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This study investigates the impact of intravenous (IV) infusion protocols on the stability of Intravenous Immunoglobulin G (IVIG) and Rituximab, with a particular focus on subvisible particle generation. Infusion set based on peristaltic movement (Medifusion DI-2000 pump) was compared to a gravity-based infusion system (Accu-Drip) at different flow rates. The impacts of different diluents (0.9 % saline and 5.0 % dextrose) and plastic syringes with or without silicone oil (SO) were also investigated. The results from the aforementioned particular case demonstrated that peristaltic pumps generated high levels of subvisible particles (prominently < 25 µm), exacerbated by increasing flow rates, specifically in formulations lacking surfactants. Other factors, such as diluent type and syringe composition, also increased the number of subvisible particles. Strategies that can help overcome these complications include surfactant addition as well as the use of SO-free syringes and a gravity infusion system, which aid in reducing particle formation and preserving antibody monomer during administration. Altogether, these findings highlight the importance of the careful selection of formulations and infusion protocols to minimize particle generation during IV infusion both for patients' safety and treatment efficacy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, it was investigated if glucose addition (3 or 5%) to pork stimulates glycoxidation (pentosidine, PEN), glycation (Maillard reaction products, MRP), lipid oxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 4-HNE; hexanal, HEX; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), and protein oxidation (protein carbonyl compounds, PCC) during various heating conditions and subsequent in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. An increase in protein-bound PEN level was observed during meat digestion, which was significantly stimulated by glucose addition (up to 3.3-fold) and longer oven-heating time (up to 2.5-fold) of the meat. These changes were accompanied by the distinct formation of MRP during heating and digestion of the meats. Remarkably, stimulated glyc(oxid)ation was accompanied by increased protein oxidation, whereas lipid oxidation was decreased, indicating these reactions are interrelated during gastrointestinal digestion of meat. Glucose addition generally didn't affect these oxidative reactions when pork was packed preventing air exposure and oven-heated until a core temperature of 75 °C was reached., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The survival rate of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), a crucial factor in tissue engineering, is highly dependent on glucose supply. The purpose of this paper is to study the potential of starch foams as glucose suppliers. It is investigated through in vitro hydrolysis by amyloglucosidase in conditions that respect physiological constraints (37 °C and pH 7.4), including a duration of 21 days, and no stirring. Nine extruded starch foams with amylose contents ranging from 0 to 74 %, with various cell wall thicknesses (50 to 300 μm), and different crystallinities (0-30 %) were hydrolysed. These kinetics were fitted by a model which shows that the maximum rate of hydrolysis varies from 7 to 100 %, and which allows the rate of hydrolysis at 21 days to be calculated precisely. The results reveal the major role of amylose in glucose delivery kinetics, and the secondary roles of crystallinity and cell wall thickness of the foams. Additional hydrolysis of starch films revealed that thickness positively influences the amylose chain reorganisation during hydrolysis, which, in slows down and limits glucose delivery. A simple glucose delivery kinetics analysis procedure is proposed to select samples for testing as MSC glucose suppliers., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The limitations of solvent residues, unmanageable film growth regions, and substandard performance impede the extensive utilization of metal-organic framework (MOF) films for biosensing devices. Here, we report a strategy for ion design in gas-phase synthesized flexible MOF porous film to attain universal regulation of biosensing performances. The key fabrication process involves atomic layer deposition of induced layer coupled with lithography-assisted patterning and area-selective gas-phase synthesis of MOF film within a chemical vapor deposition system. Sensing platforms are subsequently formed to achieve specific detection of H 2 O 2 , dopamine, and glucose molecules by respectively implanting Co, Fe, and Ni ions into the network structure of MOF films. Furthermore, we showcase a practical device constructed from Co ions-implanted ZIF-4 film to accomplish real-time surveillance of H 2 O 2 concentration at mouse wound. This study specifically elucidates the electronic structure and coordination mode of ion design in MOF film, and the obtained knowledge aids in tuning the electrochemical property of MOF film for advantageous sensing devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A series of new 1,2,3-triazole fused chromene based glucose triazole conjugates were synthesized from chromene fused 1,2,3-triazolyl extended alkyne and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl azide in good to excellent yield by a copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The major advantages include mild reaction conditions, high yield, good substrate scope, and shorter reaction time. The antibacterial efficacy of the compounds were assessed in vitro against human pathogenic Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria. Compound 24j was found to be the most potent molecule with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 17 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 μg mL -1 in E. coli and ZI of 16 mm and MIC of 25 μg mL -1 in S. aureus. Also, it significantly inhibited E. coli DNA-gyrase in silico with a binding affinity of -9.4 kcal/mol. Among all the synthesized compounds, 24i, 24d, 24e and 24f showed significant antibacterial activity against both strains and inhibited DNA-gyrase in silico with good binding affinities. Hence, these 1,2,3-triazole fused chromene based glucose triazole conjugates may evolve to be powerful antibacterial agents in recent future, according to structure-activity relationships based on strong antibacterial properties and molecular docking studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Controlling the Maillard reaction may affect the generation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, the key aroma compound in rice. In this study, the kinetics of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline accumulation in the glucose/proline model system was comprehensively investigated and extra methylglyoxal or glyoxal was added to enhance 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentrations during rice cooking. Using the multi-response kinetic modeling to derive kinetic parameters, the formation of glyoxal, as the reactive intermediate, was rate-determining for the overall generation rate of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. Besides, although 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline generation was easier to occur with lower activation energy, much higher depletion rates of 2-acetyl-1-pyrrroline at 120 °C and 140 °C led to maximal 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline accumulation at the lower temperature of 100 °C. Furthermore, the inclusion of 0.05 μmol/kg additional methylglyoxal in cooked rice significantly enhanced 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline generation. The work suggested that the development of rice products with superior flavor quality may be achieved by the slight accumulation of intermediates prior to thermal processing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A novel ternary deep eutectic solvent (TDES), consisting of zinc chloride, ethylene glycol and alpha hydroxy carboxylic acids (i.e., glycolic acid, citric acid and malic acid), was first proposed to effectively fractionate and convert willow (Salix matsudana cv. Zhuliu) into fermentable sugar. In particular, the zinc chloride/ethylene glycol/malic acid (ZnCl 2 /EG/MA) TDES system showed remarkable fractionation performance with 91.66 % xylan and 90.12 % lignin removals at 130 °C for 1.5 h, resulting in 96.01 % glucose yield in the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis stage. Moreover, the regenerated lignin showed regular nanoparticle morphology and good antioxidant properties. Even after four recycling, the TDES showed 70.16 % of delignification and 83.70 % glucose yield with the TDES pretreated willow. Overall, this study demonstrated an effective solvent fractionation approach to maximize the utilization of total lignocellulose under mild conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an ideal solvent for extracting lignin in biomass pretreatment process. However, excessive breakage of the β-O-4 bonds of lignin remained a challenge for DES-pretreated biomass. In this study, a novel pretreatment system of choline chloride-citrate acid DES combined with ethanol for the pretreatment of bamboo was developed. The chemical characteristics of extracted lignin of bamboo before and after pretreatment were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The results showed that the lignin extracted by ethanol/DES had moderate and uniform molecular weight (M n : 3081-4314 Da, M w : 3130-5399 Da), and was structurally intact (maintaining 40.29 % β-O-4 content), which was about five times higher than DES-extracted lignin, and contained a high number of S units (up to 80 %). Ethanol/DES system resulted in high removal of lignin up to 78.81 % and the highest enzymatic digestibility of glucose (72.68 %) and xylan (92.95 %), respectively. In addition, recovered DES provided similar glucose digestibility yields and delignification performance. The Ethanol/DES pretreatment developed herein provided a viable method for maintaining the structural integrity of lignin and preparing lignin with high β-O-4 content whilst with a relatively high components recovery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper reports a flexible glucose biosensor which is modified by a reduced-swelling and conductive zwitterionic hydrogel enzyme membrane that contains two forms of chemical cross-links. One chemical cross-linking is induced by thermal initiators and forms the basal network of the hydrogel. Another cross-linking is achieved by the coordination interactions between the multivalent metal ion Al 3+ and anionic group -COO - of zwitterionic poly-carboxy betaine (pCBMA), which significantly increase the cross-linking density of the zwitterionic hydrogel, improving the reduced-swelling property and reducing the pore size. The better reduced-swelling property and reduced diameters of pores within the zwitterionic hydrogel make less glucose oxidase (GOx) leakage, thus significantly improving the enzyme membrane's service life. By introducing the Al 3+ and Cl - , the conductivity of the zwitterionic hydrogel is enhanced approximately 10.4-fold. According to the enhanced conductivity, the reduced-swelling property, and the high GOx loading capacity of the zwitterionic hydrogel, the sensitivity of the biosensor with GOx/pCBMA-Al 3+ is significantly improved by 5 times and has a long service life. Finally, the proposed GOx/pCBMA-Al 3+ biosensor was applied in non-invasive blood glucose detection on the human body, verifying the capability in practice., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)

