Melissa Papargiris, Monique J. Roobol, Gill Barnett, Wayne D. Tilley, Elio Riboli, Samantha E.T. Larkin, Melissa C. Southey, Michelle Guy, Jeanette T. Bensen, Henrik Grönberg, Fredrick R. Schumacher, Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen, Davor Lessel, Carin Cavalli-Bjoerkman, Tomislav Kuliš, Barry S. Rosenstein, Paula Kujala, Michael Davis, Andrzej M. Kierzek, Antonio Finelli, Gerald L. Andriole, Leire Moya, Antonio Gómez-Caamaño, Demetrius Albanes, Jianming Guo, Lisa F. Newcomb, Koveela Govindasami, Ji Lin, Gert De Meerleer, Manuel Luedeke, Richard M. Martin, Zeljko Kastelan, Kay-Tee Khaw, Ruth C. Travis, Rebecca Elliott, Alexandre R. Zlotta, Xin Guo, Kirsi Talala, Yangling Zhang, Lorelei A. Mucci, Marie Sanchez, Paul D.P. Pharoah, Mariona Bustamante, Peter Klarskov, Aleksandrina Vlahova, Srilakshmi Srinivasan, Aik T. Ong, David E. Neal, Sylvie Cénée, Esther M. John, Sonja I. Berndt, Kan Wang, Peter Iversen, Harry Ostrer, Michael Borre, Freddie C. Hamdy, Christopher A. Haiman, Ji Wu, Florence Menegaux, Jacek Marzec, Sara S. Strom, David P. Dearnaley, Jyotsna Batra, Piet Ost, Mariana C. Stern, Kim De Ruyck, Hyun Soo Park, Trina Yeadon, Elenko Popov, Yudong Wu, Svetlana Christova, Thomas Van den Broeck, Loic Le Marchand, Daniel J. Schaid, Babu Zachariah, Sune F. Nielsen, Mary-Anne Kedda, Judith A. Clements, Olivier Cussenot, Robert Szulkin, Shiro Saito, Andrew Evans, Douglas F. Easton, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Steve Hazel, Thérèse Truong, Guomin Wang, Katarina Cuk, Ants Toi, Rosalind A. Eeles, Darina Kachakova, Lourdes Mengual, Lisa G. Horvath, Yuan Chun Ding, Catharine M L West, Ana Carballo, Suzanne K. Chambers, Aurelie Vogt, Angela Cox, Daniel W. Lin, Dominika Wokołorczyk, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Stephen J. Chanock, Federico Canzian, Aleksandra Klim, Tokhir Dadaev, Kathleen Herkommer, Tihomir Dikov, Lovise Maehle, Jasmine Lim, Janet L. Stanford, Martin Eklund, Guido Jenster, Soo-Hwang Teo, Teemu J. Murtola, Torben F. Ørntoft, Stella Koutros, Christa Stegmaier, Sofia Maia, Mitchell J. Machiela, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Clare Berry, Pamela Saunders, Lluís Cecchini, Jeri Kim, Radka Kaneva, Brigitte Trétarre, Anne George, Meir J. Stampfer, Marija Gamulin, Meng H. Tan, Angela Morgan, Jenny L Donovan, Graham G. Giles, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Neil Fleshner, Shannon K. McDonnell, Hardeep Ranu, Naomi Livni, Kimmo Taari, Sarah L. Kerns, Csilla Sipeky, Alicja Wolk, Edward