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Land use and tillage practices may change soil structure and undermine sustainable agriculture; however, such changes are hardly identified in the short term. In this sense, agroforestry systems have been used to reduce soil degradation and promote sustainable production in coffee plantations. These areas are expected to have well-structured soils and hence improved root distribution. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality by the morphostructural and root distribution analyses comparing open-grown coffee and coffee in agroforestry systems with rubber trees for 19 years, in an Oxisol in northern Paraná State (Brazil). Treatments consisted of open-grown coffee (OG), coffee partially shaded by rubber trees (PSH), and coffee fully shaded by rubber trees (FSH). The mapping of morphostructural features and soil resistance to penetration in “cultural profile” walls identified changes in soil structure resulting from different tillage systems. Root distribution was better in coffee plants grown in PSH and FSH systems. At greater depths, cultural profiles of FSH and PSH showed a larger numbers of roots compared to OG. Among the three systems, PSH provided a better environment for root growth and distribution. This result could be attributed to the high biological activity and interaction between roots and aggregates in that profile. The FSH agroforestry system provided less compact morphological structures and more roots throughout the soil profile. The agroforestry systems presented fewer soil structural changes by tillage operations and lower values of soil penetration resistance. Coffee root distribution was an effective indicator of soil quality and consistent with the morphostructural characterization of cultural profile. more...

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) is know as one of main pests of stored canola seeds worldwide, however, the cases of infestation in Brazil are still not reported. Due to its potential pest status allied to the increasing production of canola in Brazil, this work aims to evaluate the establishment of T. castaneum in canola stored seeds, as well as the effects of diferent inert dusts to its control. For stablishment determination, three substrates were tested: wheat bran (control); whole wheat seeds; and whole canola seeds. The insects remained in the substrates for 14 days, when mortality was counted, and then for aditional seven days before get removed, for progeny assessment at 66 days after initial exposure. For the insecticide potential of inert dusts, four treatments were tested in canola seeds as substrate: diatomaceous earth; basaltic rock powder; vegetable charcoal powder; and untreated canola seeds as control treatment. The beetles were exposed to the treated substrate and cumulated mortality was counted each two days for 15 days. Lower adult mortality and higher progeny in canola seeds indicates that these substrate is a potential host for T. castaneum. Diatomaceous earth and vegetable charcoal powder reduced the survival of adult beetles in canola in more than 60% at the end of the evaluation period. The T. castaneum adults and its offspring develops well in stored canola seeds. Additionally, the use of inert dusts, mainly diatomaceous earth and vegetable charcoal powder presents promising results of control of the beetle in stored canola seeds. more...

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) has economic importance in tropical and/or subtropical regions, because of the high sucrose content for cost-effective sugar and ethanol production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of vegetative waste on crop yield and industrial quality of the sugarcane. The experiment was carried out in a Kaolinitic Typic Eutrorthox, loamy texture, using the following six treatments: no fire, but leaving 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mg ha−1 of straw mulch without trash incorporation, and sugarcane with burning and manual cutting before the harvesting, with four replicates. We evaluated total stalk yield (TSY) and industrial quality based on the apparent sucrose contents in the stalks (Pol), fibers, apparent purity (AP), reducing sugar (RS), and total recoverable sugar (TRS). The TSY after harvest, industrial quality at 180 and 240 days after harvest (DAH) and at the pre-harvest (350 days DAH) were also evaluated. The vegetative wastes had no influence in industrial q... more...

The urgent need to reduce the use of fossil sources, whether agricultural inputs or fuels, and to promote a more sustainable means of production has become an incessant search worldwide. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be an important alternative once they act in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients in the soil and in the maintenance of soil and plant health and quality. Crambe abyssinica has been recognized as an important crop for the production of high-quality biodiesel. The identification of specific PGPR are of great importance for the production of sustainable and low-cost biodiesel. The effect of four different PGPR and its mixture, on the growth and yield of Crambe was assessed in a greenhouse setting. Six treatments were used: Azospirillum brasilense (strain Ab-V5), Methylobacterium komagatae (strain ZM), Rhizobium sp. (strain 8.1.2.1), Azomonas sp. (strain 4.3.1.2), a mixture of these four and no inoculation. Plant height and stem diameter, the area of roots, and yield were evaluated. M. komagatae, Azomonas sp. and Rhizobium sp. provided an average of 102% greater root area compared to uninoculated crambe. However, only M. komagatae provided a significant yield increase (108%). The positive responses of a bacterium not previously reported as growth-promoting enables also a series of study possibilities such as the elucidation of the mechanisms of association and testing in other plantas, particularly other Brassicaceae. more...

In plants, iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) have many functions, as the transport and electron transference during photosynthesis, and their deficiencies affect the chlorophyll formation, plant growth and grain yield (GY). We carried out two experiments under greenhouse conditions with the aim of determining the influence of Fe and Mn on nutritional status, physiological components, soil chemical properties and yield components of soybean plants. In both experiments, five Fe and Mn rates were used. The GY, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), the number of grain per pot (NGP), photosynthesis rate (A) and chlorophyll content were influenced by Fe rates, while GY, SDWY, root length and A were influenced by Mn rates. Iron and Mn concentrations in leaves and grains increased with rates of Fe and nutrients. The Mehlich 1 and DTPA-TEA extractants were efficient to determine the Fe and Mn available in the soil. more...