Xylose plants (produce xylose from corncob through dilute acid treatment) generate a large amount of corncob residue (CCR), most of which are burned and lacked of valorization. Herein, to address this issue, CCR was directly used as starting material for high-solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis via a simple strategy by combining PFI homogenization (for sufficient mixing) with batch-feeding. A maximum glucose concentration of 187.1 g/L was achieved after the saccharification with a solid loading of 25 wt% and enzyme dosage of 10 FPU/g-CCR. Furthermore, the residue of enzymatic hydrolysis (REH) was directly used as a bio-adhesive for plywood production with both high dry (1.7 MPa) and wet (1.1 MPa) surface bonding strength (higher than the standard (0.7 MPa)), and the excellent adhesion was due to the interfacial crosslinking between the REH adhesive (containing lignin, free glucose, and nanosized fibers) and cell wall of woods. Compared with traditional reported adhesives, the REH bio-adhesive has advantages of formaldehyde-free, good moisture resistance, green process, relatively low cost and easy realization. This study presents a simple and effective strategy for better utilization of CCR, which also provides beneficial reference for the valorization of other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Stable detection of diazinon (DZN) residues in vegetables is important for food safety. In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor with dual-catalytic glucose in-situ production of H 2 O 2 was constructed for the stable detection of DZN in vegetables. Firstly, MWCNTs@MB was prepared using π-π stacking interactions between methylene blue (MB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enhance the loading of MB on an electrode and thus catalyze the generation of H 2 O 2 from glucose. Secondly, Cu 2 O@AuNPs was formed by loading AuNPs on the surface of Cu 2 O through spontaneous reduction reaction, which improved the interfacial charge transfer, Cu 2 O nano-enzyme had glucose oxidase mimicking activity and could further catalyze the production of more H 2 O 2 from glucose. MWCNTs@MB and Cu 2 O@AuNPs played a key role in the in-situ generation of co-reacting reagent H 2 O 2 , which solved the problem of unstable detection caused by the easy decomposition of the H 2 O 2 solution added to the luminescence system. In addition, the aptamer was immobilized on the electrode surface by forming Au-S bonds with Cu 2 O@AuNPs. As a result, the ECL aptasensor performed good linearity in 1.00 pg mL -1 -1.00 μg mL -1 and a low limit of detection (LOD) to 0.39 pg mL -1 (S/N = 3). This work provided an effective method for the accurate and stable detection of DZN residues in vegetables, which was of great significance in ensuring food safety and assessing the environmental risk of DZN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Assembling functional molecules on the surface of an enzyme electrode is the most basic technique for constructing a biosensor. However, precise control of electron transfer interface or electron mediator on the electrode surface remains a challenge, which is a key step that affects the stability and sensitivity of enzyme-based biosensors. In this study, we propose the use of controllable free radical polymerization to grow stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) polymer as electron mediator on enzyme surface for the first time. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, electrode surface coverage measurement, static contact angle (SCA), and a series of electrochemical methods, it has been demonstrated that the TEMPO-based enzyme electrode exhibits a uniform hydrophilic morphology and stable electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the results show that the sensor demonstrates high sensitivity for detecting glucose biomolecules in artificial sweat and serum. Attributing to the quantitative and controllable radical polymerization of TEMPO redox assembled enzyme electrode surface, the as-proposed biosensor providing a use, storage, and inter-batch sensing stability, providing a vital platform for wearable/implantable biochemical sensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no known conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Industrial starch hydrolysis allows the production of syrups with varying functionality depending on their Brix value and dextrose equivalent (DE). As the current methods for evaluating these products are labor-intensive and time-consuming, the objective of this study was to investigate the potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for classifying the different tapioca starch hydrolysis products., Results: NIR spectra of samples of seven products (n = 410) were recorded in transflectance mode in the 12 000-4000 cm -1 range. Next, orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) regression models were built to predict the Brix and DE values of the different samples. To classify the different starch hydrolysis products, support vector machines (SVM) were trained using either the raw spectra or latent variables (LVs) obtained from the OPLS models. The best classification accuracy was obtained by the SVM classifier based on the LVs from the OPLS model for DE prediction, resulting in 95% correct classification over all classes., Conclusion: These results show the potential of NIR spectroscopy for classifying tapioca starch hydrolysis products with respect to their functional properties related to the Brix and DE values. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)