Giovannucci, Ninghan Feng, Marta Cardoso, Jan-Erik Johansson, Catherine M. Tangen, Guangwen Cao, Adam S. Kibel, Robert J. MacInnis, Bernd Holleczek, Sarah J Lewis, Bo Zhou, Michael Broms, Maria Elena Martinez, Renea A. Taylor, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Fritz H. Schröder, Ali Amin Al Olama, Sue A. Ingles, Markus Aly, Jie Li, Lori S. Tillmans, Ana Vega, Patricia Calvo, Christopher J. Logothetis, David V. Conti, Miguel Aguado, Inés Gómez-Acebo, Tobias Nordström, Meiling Li, Elaine A. Ostrander, C.H. Bangma, Cyril Fisher, Joanne F. Aitken, Matthew Parliament, Gail P. Risbridger, John L. Hopper, Takashi Imai, Belynda Hicks, Victoria L. Stevens, Cezary Cybulski, G Marsden, Brian D. Carter, Vanessa M. Hayes, Nawaid Usmani, Vanio Mitev, Shan-Chao Zhao, Margaret Cook, Milan S. Geybels, Phyllis J. Goodman, Mark N. Brook, Nora Pashayan, Timothy J. Key, Yongwei Yu, Xavier Rebillard, David J. Hunter, Laura Fachal, Javier Llorca, Afshan Siddiq, Claire Aukim-Hastie, Trinidad Dierssen-Sotos, Walther Vogel, Angel Carracedo, Laura E. Beane Freeman, Julio M. Pow-Sang, Hardev Pandha, Robert A. Gardiner, Shaun M. Riska, Yong-Jie Lu, Zan Sun, Ramón Lobato-Busto, Ami Karlsson, Hongwei Zhang, Guoping Ren, Jing Ma, Huihai Wu, Søren M. Bentzen, John Pedersen, Claire Mulot, Girish S. Kulkarni, Jan Lubinski, Antonio Alcaraz, Jose E. Castelao, Athene Lane, Rasmus Bisbjerg, Thomas A. Sellers, Robert J. Hamilton, Jianfeng Xu, Sofie De Langhe, Artitaya Lophatananon, Maren Weisher, Agnieszka Michael, Yves Akoli Koudou, Niclas Håkansson, Alison M. Dunning, Hubert Thierens, Matthew L. Freedman, Kenneth Muir, Ian M. Thompson, Ian Whitmore, Susan L. Neuhausen, Chavdar Slavov, Wojciech Kluzniak, Laurence N. Kolonel, Lisa M. Butler, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, Alison Thwaites, Theodorus van der Kwast, Liesel M. FitzGerald, Thomas J. Schnoeller, Hermann Brenner, Christiane Maier, Amanda B. Spurdle, Jan Adolfsson, Atanaska Mitkova, Peter Kraft, Paula Peleteiro, Pär Stattin, Xin Sheng, Paul D. Brown, Ron H.N. van Schaik, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Susan M. Gapstur, Paul A. Townsend, Edward J. Saunders, Bettina F. Drake, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Fredrik Wiklund, Paula Paulo, Esther Gracia-Lavedan, Xueying Mao, Marco Matejcic, Neil G. Burnet, A. L. Eckert, Manuel R. Teixeira, Sara Lindström, Weiyang He, Hui-Yi Lin, Suzanne Kolb, Linda Steele, Philipp Bohnert, Anssi Auvinen, Eli Marie Grindedal, Frank Claessens, and Kathryn L. Penney

