Search

Integrating the model of moral cognition and moral personality, Blasi developed a threecomponent model of moral action that includes moral self (salience of moral values), own responsibility (involvement of the moral self in decision-making) and self-consistency or moral integrity (decision- making in accordance with one's own moral values). Starting from this model, the aim of this research was to examine some psychometric features of the newly developed Moral Identity Questionnaire (MIQ). MIQ includes 63 short moral dilemmas that consist of two contrasted moral values (loyalty, freedom, concern for others, truth, respect, equality, responsibility) within the context of different complexity (light, medium, difficult) with regard to the outcome of the decision. The participant's task was to choose between two conflicted values and assess the degree of agreement with it. The study was conducted on a sample of 520 participants (388 women and 132 men), with an average age of 24.4 year (SD = 8.46). Three questionnaires were applied: MIQ, Questionnaire of Comparing Moral Values in Pairs (participants should choose the one value that is more important to him from each pair of the seven values) and Questionnaire of some sociodemographic data. Two parameters were proposed as measures of moral identity: the strength of assessment that reflects the degree internalization of moral values (moral self) and the number of choices that reflects the consistency in choosing moral values (moral integrity). Convergent and concurrent validity were checked in the preliminary analysis. Correlations between moral identity measures and scores on the pairwise comparison questionnaire indicate satisfactory convergent validity only for number of choices parameter. Regarding the concurrent validity, no differences were found in the parameters of moral identity between the groups of participants with different volunteering experience, but differences were obtained in the both parameters with regard to the religious status of the participants. Believers achieve higher scores in both parameters for the values of loyalty, freedom and respect, while non-believers achieve higher scores for the values of truth and concern for others. Finally, the moral identity measures showed insignificant or weak correlation within different contexts (value choices strongly influenced by situational factors), that do not support Blasi's starting point that moral identity is a stable aspect of the self.

Previous studies showed relations between results of the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) and utilitarian moral reasoning, but, there is not clear evidence does CRT results correlate with moral reasoning when it is measured by hypothetic scenarios (i.e. when there are no intuitive answers). The aim of this study was to test do people who prefer reflexive or reflective types of thinking (measured by CRT test) differ in moral reasoning when it` s assessed by hypothetic scenarios. We assumed that people who prefer the reflexive way of thinking would have a higher result on Test of moral reasoning because this sort of thinking is related to preferences for higher engagement in complex cognitive tasks (and which corresponds to arguments related to Kohlberg´s higher stages of moral development). In contrary, reflective types generally prefer a heuristic way of thinking so we assumed that persons who prefer this type of thinking would have lower results on Test of moral reasoning. In this study participated 442 subjects (279 males, 163 females ; age range 19 - 76 (M=34.52)). The task of subjects was to fill out online English versions of Moral reasoning test (Proroković, 2016) and expanded version of Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) (Toplak, West, Stanovich, 2014). Two tests were applied through PsyToolkit software which collected the subject`s answer and time needed to answer (response time). Based on CRT result two groups of participants are formed: reflexive type (n=211 ; 5 of 7 correct answers) and reflective type (n=100 ; minimum 4 of 7 intuitive answers). The results showed that reflexive types had a higher level of moral reasoning (IMR) than reflective type (F(1, 309)=4.94 ; p=.027). These two types also differed in the perception of relevance arguments that reflect the six Kohlberg's stages of moral SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 180 development (F(1, 309)=19.30, p=.000), the reflective types all six arguments assessed as more relevant than reflexive types. The relevance of arguments linearly rises with stage increment (F(5, 305)=6.87, p=.009), which is expected. For reflexive type this rise is linear, however, for reflective type, it seems that exists two categories of argument´s relevancy, i.e. low relevant arguments (reflects first, second and fourth stages) and high relevant argument, which reflects third, fifth and sixth stages. These unusual results in the conventional stage are something specific related to the reflective group, i.e. they are driven by affect based on associations (social norms) rather than rules (laws). Finally, it seems that cognitive reflection types are related to moral reasoning even than when moral reasoning is measured by the instrument which doesn’t have the intuitive type of answers (like utilitarian dilemmas have).

The ''Spillover-Crossover model'' (Bakker & Demerouti, 2012) integrates two mechanisms of transfer of well-being. Spillover processes refer to the processes of intraindividual transfer of stress, affect, and energy from one domain to another domain in an individual's life. Crossover processes refer to processes of interindividual transmission of stress, affect, and energy. It is used in psychological research to investigate the impact of the work domain on the family domain and then the transfer of work-related emotions to other members of the household (especially the spouse). If work-family conflict could be viewed as the absence of work-family balance, which is defined as the ''accomplishment of role-related expectations that are negotiated and shared between an individual and his or her role-related partners in the work and family domains'' (Grzywacz & Carlson, 2007 ; p- 458), it is interesting to see the factors differentiating spouses who manage to achieve such balance or do not. The aim of this study was to determine personal, work, and family characteristics (shown in previous research as predictors of work-family conflict) which may distinguish spouses who both perceive either lower or higher levels of work-to-family conflict. The 350 couples participating in the study were full-time employed dual-earner spouses with at least one child living with them. They both filled the same set of self-assessment questionnaires, that is, they reported their age, education level, number and minimum age of children, total household income, their level of striving for achievement (through power and competition), perceived levels of work control and difficulty (workload), of social support at work and in the family from various sources (supervisor, colleagues, spouses, and other family members and close people), of the quality of family functioning (family competence and conflict), symptoms of stress experienced in the last six months and work-to-family conflict. They were categorized according to the median of the results on the six-item subscale measuring work-to-family conflict (Netemeyer, Boles, & McMurrian, 1996 ; Šimunić, Proroković, & Ivanov, 2014) and two groups of spouses were left in the further analyses: 1) those who both perceive lower levels of work-to-family conflict (N=104) and 2) those who both perceive higher levels of work-to-family conflict (N=117). Discriminant forward step-wise and canonical analysis with the categories of spouses as the dependent variable showed that the spouses with lower levels of work-to-family conflict, in comparison to those with higher levels of it, are more likely to have a lower household income, where the male spouse perceives less family conflict, has a lower workload, higher control at work, and less symptoms of stress and the female spouse is younger, has less workload and perceives higher levels of social support from their spouse and colleagues. Suggestion for future research would be to take into account more structural characteristics of the domains and more different personal traits, along with using more objective assessments, for instance, spouses assessing one another instead of only themselves.

Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio provjeriti odnos između nekih aspekata moralnog odlučivanja i triju faceta mračne trijade ličnosti (makijavelizam, narcizam i psihopatija) kod osoba koje se aktivno bave politikom i onih koji se politikom ne bave. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 140 sudionika (76 političara i 64 ne-političara) oba spola u dobi od 24 do 65 godina. Od 76 političara na lokalnoj razini, koji su sudjelovali u ovom istraživanju, osmorici je to bio primarni posao u vrijeme istraživanja, a ostalima je bavljenje politikom bila dodatna aktivnost. Korišteni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: Upitnik mračne trijade ličnosti (Jones i Paulhus, 2012) i Test moralnog odlučivanja (Gregov i Tokić, 2018). Istraživanje je bilo anonimno i dobrovoljno, a provedeno je primjenom internetske verzije upitnika dostavljene na ciljane e-mail adrese. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da nema značajnih razlika u izraženosti pojedinih faceta mračne trijade između sudionika koji se aktivno bave politikom i onih koji se politikom ne bave. S druge strane, pokazalo se da političari imaju viši indeks moralnog odlučivanja (IMO -mjera izvedena iz više aspekata odlučivanja ; moralnosti odluka, sigurnosti u te odluke i pripadajuće faze moralnog rasuđivanja) u usporedbi s ne-političarima. Uzimajući u obzir cjelokupan uzorak, značajnim prediktorima indeksa moralnog odlučivanja pokazali su se dob (viši IMO kod pojedinaca starije dobi) te psihopatija i makijavelizam (viša razina psihopatije i makijavelizma je u relaciji s nižim IMO-om).