This study presents a modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to determine glucose in a custom-built flow injection system. The biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase on porous platinum nanoparticles decorated on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (GOx@PPtNPs@MWCTNs). The fabrication of the biosensor was completed by coating the GOx@PPtNPs@MWCTNs nanocomposite on an SPCE modified with a nanocomposite of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Prussian blue (GOx@PPtNPs@MWCTNs/PEDOT@PB/SPCE). The fabricated electrode accurately measured hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the byproduct of the GOx-catalyzed oxidation of glucose, and was then applied as a glucose biosensor. The glucose response was amperometrically determined from the PB-mediated reduction of H 2 O 2 at an applied potential of -0.10 V in a flow injection system. Under optimal conditions, the developed biosensor produced a linear range from 2.50 μM to 1.250 mM, a limit of detection of 2.50 μM, operational stability over 500 sample injections, and good selectivity. The proposed biosensor determined glucose in human plasma samples, achieving recoveries and results that agreed with the hexokinase-spectrophotometric method (P > 0.05). Combining the proposed biosensor with the custom-built sample feed, a portable potentiostat and a smartphone, enabled on-site glucose monitoring., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

To develop an amperometric flow-biosensor for glucose, the stabilizing effect of methylene blue (MB) toward adsorbed glucose oxidase (GOx) on carbon felt (CF) was successfully applied to prepare the GOx-modified CF-based enzyme reactor combined with a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-modified CF-based H 2 O 2 detector. Upon mixing MB in the GOx-adsorption solution, the O 2 -dependent GOx-activity was significantly increased with increasing concentration of MB in the GOx-adsorption solution. The GOx-immobilization protocol on CF is very straightforward [ i.e. , adsorption of the GOx/MB mixed aqueous solution for 5 min under ultrasound (US)-irradiation]. Under the optimized operational conditions ( i.e. , applied potential, 0 vs. Ag/AgCl; carrier pH, 5.0; carrier flow rate, 4.0 mL min -1 ), the resulting GOx/MB-CF-reactor and HRP/TN-CF-detector combined amperometric flow-biosensor exhibited sensitive, selective, reproducible and stable cathodic peak current responses to glucose with the following analytical performances: sensitivity, 6.22 μA mM -1 ; linear range, 0.01 to 1 mM; limit of detection, 9.6 μM (S/N = 3, noise level, 20 nA); sample throughput, 46-96 samples per h for 10-0.1 mM glucose. The developed amperometric flow-biosensor allowed the determination of glucose in beverages and liquors, and the analytical results by the sensor were in fairly good agreement with those by conventional spectrophotometry.

Fructose occurs in foods and as a metabolite in vivo. It can be degraded, leading to the formation of reactive carbonyl compounds, which may influence food properties and have an impact on health. The present study performed an in-depth qualitative and quantitative profiling of fructose degradation products. Thus, the α-dicarbonyl compounds 3-deoxyglucosone, glucosone, methylglyoxal, glyoxal, hydroxypyruvaldehyde, threosone, 3-deoxythreosone, and 1-desoxypentosone and the monocarbonyl compounds formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone were detected in fructose solutions incubated at 37 °C. Quantitative profiling after 7 days revealed 4.6-271.6-fold higher yields of all degradation products from fructose compared to glucose. Except for 3-deoxyglucosone, the product formation appeared to be metal dependent, indicating oxidative pathways. CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 partially reduced fructose degradation. Due to its high reactivity compared to glucose, particularly toward metal-catalyzed pathways, fructose may be a strong contributor to sugar degradation and Maillard reaction in foods and in vivo.

Enzyme-mediator bioconjugation is emerging as a building block for designing electrode platforms for the construction of biosensors and biofuel cells. Here, we report a one-pot bioconjugation technique for flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and thionine (TH) using a series of cross-linkers, including epoxy, N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and aldehydes. In this technique, FAD-GDH and thionine are conjugated through an amine cross-linking reaction to generate a redox network, which has been successfully employed for the oxidation of glucose. The bioconjugation chemistry of cross-linkers with the amino groups on FAD-GDH and thionine plays a vital role in generating distinct network structures. The epoxy-type cross-linker reacts with the primary and secondary amines of thionine at room temperature, thereby producing an FAD-GDH-TH-FAD-GDH hyperbranched bioconjugate network, the aldehyde undergoes a rapid cross-linking reaction to produce a network of FAD-GDH-FAD-GDH, while the NHS-based cross-linker can react with the primary amines of both FAD-GDH and thionine, forming an FAD-GDH-cross-linker-TH polymeric network. This reaction has the potential to enable the conjugation of a redox mediator with a FAD-GDH network, which is particularly essential when designing an enzyme electrode platform. The data demonstrated that the polymeric cross-linked network based on the NHS cross-linker exhibited a considerable increase in electron transport while producing a catalytic current of 830 μA cm -2 . The cross-linker spacer arm length also affects the overall electrochemical function of the network and its performance; an adequate spacer length containing a cross-linker is required, resulting in a faster electron transfer. Finally, a leaching test confirmed that the stability of the enzyme electrode was improved when the electrode was tested using the redox probe. This study elucidates the relationship between cross-linking chemistry and redox network structure and enhances the high performance of enzyme electrode platforms for the oxidation of glucose.

This study reports the development of a textile-based colaminar flow hybrid microbial-enzymatic biofuel cell. Shewanella MR-1 was used as a biocatalyst on the anode, and bienzymatic system catalysts based on glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were applied on an air-breathing cathode to address the overpotential loss in a body-friendly way. A single-layer Y-shaped channel configuration with a double-inlet was adopted. Microchannels of biofuel cells were patterned by silk screen printing with Ecoflex to maintain the flexibility of textile substrates without harm to the human body. The electrodes were fabricated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate and a mixture of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and single-walled carbon nanotubes by screen printing. The effects of electrode materials, catalyst type, catalyst concentration, and glucose concentration in the catholyte were investigated to optimize the fuel cell performance. The peak power density (44.9 μW cm -2 ) and maximum current density (388.9 μA cm -2 ) of the optimized hybrid biofuel cell were better than those of previously reported textile- or paper-substrate microscale single microbial fuel cells. The developed biofuel cell will be a useful platform as a microscale power source that is harmless to the environment and living organisms.