Subjects
Urologic Diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, MEDLINE, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Germline, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, PRACTICAL Consortium, lcsh:Science, Cancer, Prostate cancer risk, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Prostate Cancer, Published Erratum, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, Spelling, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Variation (linguistics), lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Manuela Gago-Dominguez, which was incorrectly given as Manuela G. Dominguez. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.

Published
2019

3. Publisher Correction: Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction

Author

Brian D. Carter, Gert De Meerleer, Michael B. Cook, Paul A. Townsend, Kim De Ruyck, Edward J. Saunders, Christopher A. Haiman, Atushi Takahashi, Sonja I. Berndt, Florence Menegaux, Cezary Cybulski, Barbara Nemesure, Loic Le Marchand, Sune F. Nielsen, Demetrius Albanes, Robert J. Hamilton, Ninghan Feng, Stella Koutros, Stephen J. Chanock, Wei Zheng, Thomas A. Sellers, Rick A. Kittles, Craig C. Teerlink, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Marija Gamulin, Artitaya Lophatananon, Niclas Håkansson, Fredrik Wiklund, Roberta McKean-Cowdin, Yuan Chun Ding, Nora Pashayan, Timothy J. Key, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Shannon K. McDonnell, Jong Y. Park, Laura Fachal, Martin Andreas Røder, Johanna Schleutker, Edward Giovannucci, Anssi Auvinen, Hardev Pandha, Maria Elena Martinez, Mitchell J. Machiela, Gill Barnett, Melissa C. Southey, Graham G. Giles, Barry S. Rosenstein, Stephen Watya, Bernd Holleczek, Pascal Blanchet, Agnieszka Michael, William J. Blot, James L. Mohler, Jack A. Taylor, Sarah L. Kerns, Adam S. Kibel, Piet Ost, Ana Vega, Richard M. Martin, Jennifer J. Hu, Nicholas Mancuso, Yukihide Momozawa, Robert J. MacInnis, Sue A. Ingles, Maureen Sanderson, Kai Uwe Saum, Markus Aly, Robert Szulkin, Davor Lessel, Hermann Brenner, Yves Akoli Koudou, Jan Lubinski, Mina Torres, Anselm Hennis, Eli Marie Grindedal, Csilla Sipeky, Susan L. Neuhausen, Alison M. Dunning, Alicja Wolk, Adam B. Murphy, Brandi Weaver, Mariana C. Stern, Paula Paulo, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Xueying Mao, Tobias Nordström, Neil Fleshner, Tokhir Dadaev, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, Jay H. Fowke, Tomislav Kuliš, Steven Joniau, Yudong Wu, Rosalind A. Eeles, Shan Chao Zhao, Kenneth Muir, Mark N. Brook, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Freddie C. Hamdy, Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen, Linda Steele, Alisha Chou, Dominika Wokołorczyk, Peggy Wan, Martin Eklund, Laurent Brureau, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Lilit C. Moss, Daniel J. Schaid, Luc Multigner, Benjamin A. Rybicki, Xin Sheng, Constance Turman, Ron H.N. van Schaik, Radka Kaneva, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Frank Claessens, Katarina Cuk, Kay-Tee Khaw, Chad D. Huff, Henrik Grönberg, Kathryn L. Penney, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Eric A. Klein, Masashi Fujita, Jennifer Cullen, Michael Borre, Jenny L Donovan, Dana C. Crawford, Antonio Gómez-Caamaño, David V. Conti, Manuel Luedeke, Maya Ghoussaini, Janet L. Stanford, Peter Kraft, Ian M. Thompson, Koichi Matsuda, Soo-Hwang Teo, Christopher J. Logothetis, Robin J. Leach, Monique J. Roobol, Manuel R. Teixeira, Jose Esteban Castelao, Sara S. Strom, Vanio Mitev, Stig E. Bojesen, David J. Hunter, Wayne D. Tilley, Jyotsna Batra, Gerald L. Andriole, Christine Neslund-Dudas, Sara Lindström, Guido Jenster, Catherine M. Tangen, William S. Bush, Maren Weischer, Chavdar Slavov, Thomas J. Schnoeller, Javier Llorca, Claire Aukim-Hastie, Nawaid Usmani, Lisa G. Horvath, Daniel W. Lin, Esther M. John, Burcu F. Darst, Milan S. Geybels, Phyllis J. Goodman, Lynne R. Wilkens, Ali Amin Al Olama, Lorelei A. Mucci, Peter Iversen, Christiane Maier, Victoria L. Stevens, Andreia Brandão, Graham Casey, Neil G. Burnet, Ann W. Hsing, Hongwei Zhang, Laura E. Beane Freeman, Susan M. Gapstur, Sara Benlloch, James E. Mensah, Marie-Élise Parent, Jianfeng Xu, Bettina F. Drake, Jeannette T. Bensen, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, Edward D. Yeboah, David E. Neal, John D. Carpten, Ruth C. Travis, Thomas J. Hoffmann, Thomas Van den Broeck, Jeri Kim, Ali Sahimi, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Alexander Lubwama, Leire Moya, Elio Riboli, Douglas F. Easton, Suzanne K. Chambers, Yong-Jie Lu, Melinda C. Aldrich, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, John S. Witte, Matthew Parliament, Gail P. Risbridger, Samantha E.T. Larkin, Lisa F. Newcomb, Fredrick R. Schumacher, Shiv Srivastava, Jasmine Lim, Meir J. Stampfer, Harry Ostrer, Judith A. Clements, Thérèse Truong, Catharine M L West, Zan Sun, Olivier Cussenot, Gyorgy Petrovics, Lovise Maehle, Elizabeth T. H. Fontham, William B. Isaacs, Hui Yi Lin, Rohit Varma, Elaine A. Ostrander, Manolis Kogevinas, Robert N. Hoover, Sandeep Singhal, Antonio Finelli, and Stephen K. Van Den Eeden

