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In this second part, the paper continues to explain how the structuring of food preparations can be discussed from the perspective of the physics of "Soft Matter" and "Molecular Gastronomy". Such preparations are characterised by several internally dispersed phases organised in their own hierarchical structure. Food structures also depend on the balance between building and breaking ingredients. The specific chemical compositions of the colloidal elements are then associated with specific functional properties, which are necessary for these constructions and disintegrations. This paper emphasises the importance of using the Complex Disperse System (CDS) notation to signify, in symbols, the complex and hierarchical structures of Food Technologies. In this way, food structures and preparations can be symbolically and synthetically indicated in terms of their compositions. Finally, they can be understood as colloidal systems that are rarely unary, but usually multiple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach to chemical knowledge can be facilitated by the analogy between chemical language and conventional languages. Surprisingly similar in structure and constitution of the founding compositional elements (signs, syntax, semantics ⇒ formulas, equations, transformations). But with a not to be underestimated difference of having to report the usual meanings (linguistic referents) in a joint way both in the concrete, visible and directly observable world (“substances”), and in the microscopic and formal one (“molecules”, chemical formulas) which can simply be hypothesized or “observable” with suitable investigation tools and techniques. Therefore with a substantial complication, affecting chemical language compared to conventional ones, which we will return to later. The awareness of this articulation mechanism is considered useful for a conscious pre-education towards the chemical disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recurring and unusual aversion of many individuals to Mathematics, and to Science in general, depends probably on the rejection of an initial effort to think in abstract concepts. Having overcome this "barrier," it actually seems more than evident that the foundational conceptual structure of these Disciplines is quite analogous to those of Languages conventionally understood; on the basis of the connections, described by Semiotics, between signs, sign constructions, meanings and concepts. A practical extension of this is made for the most "symbolistic" of the Sciences: the Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a single-pole MgB2 superconducting hydrogen-cooled cable for DC current transmission at low voltage (10 kV) is presented here. The cable consists of a former made of MgB2 superconducting wires, a dielectric layer and an annular region that allows for the passage of hydrogen at inlet pressures above the critical one. The cable is contained within a corrugated cryostat, insulated from the external environment. The use of MgB2 as a superconducting material allows for the operation of the cable in the range 15–27 K, which reduces the cooling requirements and increases the efficiency of the system. The hydrogen-cooled annular region, acting as a pipeline for the cryogen transport, allows at the same time the efficient cooling of the cable, while the corrugated cryostat provides additional insulation and structural support, together with a relief volume in the case of an accident. The results of this study, mainly performed with a simplified model, benchmarked against the OPENSC2 software, show that the cable is able to support DC current transmission at 10 kV, with maximum cable lengths of several tens of km for inner diameters of the cryostat >120 mm, supporting a H2 mass flow rate >1 kg/s. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of combining the DC current transmission at low-medium voltage by MgB2 to the transport of liquid hydrogen, providing at the same time instantaneous storage of chemical power.

The study examines the aspect of the work of T.L. Caro that concerns the dualism between the underlying state of disorder and chaos that presides over "atomic" phenomena and the admitted condition that the world can nevertheless be regulated by "natural laws" such as to ensure the observable replicability and continuity of physical phenomena and natural species. Assumption that evidently seems to coincide with the theory of "order and chaos", and more exactly with that one of the "deterministic chaos"; for example that of the dynamical systems described by the systems of equations of the Lotka-Volterra type or of non-linear equations of the "logistic equation" type. With the associated emerging behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From atomic theory to darwin’s selection of species, from classical thermodynamics to deterministic chaos and until the concept of “subjective time”: looking well in “de rerum”, it seems little more of what “modern science has then”. Sign of how the literary mind often precurse, in concepts, the scientific mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A proper solvent extraction and a gas chromatographic technique were applied in order to investigate the cause of a series of sensory irritation effects in the workers of an Italian tannery. The lindane contained in the hide preservation insect-powder was ascertained to be the pollutant causing the observed symptoms.

The design of a laboratory apparatus for application to continuous liquid-liquid extraction of organic matter from sludges is discussed. It is based on the “spray-tower” industrial plant principle, and it is suitable also for high volatile solvents as light petroleum. In this way it was possible to overcome typical disadvantages showed by traditional extracting devices and methodologies, such as incomplete recovery, thermal degradation, foam forming and tedious manipulations.