Profesionalni stres predstavlja jednu od najozbiljnijih profesionalnih opasnosti u industrijaliziranim zemljama. Prema transakcijskom pristupu, stres je rezultat interakcije karakteristika zaposlenika i organizacije unutar koje egzistira, a subjektivna percepcija stresa i kapaciteti suočavanja imaju značajnu ulogu u procesu stresa. Istraživači unutar ovog područja slažu se oko toga da su pomagačka zanimanja najviše izložena profesionalnom stresu. S obzirom na navedeno cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati profesionalni stres i mentalno zdravlje kod medicinskih sestara. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 404 medicinske sestre. Od mjernih instrumenata korišteni su: Upitnik o stresorima na radnom mjestu bolničkih zdravstvenih djelatnika, Skala percipiranog stresa, Upitnik mentalnog zdravlja (SF-26 – subskala mentalnog zdravlja) i Upitnik suočavanja sa stresom (COPE-skraćena verzija). Rezultati su pokazali da medicinske sestre koje rade u smjenama doživljavaju više stresa u odnosu na medicinske sestre koje imaju fiksno radno vrijeme. Također, one imaju veću subjektivnu procjenu stresa na radnom mjestu. Nadalje, kad je riječ o stupnju obrazovanja, rezultati su pokazali da medicinske sestre doživljavaju više stresa u odnosu na medicinske sestre koje su završile studij sestrinstva. Također, one češće koriste strategiju suočavanja usmjerenu na izbjegavanje nego što to rade medicinske sestre višeg stupnja obrazovanja. Nadalje, veće procjene stresa značajno su povezane sa slabijim mentalnim zdravljem. Kad je riječ o strategijama suočavanja, suočavanje usmjereno na problem povezano je s boljim mentalnim zdravljem, dok je izbjegavanje povezano sa slabijim mentalnim zdravljem. Značajnim prediktorima mentalnog zdravlja pokazala se strategija suočavanja usmjerena na izbjegavanje te percipirani stres. Zaključno valja istaknuti da je posao medicinskih sestra iznimno stresan te da kao takav narušava i mentalno zdravlje. S obzirom na ove spoznaje trebalo bi razviti programe zaštite mentalnog zdravlja medicinskih djelatnika.

In order to test concurrent validity of Test of Moral Reasoning, which is a relatively new instrument, we applied this test on prison sample of participants and compared their result with results of non-prisoner sample. The sample of prisoners included 98 participants (34 women), an average age of 40 years. Participants were categorized by the criminal act they committed-crime against health/life (n = 42) and crime against property (n = 56). Control sample included 222 participants equivalent in gender and level of education for which there was no evidence of criminal acts. All participants took Test of Moral Reasoning. We compared parameters of moral reasoning between prisoners and control sample (IMR-index of moral reasoning, rough measures of CO- conservative orientation and HO-humanistic orientation and six Kohlberg’s phases of moral reasoning). Results showed that group of prisoners had a lower level of IMR. Beside the second level of pre-conventional phase, which is characterized with a higher result of prisoner´s group, in all other phases control sample had higher results, except the first phase on which two samples did not differ. In accordance with changes in phases, the level of CO was lower and the level of HO was higher in the sample of prisoners. This result means that prisoners were more prone to justify the act of steal in moral dilemma based on which these parameters were calculated. Differences in parameters of moral reasoning between two groups of prisoners will be discussed. Obtained results support the validity of the Test of Moral Reasoning.

Razvoj moralnih kompetencija u pravilu je povezan sa stupnjem školovanja, međutim, postoje iznimke. Primjerice, kod studenata medicine utvrđeno je da zbog specifičnih sadržaja studija ponekad dolazi do stagnacije ili nazadovanja moralnog rasuđivanja u funkciji trajanja studija. Polazeći od činjenice da studij prava uključuje usvajanje normi, pravila i zakona, a kasnije pravna djelatnost poštivanje i primjenu tih istih pravila i zakona moglo bi se pretpostaviti da će moralno rasuđivanje studenata prava i pravnika biti vođeno prvenstveno pridržavanjem normi, a manje osnovnim moralnim načelima. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi da li usvajanje i primjena ovakvih znanja ograničava moralni razvoj studenata prava i pravnih djelatnika. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 137 zaposlenih djelatnika pravne struke i 200 studenata prava. Od djelatnika pravne struke (sudaca, odvjetnika i javnih bilježnika) su bila 53 muškarca prosječne dobi od 43 godine i 84 žene prosječne dobi od 40 godina. U uzorak su bili uključeni studenti treće, četvrte i pete godine prava u dobi od 21 do 23 godine, od čega je bilo 68 studenata i 132 studentice. Za utvrđivanje stupnja moralnog razvoja korišten je Test moralnog rasuđivanja (Proroković, 2016) iz kojeg se može izvući više parametara: stupanj moralnog razvoja, ideološka orijentacija i dominacija stava. Rezultati upućuju na viši stupanj moralnog razvoja kod pravnika nego kod studenata prava. Ako se uzme u obzir da je kod pravnika veći utjecaj stava na moralno rasuđivanje, koji inače smanjuje indeks moralnog rasuđivanja, ta je razlika u stupnju moralnog rasuđivanja između djelatnika pravne struke i studenata prava realno još i veća. Kod studenata indeks moralnog rasuđivanja raste s godinama studija, a kod pravnika on opada s godinama radnog staža, ali nakon 25 godina staža je uočen ponovni rast. Također, djelatnici pravne struke imaju više izraženu konzervativnu, a manje humanističku ideološku orijentaciju u odnosu na studente prava. Naposljetku, može se reći da je u osnovi razlika u razini moralnog suđenja kod pravnika s različitim radnim stažem upravo pridržavanje normi i zakona, što je imperativ njihove djelatnosti.

U dosadašnjim istraživanjima je dobiveno da je veća težnja k postignuću povezana s procjenama veće razine konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge, a i s nekim prediktorima veće razine ovog konflikta. Međutim, uglavnom nisu dobivene značajne razlike u konfliktu radne i obiteljske uloge s obzirom na spol, iako se pokazalo da muškarci imaju u prosjeku veću razinu težnje k postignuću od žena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je stoga bio ispitati razlike u konfliktu radne i obiteljske uloge te nekim karakteristikama radne i obiteljske uloge s obzirom na spol i razinu težnje k postignuću ispitanika. Pritom je ispitana i interakcija spola i razine težnje k postignuću. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 913 zaposlenih muškaraca (N=462) i žena (N=451). Svi ispitanici su bili roditelji u braku s također zaposlenim supružnikom. Za svrhe ovog istraživanja ispitanici su kategorizirani u dvije kategorije prema razini težnje k postignuću izražene na Subskali za ispitivanje težnje k postignuću (uspjehu, natjecanju i moći) iz Skale konflikta rodnih uloga (O'Neil i sur., 1986). Uz navedenu mjeru su, uz pitanja o demografskim podatcima, korištene Skala konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge, Skala za ispitivanje socijalne podrške od obitelji i nadređenoga, Skala negativnih efekata organizacije radnog vremena, Skala psiholoških zahtjeva i kontrole posla i Skala kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja. Nije nađena razlika u procjenama konflikata radne i obiteljske uloge s obzirom na spol, ali su utvrđene veće procjene konflikata, posebice ometajućeg utjecaja obitelji na posao, kod onih s većom težnjom k postignuću kod oba spola. Nepovoljnije procjene socijalne podrške na poslu i u obitelji i kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja dobivene su kod onih s većom razinom težnje k postignuću. Nisu dobivene značajne interakcije spola i težnje k postignuću, no post-hoc analize pokazale su da se percepcija negativnijih efekata radnog vremena na izvanradni život kod muškaraca u odnosu na žene istakla samo kod veće razine težnje k postignuću, a procjena veće socijalne podrške od obitelji kod muškaraca je izražena samo kod onih s nižom razinom težnje k postignuću. Može se reći da uzimanje u obzir težnje k postignuću uz spol ispitanika doprinosi dosadašnjim saznanjima posebice kad se radi o prediktorima konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge.

