Search

La desaparición de personas constituye un fenómeno histórico que concita diversos ámbitos (filosófico, sociológico o jurídico, entre otros). En México, aun con algunas cuestiones —no solo metodológicas— todavía por resolver, desde el siglo pasado se han documentado desapariciones en el Registro Nacional de Personas Desaparecidas y No Localizadas. Sin embargo, cuando las desaparciones aparecen ligadas a hechos violentos o si se presentan en su variante de desaparición forzada, se tornan un problema especialmente grave y complejo. Este Informe explora la desaparición de personas en el estado de Sonora, en específico en una franja temporal reciente y en un espacio geográfico acotado. Se trata de un documento que resalta un contexto amplio y heterogéneo del fenómeno en la entidad y que, con base a datos provenientes de fuentes abiertas, permite generar hipótesis de investigación para la búsqueda de personas y para comprender la violencia en la región., Informe elaborado a petición de la unidad de análisis de contexto de la Comisión Nacional de Búsqueda (CNB) de la Secretaría de Gobernación (México). El contenido es responsabilidad de los autores. Coordinado por Óscar Misael Hernández−Hernández y Jesús Pérez Caballero. Publicado por El Colegio de la Frontera Norte y la CNB.

ResumenEl presente artículo tiene como propósito estudiar la variación léxica en dos puertos pesqueros del estado de Sonora: Bahía de Kino y Guaymas. El marco teórico a seguir será el de la Lingüística Folk (Niedzielski y Preston 2003), Dialectología Perceptual, Gould White (1982) y Dennis Preston (1994). Se estudiarán las palabras morro, plebe y bato así como sus diferentes usos entre la población de ambos puertos. De esta forma, en este trabajo se concluye que ambos puertos son, por los menos a nivel léxico, dos comunidades de habla distintas respecto al vocablo bato (Bloomfield 1933). Abstract:In this paper I will study lexical variation in two fisherman´s towns in Sonora state: Kino bay and Guaymas. The theoretical framework for the present study lies on Folk Linguistics (Niedzielski & Preston 2003), Perceptual Dialectology, (Gould White 1982) and Dennis Preston (1994). In this paper I will study words as morro, plebe and bato and its different uses among the population of both towns. Finally, I conclude that Kino Bay and Guaymas are two different speech communities (Bloomfield 1933) at least, in the use of the noun bato.

The aim of this paper is to ascertain the territorial dimension of the fishing economy in Guaymas, Mexico. The geographical studies addressing this economic activity in Mexico and published in the last decades are scarce. For this reason, this research work is particularly important, as it outlines the fishery activities in one of the most active sea-ports of northwest Mexico, from a territorial perspective. The first part of this article explains why and how Economic Geography addresses fishery activities and which methodology we pursued to carry out this investigation, based on studies carried out by geographers, particularly in France and Argentina. Then the paper describes the natural conditions prevailing in the Gulf of California (also known as Sea of Cortez), a large inlet of the eastern Pacific Ocean that is rich in marine resources and where most of the main national fisheries are located. Guaymas is one of the most important sea ports located along the Gulf of California for its long fishing history and the variety of fishing species captured. This port, located in the southern coast of the state of Sonora, is a mediumsized city with a little over 100 thousand inhabitants; a considerable proportion of the local labor force works in the fishery sector and associated industries. Today, the fishery sector in Guaymas is characterized by a large number of artisan fishermen, a prominent fleet preciand the regular practise of illegal catching. This port is the seat of large enterprises, such as Ocean Garden, involved in the industrialization of catches (basically fish oil and fish meal) and their further commercialization within and outside Mexico. Two commercially important species have played a key role in the evolution and outline of the current territorial structure of fisheries in Guaymas. One is shrimp, with a fishery that recorded a boom during 1970-1990, bringing along a number of benefits for local fishermen in Sonora. This fishery declined in subsequent years, mostly due to the overexploitation of shrimp banks and the incorporation of private capital investors to the local shrimp economy; the downward trend of this fishery in Guaymas is still evident. For its part, sardine, particularly Monterey sardine, is the other important species in the economy in this sea port. It is captured to meet the demand for oil and fish meal. Since the 1960s, Guaymas has become Mexico’s sardine port, as this species is at the core of the territorial structure of fisheries in this city. A significant volume of sardine biomass has been captured in the last 50 years in Guaymas, resulting in the overexploitation of the resource which, along with water pollution, has led to the collapse of sardine populations. Nonetheless, stakeholders and authorities involved this fishery have obtained the international certification of local sardine catches. There are several enterprises located in Guaymas dedicated to the industrial processing of sardine. These are vertically integrated, so they can easily buy catches, process them and sell the manufactured products both in Mexico and abroad. Markets for these and other fishing products are located at a considerable distance from Guaymas, including Mexico City, Guadalajara, Mexicali and Chihuahua City, as well and several places in California, United States. The territorial structure of the fishing economy in this part of Mexico is arranged on a spatial platform constituted by high-volume and diverse annual catches, an integrated sea port that not only addresses the needs of this economy but also serves the robust industrial and agricultural sectors of Sonora. Shipyards, large enterprises (national and foreign) involved in the fishing industry, banks, academic research centers and government offices can be added to the local fishing infrastructure. The geographical reach of the commercialization of fishing products (processed or otherwise), including several markets located far from this port, is another factor that accounts for the central role of Guaymas in the fishing economy of Sonora and the Gulf of California.