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T15:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) has the largest acreage in Brazil where nutrients are provided to crops by formulated fertilizers, which is the most usual method. Under tropical and subtropical conditions, most of the nutrients required by soybean crops are phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), while sulfur (S) is applied in smaller amounts. The P, K, and S interactions under greenhouse conditions using completely randomized blocks in a factorial 3 x 3 x 3 arrangement were evaluated. The treatments were as follows: three P rates (0, 75, and 150 mg P kg(-1)); three K rates (0, 150, and 300 mg K kg(-1)); and three S rates (0, 50, and 100 mg S kg(-1)). The P, K, and S application had a significant influence on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and number of pods per pot (NPP) in contrast with the increase in grain yield (GY) that had positive relationship with K and S rates. These results indicated that both nutrients were the most limiting to GY. In soil and leaves, only the P, K, and S concentrations were modified by the treatments (P, K, and S), but in the grains there was synergism of P rates with Mg concentration unlike K rates with Ca concentration. Physiological components as photosynthetic rate, intrinsic efficiency of water use, and chlorophyll had influence from P and K rates. Brazilian Agr Res Corp EMBRAPA, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, Natl Soybean Res Ctr, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, Dept Crop Sci, Londrina, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Campus Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira, Sao Paulo State, Brazil more...

Sugarcane straw mulch left in the field after its mechanical harvest has become very valuable raw material for second generation ethanol and bioelectricity production. However, little information is available on how much straw mulch is needed to be left in the field so that agricultural productivity is not affected and high sustainability is provided for the bioenergy production system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and industrial quality of sugarcane after five years of cultivation when different amount of straw mulch is removed from the field. The experiment was installed in clay texture Eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). Six treatments were evaluated: 0%, 25% (5 t ha−1), 50% (10 t ha−1), 75% (15 t ha−1), 100% (20 t ha−1) of straw mulch and burnt cane harvesting (where 100% of the straw mulch was burned). Evaluated parameters included sugarcane productivity (tons/hectare) and its industrial quality (Pol, soluble solids (°Brix), apparent purity and total sugars (TS)). Productivity was calculated at the end of the cycle whereas industrial quality parameters were evaluated during three phases i.e. 180, 240 and 350 days after cutting (DAC). Straw mulch of 50 and 75% were statistically at par with each other but resulted in higher sugarcane production with 47% more productivity as compared to 0 and 25% of straw mulch as well as burned cane harvesting. Straw mulch didn’t affect the industrial quality; however, higher sugar production was supported by higher agricultural productivity, under low moisture condition. It is possible to remove 50% of straw mulch from the field for the production of second generation ethanol or bioelectricity, without any damage to the crop. more...

Due to mechanical harvesting large amount of straw is left in the field which implicates modification throughout the agriculture environment. This straw is beneficial for both soil and plant. However, there is no information about the sufficient quantity which can be used to achieve such effects and also whether it can be used in other sectors like electricity and ethanol production. Therefore, a research was designed with the objective to evaluate the effect of different amounts of straw on the development and productivity of sugarcane during the first and second ratoons. Treatments used in the experiment included: burned cane, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (20 t ha−1) of sugarcane straw left on the soil surface. The tested variables included leaf area index (LAI), number, diameter, length and production of stems. Plants were evaluated at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 370 days after harvest (DAH) for the first ratoon and at 60, 120, 180, 240 and 270 DAH for the second ratoon. Replacing burned cane harvest system for soil management with straw promotes the development and productivity of sugarcane ratoons. Field managements with burned cane, total removal of the straw, or keeping 25% of straw result in low number of tillers, leaf area index, stem diameter and productivity of sugarcane ratoons, under water stress conditions. Whereas keeping 50% of straw mulch is enough to improve the growth and yield of sugarcane with drought occurrences, while the remaining 50% can be used for second generation of ethanol production or electricity without damaging the crop yield. more...

Change from the traditional harvesting system with burns to mechanized harvesting of sugarcane, as well as the amount of straw needed to remain in the field for sustainability of the production system and how much could be removed for sectors such as energy cogeneration and bioethanol production, are not clarified issues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of harvest management with burning (traditional) and cultivatation with different amounts of straw on the industrial quality and productivity of sugarcane. The effect of six treatments were evaluated: cane burning, 0, 25, 50, 75 and100% (20 Mg ha-1) of straw on the industrial quality (soluble solids (°Brix), Pol, apparent purity, total sugars (TS), reducing sugars (RS) and fiber) and productivity (Mg Pol ha-1) of sugarcane. At the end of the cycle, the straw decomposition rate for each treatment was also verified. The higher the percentage of straw, the higher the degradation rate. The change of burned cane harvesting system for sugarcane under straw results in improved productivity of sugarcane and favors the production of sugar. The straw and harvest system change do not affect the industrial quality of sugarcane. The harvest with burning, the total withdrawal or of 75% of the straw of the field result in lower productivity. The maintenance of 50% of the straw on the soil surface is sufficient to improve the productivity of sugarcane in dry period, and the remaining 50% can be used for second generation of ethanol production or electricity without damaging the crop productivity. Key words: Saccharum spp, soil cover technological quality, biomass, sucrose. more...

Rapid growth in global energy demand for low carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has driven the search for alternative sources that are renewable and have a lower environmental impact. This chapter explores the potential of sugarcane for fuel and energy production. Sugarcane is source of the first-generation as well as the second-generation biofuels that are derived from its lignocellulosic biomass. First-generation biofuels are produced through fermentation of sucrose. These biofuels have dominated the current biofuel production in the world; however, competition with sugar yield and the environmental and resources constraints have placed greater emphasis on second-generation technology as well. However, the lignocellulosic biomass conversion procedures still face major restrictions to complete commercial deployment, despite the great advancements in the use of this technology. Major routes to explore and the opportunities for bioenergy production from sucrose, lignocellulosic biomass, and other components of the sugarcane crop are discussed in this chapter. more...

