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Computing the flux densities provided by solar concentrators or focusing heliostats can be done in two different ways: A grid ray-tracing (GRT) procedure that makes use of a large number of ray bundles, starting from the solar disk and finally impinging the focal plane of the concentrator. The method is reliable and accurate, but requires extensive computing times. Alternatively, the flux densities can be estimated by using convolution algorithms. This latter method requires much less computing time, but is known to be less accurate when the incidence angle of the sunrays on the reflector increases. The objective of this contribution is to define an algorithm based on convolution products and fast Fourier transforms having high accuracy. The results show that RMS error differences between both models are typically lower then 1%.

Particle flow structure and associated heat transfer coefficient are examined as a function of temperature in a single-tube fluidized bed solar receiver operating in upward particle flow mode. It is found that temperature has a strong effect on both fluidization regimes and wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient that varies in the range 800-1200 W/(m2.K). Turbulent fluidization regime results in the most intense heat transfer between the irradiated wall and the fluidized particle.

This study presents a comparison of both modelling and experimental results obtained on the solar field and the receiver of the MW-scale particle driven CSP unit implemented at the Themis solar tower (France) in the framework of the Next-CSP H2020 European project. At partial load, ~900 kW, the simulated data concerning the incident power at the receiver aperture are consistent with the measured values with less than 5% difference from the experimental results. The difference is higher for the particle temperature and the thermal efficiency as a function of particle mass flow rate. It ranges between 12 and 98°C for measured particle temperature of 430 and 300°C respectively. For the thermal efficiency, the difference varies strongly with the experiments from approximately 12% to 50% (relative). The main cause of discrepancy between the experimental and the calculated results is attributed to the heterogeneity of the solar flux distribution on the receiver tubes.

Concentrated solar power is a promising technique enabling renewable energy production with large scale solar power plants in the near future. Estimating quantitatively the reflectivity of a solar concentrator is a major issue, since it has a significant impact on the flux distribution formed at the solar receiver. Moreover, it is desirable that the mirrors can be measured during operation in order to evaluate environmental factors such as day/night thermal cycles or soiling and ageing effects at the reflective surfaces. For that purpose, a backward gazing method that was originally developed to measure mirror shape and misalignment error was developed. The method operates in quasi real-time without disturbing the heat production process. It was successfully tested at the Themis solar tower power plant in Targasonne, France. Its basic principle consists in acquiring four simultaneous images of a Sun-tracking heliostat, captured from different observation points located near the thermal receiver. The images are then processed with a minimization algorithm allowing the determination of the reflectance and slopes errors of the mirrors. In this communication, it is shown that the algorithm allows one to get quantitative reflectivity maps at the surface of the heliostat. The measurement is fully remote and is used to evaluate surface reflectivity that depends on optical coatings quality and soiling effects. Preliminary results obtained with a Themis heliostat are presented. They show that reflectivity measurements can be carried out within repeatability about ± 5% Peak-to-Valley (PTV) and 1% RMS. Ways to improving these numbers are discussed in the paper.

Recycling Li-ion batteries is a delicate but strategic operation that can be performed by either pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy or a combination of methods. This paper presents, for the first time, an innovative solar pyrometallurgical route that consists in three steps. They are pyrolysis, mechanical separation and smelting. The process is applied to LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC) cathode material. After pyrolysis at 580°C and smelting at 1000°C, the final product is a Ni-based alloy containing Co, Li and Mn.

A fluidized particle single-tube solar receiver has been tested for investigating the gas-particle characteristics that enable the best operating conditions in a commercial-scale plant. The principle of the solar receiver is to fluidize the particles in a vessel – the dispenser – in which the receiver tube is plunged. The particles are flowing upward in the tube, irradiated over 1-meter height, by applying an overpressure in the dispenser. Experiments with a concentrated solar flux varying between 188 and 358 kW/m² are carried out, and the particle mass flux varied from 0 to 72 kg/(m²s). The mean particles and external tube wall temperatures in the irradiated zone are heated from the ambient to respectively 700°C and 940°C. It is shown that the temperature rise leads to a decrease of the particle volume fraction. Furthermore, a self-regulation of the system is evidenced with a short transient regime. This characteristic is essential from the operational viewpoint. The thermal efficiency of the receiver increases with the particle flow rate, reaching between 60 and 75% above 30 kg/(m²s). Several fluidization regimes are identified thanks to pressure signal analyses, like slugging, turbulent and fast fluidization, showing that regimes transitions are strongly affected by the temperature.