Subjects
0303 health sciences, business.industry, Published Erratum, MEDLINE, Genome-wide association study, Computational biology, Biology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Meta-analysis, Genetics, medicine, Susceptibility locus, 06 Biological Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Personalized medicine, Genetic risk, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology, Developmental Biology
Abstract

In the version of this article originally published, the names of the equally contributing authors and jointly supervising authors were switched. The correct affiliations are: “These authors contributed equally: David V. Conti, Burcu F. Darst. These authors jointly supervised this work: David V. Conti, Rosalind A. Eeles, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Christopher A. Haiman.” The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

Published
2021

4. Trans-ancestry genome-wide association meta-analysis of prostate cancer identifies new susceptibility loci and informs genetic risk prediction

Author

Paul A. Townsend, Edward J. Saunders, Hidewaki Nakagawa, Manuel R. Teixeira, Graham Casey, Demetrius Albanes, Christine Neslund-Dudas, Sara Lindström, William S. Bush, Maren Weischer, Lisa A. Cannon-Albright, Rick A. Kittles, Peggy Wan, Martin Eklund, Stephen N. Thibodeau, Burcu F. Darst, Fredrik Wiklund, Nicholas Mancuso, Jeri Kim, Jong Y. Park, Johanna Schleutker, Maureen Sanderson, Samantha E.T. Larkin, Radka Kaneva, Hongwei Zhang, Daniel J. Schaid, Luc Multigner, Marie-Élise Parent, Robert Szulkin, Fredrick R. Schumacher, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Jianfeng Xu, Gill Barnett, Melissa C. Southey, Yuan Chun Ding, Alexander Lubwama, Maria Elena Martinez, Manolis Kogevinas, Linda Steele, Laurent Brureau, Shiv Srivastava, Maya Ghoussaini, Alison M. Dunning, Adam B. Murphy, Kenneth Muir, Edward Giovannucci, Mitchell J. Machiela, James L. Mohler, Jack A. Taylor, Robert N. Hoover, Sandeep Singhal, Chavdar Slavov, Guido Jenster, Frank Claessens, Neil Fleshner, Sara Benlloch, Gert De Meerleer, Michael B. Cook, Zan Sun, Harry Ostrer, Pascal Blanchet, Lynne R. Wilkens, Ali Amin Al Olama, Sue A. Ingles, Markus Aly, Jay H. Fowke, Agnieszka Michael, Yves Akoli Koudou, Victoria L. Stevens, Kathryn L. Penney, Ana Vega, Xin Sheng, Ron H.N. van Schaik, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Kim De Ruyck, Christopher A. Haiman, Atushi Takahashi, Florence Menegaux, Judith A. Clements, Stephen K. Van Den Eeden, Brian D. Carter, Wayne D. Tilley, Antonio Finelli, Jennifer J. Hu, Hermann Brenner, Thomas Van den Broeck, Shan Chao Zhao, Azad Hassan Abdul Razack, Edward D. Yeboah, Sonja I. Berndt, Barbara Nemesure, Mark N. Brook, David V. Conti, Katarina Cuk, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, Ali Sahimi, Stephen J. Chanock, Loic Le Marchand, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Sune F. Nielsen, Sara S. Strom, Ann W. Hsing, Roberta McKean-Cowdin, David J. Hunter, Ian M. Thompson, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Jyotsna Batra, Paula Paulo, Masashi Fujita, Jennifer Cullen, Susan M. Gapstur, Sarah L. Kerns, Lorelei A. Mucci, Neil G. Burnet, Xueying Mao, Hui Yi Lin, Rohit Varma, Marija Gamulin, Wei Zheng, Thomas A. Sellers, Adam