Mechanical harvesting leaves in its wake a considerable amount of straw in the field, which can be effectively utilized to improve the soil condition and sugarcane yield. However, there is no specific information as to the quantity of straw mulch required to achieve such effects and as to whether it can be used in other sectors for bioelectricity and ethanol production. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of removing different amounts of straw from the field and its impact on the yield and industrial quality of sugarcane ratoons. The experiment was carried out on Rhodic soil where six treatments were evaluated including 0 %, 25 % (5 Mg ha−1), 50 % (10 Mg ha−1), 75 % (15 Mg ha−1), 100 % (20 Mg ha−1) straw on the soil surface and burned sugarcane (where 100 % of the straw was burned). The influence on yield and industrial quality was calculated using total soluble solids, Pol (Apparent sucrose content), apparent purity, total sugars, reducing sugars and fiber. Shifting the harvesting system from burned cane to growing under straw mulch improved crop yield as well as favoring sugar contents during water deficit conditions. The straw left on the soil did not affect industrial quality in any way during the trials; however, under drought conditions, treatments with 50 and 75 % of straw resulted in a 76 % higher yield compared to burned sugarcane, and 29 % more than the 0 %, 25 % to 100 % treatments of straw mulch thus favoring higher sugar production. The removal of 50 % of the straw caused no damage to the sugarcane crop. more...

The amount of straw of sugarcane needed to remain in field for sustainability of the production system and quantity that could be used in sectors such as cogeneration and production of bioethanol for optimization of power generation by the sector are unclear issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of straw on the development of the sugarcane root system and yield using the variety SP 801816 in a Rhodic Eutrudox in southern Brazil. Six treatments were evaluated: 0 (no straw), 25, 50, 75 and 100% (20 Mg ha-1) of straw and straw burned at 60, 180 and 270 days after planting in 150 m2 plots. Root samples were collected at 0.45 and 0.75 m from the planting line at depths of 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40 to 0.60 m at harvest, and the stems of the plots were weighed to measure yield. In water stress period, the 50, 75 and 100% straw treatments promoted a greater root mass to 0.20 m deep, which was also reflected in the yield. The 50 and 75% straw treatments resulted in 25% greater yield than the 0 and 25% straw and straw burned, resulting in 28 Mg ha-1 more. The amount, 50% straw retention in the field is sufficient to increase the mass of the roots and, in turn, productivity, which is possible to remove the 50% surplus from the field for industrial processes for the production of energy, without the occurrence of damage to the crop. Key words: Green cane, biomass, mechanized harvesting, agricultural waste, Saccharum spp. more...

Sugarcane harvesting is predominantly mechanical because of environmental restrictions, reduced requirements for manpower, and the quest for improved efficiency. Therefore, large amounts of straw remain available in the soil. Vinasse, a liquid waste, is a main byproduct of the sugar and alcohol industry, in addition to sugarcane straw. Both accumulate in sugarcane fields; however, the effects of their interaction are unclear. In this study, the effects of applications of sugarcane straw and vinasse on the pH and the potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations of a dystroferric Red Nitosol with a high base saturation were examined. The profiles of soil samples from sugarcane plantations collected at depths of 0-0.05, 0.06-0.10, 0.11-0.20, and 0.21-0.30 m were reproduced in 64 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns with dimensions of 0.036 × 0.30 m (diameter × height). The soils were treated with doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 m3 ha-1 sugarcane vinasse and 0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha-1 sugarcane straw and incubated for 60 days. Following the analysis, by layer, the data were subjected to analysis of variance by partitioning the degrees of freedom into orthogonal polynomials. The pH and the Ca, Mg, and K concentrations increased throughout the soil profile upon vinasse application. An acid-base imbalance was observed in the topsoil layers in association with the high K saturation. The application of sugarcane straw enhanced the effects of the vinasse across all of the depths analyzed but did not increase the pH. The best results were obtained when applying a dose of 300 m3 ha-1 vinasse and 6 t ha-1 sugarcane straw. more...

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de palhada sobre os índices biométricos e fisiológicos e sobre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, no primeiro ciclo de cultivo (cana-planta) da variedade SP 801816. Cinco tratamentos - com 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de palhada - foram avaliados aos 60, 180, 270 e 350 dias após o plantio. Determinaram-se os seguintes índices biométricos: área foliar, número de folhas, massa de matéria fresca e número de perfilhos. Os índices fisiológicos foram: índice de área foliar (IAF), taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC) e taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR). Observou-se efeito significativo da palhada em todas as variáveis. Os tratamentos com 100, 75 e 50% de palhada proporcionaram os maiores valores de IAF, TCC, TCR e número de perfilhos, e os tratamentos com 50 e 75%, as maiores produtividades. A manutenção da palhada em superfície não foi prejudicial ao desenvolvimento da cultura. A retirada total ou a manutenção de 25% da palhada resultaram nas menores produtividades. A retirada de 50% da palhada não causa prejuizos à cultura. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of straw mulch on the biometric and physiological indices and on the yield of the sugarcane variety SP 801816, in the first crop cycle (plant cane). Five treatments - with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% straw mulch - were evaluated at 60, 180, 270, and 350 days after planting. The following biometric indices were determined: leaf area, number of leaves, fresh matter weight, and number of tillers. The physiological indices were: leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). A significant effect of straw mulch was observed on all variables. Treatments with 100, 75, and 50% straw provided the highest values for LAI, CGR, RGR, and number of tillers, and the treatments with 50 and 75% straw provided the highest yields. Keeping straw mulch at the soil surface had no effect detrimental to sugarcane development. Total removal or straw kept at 25% resulted in the lowest yields. Removal of 50% straw can be done without harming the crop. more...