Context: Milk has nutrient-rich but thermal sensitive matrix that undergoes varying degrees of Maillard reaction (MR) at heating conditions. The MR mainly occurs between lysine residues (Lys) and lactose composed of glucose (Glc) and galactose (Gal), which are abundantly sourced from dairy products. In the present study, the MRs of Glc and Gal with Lys at the initial and intermediate stages have been investigated theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) to simulate the gaseous and aqueous phases. Reaction mechanisms have been proposed, and relative energy changes of different steps were calculated according to the total mass balance. The calculations reveal that both N α - and N ε -amine groups of Lys can react with the carbonyl functional group of Glc and Gal with the similar potential energy profiles, and Gal is more reactive than Glc. However, the barrier in N ε -channel is lower than in N α -channel, indicating a faster reaction rate through the former channel compared with the latter. The 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) and derivative are formed under 3-deoxysone route in the intermediate stage. The calculation results are helpful for proposing a reasonable MR mechanism and suggesting possible control methods of the MRs., Methods: In this study, different levels of DFT calculations have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms and favorability of generating MR products in Glc-Lys and Gal-Lys models at initial and intermediate stages in the gaseous and aqueous conditions. In order to elucidate the molecular models from the perspectives of chemistry and geometry, DFT calculations were performed by the mean of B3LYP functional at basis sets of 6-311 +  + G (d, p) and 6-311 +  + G (2df, 2p) with optional solvation settings. To examine the solvation effect, the study further constructed models with solvent H 2 O and calculated in wB97XD functional with 6-31 + G (d) basis set. All computations were carried out Gaussian 09 suite of quantum chemistry software., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Effective continuous glucose monitoring solutions require consistent sensor performance over the lifetime of the device, a manageable variance between devices, and the capability of high volume, low cost production. Here we present a novel and microfabrication-compatible method of depositing and stabilizing enzyme layers on top of planar electrodes that can aid in the mass production of sensors while also improving their consistency. This work is focused on the fragile biorecognition layer as that has been a critical difficulty in the development of microfabricated sensors. We test this approach with glucose oxidase (GOx) and evaluate the sensor performance with amperometric measurements of in vitro glucose concentrations. Spincoating was used to deposit a uniform enzyme layer across a wafer, which was subsequently immobilized via glutaraldehyde vapor crosslinking and patterned via liftoff. This yielded an approximately 300 nm thick sensing layer which was applied to arrays of microfabricated platinum electrodes built on blank wafers. Taking advantage of their planar array format, measurements were then performed in high-throughput parallel instrumentation. Due to their thin structure, the coated electrodes exhibited subsecond stabilization times after the bias potential was applied. The deposited enzyme layers were measured to provide a sensitivity of 2.3 ± 0.2 μA mM -1 mm -2 with suitable saturation behavior and minimal performance shift observed over extended use. The same methodology was then demonstrated directly on top of wireless CMOS potentiostats to build a monolithic sensor with similar measured performance. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the combination of spincoating and vapor stabilization processes for wafer scale enzymatic sensor functionalization and the potential for scalable fabrication of monolithic sensor-on-CMOS devices.

As pure antipodes may differ in biological interactions, pharmacology, and toxicity, discrimination of enantiomers is important in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Two major challenges in enantiomer determination are transducing and amplifying the distinct chiral-recognition signals. In this study, a light-sensitive organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) with homochiral character is developed for enantiomer discrimination. Demonstrated with the discrimination of glucose enantiomers, the photoelectrochemically active gate electrode is prepared by integrating Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a chiral Cu(II)-metal-organic framework (c-CuMOF) onto TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNT). The captured glucose enantiomers are oxidized to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by the oxidase-mimicking AuNPs-loaded c-CuMOF. Based on the confinement effect of the mesopocket structure of the c-CuMOF and the remarkable charge transfer ability of the 1D nanotubular architecture, variations in H 2 O 2 yield are translated into significant changes in OPECT drain currents (I D ) by inducing a catalytic precipitation reaction. Variations in I D confer a sensitive discrimination of glucose enantiomers with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.07 μM for L-Glu and 0.05 μM for D-Glu. This enantiomer-driven gate electrode response strategy not only provides a new route for enantiomer identification, but also helps to understand the origin of the high stereoselectivity in living systems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Implementing the concept of turning waste into treasure, the conversion of biomass waste into high-value carbon materials, especially carbon dots (CDs), has pointed out a new direction for disease diagnosis, tumor treatment, and other aspects. In this work, we have reported the GL-CDs(Fe) via a simple synthesis route exploiting Ganoderma lucidum waste as the precursor. Thanks to their excellent optical property and peroxidase mimetic activity, a novel GL-CDs(Fe)-based ratio fluorescence/colorimetric/smartphone triple mode sensing platform is cleverly fabricated for glucose determination with the LOD of 0.28, 0.37, and 0.52 μΜ separately. Especially, this triple mode biosensor is successfully utilized for glucose detection in serum samples with the relative error of less than ±8 % compared with clinical reports. Surprisingly, the GL-CDs(Fe) also presents immense application prospects in high-level anti-counterfeiting aspects due to their excellent luminescent properties, high water-solubility, and easy availability. Furthermore, GL-CDs(Fe) can catalyze excessive H 2 O 2 inside tumor cells to produce massive hydroxyl radicals (·OH) which break down the redox levels of cancer cells and thereby eliminate tumor cells. Thus, this integrated "Three-in-One" multifunctional platform based on GL-CDs(Fe) unveils enormous research and application prospects for bio-sensing, anti-counterfeiting, cancer treatment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Various applications related to glucose catalysis have led to the development of functional nanozymes with glucose oxidase (GOX)-like activity. However, the unsatisfactory catalytic activity of nanozymes is a major challenge for their practical applications due to their inefficient hydrogen and electron transfer. Herein, we present the synthesis of AuFe/polydopamine (PDA) superparticles that exhibit photothermal-enhanced GOX-like activity. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations reveal that the glucose oxidation process catalyzed by AuFe/PDA follows an artificial-cofactor-mediated hydrogen atom transfer mechanism, which facilitates the generation of carbon-centered radical intermediates. Rather than depending on charged Au surfaces for thermodynamically unstable hydride transfer, Fe(III)-coordinated PDA with abundant amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups serves as cofactor mimics, facilitating both hydrogen atom and electron transfer in the catalytic process. Finally, leveraging the photothermal-enhanced GOX-like and catalase-like activities of AuFe/PDA, we establish a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care testing blood glucose determination with exceptional anti-jamming capabilities.

Metformin, the primary therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), showed limitations such as varying absorption, rapid system clearance, required large amount, resistance, longstanding side effects. Use of Nano formulations for pharmaceuticals is emerging as a viable technique to reduce negative consequences of drug, while simultaneously attaining precise release and targeted distribution. This study developed a Polyethylene Glycol conjugated Graphene Oxide Quantum dots (GOQD-PEG) nanocomposite for the sustained release of metformin. Herein, we evaluated the effectiveness of metformin-loaded nanoconjugate in in vitro insulin resistance model. Results demonstrated drug loaded nanoconjugate successfully restored glucose uptake and reversed insulin resistance in in vitro conditions at reduced dosage compared to free metformin., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Sarkar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