The general aim of this study was to examine the contribution of perceived social support from family, the quality of family functioning, attitudes about marital roles, and striving for achievement to the perceived conflict between work and family roles by using a dyadic approach. Namely, the interaction of spouses’ perceptions was taken into account (actor and partner effects) in predicting work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. This study was conducted on a sample of 176 employed married couples in the territory of central and western Herzegovina and central Dalmatia. Self- assessment questionnaires were used. In women, social support from family was a significant predictor for both examined types of work– family conflicts, and partner effects were greater than actor effects, especially for family-to-work conflict. Both partners’ striving for achievement was a positive predictor of family-to-work conflict in women, while there was only a contribution of the actor striving for achievement to both types of work–family conflict in men. In men, the only partner effect was obtained in the relationship between social support from family and family- to-work conflict. In general, the results indicated that the assessments of male spouses were more related to their wife’s work–family conflict than vice versa, and that these variables were more related to family-to-work conflict than to work-to-family conflict.

According to the most popular theory of moral development (Kohlberg's theory), moral development takes place in six phases which can be divided in a pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional level. Among the moral development theories, the key concept is moral reasoning which Kohlberg defines as „the capacity to make decisions and judgments which are moral (i.e., based on internal principles) and to act in accordance with such judgments". In research to date, education has proved to be a significant predictor of moral reasoning. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in moral reasoning and Kohlberg's phases of moral development between Croatian adolescents with different levels of education. In Study 1 comparisons between the group of secondary school students aged 17-18 (N=192) and the group of university students aged 21-25 (N=383) were made. Study 2 included comparison between university students group (N=69) and non-students group (N=43) aged from 21 to 24 (these two groups did not differ in age). In both studies, the Croatian Test of Moral Reasoning by Proroković was applied. As a measure of moral reasoning, the Index of Moral Reasoning (IMR) was calculated. This measure has some advantages compared to other measures of moral reasoning, and includes individual assessments of deviations from the ‘optimal profile’. Results of Study 1. did not show differences in the IMR between secondary school students and university students. Both groups gave higher assessments to the arguments that correspond to higher phases of moral development. However, group differences were found for pre-conventional and conventional phases. As expected, secondary school students gave significantly higher assessments to the arguments that correspond to lower phases of moral development. Results of Study 2. showed that university students, in relation to non-students, have higher IMR. Respecting to phases of moral development, both groups of participants gave higher assessments to the arguments that correspond to the post-conventional phase. Consistent with expectations and previous findings, results of both studies did not confirm gender differences in moral reasoning.

Since shift work is considered as s risk factor for health problems due to the continuous desynchronization and resynchronization of circadian rhythms, the aim of this study was to determine whether shift work (and different length of this work) affects nonlinear aspects of cardiovascular dynamics in healthy shift workers. The study included 48 nurses divided in two groups (24 nurses in each) of equal age and length of service. One group worked in a three-shift rotation system and the other (control) worked only the day shift. On the basis of length of service, the groups were divided into three comparable subgroups with eight participants: 1–10, 11–20 and 21–30 years of service. Cardiac activity (R-R intervals) was monitored continuously during sleep using the Data Logging System. Results showed that shift workers with up to 10 years of service had higher values of correlation dimension than the equivalent group of day workers, but shift workers with more than 10 years of service had lower values of correlation dimension than comparable groups of day workers. All shift workers, regardless of length of service, had significantly higher indexes of determinism than day workers, but index of determinism slightly enlarge with increase of years of services. Generally, it seems that shift work has a negative impact on cardiovascular dynamics from very beginning, and nonlinear parameters of cardiovascular dynamics can be potential predictors of health problems in the future.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati neke karakteristike posla i simptome stresa kao prediktore percepcije kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja kod zaposlenih bračnih partnera, uzimajući u obzir vlastite procjene i procjene partnera kao prediktore. Konkretnije, kao prediktori su ispitani simptomi stresa, psihološki zahtjevi posla (kontrola i težina posla), socijalna podrška na poslu (od nadređenog i od kolega) i percipirana razina konflikta zbog ometajućeg utjecaja rada na obitelj (konflikt rad-obitelj) u posljednjih 6 mjeseci. Navedene varijable ispitane su skalama samoprocjene koje su ispunjene od strane 330 bračnih partnera, zaposlenih roditelja. Provedene su četiri multiple regresijske analize, posebno za dvije komponente obiteljskog funkcioniranja (kompetencija obitelji i obiteljski konflikt) i za muškarce i žene. Kontrola posla supružnika se nije pokazala značajnim prediktorom u nijednom slučaju, dok je težina posla oba supružnika bila značajan prediktor (manja težina, manja kvaliteta obiteljskog funkcioniranja) u svim slučajevima osim kad se radilo o konfliktu u obitelji i težine posla procijenjenih od strane žena. Manji konflikt rad-obitelj i kod muškaraca i kod žena predviđali su manju razinu obiteljskog konflikta percipiran od strane muškaraca, te je manja razina konflikta rad-obitelj samo kod muškaraca predviđao manju razinu konflikta u obitelji koju percipiraju žene. Niža razina simptoma stresa kod muškaraca značajno je predviđala procjenu veće kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja i kod muškaraca i kod žena, dok su simptomi stresa kod žena bili značajan prediktor samo u slučaju ženinih procjena kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja. Na koncu, bolje procjene kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja kod muškaraca bile su predviđene procjenama veće socijalne podrške od nadređenog na poslu muškarca, a njegova procjena obiteljskih konflikata bila je niža i što su više procjene socijalne podrške od njegovih kolega. Kod žena je percepcija bolje obiteljske kompetencije predviđena većim razinama socijalne podrške i od nadređenog i od kolega na svom poslu, a niže razine obiteljskog konflikta bile su predviđene samo većom podrškom njenih kolega. Može se reći da aspekti stresa na poslu obaju supružnika doprinose procjenama kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja i kod muškaraca i kod žena.

Purpose According to the assumed importance of conflict resolution, moral reasoning, and beliefs in a just world for the jobs performed by legal professionals, the aim of this research was to examine the relationship of these variables on such professionals in Croatia. Design/Methodology A cross-sectional survey study was conducted on different types of legal professionals (notaries, lawyers, and judges) in Croatia. Participants (n = 185) filled in a questionnaire designed to measure conflict resolution styles, moral reasoning (indexes of moral reasoning and attitude dominance, humanistic and conservative orientations) and belief in a just world (BJW) (general-G and personal-P). Results One-way ANOVA revealed that judges preferred the withdrawing style in comparison to notaries, but no differences were found in other conflict resolution styles (forcing and joint problem solving), moral reasoning nor in the belief in just world. Backward regression analyses on different conflict resolution styles showed that female gender, higher index of attitude dominance and higher BJW-G were predictors of higher joint problem solving (18% of variance) and withdrawing (13%). Furthermore, higher BJW-P also predicted joint problem solving, while forcing (3%) was only predicted by a higher humanistic orientation. Limitations Enlarging the sample size would be desirable, as well as including some other possible predictors. Research/Practical Implications These results implicate that changes of some aspects of personal attitudes could modulate the type of conflict resolution individuals of different gender and professional role use. Originality/Value There is limited research in this area, especially when examining the relations of conflict resolution styles with moral reasoning on legal professionals.