Na operação de pré-colheita da cana-de-açúcar, a mudança para o sistema de produção em que o fogo não é mais utilizado resulta em grandes quantidades de palhada, com modificações em todo o ambiente agrícola. Inúmeros benefícios ao solo e à cultura são proporcionados por esse resíduo. Entretanto, não se conhece que quantidade seria suficiente para promover tais benefícios e qual volume poderia ser usado em outros setores, como cogeração e produção de bioetanol, garantindo a sustentabilidade a campo e otimizando a geração de energia pelo setor. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de palhada no crescimento aéreo, enraizamento, produtividade e qualidade industrial da cana-de-açúcar em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. As avaliações foram realizadas nas primeira, segunda e terceira soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar, variedade SP 801816, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testados os efeitos de seis tratamentos: cana-queimada, 0%; 25% (5 t ha-1); 50% (10 t ha-1); 75% (15 t ha-1); 100% (20 t ha-1) de palhada sobre o crescimento (Índice de área foliar, número, diâmetro, comprimento e peso médio dos colmos), o enraizamento, a qualidade industrial (Pol, sólidos solúveis (Brix), pureza aparente, fibra, açúcares redutores (AR) e açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR)) e a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em toneladas de cana por hectare (TCH). As avaliações de crescimento foram realizadas em cinco períodos: 60, 120, 180, 240 dias após o corte (DAC) e na pré colheita (370 e 270 DAC respectivamente, para primeira e segunda soqueiras). O enraizamento foi avaliado no período de colheita (450 e 300 DAC, respectivamente para a primeira e segunda soqueiras), a 0,45 e 0,75 m de distância horizontal da touceira, nas profundidades de 0 – 0,10, 0,10 – 0,20, 0,20 – 0,40 e 0,40 – 0,60 m. A qualidade industrial foi avaliada aos 180 e 240 DAC e na pré colheita de cada ciclo. A produtividade foi avaliada em cada colheita, pensando-se a massa fresca total dos colmos existentes na área útil de cada parcela. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. A mudança do sistema de colheita de cana queimada para cana sob palhada mantém a qualidade do caldo e beneficia a produtividade e o sistema radicular; a manutenção de palhada em superfície proporcionou benefícios ao desenvolvimento da cultura, após 4 anos de cultivo. A colheita com cana queimada, a retirada total ou a manutenção de 25% da palhada resultaram em menor produtividade, em condições de precipitação insuficiente. A manutenção de 50% da palhada (10 t ha-1) em superfície é suficiente para proporcionar maior enraizamento e maior produtividade, sendo possível remover os 50% excedente do campo para os processos industriais de obtenção de energia, sem que ocorram prejuízos à produtividade da cultura. A manutenção de palhada em superfície não afeta a qualidade industrial, embora a maior produção de açúcar tenha sido favorecida pela maior produção de colmos. Em condições de precipitação adequada, a palhada não influencia no sistema radicular e na produtividade da cultura, a curto prazo. The change in the production system where the fire is no longer used as a pre-harvest operation, causes the permanence of large quantities of straw, with modifications around the agricultural environment. Numerous benefits to land and culture are provided by this residue. However, it was not addressed which amount would be sufficient to promote these benefits and what volume could be used in other sectors such as cogeneration and bioethanol, ensuring the sustainability field and optimizing the generation of energy by sector. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different amounts of straw on growth, rooting, industrial productivity and quality of sugarcane. The evaluations were performed in the first, second and third ratoon cane sugar, variety SP 801 816, a randomized block with four replications. Were tested in eutroferric Red Latosol, the effects of six treatments 0%, 25% (5 t ha-1), 50% (10 t ha-1), 75% (15 t ha-1), 100% (20 t ha-1) straw and sugarcane burning on growth (IAF, the number, diameter, length and average weight of stems), rooting, industrial quality (Pol, Brix, apparent purity, fiber, and AR ATR) and the productivity of sugarcane. Growth evaluations were performed in five periods: 60, 120, 180, 240 days after cutting (DAC) and pre harvest (370, 270 CAD respectively for the first and second knuckles). Rooting was evaluated at harvest time (450 and 300 CAD, respectively for the first and second knuckles) at 0.45 and 0.75 m horizontal distance from the clump at depths from 0 to 0.10, 0.10 - 0.20, 0.20 to 0.40 and from 0.40 to 0.60 m. Industrial quality was evaluated at 180, 240 DAC and pre harvest of each cycle. Productivity was assessed at each harvest by weighing the total fresh weight of existing stems in the floor area of each plot. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test. The change of burnt cane harvesting system for sugarcane under straw did not negatively affect the quality of the broth, the final productivity and the root system and the maintenance of straw surface was not detrimental to the development of culture, after 4 years of cultivation. The harvest with burnt cane, or total withdrawal maintaining 25% of the straw resulted in lower root mass and lower productivity, insufficient rainfall conditions, and the maintenance of 50% of straw surface was sufficient to provide greater rooting and increased productivity, and can remove 50% over the countryside to industrial processes for the production of energy, without the occurrence of damage to the crop yield. Maintaining straw surface did not affect the industrial quality, though most sugar production was favored by higher production of stems. In conditions of adequate rainfall, the straw does not influence the root system and on crop productivity in the short term. more...