In this work, potassium, sulfur, nitrogen, and chlorine self-doped carbon dots (CDs) were hydrothermally synthesized using palm wine as a carbon source. The palm wine-derived CDs (PW-CDs) are amorphous in nature and displayed an average particle size of 4.19 ± 0.89 nm. The as-synthesized CDs are used to fabricate a photoluminescent sensing probe to simultaneously detect Cu 2+ and glucose via the "Turn ON-OFF-ON" mechanism. The PL quenching mechanism of PW-CDs enables the selective and sensitive detection of Cu 2+ ions with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.8 ppb (4.7 nM). The sensing probe quantified Cu 2+ in tap water, drinking water, and e-waste samples to prove its viability. Using CDs to quantify copper in e-waste leachate samples is a novel approach as no prior instances of such application have been reported. The system's performance is considered to be highly reproducible due to the relative standard deviation being <6.64%, along with excellent recoveries within the range of 93.24-109.86%. The quenched PL can be recovered by introducing glucose into the PW-CD + Cu 2+ system; this strategy is employed to quantify glucose with a LOD of 0.11 ppm (0.61 μM). The feasibility of this sensor was confirmed by the determination of glucose in actual human plasma specimens of diabetic patients. It is to be noted that these samples were neither diluted nor spiked with glucose. The developed PW-CD + Cu 2+ sensing system yields satisfactory recoveries of 93.45-107.37%. This probe was also incorporated into a smartphone-based sensing platform to detect Cu 2+ and glucose with desirable recoveries. The proposed smartphone-based sensing platform is flexible, reliable, and accurate, making it suitable for resource-constrained areas. Furthermore, based on the effect of Cu 2+ ions and glucose on the PL response and absorbance spectra of PW-CDs, four logic gates (YES, IMPLICATION, NOT, and OR) were designed, and PW-CDs were also used for cell imaging applications.

Depolymerization of the cellulose part in lignocellulose to glucose is a significant step for lignocellulose valorization. As one of the main by-products of agricultural biomass in crop-producing filed, valorization of corn straw has attracted considerable attention. In this study, a two-step depolymerizing strategy of high-pressure CO 2 -H 2 O pretreatment and oxidation-hydrolysis was applied for selective depolymerization of the cellulose component of corn straw to glucose production. Most part of the hemicellulose component could be removed through high-pressure CO 2 -H 2 O pretreatment in the presence of low concentration of acetic acid, and then as high as 32.2 % yield of glucose was achieved in water at 170 °C for 6 h without additional catalyst. The active acid sites generated during the partial oxidation of hydroxymethyl groups to carboxyl groups on glucose units of cellulose was shown to be crucial for the efficient valorization of corn straw for glucose production., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

This paper presents a new biosensor design based on the Kretschmann configuration, for the detection of analytes at different refractive indices. Our studied design consists of a TiO 2 /SiO 2 bi-layer sandwiched between a BK7 prism and a bimetallic layer of Ag/Au plasmonic materials, covered by a layer of black phosphorus placed below the analyte-containing detection medium. The different layers of our structure and analyte detection were optimized using the angular interrogation method. High performance was achieved, with a sensitivity of 240 deg/RIU and a quality factor of 34.7 RIU -1 . This biosensor can detect analytes with a wide refractive index range between 1.330 and 1.347, such as glucose detection in urine samples using a refractive index variation of 10-3. This capability offers a wide range of applications for biomedical and biochemical detection and selectivity.

The isomerization of glucose is a crucial step for biomass valorization to downstream chemicals. Herein, highly dispersed MgO doped biochar (BM-0.5@450) was prepared from rice straw via a solvent-free ball milling pretreatment and pyrolysis under nitrogen conditions. The nano-MgO doped biochar demonstrated enhanced conversion of glucose in water at low temperatures. A 31 % yield of fructose was obtained from glucose over BM-0.5@450 at 50 °C with 80.0 % selectivity. At 60 °C for 140 min, BM-0.5@450 achieved a 32.5 % yield of fructose. Compared to catalyst synthesized from conventional impregnation method (IM@450), the BM-0.5@450 catalyst shows much higher fructose yields (32.5 % vs 25.9 %), which can be attributed to smaller crystallite size of MgO (11.32 nm vs 19.58 nm) and homogenous distribution. The mechanism study shows that the activated MgOH + ·OH - group by water facilitated the deprotonation process leading to the formation of key intermediate enediol., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A facile biphasic system composed of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was developed to realize the furfural production, lignin separation and preparation of fermentable glucose from Eucalyptus in one-pot. Results showed that the ChCl/1,2-propanediol/MIBK system owned the best property to convert hemicelluloses into furfural. Under the optimal conditions (MR ChCl:1,2-propanediol  = 1:2, raw materials:DES:MIBK ratio = 1:4:8 g/g/mL, 0.075 mol/L AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O, 140 °C, and 90 min), the furfural yield and glucose yield reached 65.0 and 92.2 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the lignin with low molecular weight (1250-1930 g/mol), low polydispersity (D M  = 1.25-1.53) and high purity (only 0.08-2.59 % carbohydrate content) was regenerated from the biphasic system. With the increase of pretreatment temperature, the β-O-4, β-β and β-5 linkages in the regenerated lignin were gradually broken, and the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups increased, but the content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups decreased. This research provides a new strategy for the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulose in biorefinery process., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study proposed a two-stage pressurized microwave hydrothermal treatment with a catalyst, followed by enzymatic saccharification, as a pretreatment method for efficiently converting cellulose and hemicellulose from rice straw into glucose and xylose. The use of various inorganic salts and dilute sulfuric acid as catalysts enhances sugar production. Using 1 wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst at 150 °C for 5 min for the first-stage and then 180 °C for 5 min for the second-stage yielded the highest sugar production from rice straw compared with other inorganic salts tested. The filtrate and enzymatic saccharification solution contained a total sugar of 0.434 g/g-untreated rice straw (i.e. 0.302 g-glucose/g-untreated rice straw and 0.132 g-xylose/g-untreated rice straw). When inorganic salts such as NaCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , and FeCl 3 were used as catalysts, the highest sugar yield of 0.414 g/g-untreated rice straw (i.e. 0.310 g-glucose/g-untreated rice straw and 0.104 g-xylose/g-untreated rice straw) was obtained when using 1 wt% FeCl 3 at 170 °C for 5 min in the first-stage and 190 °C for 5 min in the second-stage, with a value close to that of 1 wt% sulfuric acid. These findings suggest that two-stage treatment with a catalyst is a suitable pretreatment method for the production of glucose and xylose from rice straw owing to the different hydrolysis temperatures of cellulose and hemicellulose., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Organisms use organic molecules called osmolytes to adapt to environmental conditions. In vitro studies indicate that osmolytes thermally stabilize proteins, but mechanisms are controversial, and systematic studies within the cellular milieu are lacking. We analyzed Escherichia coli and human protein thermal stabilization by osmolytes in situ and across the proteome. Using structural proteomics, we probed osmolyte effects on protein thermal stability, structure and aggregation, revealing common mechanisms but also osmolyte- and protein-specific effects. All tested osmolytes (trimethylamine N-oxide, betaine, glycerol, proline, trehalose and glucose) stabilized many proteins, predominantly via a preferential exclusion mechanism, and caused an upward shift in temperatures at which most proteins aggregated. Thermal profiling of the human proteome provided evidence for intrinsic disorder in situ but also identified potential structure in predicted disordered regions. Our analysis provides mechanistic insight into osmolyte function within a complex biological matrix and sheds light on the in situ prevalence of intrinsically disordered regions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Analyzing pharmaceutical products is a quality control requirement in a production facility. This study presents a CuO electrode-based reusable non-enzymatic sensor as an alternative method for rapid analysis of glucose levels in glucose infusions. CuO is extensively employed as an electrode material in non-enzymatic glucose sensors. Conventionally, these electrodes are fabricated using chemical synthesis of CuO followed by immobilization to the electrode substrate. In contrast, here, Cu metal was mechanically modified to create a grooved surface, followed by electrochemical anodization and subsequent annealing process to grow a seamless CuO layer in situ with enhanced catalytic activity. The morphology of the electrodes was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The direct electrocatalytic activity of the developed CuO-modified electrode towards glucose oxidation in alkaline media was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in detail. The CuO-modified electrode commenced the oxidation process around 0.10 V vs. Ag pseudo-reference electrode, demonstrating a significant reduction in the overvoltage for glucose oxidation compared to the bare Cu electrode. The sensor is capable of detecting glucose at low oxidation potentials such as 0.2 V with a sensitivity value of 0.37 µA ppm -1 , a wide linear range (80-2300 ppm), limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 ppm, greater repeatability, 1% precision, 3% bias, a short response time (80 s), good reproducibility and excellent reusability (196 consecutive attempts). The enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness make this sensor a promising alternative method for product analysis in glucose injection solutions., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.)