Results of previous research suggesting work and family stressors as antecedents of work- family conflict are clear, but there are less clear results and a lack of research on the role of personal traits in the experience of work-family conflict, especially when taking into account the gender of the participants and the characteristics of their spouse. The aim of this study was to examine whether and how certain personal traits, i.e. attitudes about gender roles in marriage and striving for achievement, contribute to the explanation of conflicts between work and family roles, and what is their role within a model of work- family conflict antecedents on a sample of employed spouses in Croatia. In this context, the relationships between the mentioned personal traits, job characteristics (assessments of psychological requirements of the job and the negative effects of work-time) and family characteristics (traditionalism of marital roles and the quality of family functioning), social support at work and in the family from various sources (supervisor, colleagues, spouses, and other family members and close people), and conflict between work and family roles (work-to-family conflict and family-to-work conflict) especially for men and women and among spouses were examined. This a priori at least encourages the development of a model in which work-family conflict is explained by taking into account the dyadic interaction between spouses. The study was conducted on a total of 358 employed marital partners in Croatia who have at least one child in the household, using the research method of self-assessments. The participants were mostly from the Zadar County. There was a higher level of striving for achievement and traditional attitude about gender roles in marriage in men than in women. In general, the results show a higher workload in men and higher load in the family domain in women, which is in line with the traditional pattern of the division of gender roles. It can be concluded that traditionalism on gender roles in marriage and striving for achievement of spouses are a significant factor in the context of work- family conflict, with greater support for a complete mediation of social support at work and in the family, the psychological demands of work, and the quality of family functioning in the relationship of these individual characteristics and the (dis)agreement of the individual and spouse in these characteristics with perceptions of work-to-family and family- to-work conflict. The results also show that relatively more egalitarian women (such as the women in this sample) are more susceptible to the effects of their partners, especially when it comes to his attitude about gender roles in marriage.

Neki od stresora u radnom okolišu medicinskih sestara, koji mogu pogodovati pojavi mobinga, su stalna briga za pacijente, smjenski i timski rad, poslovi rizični za zdravlje i sl. Polazeći od ranijih istraživanja za očekivati je različite oblike mobinga na radnim mjestima medicinskih sestara, kao i primjenu različitih strategija suočavanja s ovim stresorom koje u dosadašnjim studijama nisu istraživane. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati vrste mobinga, kao i načine suočavanja s mobingom medicinskih sestara različite dobi i radnog iskustva. U istraživanju su sudjelovale medicinske sestre (N=171) zaposlene u Općoj bolnici u Zadru, Šibeniku i Kliničkom bolničkom centru Split. U svrhu ovog istraživanja konstruirani su upitnici za ispitivanje mobinga i načina suočavanja s mobingom koje su ispunjavale sudionice različite dobi i radnog staža. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su 4- faktorsku strukturu upitnika mobinga koja je interpretirana kao napadi na radnu domenu, napadi na osobnost i ismijavanje, seksualna uznemiravanja i pokušaji izolacije. Faktorskom analizom upitnika suočavanja s mobingom dobivena su 4 faktora koji se odnose na suočavanje usmjereno na problem i emocije, traženje podrške kolega i obitelji. Sudionice s radnim stažom od 10 do 20 godina češće su doživljavale napade na radnu domenu i pokušaje izolacije od sudionica s kraćim i duljim radnim stažom. Strategija usmjerena na emocije predstavlja oblik suočavanja koji se podjednako primjenjuje neovisno o tome o kojoj se vrsti mobinga radi. Podrška obitelji se najčešće traži kada je riječ o napadu na radnu domenu, dok je podrška kolega značajno povezana sa seksualnim uznemiravanjem.

Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja u kojima se ispitivala dinamika psihomotornog sustava ukazuju na to da je ovaj sustav okarakteriziran istovremenom prisutnošću linearnih i nelinearnih promjena. Osnovna pretpostavka s kojom se krenulo u ovo istraživanje je da će grupe sudionika s različitom brzinom obavljanja zadatka, kao jednim od aspekata bazalne funkcionalne razine sustava, imati i različite obrasce promjena karakterističnih za dinamiku psihomotornog sustava. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 40 zdravih sudionica (bez kardiovaskularnih poremećaja), približno iste dobi (19 do 23 godina). Njihov zadatak je bio obavljanje različitih psihomotornih zadataka: jednostavan tapping zadatak, zadaci Fittsovog tappinga, repetitivni zadatak i zadaci izborne reakcije. Korišteni zadaci su se razlikovali ne samo po vrsti, već i po težini (zadaci Fittsovog tapping i zadaci izborne reakcije). Trajanje obavljanja zadataka bilo je prilagođeno broju jedinica vremenskih serija potrebnih za predviđene analize. Sudionice su bile podijeljene u dvije grupe i to na osnovi aritmetičke sredine intertap intervala za vrijeme obavljanja jednostavnog tapping zadatka. Tako su dobivene kategorije bržih i sporijih sudionica. Kako bi eventualne razlike u dinamici psihomotornog sustava bile što izraženije u svaku kategorije je ušlo po 15 sudionica. Rezultati su pokazali da se podjela sudionica na brže i sporije nije pokazala opravdanom. Naime, nije nađena razlika u brzini izvođenja niti jednog od ostalih zadataka korištenih u ovom istraživanju između dvije skupine sudionica. Dokaz da kategorizacija s obzirom na ovaj kriterij nije možda potpuno primjerena je i nepostojanje razlika u veličini niti jednog parametra linearne (snaga spektra na niskom i visokom frekvencijskom području, 1/f nagib) i nelinearne dinamike (korelacijska dimenzija i indeks determinizma) kod tzv. bržih i sporijih sudionica. Većina navedenih parametara su se pokazali osjetljivima na efekt težine zadatka.

Novija istraživanja pokazuju da većina bračnih parova, pogotovo mlađih, ima egalitaran stav o bračnim ulogama. Međutim, rezultati istraživanja također pokazuju , pogotovo u brakovima srednje klase, da podjela poslova u skladu s bračnim ulogama uglavnom slijedi tradicionalni, a ne egalitarni model (Gerstel i Sarkisian, 2006). Diskrepancu između stavova i stvarnih bračnih uloga uglavnom se pripisuje pružanju otpora prema prihvaćanju egalitarnog modela, od oba bračna partnera. Međutim osnovno ograničenje ovih istraživanja je orijentacija na razlike između muškaraca i žena, a zanemarila se osnovna jedinica bračni par. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi diskrepancu između stavova prema bračnim ulogama i percepcije bračnih uloga kod zaposlenih supružnika. U ispitivanju je sudjelovalo 176 zaposlenih bračnih parova, prosječne dobi od 20 do 64 godine, s područja srednje Dalmacije i južne Hercegovine. S obzirom na rezultate na Skali stavova o bračnim ulogama (Jacobson, 1950), bračni parovi su podijeljeni u četiri kategorije: dvije su činili bračni parovi s kongruentnim stavovima o bračnim ulogama, a druge dvije oni bračni parovi koji se razlikuju po stavu o bračnim ulogama. Žene su u prosjeku mlađe od bračnih partnera, a žene s egalitarnim stavom imaju veću stručnu spremu od svojih bračnih partnera. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju da se supružnici s nekongruentnim stavovima o bračnim ulogama međusobno razlikuju u percepciji svoje bračne zajednice, odnosno percepcija bračne zajednice je više u skladu s njihovim individualnim stavovima, nego s procjenom bračnog partnera. Žene koje imaju egalitaran stav svoj brak percipiraju egalitarnijim, nego njihovi tradicionalni bračni partneri, i obrnuto. U svim kategorijama bračnih parova, supružnici se uglavnom slažu da brigu o kućanstvu i djeci uglavnom vode žene, ipak žene s egalitarnim stavom smatraju da je njihov doprinos brizi o kućanstvu i djeci veći nego što to smatraju njihovi bilo tradicionalni, bilo egalitarni bračni partneri. Vjerojatno je to stoga što žene općenito imaju egalitarniji stav od svojih bračnih partnera pa je diskrepanca između očekivanja proizašlih iz stavova i percepcije bračnih uloga kod njih veća.