Devido a restrições ambientais, falta de mão de obra e a busca por melhor eficiência, a colheita de cana-de-açúcar tende a ser mecanizada, fazendo com que grande quantidade de palhada esteja disponível nesse novo sistema. Há benefícios ao solo e à cultura proporcionado por esse resíduo. Entretanto, não foi abordado qual quantidade seria suficiente para promover tais benefícios e qual volume poderia ser usado em outros setores, como cogeração de energia e bioetanol. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a quantidade mínima de palhada a ser mantida no campo de forma a otimizar a produtividade e o enraizamento da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi instalado em em agosto de 2010, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, em Bandeirantes, Pr. Foram avaliados os efeitos de seis tratamentos 0%, 25% (5 t ha-1), 50% (10 t ha-1), 75% (15 t ha-1), 100% (20 t ha-1) de palhada e cana-queimada, sobre o IAF, o número, o diâmetro e o comprimento dos colmos, o peso verde, as características tecnológicas (Pol, Brix, pureza aparente, fibra, AR e ATR) e o enraizamento, na variedade SP80 1816. Para a parte aérea, foram quatro períodos de avaliação: 60, 180, 270 e 350 dias após o plantio (DAP). O enraizamento foi avaliado nas três primeiras datas, à 0,45 e 0,60 m de distância horizontal da touceira, nas profundidades de 0 – 0,10, 0,10 – 0,20, 0,20 – 0,40 e 0,40 – 0,60 m. Foi verificada também a taxa de decomposição da palhada para cada tratamento, no final do ciclo. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey. Não houve efeito significativo da palhada para diâmetro de colmos e características tecnológicas, em nenhum período avaliado. Entretanto, resultados positivos foram observados para IAF e número de colmos aos 180 e 270 DAP e para comprimento e peso dos colmos, aos 270 e 350 DAP, não evidenciando a influência negativa da palhada no desenvolvimento da cultura. Houve maior taxa de decomposição conforme aumentou a quantidade de palhada, sendo alcançados 80% para a dose 100% e 53% para a dose 25%. Houve efeito da palhada no sistema radicular, até a profundidade de 0,20 m, em ambas as distâncias, aos 180 e 270 DAP. O tratamento 50% promoveu os mesmos benefícios que os tratamentos 75 e 100%, em todas as variáveis analisadas, sendo a quantidade ideal para se manter à campo. A retirada da palhada, ou a aplicação da dose 25% foram prejudiciais à cultura, uma vez que resultaram em menor média em relação aos demais tratamentos. A palhada (igual ou acima da dose 50%) promoveu o melhor enraizamento na camada de 0 – 0,20 m que refletiu em maior produtividade da cultura. Due to environmental constraints, lack of manpower and the search for better efficiency, the harvesting of sugar cane tends to be mechanized, causing large amount of straw is available in this new system. There are benefits to soil and culture provided by this residue. However, it was discussed what amount would be sufficient to promote these benefits and what volume could be used in other sectors, such as cogeneration and bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the minimum amount of trash being maintained in the field in order to optimize productivity and rooting of cane sugar. The experiment was installed in August 2010 in Oxisol in Girl Scouts, Pastor The effects of six treatments 0%, 25% (5 t ha-1), 50% (10 t ha-1), 75% (15 t ha-1), 100% (20 t ha-1) and sugarcane straw burning on the IAF, the number, diameter and length of the stems, the green weight, the technological characteristics (Pol, Brix, apparent purity, fiber, AR and ATR) and rooting in SP80 1816. For the shoot, there were four evaluation periods: 60, 180, 270 and 350 days after planting (DAP). Rooting was evaluated in the first three dates, at 0.45 and 0.60 m horizontal distance from the clump at depths from 0 to 0.10, 0.10 to 0.20, 0.20 to 0.40 and 0 , 40 - 0,60 m. It was checked also the rate of decomposition of the straw to each treatment, at the end of the cycle. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test. There was no effect of straw to stalk diameter and technological characteristics, in any study period. However, positive results were observed for LAI and number of stems at 180 and 270 DAP and length and weight of the stems, at 270 and 350 DAP, not showing the negative influence of straw on the development of culture. A greater rate of decomposition as increased the amount of dry matter, being achieved 80% to 100% dose and 53% to 25% dose. There was a significant straw in the roots, to a depth of 0.20 m in both distances at 180 and 270 DAP. The treatment promoted 50% the same benefits that treatments 75 and 100% in all variables, being the perfect amount to keep the field. The removal of straw, or the application of 25% dose were harmful to the crop as it resulted in a lower average compared to other treatments. The straw (dose equal to or above 50%) showed the best rooting in the 0 - 0.20 m which resulted in greater crop yield. more...