S. Kibel, Robert J. Hamilton, Leire Moya, Ninghan Feng, Laura E. Beane Freeman, James E. Mensah, Catherine M. Tangen, Shannon K. McDonnell, Matthew Parliament, Davor Lessel, Gail P. Risbridger, Mina Torres, Janet L. Stanford, Bettina F. Drake, Soo-Hwang Teo, Robert J. MacInnis, Stig E. Bojesen, Jeannette T. Bensen, William J. Blot, Stella Koutros, Robin J. Leach, Graham G. Giles, Piet Ost, Artitaya Lophatananon, Laura Fachal, Tomislav Kuliš, Peter Kraft, Monique J. Roobol, Elaine A. Ostrander, Niclas Håkansson, Anselm Hennis, Yukihide Momozawa, Anssi Auvinen, Koichi Matsuda, Steven Joniau, Lisa G. Horvath, Javier Llorca, Claire Aukim-Hastie, Bernd Holleczek, Daniel W. Lin, Gerald L. Andriole, John D. Carpten, Eli Marie Grindedal, Rosalind A. Eeles, Elio Riboli, Constance Turman, Martin Andreas Røder, Yong-Jie Lu, Tobias Nordström, Kai Uwe Saum, Esther M. John, Melinda C. Aldrich, Peter Iversen, Henrik Grönberg, John S. Witte, Andreia Brandão, Eric A. Klein, Olivier Cussenot, Barry S. Rosenstein, Stephen Watya, Jan Lubinski, Douglas F. Easton, Dana C. Crawford, Gyorgy Petrovics, Thomas J. Schnoeller, Richard M. Martin, Stephanie J. Weinstein, Jose Esteban Castelao, Suzanne K. Chambers, Tokhir Dadaev, Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen, Antonio Gómez-Caamaño, Lisa F. Newcomb, Csilla Sipeky, Lovise Maehle, Brandi Weaver, Susan L. Neuhausen, Christiane Maier, Alicja Wolk, Vanio Mitev, Thérèse Truong, Manuel Luedeke, Jenny L Donovan, Mariana C. Stern, Catharine M L West, Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Elizabeth T. H. Fontham, William B. Isaacs, David E. Neal, Christopher J. Logothetis, Alisha Chou, Jasmine Lim, Benjamin A. Rybicki, Kay-Tee Khaw, Meir J. Stampfer, Chad D. Huff, Thomas J. Hoffmann, Michael Borre, Freddie C. Hamdy, Nawaid Usmani, Cezary Cybulski, Craig C. Teerlink, Milan S. Geybels, Nora Pashayan, Timothy J. Key, Phyllis J. Goodman, Hardev Pandha, Ruth C. Travis, Yudong Wu, Dominika Wokołorczyk, Lilit C. Moss, University of Southern California (USC), Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles], CHU Tenon [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Centre de recherche en épidémiologie et santé des populations (CESP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Paul Brousse-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], The institute of cancer research [London], U01CA194393, National Institutes of Health, NA, Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Urology, Clinical Chemistry, Darst, Burcu F [0000-0002-6205-4632], Chou, Alisha [0000-0001-7521-6373], Schumacher, Fredrick R [0000-0002-3073-7463], Dadaev, Tokhir [0000-0002-8268-0438], Brook, Mark N [0000-0002-8969-2378], Hoffmann, Thomas J [0000-0001-6893-4449], Takahashi, Atushi [0000-0001-7099-8767], Matsuda, Koichi [0000-0001-7292-2686], Fujita, Masashi [0000-0002-1457-6233], Muir, Kenneth [0000-0001-6429-988X], Stevens, Victoria L [0000-0003-0259-4407], Schleutker, Johanna [0000-0002-1863-0305], Sipeky, Csilla [0000-0002-8853-4722], Auvinen, Anssi [0000-0003-1125-4818], Giles, Graham G [0000-0003-4946-9099], Martin, Richard M [0000-0002-7992-7719], Nordestgaard, Børge G [0000-0002-1954-7220], Bojesen, Stig E [0000-0002-4061-4133], Røder, Martin Andreas [0000-0002-0019-5333], Batra, Jyotsna [0000-0003-4646-6247], Tilley, Wayne [0000-0003-1893-2626], Risbridger, Gail P [0000-0003-3089-4028], Gronberg, Henrik [0000-0002-1073-2753], Eklund, Martin [0000-0001-5032-5266], Nordström, Tobias [0000-0003-4915-7546], Pashayan, Nora [0000-0003-0843-2468], Dunning, Alison M [0000-0001-6651-7166], Travis, Ruth C [0000-0002-9571-0763], Riboli, Elio [0000-0001-6795-6080], Park, Jong Y [0000-0002-6384-6447], Weinstein, Stephanie J [0000-0002-3834-1535], Kraft, Peter [0000-0002-4472-8103], Ostrander, Elaine A [0000-0001-6075-9738], Wolk, Alicja [0000-0001-7387-6845], Håkansson, Niclas [0000-0001-7673-5554], Machiela, Mitchell J [0000-0001-6538-9705], Sørensen, Karina Dalsgaard [0000-0002-4902-5490], Zheng, Wei [0000-0003-1226-070X], Mensah, James E [0000-0003-4133-1722], Lu, Yong-Jie [0000-0001-6174-6621], West, Catharine ML [0000-0002-0839-3449], Cancel-Tassin, Géraldine [0000-0002-9583-6382], Truong, Thérèse [0000-0002-2943-6786], Vega, Ana [0000-0002-7416-5137], Gómez-Caamaño, Antonio [0000-0002-9773-4590], Fachal, Laura [0000-0002-7256-9752], Kerns, Sarah L [0000-0002-6503-0011], Ostrer, Harry [0000-0002-2209-5376], Teixeira, Manuel R [0000-0002-4896-5982], Brandão, Andreia [0000-0003-0938-1543], Cannon-Albright, Lisa [0000-0003-2602-3668], Multigner, Luc [0000-0003-3205-8568], Klein, Eric A [0000-0002-1783-0698], Murphy, Adam B [0000-0001-9977-3473], Michael, Agnieszka [0000-0002-7262-6227], Ost, Piet [0000-0002-2203-4848], Xu, Jianfeng [0000-0002-1343-8752], Teo, Soo-Hwang [0000-0002-0444-590X], Lessel, Davor [0000-0003-4496-244X], Kulis, Tomislav [0000-0002-0895-5691], Joniau, Steven [0000-0003-3195-9890], Bush, William S [0000-0002-9729-6519], Crawford, Dana C [0000-0002-6437-6248], Roobol, Monique J [0000-0001-6967-1708], Jenster, Guido [0000-0002-8658-2552], Van Den Eeden, Stephen K [0000-0002-5599-8387], Easton, Douglas F [0000-0003-2444-3247], Chanock, Stephen J [0000-0002-2324-3393], Wiklund, Fredrik [0000-0002-4623-0544], Eeles, Rosalind A [0000-0002-3698-6241], Haiman, Christopher A [0000-0002-0097-9971], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Male, 8Q24, Genome-wide association study, Continental Population Groups/genetics, VARIANTS, Prostate cancer, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, IMPUTATION, Odds Ratio, Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Continental Population Groups, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Middle Aged, Càncer--Aspectes genètics, 3. Good health, ODDS RATIOS, 06 Biological Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Biology, prostate cancer, meta-analysis, SEQUENCE, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Breast cancer, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Genetics, medicine, BREAST-CANCER, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Neoplasm Invasiveness, education, 030304 developmental biology, Genetic association, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, MUTATIONS, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, Racial Groups, Prostatic Neoplasms, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, BRCA2, Pròstata--Càncer, Genetic Loci, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Imputation (genetics), Genètica, Demography, Developmental Biology, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