Dosadašnja istraživanja utjecaja smjenskog rada na društveni i obiteljski život većinom su provođena na radnicima koji rade na različitim poslovima i u različitim uvjetima, što otežava usporedbu njihovih rezultata. Osim toga, najčešće su uspoređivani društveni i obiteljski život smjenskih i nesmjenskih radnika, dok je ispitivanje efekta različitih tipova smjena u ovom području relativno zanemareno. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj različitih tipova smjenskog rada na neke aspekte društvenog i obiteljskog života radnika u sličnim zanimanjima. U istraživanju su sudjelovale četiri skupine radnika: radnici u stalnoj jutarnjoj smjeni (N=41), radnici u dvije smjene (jutro-poslijepodne ; N=35), radnici u tri smjene (jutro-poslijepodne-noć ; N=38) i radnici u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni (N=23). Sve četiri skupine ispitanika su zaposlenici proizvodnih pogona tvornica u Zadru, Šibeniku i Rijeci, te se skupine međusobno ne razlikuju po dobi niti po stručnoj spremi, no razlikuju se po spolu. Naime, među radnicima u tri smjene i radnicima u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni značajno je manji broj žena. Ispitanici su popunjavali upitnik adaptiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja, koji se sastojao od pitanja vezanih uz interferenciju radnog vremena s društvenim i obiteljskim životom i s obavljanjem formalnih poslova te uz zadovoljstvo poslom i radnim vremenom. U obradi rezultata korištene su analize kovarijance sa spolom kao kovarijatom. Rezultati su pokazali da je od različitih tipova smjenskog rada za društveni i obiteljski život najpogubniji noćni rad, a nakon toga rad u tri rotirajuće smjene. Radnici u tim smjenama imaju najniže zadovoljstvo radnim vremenom i zadovoljstvo poslom, te najveću želju za promjenom radnog vremena.

Provedeno istraživanje temelji se na trodimenzionalnoj koncepciji sklonosti kupovini u čijoj su osnovi kognitivna i afektivna impulzivnost te podložnost situacijskim čimbenicima kupovine. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnose različitih dimenzija sklonosti kupovini sa osnovnim socio-demografskim karakteristikama i životnim stilovima potrošača. Prikupljanje podataka je provedeno metodom ankete na uzorku od 194 ispitanika iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na veću sklonost kognitivnoj i afektivnoj impulzivnosti kupovine kod žena u odnosu na muškarce, dok spolne razlike nisu utvrđene u podložnosti situacijskim čimbenicima kupovine. Nadalje, dobiveni su značajni učinci razine ukupnih mjesečnih primanja kućanstva ispitanika na sve dimenzije sklonosti kupovini, dok je razina prosječnih mjesečnih primanja pojedinca imala značajan učinak samo na kognitivnu impulzivnost. Radni status (zaposlenost) i razina obrazovanja nisu imali značajne učinke na sklonost kupovini. Od četiri ispitivana životna stila (inovativno, obiteljski, društveno i liderski orijentirani), inovativno orijentirani životni stil ima najsnažnije povezanosti sa sve tri dimenzije sklonosti kupovini. Drugim riječima, inovativno orijentirani potrošači imaju veću sklonost impulzivnoj kupovini i podložniji su situacijskim čimbenicima kupovine. Impulzivnost kupovine je, osim s inovativnom orijentacijom životnog stila, povezana s liderskom orijentacijom, ali u manjoj mjeri. Podložnost situacijskim čimbenicima pri kupovini povezana je sa svim orijentacijama životnog stila osim s obiteljskim.

The general purpose of this study was to bring contributions to the findings about the validity of using lie scales in selection situations as a measurement or indicator, to which psychologists base there decisions concerning one's abilities. Because selective situations are subject to (di)simulation, it is assumed that lie scales on personality questionnaires do not contribute to objective decision concerning psychological abilities of a candidate. A sample of 666 candidates was identified during selection procedures required for occupational health purposes. The aim was to examine whether candidates who have been diagnosed with mental disorders, which is a contraindication for driving and other activities, lie more than candidates with no diagnosis by using the EPQ (Eysenck, H.J., Eysenck, S. B.G., 1975). As was expected, candidates with no mental disorders lie equally as the candidates with diagnosed mental disorders do. In both groups (taking into account only the sample of men, N=548) significant correlations were found between Lie and Neuroticism scale. Some studies show that a significant negative correlation between the neuroticism and lie scale indicate a high motivation for (di)simulation (Levin and Montag, 1987 ; Cowles et al., 1992 ; Jackson and Francis, 1998) and that in such circumstances, the lie scale can be used as a tool to seclude (di)simulators, so as to abstract 5% of the highest results on the lie scale. However, in order to determine an appropriate threshold for exclusion of individuals it is necessary to have data on the total population as well as the participants’ age (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1994). There were some changes in the results when different types of examination on EPQ scales were taken into account. Specifically, the men with a diagnosis had a significantly higher result on the lie scale than those with no diagnosis in the group of candidates tested for an amateur driving license. Even though it is assumed that people who have been diagnosed have higher motivation for (di)simulation because of the objective reason, in selective situations ‘everybody lies’. It is questionable if it is justified using such scales as any kind of measurement psychologists use to decide if a certain candidate is suitable to drive, to work, etc.

Morningness-eveningness as an individual characteristic modulates daily efficiency, which is better when an activation level is higher. Morning-types typically perform cognitive tasks better in the morning than in the evening, whereas for evening-types it is the other way round. Corbera and Grau (1993) postulate a selective tendency of preferential hemispherical elaboration: left dominance for morning-type subjects and right dominance for evening-type subjects, while Folkard (1990) adduces that diurnal changes in performance may reflect a morning-evening decrease in the degree of left hemisfere dominance. According to these hypotheses, better efficiency in verbal tasks could be expected in morning-types than in evening-types, and the opposite for spatial tasks. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the daily variations in performance on verbal fluency and mental rotation task in morning and evening-types subjects. Sixty-four female right- handed subjects (32 morning-type and 32 evening- type), aged 18 to 27, were selected from a sample (N=267) of university students. Student Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire by Šverko et al. was applied for determining the subject's circadian typology. The Annet Hand Preferences Questionnaire, Thayer's Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, Surface Development Test and the lexical form of verbal fluency test were used. The subjects performed verbal and spatial task and their oral temperature and assessments of activation level were recorded at two separate times of day (09:00-10:00 a.m., 18:30-19:30 p.m.). As expected, the results showed that morning-types had higher body temperature and general activation level in the morning than in the evening, while evening-type subjects showed an opposite pattern. The results have also shown a better performance on the verbal fluency task in the evening than in the morning. Furthermore, it was found that evening-types performed better both tasks in the evening than in the morning. Concerning the correlations between indicators of activation and cognitive performance, significant correlation was obtained between the general activation level and performance on verbal fluency task in the evening only for the evening-type group. The results however did not confirm the starting hypotheses and future research with more time points in a day for testing performance on both simple and more complex tasks are needed.