Nanozymes have been widely used in the field of biosensing owing to their high stability, low cost, adjustable catalytic activity, and convenient modification. However, achieving high selectivity and sensitivity simultaneously in nanozyme-based colorimetric sensing remains a major challenge. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-simulating activity that are often used as solid-phase adsorbents for sample pretreatment. Our design strategy integrated sample pretreatment function into the nanozyme through separation and enrichment, thereby improving the selectivity and sensitivity of nanozyme-based colorimetric biosensing. As a proof-of-concept, glucose was used as the model analyte in this study. A phenylboric acid-modified magnetic nanozyme (Cu/Fe 3 O 4 @BA) was rationally designed and synthesized. Selectivity was enhanced by boronate-affinity specific adsorption and the elimination of interference after magnetic separation. In addition, magnetic solid-phase extraction enrichment was used to improve the sensitivity. A recovery rate of more than 80% was reached when the enrichment factor was 50. The synthesized magnetic Cu/Fe 3 O 4 @BA was recyclable at least five times. The proposed method exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity, simple operation, and recyclability, providing a novel and practical strategy for designing multifunctional nanozymes for biosensing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Our ability to design artificial micro/nanomachines able to perform sophisticated tasks crucially depends on our understanding of their interaction with biosystems and their compatibility with the biological environment. Here, we design Janus colloids fuelled only by glucose and light, which can autonomously interact with cell-like compartments and trigger endocytosis. We evidence the crucial role played by the far-field hydrodynamic interaction arising from the puller/pusher swimming mode and adhesion. We show that a large contact time between the active particle and the lipid membrane is required to observe the engulfment of a particle inside a floppy giant lipid vesicle. Active Janus colloids showing relatively small velocities and a puller type swimming mode are able to target giant vesicles, deform their membranes and subsequently get stably engulfed. An instability arising from the unbound membrane segment is responsible for the transition between partial and complete stable engulfment. These experiments shed light on the physical criteria required for autonomous active particle engulfment in giant vesicles, which can serve as general principles in disciplines ranging from drug delivery and microbial infection to nanomedicine.

Developing an accurate, cost-effective, reliable, and stable glucose detection sensor for the food industry poses a significant yet challenging endeavor. Herein, we present a silver nanoparticle-decorated titanium dioxide nanoribbon array on titanium plate (Ag@TiO 2 /TP) as an efficient electrode for non-enzymatic glucose detection in alkaline environments. Electrochemical evaluations of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode reveal a broad linear response range (0.001 mM - 4 mM), high sensitivity (19,106 and 4264 μA mM -1  cm -2 ), rapid response time (6 s), and a notably low detection limit (0.18 μM, S/N = 3). Moreover, its efficacy in measuring glucose in beverage samples shows its practical applicability. The impressive performance and structural benefits of the Ag@TiO 2 /TP electrode highlight its potential in advancing electrochemical sensors for small molecule detection., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glucose modifies the mechanical stability of coffee films and facilitates their dissolution dynamics at the microscale, rendering glucose-coffee a valuable natural biomaterial system for studying pharmaceutical applications. We show the glucose-dependent inhibition of crack propagation during the evaporation of glucose-coffee droplets. The addition of glucose increases the hardness, stiffness, and shear modulus of films, as measured by surface nanomechanical testing. The glucose-coffee film dissolves faster and more evenly than the pure coffee film through interfaces. The water penetrates through well-dissolved glucose channels. The modified mechanical properties and adjustable dissolution time, coupled with edibility, position the glucose-modified coffee as an excellent candidate for developing pharmaceutical inks for personalized medicine droplet-based printing.

Gas cluster ion beam (GCIB)-assisted deposition is used to build multilayered protein-based structures. In this process, Ar 3000-5000 + clusters bombard and sputter molecules from a reservoir (target) to a collector, an operation that can be sequentially repeated with multiple targets. The process occurs under a vacuum, making it adequate for further sample conservation in the dry state, since many proteins do not have long-term storage stability in the aqueous state. First of all, the stability in time and versatility in terms of molecule selection are demonstrated with the fabrication of peptide multilayers featuring a clear separation. Then, lysozyme and trypsin are used as protein models to show that the activity remaining on the collector after deposition is linearly proportional to the argon ion dose. The energy per atom ( E / n ) of the Ar clusters is a parameter that was also changed for lysozyme deposition, and its increase negatively affects activity. The intact detection of larger protein molecules by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and a bioassay (trypsin at ≈25 kDa and glucose oxidase (GOx) at ≈80 kDa) is demonstrated. Finally, GOx and horseradish peroxidase, two proteins involved in the same enzymatic cascade, are successively deposited on β-d-glucose to build an on-demand release material in which the enzymes and the substrate (β-d-glucose) are combined in a dry trilayer, and the reaction occurs only upon reintroduction in aqueous medium.