This work presents the copper speciation in the deep ocean and the exchanges existing between different size fractions : particulate, dissolved and colloidal. It focus on the mixing zone between deep sources and seawater. The enhancement of our knowledge and the optimization of instrumentation make possible the development of sampling and analysis strategies accorded with the nature and the accessibility of these extreme environments. A part of this work consisted in the development of effective analysis methods for the quantification of copper and copper’s ligands. Our results showed that physical speciation seems to be essentially controlled by the variations of pH and oxydoreductive caracteristics during the dilution of the hydrothermal fluid by seawater. The chemical speciation of copper seems essentially controlled by sulfide ligands and the oxydative caracteristics of the environment. The environment is generally more complexing on Lucky Strike vent field than in Guaymas Basin. Around each vent, pseudopolarography and complexing capacities showed that the environment is more complexing in the anoxic zone, near the source, than in the oxic zone. In the oxic zone, copper is generally labile and its concentrations (they can reach 100 nM) exceed the ligands concentrations. In the oxic zone, around 27% of the complexes are dissociated, whereas around 73% remains stabilised., Le travail de recherche qui sera présenté porte sur la mise en évidence des différentes formes du cuivre présentes et des échanges qui existent entre les fractions particulaires, dissoutes et colloïdales du milieu profond. Il s’intéresse à la zone de mélange entre les sources profondes et l’eau de mer. L’amélioration de nos connaissances et l’optimisation de l’instrumentation permettent aujourd’hui de proposer le développement d’une stratégie d’échantillonnage et d’une approche qui prennent en compte les contraintes associées à la nature et à l’accessibilité de ces milieux éloignés. Ce travail a donné lieu à la mise en place de méthodes d’analyse effectives pour la mesure du cuivre et de ses ligands. Nos résultats ont montré que la spéciation physique semble essentiellement contrôlée par le pH et l’évolution des caractéristiques oxydoréductrices du milieu au cours de la dilution du fluide hydrothermal par l’eau de mer. La spéciation chimique du cuivre semble quant à elle principalement contrôlée par les ligands soufrés et le caractère oxydant du milieu. Elle a montré que le milieu est globalement plus complexant sur le site hydrothermal Lucky Strike que dans le bassin de Guaymas. A l’échelle du fumeur, la pseudopolarographie et les mesures de capacité complexante ont montré que le milieu est plus complexant dans la zone anoxique, près de la source, que dans la zone oxique où le cuivre est généralement labile et en excès par rapport à ses ligands (ses concentrations peuvent atteindre 100 nM). Dans la zone oxique, environ 27% des complexes formés sont dissociés par oxydation, tandis qu’environ 73% des complexes organiques et inorganiques CuHS+ est stabilisée.

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimneys contain a high diversity of microorganisms, yet the metabolic activity and the ecological functions of the microbial communities remain largely unexplored. In this study, a metagenomic approach was applied to characterize the metabolic potential in a Guaymas hydrothermal vent chimney and to conduct comparative genomic analysis among a variety of environments with sequenced metagenomes. Complete clustering of functional gene categories with a comparative metagenomic approach showed that this Guaymas chimney metagenome was clustered most closely with a chimney metagenome from Juan de Fuca. All chimney samples were enriched with genes involved in recombination and repair, chemotaxis and flagellar assembly, highlighting their roles in coping with the fluctuating extreme deep-sea environments. A high proportion of transposases was observed in all the metagenomes from deep-sea chimneys, supporting the previous hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer may be common in the deep-sea vent chimney biosphere. In the Guaymas chimney metagenome, thermophilic sulfate reducing microorganisms including bacteria and archaea were found predominant, and genes coding for the degradation of refractory organic compounds such as cellulose, lipid, pullullan, as well as a few hydrocarbons including toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene were identified. Therefore, this oil-immersed chimney supported a thermophilic microbial community capable of oxidizing a range of hydrocarbons that served as electron donors for sulphate reduction under anaerobic conditions.

Microbial utilization of occurring hydrocarbons by the sediment microbiota of Guaymas basin hydrothermal site (Gulf of California) The Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) is an actively spreading oceanic basin and a site of hydrothermal activity. The basin floor, at about 2,000 m depth, is covered with a thick layer of pelagic sediments. The thermal alteration of recent sedimentary organic matter by the hydrothermal system generates hydrothermal petroleum. During the French-Mexican cruise Guaynaut, in November 1991, various samples were collected by means of the French submersible Nautile. Among the different scientific objectives of this campaign is the examination of the potential for hydrocarbon degradation by microbiota. Investigations were carried out to characterize hydrocarbons in the collected samples and to research microbial utilization of these hydrocarbons. Degradation of petroleum and one aromatic hydrocarbon (phenanthrene) was observed at 20 degrees C in aerobic conditions for a hydrothermal mineral deposit and some surface sediments. Mesophilic hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial communities were not capable of growing on hydrocarbons as the sole carbon source. These preliminary results correlate well with geochemical analyses indicating microbial hydrocarbon degradation. The conclusions of this study are in a good agreement with a prior biodegradation study by Bazylinski et al. (1988; 1989) carried out at this hydrothermal site.