A fluidized-particles two-tube solar receiver was tested at ambient temperature at PROMES Laboratory to investigate the influence of an inhomogeneous solar flux density on the particle mass flow rate between the tubes. The principle of this 3rd generation solar receiver is to fluidize the particles in a container, called dispenser, in which the tubes’ bottom are immersed. The fluidized particles are flowing upward the tubes by applying an overpressure in the dispenser. Air velocities are changed inside the tubes, thanks to air mass flow controllers, to represent temperature heterogeneity between the tubes. Air velocities from 0.05 up to 0.52 m/s were tested, both in homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. In the heterogeneous ones, the differences in air velocity between the tubes aim to mimic a difference in temperature from 20 to 100 % with homogeneous air flow rates injected. The following conclusions were drawn. First, the particle mass flux in the tubes are the same with homogeneous air velocities, each one following a calibration map previously obtained. Second, different air velocities lead to different particle mass flux. Third, the rise of the total particle mass flux diminishes the pressure in the dispenser. Four, this diminution of pressure leads to a decrease of the particle mass flow rate of the tube with the lower air velocity. This influence can lead in some cases to the stop of the fluidized bed circulation in the affected tube.

This work presents the experimental evaluation of pilot-scale thermocline that integrates a layer of phase change material (PCM) at the top of a sensible heat storage material in a thermocline thermal energy storage (TES) tank. The TES is integrated to the MicroSol-R parabolic trough pilot plant at the PROMES research facility in Odeillo, France. The tank is filled with alumina spheres as sensible heat storage. The PCM is NaNO3 encapsulated in stainless steel horizontal tubes that fill about 5.5% of the tank volume. The charge is evaluated at three mass flow rates 2600, 3000, and 3900 kg/h at two different operating temperature ranges 285-315 ºC and 295-330 ºC. The discharge is studied at three mass flow rates 1600, 2000, and 3000 kg/h from 315 to 220 ºC and 330 to 225 ºC. The performance of the TES is analyzed with two main indicators: the thermocline thickness and the efficiency during the charge and discharge. The results indicate that lower mass flow rates during the charging process result in smaller thermocline thickness. Similarly, during discharge, the thermocline thickness reduces with lower discharge rates. Efficiency evaluation during discharge suggests that an optimal flow rate could be achieved.

After many years of fruitful collaboration in the field of research infrastructures (RIs) for concentrated solar power/solar thermal energy applications, several European countries decided to apply to the European Commission to go a step forward and create a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC), a new legal form of association which poses a number of advantages in the endeavour for a further development of this technology in Europe at all levels. This new consortium, EU-SOLARIS ERIC, is likely to be legally implemented in October 2022, after a long negotiation and evaluation process, where the support of the respective Governmental research agencies of the countries involved has been crucial. EU-SOLARIS ERIC will be a legal entity and its main goal will be the improvement of the interoperability, accessibility and quality of services provided by the existing European research infrastructures to the CSP/STE research communities and industrial stakeholders. Although the current Members of the EU-SOLARIS consortium are Germany, France, Cyprus and Spain (Statutory Seat at Plataforma Solar de Almería, Spain), plus Portugal as an Observer, it is open to any other country willing to participate as Member or Observer.

Achieving sustainability and resilience depends on the conciliation of environmental, social, and economic issues integrated into a long-term perspective to ensure communities flourish. Many nations are transitioning toward both objectives, while at the same time addressing structural concerns that have not allowed them to look after the environment in the past. Chile is one of these nations dealing with such challenges within a particular administrative context, an increasing environmental awareness, and a set of unique and complex geophysical boundaries that impose a plethora of hazards for cities, ecosystems, and human health. This paper presents recent accomplishments and gaps, mostly from an environmental perspective, on issues related to air pollution, the urban water cycle, and soil contamination, in the path being followed by Chile toward urban sustainability and resilience. The focus is on the bonds between cities and their geophysical context, as well as the relationships between environmental issues, the built environment, and public health. The description and diagnosis are illustrated using two cities as case studies, Temuco and Copiapó, whose socioeconomic, geographical, and environmental attributes differ considerably. Particulate matter pollution produced by the residential sector, drinking water availability, wastewater treatment, stormwater management, and soil contamination from the mining industry are discussed for these cities. Overall, the case studies highlight how tackling these issues requires coordinated actions in multiple areas, including regulatory, information, and financial incentive measures. Finally, the policy analysis discusses frameworks and opportunities for Chilean cities, which may be of interest when conceiving transitional paths toward sustainability and resilience for other cities elsewhere.

Abstract The synthesis of fundamentally small MoS2 nanotubes and nanocones(horns) that have proven elusive in prior studies has been achieved via ablation of a precursor mixture of crystallites of MoS2 + MoO3 by highly concentrated solar radiation. The special far‐from‐equilibrium conditions achieved in the solar furnace prove conducive to the generation of these singular nanostructures. Extensive electron microscopy and characterization results (transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning TEM (STEM), and high angle annular dark field (HAADF)) reveal a range of nanoparticle shapes and sizes based on which reaction mechanisms are proposed. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the sizable thermal fluctuations intrinsically produced in the high‐temperature solar reactor soften the MoS2 nanostructures, yielding corrugated layers that favor nanostructures with only a few layers, in agreement with the experimental observations.