Istraživanja područja spolnih uloga sve češće navode povećanje broja tzv. obitelji dvostrukog hranitelja, odnosno, obitelji u kojima su oba supružnika uključena u radni odnos (Gerson, 2002). Smanjena prisutnost žene u obiteljskim procesima (Booth i sur., 1984), prema tradicionalnim shvaćanjima, smanjuje mogućnost zadovoljavanja potreba obitelji, što zahtjeva povećan doprinos supruga. Dijeljenje dužnosti u obitelji ovisi o razini tradicionalnosti supružnika, odnosno, spremnosti partnera/-ice da prihvati podjelu (Somech i Drach-Zahavy, 2007). Nemogućnost istovremenog zadovoljavanja radne i obiteljske uloge dovodi do konflikta rad-obitelj (Frone i sur., 1996). Ovaj konflikt može biti umanjen percipiranom potporom od strane supružnika (Adams i sur., 1996), čija razina ovisi o spolu (Perrewe i Carlson, 2002) i spolnoj ideologiji (Mickelson, 2006). Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati izraženost nekih karakteristika konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge kod bračnih parova, s obzirom na kongruentnost njihovih spolnih ideologija. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 176 zaposlenih bračnih parova s područja Hrvatske, te Bosne i Hercegovine. Uzorak parova je podijeljen u četiri skupine, prema razini tradicionalnosti i slaganja supružnika u spolnoj ideologiji: Tradicionalni kongruentni, Egalitarni kongruentni, Tradicionalni/Egalitarni nekongruentni. U istraživanju su korištene skale Tip braka (Pendelton i sur., 1980), Konflikt radne i obiteljske uloge (Netemeyer, 1996), Skala socijalne podrške od obitelji i nadređenoga (Šimunić i Gregov, 2008), Težnja ka postignuću (O'Neill i sur., 1996) i Skala kvalitete obiteljskog funkcioniranja (Beavers i Hampson, 1990). Rezultatima ovog istraživanja je utvrđena razlika u percepciji potpore obitelji s obzirom na kongruentnost spolne ideologije partnera. Egalitarne žene percipiraju značajno nižom potporu obitelji ako su u braku s tradicionalnim muškarcem. Također, tradicionalni muškarci u nekongruentnom braku percipiraju potporu obitelji nižom od egalitarnih muškaraca u kongruentnom tipu braka. Uz to, tradicionalni muškarci u nekongruentnom braku percipiraju kvalitetu obiteljskog funkcioniranja nižim od egalitarnih muškaraca u egalitarnom braku. Nadalje, težnja za postignućem je viša kod tradicionalnih muškaraca i žena, nego kod egalitarnih, neovisno o kongruentnosti braka. Općenito, rezultati ukazuju na postojanje negativnih aspekata nekongruentnosti percepcije spolnih uloga kod specifičnih karakteristika radne i obiteljske uloge.

Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je provjeriti utjecaj fizičke atraktivnosti na procjenu radne kompetentnosti kandidata i kandidatkinja. Dosadašnja su istraživanja pokazala da utjecaj fizičke atraktivnosti u procesu zapošljavanja ovisi, između ostaloga, o dva faktora koja su vezana za vrstu posla: 1) da li se radi o tradicionalno muškom/ženskom poslu i 2) da li je za konkretan posao važna fizička atraktivnost. Stoga su na osnovi procjena dobivenih predispitivanjem odabrana dva spolno neutralna radna mjesta, odnosno dva posla koji jednako obavljaju muškarci i žene (kontrola ne-konguentnosti spola kandidata i preferiranog spola za neki posao), pri čemu je za jedno radno mjesto važan (tv-voditelj/ica), a za drugo radno mjesto nije važan fizički izgled (profesor(ica matematike). U istraživanju je sudjelovao prigodan uzorak od 135 ispitanika iz studentske i maturantske populacije, od kojih je 84 bilo ženskog, a 51 muškog spola. Proveden je faktorijalni tip eksperimenta s tri nezavisne varijable: radno mjesto (tv-voditelj/ica – profesor/ica), spol kandidata te razina fizičke atraktivnosti kandidata (atraktivan/na, prosječan/na i neatraktivan/na). Zadatak ispitanika bio je da nakon što pročita oglas za radno mjesto, prouči šest životopisa, a zatim ispuni upitnik procjene kandidata. Životopisi, kojima su bile pridružene fotografije kandidata različite razine atraktivnosti, su bili različiti po sadržaju, ali izjednačeni po kvaliteti. Upitnik procjene kandidata je sadržavao više komponenti procjene, a za potrebe ovog rada korišteni su rangovi kandidata po kompetentnosti za određeno radno mjesto. Rezultati su pokazali da su atraktivniji kandidati i kandidatkinje procijenjeni radno kompetentnijima od manje atraktivnih kod radnog mjesta za koji je važan fizički izgled (tv-voditelj/ica). S druge strane, kod posla za koji nije važan fizički izgled (profesor/ica matematike), atraktivnost nije imala utjecaj na procjenu kompetentnosti kandidata, dok je negativno utjecala na procjenu kandidatkinja. Općenito govoreći, razina fizičke atraktivnosti kao faktor procjene radne kompetentnosti izraženija je kod procjenjivanja ženskih, nego muških kandidata. Utvrđen je i efekt spola procjenjivača na procjenu radne kompetentnosti, pogotovo ako se radi o atraktivnom kandidatu i kandidatkinji, te o poslu za koji je atraktivnost važna.

Današnji ubrzani stil života i moderne tehnologije koje olakšavaju obavljanje kupovine vjerojatno povećavaju učestalost impulzivnog kupovanja. Stoga je cilj istraživanja bio ispitati odnos nekih karakteristika potrošača i situacijskih faktora kupovine sa sklonošću impulzivnoj kupovini. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 194 ispitanika Hercegovačko- neretvanske županije u (prosječna dob- M=34, 81, SD=8.59). Mjerni instrumenti korišteni u ovom istraživanju su Upitnik demografskih i socioekonomskih podataka, Skala životnih stilova i Skala sklonosti kupovini, koja se sastojala od čestica iz The Impulse Buying Tendency Scale (Verplanken i Herabadi, 2001) i Skale sklonosti kupovini (Milić, 2007), kako bi se pokušali ispitati kognitivni, emocionalni i situacijski aspekti impulzivne kupovine. Provjera faktorske analize Skale sklonosti kupovini utvrđeno je da ona mjeri kognitivne, emocionalne aspekte impulzivne kupovine, te utjecaj situacijskih faktora, s izuzetkom dvije čestice, koje su zbog nedovoljnog zasićenja izbačene. Konačnu skalu je činilo ukupno 30 čestica. Originalna Skala životnih stilova (Kocukemiroglu, 1997) sastoji se od 8 nezavisnih faktora. Na temelju provedene faktorske analize dobivenih rezultata izdvojena su četiri životna stila potrošača. Tako izdvojena četiri životna stila nazvana su redom ; „inovativno orijentirani“, „obiteljski orijentirani“, „društveno orijentirani“ i „liderski orijentirani“. Ispitivanjem razlika sklonosti impulzivnoj kupovini izmešu muškaraca i žena, utvrđeno je da žene pokazuju izraženiju sklonost emocionalnim, kognitivnim i situacijkim aspektima impulzivne kupovine. Kompletnom regresijskom analizom utvrđivan je doprinos različitih potrošačkih stilova u predikciji impulzivne kupovine, te je utvrđeno da viši inovativni, društveni i liderski potrošački stilovi predviđaju višu sklonost impulzivnoj kupovini, dok izraženiji obiteljski orijentirani potrošački stil podrazumijeva nižu sklonost impulzivnoj kupovini.

