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[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI [ADD1_IRSTEA]Gestion intégrée de la ressource et des infrastructures; National audience; What is the relationship between environmental policies and New Public Management? More specifically, to what extent are these policies currently structured by neo-managerial reforms and principles? These questions provide the common thread running through this special issue, which brings together four original contribution on the French case. In this introductory article, we first propose an overview of New Public Management and environmental policies in France, before briefly reviewing the literature on the effects of New Public Management on environmental policies. We then present the main contributions of the texts that make up this volume. Finally, we bring some elements of reflection on what the New Public Management changes to environmental policies.; Quels rapports les politiques environnementales entretiennent-elles avec le New Public Management ? Plus précisément, en quoi ces politiques sont-elles désormais structurées par les réformes et les principes néo-managériaux ? La question constitue le fil rouge de ce numéro spécial, qui rassemble quatre contributions originales sur le cas français. Dans cet article introductif, nous dressons un panorama du New Public Management et des politiques environnementales en France, avant de passer en revue la littérature sur les effets du New Public Management sur les politiques environnementales. Nous présentons ensuite les principaux apports des textes qui constituent ce volume. Nous apportons enfin quelques éléments de réflexion sur ce que change le New Public Management aux politiques environnementales.

National audience; Quels rapports les politiques environnementales entretiennent-elles avec le New Public Management ? On ne peut qu'être frappé par la montée en puissance concomitante de ces deux politiques depuis une quarantaine d'années, et à plus forte raison encore depuis les années 1990 dans le cas de la France. Ces politiques présentent en outre la particularité de prétendre, chacune à leur manière 1/ à la transversalité : les politiques néo-managériales ont vocation à modifier les grands principes et les règles du fonctionnement administratif, quand certaines politiques environnementales se donnent pour objectif de « verdir » l'ensemble des politiques sectorielles ; 2/ à une forme quasi indépassable de modernité : elles se présentent toutes deux comme l'émanation d'une compréhension plus avancée de certains problèmes sociaux et organisationnels, et comme une forme plus rationnelle de prise en charge de ces problèmes. Le caractère plus ou moins « global » de ces deux politiques contribue à complexifier l'analyse de leurs relations. Ce volume ne prétend en explorer qu'une partie. Le fil rouge consiste ici à se demander dans quelle mesure le New Public Management change les politiques environnementales. Chacun des articles réunis apporte une contribution originale à ce questionnement. Préalablement, nous proposons dans cet article introductif de dresser un panorama du New Public Management et des politiques environnementales en France, puis de réaliser une brève revue de la littérature sur les effets du New Public Management sur les politiques environnementales. Nous présenterons ensuite les principaux apports des textes rassemblés dans ce volume. Enfin, nous apporterons quelques éléments de réflexion sur ce que change le New Public Management aux politiques environnementales.

International audience

International audience

International audience; After major floods occurred in 2003 on the Rhône River (France), the State and local authorities created a new institution at river level, in order to tackle flood issues at a supposedly more functional scale. Called Plan Rhône, this new partnership combined several policy sectors and several administrative levels, with the aim of developing the river territory and preserving floodplain retention capacity. The plan included a floodplain restoration project. However, after five years of negotiation, the project was finally abandoned. In this article, we analyze the drivers behind the failure to preserve floodplain retention capacity by focusing on scale issues, using two theoretical frameworks: the concept of "functional fit" between the scale of ecological issues and that of the institutions in charge of those issues, and the concept of "politics of scale" in which scale results from historical processes. We conclude that the scaling of an issue results from history. It legitimates a specific point of view and hampers alternative ways of seeing reality at other scales.

TP53 abnormalities have been reported as an early event in the process of cellular transformation of human breast cancers, and involved in mammary-tumor evolution, from in situ to invasive disease. In this study, node-negative (N-) tumors were examined for TP53 allelic loss in relation to different genetic instability events, including allelic loss at chromosome 17p 13.3 and c-H-ras-I loci, as well as alteration of the c-myc and c-erbB-2/neu oncogenes. TP53 allelic loss was analyzed to determine whether such an abnormality was the more important, among other genetic events, in the N-tumors, whether it appeared independently of these genetic events, and whether accumulation of genetic events arises in this group of breast tumors. Clinicopathological parameters were also examined. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the TP53 gene appears the most frequent alteration detected (26% vs. 13%, 8%, 9% and 3% for LOH at D17S30 and c-H-ras-I loci, and amplification of c-myc and c-erbB-2/neu respectively). There was no association between LOH at the TP53 locus and other genetic events. Among clinicopathological parameters, significant associations were observed only with estrogen-receptor-negative tumors (p = 0.05). Our results demonstrate that LOH at TP53 arises more frequently in the N- breast cancer, thus supporting earlier findings suggesting that TP53 abnormality has a role early in the pathogenesis of breast lesions. Moreover, the data indicate that accumulation of many genetic events occurs at a low level in N- breast tumors, and that TP53 abnormality occurs independently of these genetic events.