Propylene glycol (PG) demonstrates greater efficacy than other sugar polyols. However, the attributes it confers for toxicity and possible co-formulation with other ingredients are unknown. To evaluate this, α-glucosidase and glucose oxidase reactions were performed in Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) to categorize if PG behaves similarly to prior studied sugar alcohols. A combination of no-choice and choice assays was used to determine effective ratios of PG and sucrose, competitiveness against a control of 10% sucrose, and whether mosquitoes recovered from PG consumption. The final trials included β-cyclodextrin encapsulated cinnamon leaf oil, clove stem oil, patchouli oil, garlic oil, cedarwood oil, and papaya seed oil formulated with 5% sucrose + 5% PG. PG functioned as a linear competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The efficacy of PG was synergized by co-ingestion with equivalent ratios of sucrose. Unlike the high diuretic response to other sugar alcohols, PG resulted in diminished excretion regardless of being co-formulated with sucrose or terpenoids. PG is not especially competitive against unadulterated sugar meals but is likewise not clearly repellent. Although mosquitoes did not recover from ingestion of the glycol meals, there was no indication that mortality would continue to accumulate once the treatments were removed. Of the terpenoids tested, cinnamon and patchouli caused ~50% or less mortality; garlic, cedarwood, and clove caused 80-90% mortality; and papaya seed caused 100% mortality, exceeding all other test groups and the formulation blank. PG is a useful supporting ingredient in attractive toxic sugar bait formulations with flexibility in formulation., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Protein cysteine S-glycosylation is a relatively rare and less well characterized post-translational modification (PTM). Creating reliable model proteins that carry this modification is challenging. The lack of available models or natural S-glycosylated proteins significantly hampers the development of mass-spectrometry-based (MS-based) methodologies for detecting protein cysteine S-glycosylation in real-world proteomic studies. There is also limited MS-sequencing data describing it as easier to create synthetic S-glycopeptides. Here, we present the results of an in-depth manual analysis of automatically annotated CID/HCD spectra for model S-glucopeptides. The CID spectra show a long series of y/b-fragment ions with retained S-glucosylation, regardless of the dominant m / z signals corresponding to neutral loss of 1,2-anhydroglucose from the precursor ions. In addition, the spectra show signals manifesting glucosyl transfer from the cysteine position onto lysine, arginine (Lys, Arg) side chains, and a peptide N-terminus. Other spectral evidence indicates that the N-glucosylated initial products of transfer are converted into N-fructosylated (i.e., glycated) structures due to Amadori rearrangement. We discuss the peculiar transfer of the glucose oxocarbenium ion (Glc+) to positively charged guanidinium residue (ArgH+) and propose a mechanism for the gas-phase Amadori rearrangement involving a 1,2-hydride ion shift.

Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/Cu x O composites were prepared by acid etching combined with electrochemical technique. The abundant active sites on the surface of MXene greatly increase the loading of Cu x O nanoparticles, and the synergistic effect between the different components of the composite can accelerate the oxidation reaction of glucose. The results indicate that at the working potential of 0.55 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), the glucose sensor based on Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene/Cu x O composite presents large linear concentration ranges from 1 µM to 4.655 mM (sensitivity of 361 µA mM -1 cm -2 ) and from 5.155 mM to 16.155 mM (sensitivity of 133 µA mM -1 cm -2 ). The limit of detection is 0.065 µM. In addition, the sensor effectively avoids the oxidative interference of common interfering species such as ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. The sensor has good reproducibility, stability and acceptable recoveries for the detection of glucose in human sweat sample (97.5-103.3%) with RSD values less than 4%. Based on these excellent properties it has great potential for the detection of glucose in real samples., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)

Eucalyptus was pretreated with diethylene glycol catalyzed by 0.02 mol/L CrCl 3 for 10 min, resulting in 91 % delignification and 98 % cellulose recovery, with trace fermentation inhibitors generated. After the mild pretreatment, the accessibility and affinity of cellulase to eucalyptus was enhanced, especially since enzyme adsorption rate increased by 1.6-fold. Therefore, glucose yield of pretreated eucalyptus was 7.9-fold higher than that of untreated eucalyptus after hydrolyzed 48 h, in which the maximum glucose concentration reached 62 g/L from eucalyptus by adding Tween 80. According to the characterization analysis, the structure of the eucalyptus lignin-carbohydrate complexes structure was destroyed during the pretreatment, while lignin fragments was likely reacted with diethylene glycol to form the stabilized aromatic ethers. Moreover, the extracted Deg-lignin exhibited better performances than commercial alkali lignin such as higher fluorescence intensity, less negative surface charge, and lower particle size. The mild pretreatment method with diethylene glycol and CrCl 3 provided a promising approach for co-production of fermentable sugars and high activity lignin from lignocellulosic biomass., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This work emphasizes the utilization of biochar, a renewable material, as an interesting platform for anchoring redox mediators and bioreceptors in the development of economic, environmentally friendly biosensors. In this context, Fe(III) ions were preconcentrated on highly functionalized activated biochar, allowing the stable synthesis of Prussian blue nanostructures with an average size of 58.3 nm. The determination of glucose was carried out by indirectly monitoring the hydrogen peroxide generated through the enzymatic reaction, followed by its subsequent redox reaction with reduced Prussian blue (also known as Prussian white) in a typical electrochemical-chemical mechanism. The EDC/NHS (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-Hydroxysuccinimide) pair was employed for the stable covalent immobilization of the enzyme on biochar. The biosensor demonstrated good enzyme-substrate affinity, as evidenced by the Michaelis-Menten apparent kinetic constant (4.16 mmol L -1 ), and analytical performance with a wide linear dynamic response range (0.05-5.0 mmol L -1 ), low limits of detection (0.94 μmol L -1 ) and quantification (3.13 μmol L -1 ). Additionally, reliable repeatability, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity were obtained for the detection of glucose in both real and spiked human saliva and blood serum samples., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Amadori rearrangement products are an important flavor precursor in the Maillard reaction. Its thermal decomposition products usually contribute good flavors in foods. Therefore, investigating the thermal breakdown of Amadori products is significant for understanding the flavor forming mechanism in the Maillard reaction. In this study, volatiles from thermal decomposition of Amadori products in cysteine and glucose Maillard reaction was investigated by a thermal desorption cryo-trapping system combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 60 volatiles were detected and identified. Meanwhile, the forming mechanism of 2-methylthiophene, a major decomposition product, was also investigated by using density functional theory. Seventeen reactions, 12 transition states, energy barrier and rate constant of each reaction were finally obtained. Results reveal that it is more likely for Amadori products of cysteine and glucose to undergo decomposition under neutral or weakly alkaline conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