The fluidized particle-in-tube solar receiver concept is promoted as an attractive solution for heating particles at high temperature in the context of the next generation of solar power tower. Similar to most existing central solar receivers, the irradiated part of the system, the absorber, is composed of tubes in which circulate the fluidized particles. In this concept, the bottom tip of the tubes is immersed in a fluidized bed generated in a vessel named the dispenser. A secondary air injection, called aeration, is added at the bottom of the tube to stabilize the flow. Contrary to risers, the particle mass flow rate is controlled by a combination of the overpressure in the dispenser and the aeration air velocity in the tube. This is an originality of the system that justifies a specific study of the fluidization regimes in a wide range of operating parameters. Moreover, due to the high value of the aspect ratio, the particle flow structure varies along the tube. Experiments were conducted with Geldart Group A particles at ambient temperature with a 0.045 m internal diameter and 3 m long tube. Various temporal pressure signal processing methods, applied in the case of classical risers, are applied. Over a short acquisition time, a cross-reference of the results is necessary to identify and characterize the fluidization regimes. Bubbling, slugging, turbulent and fast fluidization regimes are encountered and the two operation modes, without and with particle circulation, are compared.

High temperature solar receivers are developed in the context of the Gen3 solar thermal power plants, in order to power high efficiency heat-to-electricity cycles. Since particle technology collects and stores high temperature solar heat, CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research) develops an original technology using fluidized particles as HTF (heat transfer fluid). The targeted particle temperature is around 750 °C, and the walls of the receiver tubes, reach high working temperatures, which impose the design of a cavity receiver to limit the radiative losses. Therefore, the objective of this work is to explore the cavity shape effect on the absorber performances. Geometrical parameters are defined to parametrize the design. The size and shape of the cavity, the aperture-to-absorber distance and its tilt angle. A thermal model of a 50 MW hemi-cylindrical tubular receiver, closed by refractory panels, is developed, which accounts for radiation and convection losses. Parameter ranges that reach a thermal efficiency of at least 85% are explored. This sensitivity analysis allows the definition of cavity shape and dimensions to reach the targeted efficiency. For an aperture-to-absorber distance of 9 m, the 85% efficiency is obtained for aperture areas equal or less than 20 m2 and 25 m2 for high, and low convection losses, respectively.

The influence of radiative heat transfer in a CO2 pipe flow is numerically investigated at different pressures.Coupled heat and mass transfer, including radiation transport, are modeled. The physical models and the high temperature and high pressure radiative properties method of computation are presented. Simulations are conducted for pure CO2 flows in a high temperature pipe at 1100 K (with radius 2 cm) with a fixed velocity (1 m·s-1) and for di erent operating pressures, 0:1, 1, 5 and 20 MPa (supercritical CO2). The coupling between the temperature and velocity fields is discussed and it is found that the in uence of radiation absorption is important at low pressure and as the operating pressure increases above 5 MPa the influence of radiation becomes weaker due to an increase of CO2 optical thickness.

Se estudió el comportamiento de 11 elementos traza durante la incineración de barros cloacales y su co-combustión con residuos sólidos municipales desde el punto de vista termodinámico, con el fin de observar la influencia de diferentes variables del proceso. Los cálculos termodinámicos se realizaron simulando la atmósfera de combustión existente durante la combustión de barros cloacales, en un rango de temperatura entre 200 y 1000 °C, trabajando a presión atmosférica. Se analizó además la presencia de cloro y azufre en dicha atmósfera, debido a que éstos pueden estar presentes durante la co-combustión con residuos sólidos municipales. Desde el punto de vista experimental se incineraron los barros cloacales en un lecho fluidizado. El trabajo se focalizó en el comportamiento de tres metales tóxicos representativos: Cd, Pb y Zn. Los resultados de este estudio permiten concluir, desde el punto de vista termodinámico, que la co-combustión con residuos sólidos municipales no favorecería la vaporización de los elementos traza, ya que los cloruros metálicos reaccionarían con el agua formando óxidos y serían retenidos por la matriz mineral. El estudio experimental nos muestra que la vaporización de los metales pesados es altamente dependiente de las condiciones de operación.

The behavior of 11 trace elements during the sewage sludge combustion and its co-combustion with municipal solid wastes was thermodynamically investigated in order to observe the influence of different operating parameters. The thermodynamic calculations were carried out simulating the existing atmosphere during the sewage sludge combustion, between 200 and 1000ºC, working at atmospheric pressure. Also, the contents of chlorine and sulphur in this atmosphere was analyzed, because these elements can exist during the co-combustion with municipal solid waste. Experimentally, the sewage sludge combustion in fluidized bed was carried out. The study was focalized in three representative toxic metals: Cd, Pb, Zn. The results show that the co-combustion with municipal solid wastes makes it difficult trace elements vaporization, since metallic chlorides react with water forming oxides which remain in the mineral matrix. The experimental study confirmed the important dependence of the heavy metals vaporization upon the operating parameters.