Reviewing previous studies that used EEG it can be said that the presence of alpha and theta waves are often used as an indicator of cognitive and memory performance in particular. With the increasing tasks difficulty prevalence of these two types of waves is changed in the opposite direction, i.e. alpha power decrease but theta power increase. Changes in the prevalence of beta rhythm while performing different tasks are also systematic because this kind of waves are sensitive to changes in alertness and focused attention. The aim of this study was to determine whether there will be a change in the presence of alpha, beta and theta waves with varying degrees of psychomotor tasks complexity. It also aims to assess whether the changes in the dynamics of the nervous system would be different for the two groups of subjects, with a higher and a lower basal level of nervous system functioning. A criterion for categorizing participants was the presence of alpha rhythm on the Pz electrode during rest time with eyes closed. The study included right-handed participants, with no neurological disorders, aged from 19 to 23 years. The participants were performing two types of tasks: Fitts tapping tasks (with 2, 4 and 6 bits index of difficulty) choice reaction time tasks (congruent and incongruent conditions). Neural activity was monitored 10 minutes before, and during the performance of the tasks. Analyzing of results was done on 30 participants (15 in each category) to emphasize the possible differences in the dynamics of participants with different basal functional level. It was found that the alpha rhythm was not sensitive to changes in the complexity of the tasks, as opposed to the theta rhythm whose spectral power increased while performing more complex tasks. Alpha unlike theta rhythm well discriminate two categories of participants, as was to be expected given that the alpha rhythm was taken as a criteria for categorization. Beta rhythm was inconsistent when it comes to distinguishing the two participants’ categories, as well when it comes to changes in complexity of the tasks.

Provedeno istraživanje temelji se na trodimenzionalnoj koncepciji sklonosti kupovini u čijoj su osnovi kognitivna i afektivna impulzivnost te podložnost situacijskim faktorima pri kupovini. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati odnose različitih dimenzija sklonosti kupovini sa osnovnim socio-demografskim karakteristikama i životnim stilovima potrošača. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom ankete na uzorku od 194 ispitanika, dobnog raspona od 24 do 50 godina, od čega je bilo 130 žena i 64 muškarca. Rezultati su pokazali očekivanu veću sklonost kognitivnoj i afektivnoj impulzivnosti kupovine kod žena. S druge strane, nema razlike među ženama i muškarcima u podložnosti situacijskim faktorima kupovine. Dok radni status i razina obrazovanja nemaju efekta na dimenzije sklonosti kupovini, dobiven je značajan efekt razine mjesečnih primanja ispitanika na kognitivnu komponentu impulzivnosti kupovine. Potrošači s većim osobnim prihodima u mogućnosti su upustiti se u nepromišljenu i neplaniranu kupnju. S druge strane, razina ukupnih mjesečnih primanja obitelji ispitanika ima značajan efekt na sve tri dimenzije sklonosti kupovini što potvrđuje važnost kupovne moći i ekonomskog položaja kućanstva u potrošačkim sklonostima. U pogledu životnih stilova potrošača, rezultati pokazuju da od četiri ispitivana životna stila (inovativno, obiteljski, društveno i liderski orijentirani) inovativno orijentirani životni stil ima najsnažnije povezanosti sa sve tri dimenzije sklonosti kupovini. Drugim riječima, inovativno orijentirani potrošači imaju veću sklonost impulzivnoj kupovini i podložniji su situacijskim faktorima kupovine. Pri tome je važno istaknuti da su ovom životnom stilu značajno sklonije žene te potrošači s višom i visokom stručnom spremom. Osim s inovativnom orijentacijom životnog stila, impulzivnost kupovine povezana je i s liderskom orijentacijom, ali dobivena povezanost je utvrđena samo za afektivnu komponentu impulzivnosti kupovine te je povezanost iako značajna niska. S druge strane, podložnost situacijskim faktorima pri kupovini povezana je sa svim ispitivanim orijentacijama životnog stila osim s obiteljski orijentiranim stilom. Rezultati istraživanja interpretirani su u okvirima motivacije potrošača te situacijskih i marketinških faktora koji djeluju na potrošače.

The main aim of this paper was to examine the relationships of internal and external work locus of control with job satisfaction and the three characteristics of working environment according to Karasek’s model: psychological demands, control (decision latitude), and social support. The study was conducted on a sample of 141 employed subjects, of which 65 were men and 76 were women. The results showed positive correlations of internal work locus of control with job satisfaction, psychological demands, control, and social support, while external work locus of control was negatively correlated with job satisfaction, psychological demands, control, and social support. Internal work locus of control and assessments of examined characteristics of working environment were significant predictors in explanation of variance of job satisfaction. Results are discussed in the terms of determination of job satisfaction by the characteristics of the working environment and the personality traits in the work context.

Dosadašnja istraživanja utjecaja smjenskog rada na društveni i obiteljski život većinom su provođena na radnicima koji rade na različitim poslovima i u različitim radnim uvjetima, zbog čega je otežana usporedba njihovih kontradiktornih rezultata. Osim toga, u većini dosadašnjih istraživanja pažnja istraživača bila je usmjerena na usporedbu društveno- obiteljskog života smjenskih i nesmjenskih radnika, dok je ispitivanje efekta različitih tipova smjena u ovom području relativno zanemareno. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati utjecaj različitih tipova smjenskog rada na neke aspekte društvenog i obiteljskog života radnika u sličnim zanimanjima. U istraživanju su sudjelovale četiri skupine radnika: radnici u stalnoj jutarnjoj smjeni (N=41), radnici u dvije smjene (jutro- poslijepodne ; N=35), radnici u tri smjene (jutro-poslijepodne-noć ; N=38) i radnici u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni (N=23). Sve četiri skupine ispitanika su zaposlenici proizvodnih pogona nekoliko tvornica u Zadru, Šibeniku i Rijeci, te se skupine međusobno ne razlikuju po dobi (M ukupnog uzorka=43 godine, SD=10.2), niti po stručnoj spremi (većinom su srednje stručne spreme), no razlikuju se po spolu. Naime, među radnicima u tri smjene i radnicima u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni značajno je manji broj žena (N žena u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni= 3, N žena u tri smjene= 6). Ispitanici su popunjavali upitnik adaptiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja, koji se sastojao od Skale interferencije radnog vremena s društvenim i obiteljskim životom, Skale interferencije radnog vremena s obavljanjem formalnih poslova te pitanja vezanih uz zadovoljstvo poslom i radnim vremenom. S obzirom na razlike u omjeru muškaraca i žena u različitim skupinama radnika, u obradi rezultata korištene su analize kovarijance sa spolom kao kovarijatom. Rezultati su pokazali da je od različitih tipova smjenskog rada za društveni i obiteljski život najpogubniji noćni rad, a nakon toga rad u tri rotirajuće smjene. Radnici u stalnoj noćnoj smjeni i radnici u tri rotirajuće smjene imaju najniže zadovoljstvo radnim vremenom i zadovoljstvo poslom, te najveću želju za promjenom radnog vremena. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na važnost društveno-obiteljskih aspekata života radnika u organizaciji smjenskog rada.

There is a small number of studies that take into account the characteristics of both marital partners (Streich et al., 2007) in examining work-family conflict. If we take into consideration that this conflict depends on the level of perceived support from partners (Adams et al., 1996), it is obvious that an effect of partners exists. Also, the level of support needs may differ by gender (Perewé and Carlson, 2002), and gender ideology (Mickelson, 2006). In most papers dealing with the interaction between spouses, attempts were made to address the problems at the individual level (Fagan and Press, 2008). As a more reasonable approach to the analysis of data on a dyadic level, this paper uses so-called associated regression analyses to test the effects of actors and partners in work-family conflict. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of interactions between the perception of social support from the supervisor and family, aspects of marriage traditionalism (gender role ideology and striving for achievement), and the quality of family functioning to the perception of work-family conflict. This study employed a sample of 176 employed married couples within areas of central and western Herzegovina and central Dalmatia. The results show that men who evaluate their marriage as traditional experience greater work-to-family conflict, while this conflict is greater in women who estimated their marriage as egalitarian . Along with the obtained actor effects, mainly of perceived social support from supervisor and family, to work-to-family and family-to-work conflict, partner effects were also obtained. It was shown that higher levels of supervisor support for women means a higher level of work-to-family conflict among men. Furthermore, the more traditional partners of the respondents are, the higher is their perceived level of work-to-family conflict. The higher the levels of perceived quality of family functioning in men, the lower the levels of family-to-work conflict. Striving for achievement is a positive predictor of family-to-work conflict. In general, the results show that the perceptions of the male spouses are more related to womens’ work-family conflict than vice versa.