As operações mecanizadas são responsáveis pela maior parcela do custo de produção da cana-de-açúcar, que podem ser reduzidos com a melhoria do desempenho das máquinas. Dentre estas, há as colhedoras mecanizadas diretas, com diversos trabalhos já realizados para determinar sua capacidade operacional teórica e efetiva. Entretanto, nas condições de campo há variáveis que interferem no processo de colheita mecanizada, que são difíceis de estimar e de mensurar seu impacto na produtividade destas máquinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as variáveis que interferem na capacidade operacional de colhedoras e as eficiências do processo de colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar, visando quantificar seu impacto na capacidade operacional destas máquinas em situação real, para subsidiar decisões estratégicas em usinas produtoras de açúcar e etanol. Foram realizados dois trabalhos, a partir de dados obtidos em uma indústria de produção de etanol de cana-de-açúcar, para compor este estudo, sendo: i) Determinação e quantificação de fatores que influenciam a capacidade operacional de colhedoras de cana-de-açúcar. A partir de análises de correlações entre a capacidade operacional de colhedoras com o tamanho da propriedade, a produtividade do canavial, a eficiência de disponibilidade mecânica das colhedoras, o tempo perdido durante a operação e o tempo produtivo, foram elaborados modelos que estimassem a capacidade operacional destes equipamentos sob diferentes condições de trabalho. ii) Análise dos tempos e movimentos para auxiliar na gestão de sistemas de colheita mecanizada de cana-de-açúcar. Foram medidos, através de computador de bordo, os tempos inerentes a operação de oito colhedoras do período de abril a agosto de 2015, totalizando 29.346,29 horas, que foram analisadas através do cálculo das eficiências: de disponibilidade mecânica, eficiência operacional e eficiência de aproveitamento. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas através do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Conclui-se que nas condições avaliadas, o tamanho da propriedade foi a variável que, isoladamente, melhor representou a capacidade operacional das colhedoras de cana com correlação positiva e forte. Em relação a gestão da colheita mecanizada, os principais motivos de perda de eficiência foram os tempos perdidos com manutenção corretiva, falta de transbordos, deslocamento da máquina entre os talhões e manobras no final da linha de cana. The mechanized operations are responsible for the greater part of the cost of production of sugarcane, which can be reduced by improving the performance of the machines. Among these, there are the direct mechanized harvesters, with several works already done to determine their theoretical and effective capacity. However, in the field conditions there are variables that interfere with the mechanized harvesting process, which are difficult to estimate and to measure their impact on the productivity of these machines. The objective of this work was to study the variables that interfere in the operational capacity of harvesters and the efficiencies of the mechanized harvesting process of sugarcane, in order to quantify their impact on the operational capacity of these machines in real situation, to subsidize strategic decisions in producing plants of sugar and ethanol. Two studies were carried out, based on data obtained from a sugarcane ethanol production industry, to compose this study, being: i) Determination and quantification of factors that influence the operational capacity of sugarcane harvesters, sugar. From the analysis of correlations between the operational capacity of harvesters with the size of the property, the productivity of sugarcane, the mechanical availability efficiency of the harvesters, the time lost during the operation and the productive time, were elaborated models that estimate the operational capacity equipment under different working conditions. ii) Analysis of the motion-times to assist in the management of mechanized sugarcane harvesting systems. The motion-times of eight harvesters from the period from April to August of 2015 were measured by computer on board, totaling 29,346.29 hours, which were analyzed through the calculation of efficiencies: mechanical availability, operational efficiency and efficiency of utilization. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared through the Tukey test at 5% probability of error. It was concluded that in the conditions evaluated, the size of the property was the variable that, in isolation, better represented the operational capacity of the cane harvesters with positive and strong correlation. In relation to mechanized harvest management, the main reasons for loss of efficiency were lost times with corrective maintenance, lack of transshipment, displacement of the machine between the plots and maneuvers at the end of the sugarcane line. more...

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A palhada representa um terço da energia primária da cana-de-açúcar, mas a sua utilização ainda é incipiente, apesar da grande potencialidade para o seu aproveitamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica da palhada de cana-de-açúcar em conjunto com o bagaço, por meio de uma análise técnico-econômica. Realizou-se o dimensionamento de uma frota dedicada ao recolhimento da palhada e de uma nova planta de cogeração, com substituição das caldeiras e turbinas existentes, inclusive as turbinas de acionamento dos equipamentos de preparação e extração, em uma usina típica do Norte do Paraná. Foram estimados os investimentos necessários para a aquisição dessa frota e da modernização proposta para a área industrial. Os custos do recolhimento da palhada e da geração de energia elétrica foram calculados, bem como o preço mínimo de venda da energia. Também foram calculados a quantidade de consumidores residenciais e os municípios que poderiam ser abastecidos por essa energia. São necessários investimentos de R$20.528.000,00 na divisão agrícola e de R$ 211.100.000,00 na industrial para o aproveitamento de 50% da palhada somada ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcarA capacidade de exportação calculada foi de 111,912 kWh por tonelada de cana-de-açúcar, com custo da palhada no pátio de bagaço da usina a R$ 68,08 t-1, custo da energia-elétrica de R$125,55 MWh-1 e preço mínimo de comercialização da energia a R$316,64 MWh-1. A energia elétrica exportada pode atender uma população de 87.946 pessoas, o que corresponde à energia consumida pela cidade onde estaria localizado o projeto e de mais seis municípios canavieiros do Norte do Paraná. O projeto proporciona a criação de 96 novos empregos diretos. The straw represents one-third of the sugar cane’s primary energy and but exploitation still incipient, therefore having a huge potential for its utilization. This research aimed to evaluate the potential of generating energy with use of sugar cane residues together with the bagasse, through a technical and economic analysis. The fleet sizing dedicated to straw harvesting and a new combined heat and power plant, replacing the existing boilers and turbines, inclusive the turbines of preparation and extraction, in a North of Parana’s typical sugarcane mill. There were estimated all the investments required in order to purchase this new fleet and proposals for the modernization of the industrial area. The straw harvesting and electrical power generation expenses were determined, as well as the energy’s minimum selling price. There were also estimated the residential consumers amount and the cities that could be supplied by this energy.Investments of R$20,528,000.00 are required in the agricultural division and R$211,100,000.00 in the industrial sector for the use of 50% of the straw added to the bagasse of sugarcane The estimated export capacity was 111,912 kW per ton of cane, the straw in the plant’s stockyards R$68,08 t-1, electrical energy cost R$125,55 MWh-1 and the energy selling minimum price R$316,64 MWh-1. The exported energy attends a 87.946 population, what corresponds to the power consumption of the city where the project takes place and over 6 sugar cane producer cities in the North of Parana. The project provides for the creation of 96 new direct jobs. more...