International audience; Prostate cancer is a highly heritable disease with large disparities in incidence rates across ancestry populations. We conducted a multiancestry meta-analysis of prostate cancer genome-wide association studies (107,247 cases and 127,006 controls) and identified 86 new genetic risk variants independently associated with prostate cancer risk, bringing the total to 269 known risk variants. The top genetic risk score (GRS) decile was associated with odds ratios that ranged from 5.06 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.84-5.29) for men of European ancestry to 3.74 (95% CI, 3.36-4.17) for men of African ancestry. Men of African ancestry were estimated to have a mean GRS that was 2.18-times higher (95% CI, 2.14-2.22), and men of East Asian ancestry 0.73-times lower (95% CI, 0.71-0.76), than men of European ancestry. These findings support the role of germline variation contributing to population differences in prostate cancer risk, with the GRS offering an approach for personalized risk prediction.

Published
2021

5. Evaluation of Deep Learning to Augment Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Head and Neck and Prostate Cancers

Author

Anton Schwaighofer, Aditya V. Nori, Melissa Bristow, Ryutaro Tanno, Ozan Oktay, David J. Noble, Christopher M. Bishop, Gill Barnett, Kenton O'Hara, David Carter, Ben Glocker, Jay Nanavati, Javier Alvarez-Valle, Rajesh Jena, and Yvonne Rimmer

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Contouring, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Head and neck cancer, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Radiation therapy, Data set, Medical imaging, medicine, Radiology, Radiation treatment planning, business, Radiation oncologist, Image-guided radiation therapy
Abstract

Importance Personalized radiotherapy planning depends on high-quality delineation of target tumors and surrounding organs at risk (OARs). This process puts additional time burdens on oncologists and introduces variability among both experts and institutions. Objective To explore clinically acceptable autocontouring solutions that can be integrated into existing workflows and used in different domains of radiotherapy. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study used a multicenter imaging data set comprising 519 pelvic and 242 head and neck computed tomography (CT) scans from 8 distinct clinical sites and patients diagnosed either with prostate or head and neck cancer. The scans were acquired as part of treatment dose planning from patients who received intensity-modulated radiation therapy between October 2013 and February 2020. Fifteen different OARs were manually annotated by expert readers and radiation oncologists. The models were trained on a subset of the data set to automatically delineate OARs and evaluated on both internal and external data sets. Data analysis was conducted October 2019 to September 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The autocontouring solution was evaluated on external data sets, and its accuracy was quantified with volumetric agreement and surface distance measures. Models were benchmarked against expert annotations in an interobserver variability (IOV) study. Clinical utility was evaluated by measuring time spent on manual corrections and annotations from scratch. Results A total of 519 participants’ (519 [100%] men; 390 [75%] aged 62-75 years) pelvic CT images and 242 participants’ (184 [76%] men; 194 [80%] aged 50-73 years) head and neck CT images were included. The models achieved levels of clinical accuracy within the bounds of expert IOV for 13 of 15 structures (eg, left femur, κ = 0.982; brainstem, κ = 0.806) and performed consistently well across both external and internal data sets (eg, mean [SD] Dice score for left femur, internal vs external data sets: 98.52% [0.50] vs 98.04% [1.02];P = .04). The correction time of autogenerated contours on 10 head and neck and 10 prostate scans was measured as a mean of 4.98 (95% CI, 4.44-5.52) min/scan and 3.40 (95% CI, 1.60-5.20) min/scan, respectively, to ensure clinically accepted accuracy. Manual segmentation of the head and neck took a mean 86.75 (95% CI, 75.21-92.29) min/scan for an expert reader and 73.25 (95% CI, 68.68-77.82) min/scan for a radiation oncologist. The autogenerated contours represented a 93% reduction in time. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the models achieved levels of clinical accuracy within expert IOV while reducing manual contouring time and performing consistently well across previously unseen heterogeneous data sets. With the availability of open-source libraries and reliable performance, this creates significant opportunities for the transformation of radiation treatment planning.