The aim of this study was to examine the perception of conflict between work and family roles and job, family, and life satisfaction among nurses in certain parts of Croatia according to different types of shift organization. The total sample of participants included 174 nurses of hospitals in Zadar, Šibenik, and Split participated in this study. 129 married mothers with various work-time schedules were divided into four different groups according to the way their worktime shifts were organized. The participants completed a survey which included a set of social-demographic type questions, questions about the level and allocation of family responsibilities between spouses, and scales measuring the perceived negative effects of worktime, psychological demands of work, conflict between work and family roles, and semantic differential scales for measuring the affective and cognitive-evaluative component of job, family, and life satisfaction. The results of this study showed that the nurses working in permanent morning shifts experience less conflict due to the disturbing effects of work on the family than the other groups of nurses which were working in three shifts including the night shift. There were negative correlations between work-to-family conflict and all the measured components of satisfaction except for the affective component of family satisfaction. The cognitive-evaluative component of job satisfaction was highest among the nurses with morning shifts and lowest for the nurses who work in 12-hour shifts, while the affective component of life satisfaction was lowest for the nurses working in irregular and backward rotated shifts. These results are an additional indicator of the different and more or less negative effects of shiftwork on work-family interrole conflict. Also, they additionally support the view that the type of shift rotation also matters.

There seems to be a lack of research examining the association of the discrepancy between different types of values and their realization with work-family conflict, work satisfaction, and life satisfaction, which was the aim of this study. The research was conducted on a sample of 176 employed marital partners (age range= 20- 64). 15 different values and their achievement were assessed. The results show that higher work-to-family conflict was experienced when there was a higher discrepancy between the importance of and actually having enough leisure time, which was one of the most valued and least actualized segments. Interestingly, none of the measured discrepancies were significantly correlated with family-to-work conflict in men, while various were significant for women (e.g. a happy family life). Higher life and job satisfaction was associated with a lower discrepancy between the importance and realization of certain work values, while this was not the case for men.

Aim To determine the sources of stress, its intensity, frequency, and psychophysical and behavioral reactions in physicians working in emergency medical service and those working in health centers. Methods To a convenience sample of primary care physicians employed in emergency medical service (n = 79) and health centers (n = 81), we administered the list of demographic questions, Scale of Sources of Stress, Scale of Intentions of Leaving the Job, and Scale of Psychosomatic Symptoms. Results Emergency medicine physicians experienced significantly more intense and more frequent uncontrollable working situations, conflict between work and family roles, and unfavorable relationships with coworkers than physicians working in health centers. They were also more likely to leave the job during the next few years and/or change jobs within the profession (scores 2.2 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.9 out of maximum 5.0, F = 12.2, P = 0.001) and they had a poorer physical health status (scores 1.8 ± 0.5 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 out of maximum 4.0, F = 5.3, P = 0.023). Conclusion Physicians working in emergency medical service experience more stress in almost all aspects of their work than physicians working in health centers. They also have a stronger intention of leaving the job, which decreases with years of experience.

The aim of this study was to examine whether there are differences in certain work attitudes between male and female employees with different rewarding systems. The research was conducted on a convenience sample of employees of an insurance company in Croatia: 71 men and 79 women. 65 work in the office and were awarded grouply, while the remaining 74 subjects were awarded individually and do field work. The results show that the employees whose achievements are rewarded individually were more commited to the organization, estimated greater compensation equity, and accordingly, were more satisfied with rewarding, and had better relationships in the organization than the employees who are rewarded grouply. Women generally assessed poorer relationships with colleagues, and those awarded according to group performance estimated less compensation equity and satisfaction with rewarding than men in the same group. This shows that women may still be negatively discriminated in the rewarding system.

Spolni hormoni i kognitivno funkcioniranje žena

Malo je istraživanja kojima se ispituje konflikt radne i obiteljske uloge provedeno u tranzicijskim zemljama kao što je Hrvatska, gdje bi struktura konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge mogla biti ponešto različita. Može se očekivati i da će razina tog konflikta biti veća kod smjenskih radnika i žena. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati prediktivnu vrijednost nekih karakteristika rada i obitelji za konflikt radne i obiteljske uloge na uzorku žena u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanje je provedeno na skupini udatih medicinskih sestara Opće bolnice u Zadru, Splitu i Šibeniku. U ispitivanju su korištene skale za procjenu konflikta radne i obiteljske uloge, psiholoških zahtjeva posla, negativnih efekata organizacije radnog vremena, socijalne podrške od nadređenog i obitelji, kvaliteta funkcioniranja u obitelji (zajedništvo, skladnost, tolerancija i sukobi), te pitanja o rasporedu vremena rada i raspodjeli kućanskih poslova i brige o djeci između partnera. Kontrolirane su neke sociodemografske varijable (dob, stručna sprema, ukupni i sadašnji radni staž, broj djece). Konflikt zbog ometajućeg utjecaja rada na obitelj (konflikt rad-obitelj) i konflikt zbog ometajućeg utjecaja obitelji na rad (konflikt obitelj-rad) su se pokazali kao dva potpuno odvojena konstrukta koja su determinirana različitim faktorima. Konflikt rad-obitelj determiniraju neke karakteristike posla, od kojih se kao najznačajniji prediktor pokazala percepcija negativnih efekata organizacije vremena rada (veći konflikt rad-obitelj imaju smjenske radnice od radnica sa permanentnom jutarnjom smjenom), te psihološki zahtjevi posla, a konflikt obitelj-rad determiniraju karakteristike obitelji od kojih se najznačajnijim prediktorom pokazala razina sukoba u obitelji. Međutim, ne može se jasno odrediti da li je sukob u obitelji antecedent ili posljedica konflikta obitelj-rad. Ipak, daljnjim analizama utvrđeno je da je pravi prediktor konflikta obitelj-rad socijalna podrška od obitelji, a da je sukob u obitelji zapravo medijatorska varijabla u tom odnosu.

Work family conflict exists when strain and time required from work roles make it difficult to fulfill requirements of family roles. Interference of work with their home life is found to be stonger in shift workers than in workers with standard schedules. Many studies have supported the premise that increased work-family conflict in shift workers can lead to increased health concerns and problems. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of work-family conflict and shift work on the mental health of nurses. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the perception of 174 nurses. As a result of poorer work-family fit, shift workers reported poorer mental health than workers with standard schedules. Shift work directly influenced work-family conflict, but it had no direct influence on mental health. However, work-family conflict was significantly associated with a worker’s mental health and job satisfaction.

Previous studies showed that shift workers have lower heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep in comparison with daily workers. Furthermore, shift workers have higher spectral density of R-R intervals in low frequency band (0.04-0.15 Hz) during sleeping period, due to higher sympathetic activity. Some studies also showed higher power spectrum parameters in the low frequency band (LF) during sleep after the night shift working, compared with daily shift. The aim of this study was to compare changes in heart rate variability (HRV) of middle-aged nurses during sleep after three different shifts (morning, afternoon and night shift).This investigation included a continuous recording of cardiac R-R intervals during sleep after morning, afternoon and night shift, by the use of the Data Logging System. Obtained results were analysed by classical methods as well as the spectral analyses. The mean values of R-R intervals, standard deviation and DM index did not show differences between all the periods of sleeping, but they showed similarities in patterns of changes, which was most probably due to the circadian rhythm. Spectral analyses showed the differences in spectral compositions of R-R intervals amongst the three periods of sleeping, especially in the low frequency band. The results are interpreted in terms of differences in the quality of sleep after different work shifts.