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O manejo de cana crua tem por finalidade eliminar a queima da cultura e a mobilização superficial do solo, bem como mantê-lo coberto com restos culturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de quantidades de palhada na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, e determinar a qualidade industrial do caldo. O ensaio foi instalado em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico de textura argilosa pertencente à Usina de Açúcar e Álcool Bandeirantes, Bandeirantes - PR. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos: 0, 25% (5 t ha-1), 50% (10 t ha-1), 75% (15 t ha-1), 100% (20 t ha-1) de palhada, com quatro repetições, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, na qualidade industrial – Brix, Pol, Fibra, Pureza, Açúcares Redutores (AR) e Açúcares Totais Recuperáveis (ATR) da cana-de-açúcar, variedade SP80 1816, em quatro períodos: 210, 240, 270 e 350 dias após o corte (DAC) na produtividade da cultura. A produtividade foi avaliada na colheita, aos 350 DAC. No estudo de decomposição e liberação dos nutrientes para a cana, foi utilizada a metodologia dos sacos de nylon (litter bags). Determinou-se na palhada os macronutrientes (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) e Si . Foram realizadas seis coletas do material: aos 30, 60, 90,150, 210 e 270 DAC, e uma coleta para análise inicial da palhada. Determinou-se ainda os teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose até os 210 dias. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5%. Em condições experimentais, não houve efeito significativo da presença da palhada em superfície nos parâmetros tecnológicos. A decomposição apresentou comportamento quadrático e não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. As maiores porcentagens de liberação de C e N ocorreram no tratamento com 25% de palhada. As decomposições da hemicelulose e celulose foram superiores, quando comparadas à lignina. A liberação dos nutrientes apresentou correlação positiva com o tempo. Para P, K e Ca, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Para Mg, S e Si, os tratamentos de 25%, 75% e 25% foram, respectivamente superiores aos demais. The management of raw cane is aimed at eliminating the burning of the crop and the superficial mobilization of the soil, as well as keeping it covered with cultural remains. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of straw quantities on sugarcane productivity and determine the industrial quality of the broth. The experiment was carried out in a clayey eutrophic Red Latosol, belonging to the Sugar and Alcohol Plant Bandeirantes, Bandeirantes - PR. Five treatments were evaluated: 0, 25% (5 t ha-1), 50% (10 t ha -1), 75% (15 t ha -1), 100% (20 t ha -1) four replicates, in time-subdivided plots, in industrial quality - Brix, Pol, Fiber, Purity, Reducing Sugars (RA) and Recoverable Total Sugars (ATR) of sugarcane variety SP80 1816 in four periods: 210, 240, 270 and 350 days after cutting (DAC) on crop yield. Productivity was evaluated at harvest at 350 DAC. In the study of decomposition and release of nutrients for cane, the methodology of nylon bags (litter bags) was used. The macronutrients (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and Si were determined in the straw. Six collections of the material were carried out: at 30, 60, 90,150, 210 and 270 DAC, and a collection for initial straw analysis. The lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents were also determined up to 210 days. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages compared by the Tukey test at 5%. Under experimental conditions, there was no significant effect of the presence of straw on the surface of the technological parameters. The decomposition showed quadratic behavior and there was no significant difference between the treatments. The highest percentages of C and N release occurred in the treatment with 25% straw. The decomposition of hemicellulose and cellulose were higher when compared to lignin. The release of nutrients showed a positive correlation with time. For P, K and Ca, there was no significant difference between treatments. For Mg, S and Si, treatments of 25%, 75% and 25% were, respectively, superior to the others. more...

O etanol combustível possui uma queima limpa e é derivado de produtos agrícolas renováveis, sendo uma alternativa para a alta dependência mundial de petróleo. A fermentação industrial para produção do etanol é um processo não-estéril, e desta forma, pode ocorrer o aumento da população de bactérias contaminantes, diminuindo a produção e causando perdas econômicas significativas ao setor. Outro ponto crítico para a fermentação alcoólica é a formação de biofilme nos equipamentos do processo fermentativo, devido a difícil identificação e controle. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a purificação e identificação dos metabólitos com ação antimicrobiana afim de controlar contaminantes microbianos em fermentadores. Os compostos produzidos pela Pseudomonas aeruginosa cepa LV foram purificados através de métodos cromatográficos e todas as frações obtidas foram testadas quanto a atividade antimicrobiana pela técnica de disco difusão e spot-on-lawn. A fração semi-purificada CF9 apresentou aditismo com nanopartículas de prata sintetizadas biologicamente (bio-AgNP) para células planctônicas de todos os microrganismos testados. O composto isolado CF9d apresentou atividade antimicrobiana seletiva para células planctônicas de Lactobacillus sp. Outro composto isolado do metabolismo secundário, CF4b, mostrou atividade inibitória na formação de biofilme de 26,51% com 62,5 μg/mL para Lactobacillus fermentum e 34,93% com 31,25 μg/mL para Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo corroboram com trabalhos realizados anteriormente, tornando as frações e compostos isolados uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento de novas produtos para o controle da contaminação microbiana e formação de biofilmes na produção de etanol. The fuel ethanol has a clean burning and is derived from renewable agricultural products, being na alternative to the high world dependence on oil. The industrial fermentation for ethanol production is a non-sterile process, increase in the population of bacteria contaminants, decreasing production and causing significant economic losses to the sector. Another critical point to the alcoholic fermentation is the formation of biofilm on equipament of the fermentation process, due to difficult identification and control. This work had as objective the purification and identification of metabolites with antimicrobial action in order to control microbial contaminants in fermenters. The compounds produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain LV were purified by chromatographic methods and all the fractions obtained were tested for antimicrobial activity by disk diffusion technique and spot-on-lawn. The semi-purified fraction CF9 presented aditismo with silver nanoparticles biologically synthesized (bio-AgNP) to planktonic cells of all organisms tested.The compound isolated CF9d showed selective antimicrobial activity to planktonic cells of Lactobacillus SP. Another compound isolated from secondary metabolism, CF4b, showed inhibitory activity on biofilm formation of 26.51% with 62.5 μg/mL for Lactobacillus fermentum and 34.93% with 31.25 μg/mL for Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The results obtained from this study confirm the results previously obtained, making the fractions and isolated compounds as an alternative to the development of new products for the control of microbial contamination and biofilm formation in ethanol production. more...

