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A photoredox catalytic strategy has been developed for the regioselective C2-, or C4-difluoroalkylation of pyridine N-oxides under mild conditions. This method provides an efficient protocol for the incorporation of electrophilic difluoroacetate radical (CF2CO2Et) into pyridine skeletons, based on the strategy of nitrogen-atom activation on electron-deficient pyridine moieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric ulcer (GU) is the injury of the gastric mucosa caused by the stimulation of various pathogenic factors penetrating the deep mucosal muscle layer. An increasing number of studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is highly effective in treating GU due to its multitarget, multilevel, and multi-pathway effects. To review the latest research progress in the treatment of GU by TCM, including clinical and experimental studies, focusing on the target and mechanism of action of drugs and providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of GU by natural herbs. Electronic databases (PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Web of Science, and CNKI) were searched using the keywords "gastric ulcer", "gastric mucosal lesion", "TCM" and or paired with "peptic ulcer" and "natural drugs" for studies published in the last fifteen years until 2023. TCM, including single components of natural products, Chinese patent medicines (CPM), and TCM decoction, is expected to treat GU by regulating various mechanisms, such as redox balance, inflammatory factors, angiogenesis, gastric mucosal protective factors, intestinal flora, apoptosis, and autophagy. We discussed and summarized the mechanism of TCM in the treatment of GU, which provided a sufficient basis for TCM treatment of GU. [Display omitted] • GU is a complex and multifactor process. • TCM has multitarget, multilevel, and multi-pathway effects in treating GU. • This review provided a sufficient basis for TCM treatment of GU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Rising hypertension prevalence, coupled with increasing overweight and obesity rates, has been observed in Yi people. Moreover, the growing blood pressure level among Yi people was mostly attributable to the continuous increase of body mass index (BMI). However, little is known about the trend of association between them. Methods. Consequently, we investigated the impact of overweight/obesity on hypertension over three periods (1996, 2007-2008, 2015) using data from Yi Migrant Study (n = 8749). The Yi Migrant Study incorporated three successive cross-sectional studies which were implemented by the same team with consistent protocols. Results. Compared with period 1 (1996), the influence of overweight/obesity on hypertension risk significantly increased in period 2 (2007-2008) and period 3 (2015); relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was 1.59 (95% CI: 0.12, 3.05) and 1.41 (95% CI: 0.30, 2.78), respectively. Meanwhile, the overweight/obese population in period 3 did not show hypertension risk higher than that in period 2 (RERI = 0.15; 95% CI: −0.76, 1.07). Additionally, we observed a continuously growing trend of hypertension risk among normal weight Yi people. Conclusions. During the past two decades, there was a significant increase in the association between overweight/obesity and hypertension in Yi people, whereas the increasing trend has leveled off in more recent years. These findings suggest that overweight/obesity and hypertension are becoming more epidemic comorbidity over time. Interventions to prevent hypertension should focus not only on the overweight/obese population, but also on those with normal weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cigarette smoking is a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the association between smoking and blood pressure is unclear. Thus, the current study examined the association between cigarette smoking and blood pressure in men.Methods: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure (PP) were examined using digital blood pressure measuring device, and smoking status was determined with China National Health Survey.Results: The ANCOVA showed that the adjusted DBP and MAP were lower in current smokers versus nonsmokers and the adjusted SBP was lower in current smokers versus former smokers (P < 0.05). Additionally, the adjusted PP tend to be decreased steadily as the pack·years increased in current smokers. In a fully adjusted logistic regression model, former smokers had increased ORs (95% CI) of 1.48 (1.01, 2.18) of hypertension and current smokers had not increased ORs (95% CI) of 0.83 (0.61, 1.12), compared with never smokers.Conclusions: The findings revealed that the adjusted blood pressure were lower in current smokers versus nonsmokers and former smokers. No significant dose-dependent effect of current smoking on blood pressure indices except PP was observed. Smoking cessation was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. However, current smoking was not a risk factor of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Bimodality in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) distribution has been detected in several populations. However, information regarding this phenomenon among Chinese ethnic groups is minimal. This study aimed to describe and update the distribution of FPG in the Uyghur and Han populations of Xinjiang, China, as well as to estimate the cut points of FPG on the basis of bimodal distribution.Methods and Study Design: A cross-sectional study was performed among the Uyghur and Han populations of Xinjiang, China in 2013. Questionnaire survey and FPG tests were conducted among 5,923 participants aged 20-80 years. We fitted the unimodal and bimodal distributions into the FPG data by ethnicity, age, gender, and location to test whether the FPG values were consistent with a bimodal distribution.Results: The FPG distribution could be described as bimodal, except for the age group of 50 years old and below among the Uyghur and Han populations and the age group of 70-80 years old among the Uyghur population (p<0.01). However, most of the cut points estimated using this method did not fall between the corresponding means of the first and second modes.Conclusions: Although a bimodal distribution of FPG was observed in the Uyghur and Han populations of Xinjiang, China, the cut points estimated using this method were not biologically meaningful, and thus, a bimodal distribution of FPG was not useful for defining cut points to diagnose diabetes in Xinjiang. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Han and Mongolian populations constitute approximately 96% of the population of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the two ethnic groups have different genetic backgrounds and lifestyle. We aim to assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment, control, and related risk factors of hypertension among urban adults in Inner Mongolia, with the comparison of the differences between Mongolian and Han populations in this respect.Methods: Three thousand two hundred fifty-one individuals aged 20-80 years (2326 Han and 925 Mongolian) were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method from Inner Mongolia in 2014. The adjusted prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were evaluated by the Logistic regression. In addition, possible interactions were also tested. When interactions were found significant, strata-specific analysis were performed. Multivariate logistic regression was used for estimating independent associations between risk factors and hypertension.Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 27.47% for Han population, 31.46% for Mongolian population. The adjusted prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 26.45, 65.43, 78.24 and 48.28% in Han, and 31.30, 68.22, 85.57 and 50.55% in Mongolian, respectively. There was no significant difference in the adjusted awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among Mongolian and Han adult residents (all P >0.05). Lower prevalence of hypertension was associated with younger age and healthy weight in both Mongolian and Han adults. Within Han adults, high education, moderate physical activity and non-alcohol drinkers were additionally associated with lower prevalence of hypertension, whereas within Mongolian adults, lower prevalence was associated with being female. Among residents with medium education level, nondrinkers had 0.60 times lower odds of having hypertension than current drinkers (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.82); among residents with high education level, nondrinkers has 0.65 times lower odds of having hypertension than current drinkers (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43-0.97).Conclusions: Mongolian population had a higher prevalence of hypertension than Han population. There were no significant difference between Mongolian and Han population in awareness, treatment and control of hypertension, which suggested that there was no difference between the two ethnicities in the distribution of health resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]