Published
2020

7. Common genetic variation associated with increased susceptibility to prostate cancer does not increase risk of radiotherapy toxicity

Author

Mahbubl, Ahmed, Leila, Dorling, Sarah, Kerns, Laura, Fachal, Rebecca, Elliott, Matt, Partliament, Barry S, Rosenstein, Ana, Vega, Antonio, Gómez-Caamaño, Gill, Barnett, David P, Dearnaley, Emma, Hall, Matt, Sydes, Neil, Burnet, Paul D P, Pharoah, Ros, Eeles, and Catharine M L, West

Subjects
Male, Principal Component Analysis, genetic variants, Prostatic Neoplasms, Genetics and Genomics, Middle Aged, prostate cancer, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, White People, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Radiation Injuries, late toxicity, Germ-Line Mutation, radiotherapy, Aged, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

Background: Numerous germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms increase susceptibility to prostate cancer, some lying near genes involved in cellular radiation response. This study investigated whether prostate cancer patients with a high genetic risk have increased toxicity following radiotherapy. Methods: The study included 1560 prostate cancer patients from four radiotherapy cohorts: RAPPER (n=533), RADIOGEN (n=597), GenePARE (n=290) and CCI (n=150). Data from genome-wide association studies were imputed with the 1000 Genomes reference panel. Individuals were genetically similar with a European ancestry based on principal component analysis. Genetic risks were quantified using polygenic risk scores. Regression models tested associations between risk scores and 2-year toxicity (overall, urinary frequency, decreased stream, rectal bleeding). Results were combined across studies using standard inverse-variance fixed effects meta-analysis methods. Results: A total of 75 variants were genotyped/imputed successfully. Neither non-weighted nor weighted polygenic risk scores were associated with late radiation toxicity in individual studies (P>0.11) or after meta-analysis (P>0.24). No individual variant was associated with 2-year toxicity. Conclusion: Patients with a high polygenic susceptibility for prostate cancer have no increased risk for developing late radiotherapy toxicity. These findings suggest that patients with a genetic predisposition for prostate cancer, inferred by common variants, can be safely treated using current standard radiotherapy regimens.

Published
2015

8. Smoking and the risk of anal cancer recurrence: The Addenbrookes Hospital experience

Author

Charles Wilson, Anna Bowzyk Al-Naeeb, and Gill Barnett

Subjects
Gynecology, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Disease, medicine.disease, Anus, Hospital experience, Response to treatment, Squamous carcinoma, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, Internal medicine, Concomitant, medicine, Anal cancer, business, Chemoradiotherapy
Abstract

439 Background: Anal cancer, a tumour induced by the human papilloma virus (HPV) is highly responsive to chemoradiation. Smoking appears to be an important cofactor in its development, possibly through immunomodulatory mechanism and has been reported to have a negative effect on prognosis. Objective is to evaluate the relation between smoking and the outcome in patients receiving radical chemoradiotherapy (50.4 Gy/ 28f with concomitant 5FU/Mitomycin) for squamous carcinoma of the anus. Methods: 109 patients treated with radical intent from January 2009- Feb 2013 were retrospectively analysed. Details of staging, smoking history, HIV status, response to treatment, follow up time and recording of persistent or recurrence were collected. High risk disease (HR) was defined as any T3/T4 disease or TxN2+, standard risk (SR) as T1/2 N0-1. Results: 68 females and 41 males with an age range 38-83 (median 61).Data about smoking status was available in 74 patients: 28 smokers, 8 ex-smokers, and 38 non-smokers. 54/109 (49%) had high risk disease (HR), and the distribution was balanced across the groups. 4 patients were HIV positive. Median follow up time was 23 months. Complete clinical response was achieved in 101/109 (93%), 1 patient died (cause unknown), and 7 had persistent disease. Of these 6 were smokers (2 SR, 3HR, 1 HR and HIV+) 1 was a non-smoker (1 HR). 9 patients developed recurrent disease: 5 smokers (2 SR, 3 HR), 1 ex-smoker (HR), 3 unknown (2HR, 1SR). 11/16 patients who had a local failure were persistent smokers. Using ordinal logistic regression, smoking increases the risk of recurrence with an Odds ratio of 17.4 (p=0.008). Conclusions: This retrospective series suggest that smoking is associated with a higher risk of local recurrence following chemoradiotherapy. One of the hypothesis is that tissue hypoxia may impact on the oxygen dependent effect of chemoradiation. Patients should be encouraged to stop smoking and smoking may need to be considered as a factor defining a higher risk category which may benefit from dose escalation.

Published
2014

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