O trabalho buscou identificar a influência das características do ambiente de cultivo, o manejo de colheita e da pós-colheita e da microflora associada aos atributos de qualidade de bebida de amostras de cafés e, a partir do isolamento de bactérias provenientes das amostras de café natural e cereja descascado, realizar a caracterização morfológica e determinar a diversidade genética dos isolados pelo uso da técnica PCR-RFLP. Para isso foi aplicado um questionário aos produtores finalistas do concurso ‘Café Qualidade Paraná 2011’ e os dados foram correlacionados com a avaliação microbiológica realizada dos grãos de café. Houve correlação significativa e positiva entre todos os atributos da qualidade da bebida e as altitudes do local de produção das amostras. Nas análises microbiológicas foram observados mais de dez espécies diferentes de fungos, e a presença de bactérias. Ao correlacionar a colonização de cada amostra com os atributos da bebida dos cafés verificou-se correlações baixas ou inexistentes para a maioria dos microrganismos. Porém, Penicillium sp. se correlacionou negativamente com a característica bebida limpa, doçura, corpo, sabor e balanço, enquanto Alternaria sp. apresentou correlação negativa com o balanço da bebida dos cafés. As bactérias se correlacionaram positivamente com a acidez dos cafés. Através das mesmas amostras, foi realizado então o isolamento de bactérias epifíticas e endofíticas através de enriquecimento em meio líquido Mineral Salt Medium com café, posteriormente a solução foi plaqueada em meios semi-sólidos MSM+C e Nutriente Ágar. Foi observado grande diversidade de bactérias isoladas. As bactérias foram avaliadas morfologicamente segundo a forma, elevação, borda, superfície, cor e tamanho das colônias. Posteriormente, foram realizadas a extração de DNA genômico bacteriano, à amplificação do gene 16S rDNA por meio da técnica de PCR e o uso da técnica de RFLP. Foi observada grande diversidade fenotípica e genotípica entre as bactérias epifíticas e endofíticas isoladas de grãos de Coffea arabica L., sendo isolados 331 bactérias do meio de cultura NA e 308 do meio de cultura MSM+C. Com relação a caracterização morfológica, as formas mais encontradas foram as puntiformes e circulares, a elevação plana e convexa, a borda das colônias do tipo inteira, a superfície lisa, a coloração branca com tamanhos de colônias que variaram de 2 a 8 mm. Os maiores índices de diversidade de bactérias, foram provenientes de amostras onde foi realizada a secagem do café em terreiro, em que o café não foi lavado e não foi realizado colheita seletiva. A partir das médias dos valores de altitude e os caracteres de qualidade de bebida, para os seis grupos definidos a partir do dendrograma do meio de cultura NA observou-se que o grupo que possui altitude de 707 metros apresentou os maiores valores quanto as características de bebida do café. Com os resultados obtidos através da técnica PCR-RFLP os perfis de restrição apresentaram grande variabilidade. O grande número de fragmentos obtidos, em cada amostra no dendrograma, reflete a diversidade da comunidade microbiana existente em decorrência das diferentes formas de secagem do grão e das diferentes regiões onde C. arabica foi cultivado. The study aimed to identify the influence of the characteristics of the growing environment, management of harvest and post-harvest and microflora associated with the quality attributes of samples of drinking coffee and from the isolation of bacteria from the natural coffee samples and cherry peeled perform morphological and molecular technique using PCR-RFLP. For it was applied a questionnaire to the producers of the contest finalists 'Coffee Quality Paraná 2011' and the data were correlated with the microbiological assessment carried out of the coffee beans. There has been significant and positive correlation between all cup quality attributes and the altitudes of the local production of the samples. Microbiological analyzes were observed over ten different species of fungi, was also observed that the presence of bacteria. By correlating the contamination of each sample with the attributes of the coffee drink it has been found low or no correlations for most microorganisms. However Penicillium sp. correlated negatively with the characteristic clean drink, sweetness, body, flavor and balance, while Alternaria sp. also negatively correlated with the balance of the drink of coffee. It was also found that bacteria were positively correlated with the acidity of coffee. By the same samples was then performed and the isolation of endophytic epiphytic bacteria by enrichment in liquid Mineral Salt Medium with coffee, then the solution was plated on semisolid media MSM+C and Nutrient Agar. After growth has been great diversity of bacterial isolates observed. The bacteria were evaluated morphologically in the form, elevation, edge, surface, color and size of the colonies. Subsequently they were performed bacterial genomic DNA extraction, amplification of 16S rDNA by means of PCR and the use of the RFLP technique. Great phenotypic and genotypic diversity was observed among the epiphytic and endophytic bacteria isolated from Coffea arabica beans L. Being isolated 331 bacteria from the culture medium NA and 308 of MSM+C culture medium. Concerning the morphological characterization, the most frequent forms were punctiform, circular, flat and convex elevation, the edge of the entire colonies type, smooth, white colonies stained with sizes ranging from 2 to 8 mm. The higher levels of diversity in bacteria were obtained from samples where drying was performed on ground coffee, wherein the coffee has not been washed and selective collection was not performed. From the average of the altitude values and beverage quality traits for the six groups defined from the dendrogram culture medium NA it noted that the group having altitude of 707 meters had the highest values and the characteristics of coffee drink. With the results obtained by PCR-RFLP technique the restriction profiles showed great variability. The large number of fragments obtained in each sample in the dendrogram reflects the diversity of existing microbial community as a result of different forms of grain drying and the different regions where C. arabica was grown. more...