As promising alternatives for natural enzymes, much attention has been paid to nanozymes. And our recent study showed that the medium acid sites on the support are the active sites for the adsorption and oxidation of the substrate. Thus, in this work, due to the abundance of medium acid sites, Al 2 O 3 was chosen as the support to prepare Pt/Al 2 O 3 nanozymes. Through the Pt/Al 2 O 3 samples, we further proved that the distribution of the Pt clusters and the amount of the medium acid sites can significantly influence the peroxidase-like activity. Then the Pt/Al 2 O 3 sample was used for the detection of glucose. And as low as 0.96 μM glucose could be detected with a linear range from 5-60 μM via our method. This work showed the great potential applications of the easily prepared Pt/Al 2 O 3 samples in varieties of simple, robust, and easy-to-make analytical approaches in the future., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Freeze pretreatment combined with alkaline-hydrothermal method of rice straw for enzymatic hydrolysis was studied. Crystallization stress in the rice stem pores caused by water freezing at -20- -40 °C was modeled to illustrate the destruction mechanism. The stress was calculated as 22.5-38.3 MPa that were higher than the tensile yield stress of untreated stems (3.0 MPa), indicating ice formation damaging pore structure. After freeze at -20 °C, rice straw was further hydrothermally treated at 190 °C with 0.4 M Na 2 CO 3 , achieving 72.0 % lignin removal and 97.2 % cellulose recovery. Glucose yield rose to 91.1 % by 4.3 times after 24 h hydrolysis at 10 FPU loading of Cellic®CTec2 cellulase. The specific surface area of rice straw was 2.6 m 2 /g increased by 1.2 times after freeze. Freeze combined with alkaline-hydrothermal treatment is a green and energy-efficient method for improving enzymatic hydrolysis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Glycoside hydrolase family 97 (GH97) comprises enzymes like anomer-inverting α-glucoside hydrolases (i.e., glucoamylase) and anomer-retaining α-galactosidases. In a soil bacterium, Flavobacterium johnsoniae, we previously identified a GH97 enzyme (FjGH97A) within the branched dextran utilization locus. It functions as an α-glucoside hydrolase, targeting α-(1→6)-glucosidic linkages in dextran and isomaltooligosaccharides (i.e., glucodextranase). FjGH97A exhibits a preference for α-(1→6)-glucoside linkages over α-(1→4)-linkages, while Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron glucoamylase SusB (with 69% sequence identity), which is involved in the starch utilization system, exhibits the highest specificity for α-(1→4)-glucosidic linkages. Here, we examined the crystal structures of FjGH97A in complexes with glucose, panose, or isomaltotriose, and analyzed the substrate preferences of its mutants to identify the amino acid residues that determine the substrate specificity for α-(1→4)- and α-(1→6)-glucosidic linkages. The overall structure of FjGH97A resembles other GH97 enzymes, with conserved catalytic residues similar to anomer-inverting GH97 enzymes. A comparison of active sites between FjGH97A and SusB revealed differences in amino acid residues at subsites +1 and +2 (specifically Ala195 and Ile378 in FjGH97A). Among the three mutants (A195S, I378F, and A195S-I378F), A195S and A195S-I378F exhibited increased activity toward α-(1→4)-glucoside bonds compared to α-(1→6)-glucoside bonds. This suggests that Ala195, located on the Gly184-Thr203 loop (named loop-N) conserved within the GH97 subgroup, including FjGH97A and SusB, holds significance in determining linkage specificity. The conservation of alanine in the active site of the GH97 enzymes, within the same gene cluster as the putative dextranase, indicates its crucial role in determining the specificity for α-(1→6)-glucoside linkage., (© 2024 The Authors. The FEBS Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.)

Today, diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases that affects the population on a worldwide scale. Patients suffering from this disease are required to control their blood-glucose levels several times a day through invasive methods such as piercing their fingers. Our NaGdF 4 : 5% Er 3+ , 3% Nd 3+ nanoparticles demonstrate a remarkable ability to detect D-glucose levels by analysing alterations in their red-to-green ratio, since this sensitivity arises from the interaction between the nanoparticles and the OH groups present in the D-glucose molecules, resulting in discernible changes in the emission of the green and red bands. These luminescent sensors were implemented and tested on paper substrates, offering a portable, low-cost and enzyme-free solution for D-glucose detection in aqueous solutions with a limit of detection of 22 mg/dL. With this, our study contributes to the development of non-invasive D-glucose sensors, holding promising implications for managing diabetes and improving overall patient well-being with possible future applications in D-glucose sensing through tear fluid., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We propose a novel strategy for tailoring the structure of fluorescent molecules to achieve emission at the tail end of the NIR-II window. The favorable spectroscopic properties and low cytotoxicity of YNs make them powerful tools for bioimaging. Notably, YN-4 exhibits a brightness 2.5 times greater than YN-3, 6 times that of IR-783, and 5 times that of ICG. This enhanced brightness enabled high-resolution imaging of mouse thoracic and abdominal cavities, tumor vasculature, and real-time monitoring of gastrointestinal motility using YN-4. Furthermore, covalent grafting of glucose onto the YN-Glu scaffold significantly improved tumor-targeting capability and facilitated tracking of glucose metabolism. This work aims to extend the application of fluorescent molecule imaging beyond the NIR-IIa window., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We prepared the β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-ferulic acid (FA)-glucose (Glu) conjugates by alkaline method and Maillard reaction to assess the allergenicity. FA and Glu can form a ternary covalent conjugate with BLG, as evidenced by the shortening of SEC retention time, upward migration of SDS-PAGE protein bands, considerable decrease in free amino and sulfhydryl content, and changes in multistructure. BLG-Glu-FA conjugates weakly bound to immunoglobulin E in allergic sera was weak, reduced interleukin 4 and tumor necrosis factor α levels in RBL-2H3 cells and histamin and interleukin 6 secretion levels in KU812 cells, and inhibited the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. In vivo experiments showed that the conjugates regulated T-cell homeostasis in mouse splenic and mesenteric lymphocytes and attenuated splenic and duodenal immune injury. Therefore, the conjugates of BLG with FA combined with Glu altered the epitope structure and exhibited low allergenicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Enzyme catalytic cascade reactions based on peroxidase nanozymes and natural enzymes have aroused extensive attention in analytical fields. However, a majority of peroxidase nanozymes perform well only in acidic environments, resulting in their optimal pH mismatch with a neutral pH of natural enzymes, further restricting their application in biochemical sensing. Herein, Mn-doped CeO 2 (Mn/CeO 2 ) performing enhanced peroxidase-like activity at neutral conditions was prepared via a facile and feasible strategy. An effective enzyme cascade catalysis system via integrating glucose oxidase (GOx) with Mn/CeO 2 was developed for one-pot detection of glucose in serum at neutral conditions. Using one-pot multistep catalytic reactions, this work provided a detection platform that allows for faster detection and easier operations than traditional methods. Under optimized conditions, our assay performed a sensitive detection of glucose ranging from 2.0 μΜ to 300 μΜ and a low detection limit of 0.279 μΜ. Notably, favorable analytical outcomes for glucose detection in serum samples were obtained, exhibiting potential applications in clinical diagnosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)