International audience; Since the 1990s, a majority of flood management experts are promoting new ways of dealing with floods. Formerly considered as a risk to be fought against, experts now call flood managers to adopt policies that would encourage riparian inhabitants to live with floods. At the core of what experts call a “major change” are measures such as floodplain restoration projects. They consist in lowering or erasing flood protection infrastructures in front of particular floodplains, in order to reconnect the river and its wetlands as well as operate water storage. If a majority of flood experts agree on the ecological, economical and hydrological relevance of those projects, it seems that no study has so far been made on which type of science is at the roots of this new ways of dealing with floods. To question the type of science that participated to build such a concept we undertook a scientometric survey. We studied publications promoting floodplain restoration projects. By reconstructing a genealogy of this way of thinking flood management, we show that its promoters are conceptualising the environment mainly through its functions. The relevance of changing the function of a floodplain is considered out of any social and political considerations. In order to go further, we will show through a qualitative survey realised on the Rhône River (France) that redesigning a wetland is a political issue. This river has recently experienced major flood events. The stake of the new flood policy is to restore a floodplain where people live. This technological panacea proved to be a failure locally.

International audience; Les discours du développement durable ont accompagné l’édiction de nouvelles normes de gestion des inondations qui redéfinissent le rôle de l’Etat français. Garantissant auparavant la protection de citoyens au moyen d’infrastructures publiques, l’Etat doit désormais faciliter l’acceptation du risque par les riverains. Sur les grands fleuves français cette redéfinition de l’action publique s’organise sous l’égide de plans associant Régions, Etat et Union Européenne. Les projets doivent désormais allier des considérations écologiques, d’efficacité économique et de participation. La restauration de zones d’expansion de crue, ou provoquer le retour de l’inondation dans des plaines protégées par des digues est présentée comme répondant à ces nouvelles normes. Sur le Rhône, depuis la mise à l’agenda des inondations, l’Etat souhaite réorganiser l’équilibre hydraulique entre les plaines. Soumis à ces nouvelles normes, l’Etat et ses ingénieurs se trouvent dans une situation paradoxale: après avoir financé la construction de digues insubmersibles pendant un demi-siècle, ils en prônent aujourd’hui la suppression. En entrant par l’analyse du projet de restauration compris comme un instrument d’action publique, nous chercherons à caractériser la recomposition de l’Etat qui s’opère sur le Rhône et semble en rupture avec le référentiel moderniste caractérisant le gouvernement du fleuve depuis les années 1950. En combinant les outils conceptuels de l’écologie politique et de la théorie de l’acteur réseau, nous proposerons un cadre d’analyse de l’action publique dite durable. Nous construirons notre propos à partir de matériaux empiriques analysés dans le cadre d’un travail doctoral ayant comme objet l’étude du nouveau schéma de gestion des inondations sur le Rhône.

National audience; Les discours du développement durable ont participé à refonder les logiques de l’action publique en France. C’est notamment par des canaux européens que les politiques publiques en matière d’inondation intègrent de plus en plus ce concept. Dans cette communication, nous explicitons les discours relatifs au développement durable tels qu'ils s'appliquent aux politiques de gestion des inondations. Ces discours véhiculent en particulier un instrument, le laisser-inonder, par le biais de projets tels que la restauration de zone d'expansion de crues. A travers l'étude d'une politique mise en oe½uvre sur le Rhône, nous montrons comment le recours aux principes du développement durable peut représenter une fenêtre d'opportunité pour des entrepreneurs politiques. La durabilité d'une politique qui vise à laisser-inonder un territoire peut à ce titre être nuancée.

Recent evidence indicates that alterations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene can modulate the response of tumor cells to DNA-damaging agents and increase drug resistance. To evaluate whether p53 alterations affect response to chemotherapy in breast cancer, we examined the p53 status before and after treatment of primary tumors from 44 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. p53 status was determined by gene mutations and by mRNA expression levels. Eleven patients (25%) showed alterations in the p53 gene. Comparison of the clinical response between subgroups with or without p53 alterations revealed that p53 alterations were strongly associated to clinical resistance to chemotherapy (p

[Notes_IRSTEA]Recension de l'ouvrage de Jamie Linton University of British Columbia Press, 2010, 352 p. [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI; National audience; Qu’est-ce-que l’eau ? Dans cet ouvrage, Jamie Linton nous livre une réponse nuancée et novatrice à cette question prétendument commune. À la manière d’autres géographes politiques, s’inspirant de la sociologie des sciences et de la political ecology, il livre une autre histoire d’un élément que nous pensions bien connaître. Le sujet est ici l’« eau moderne », que l'auteur définit comme l’identité contemporaine de l’eau. Il retrace le processus d’abstraction qui expliquerait la transformation d’une eau autrefois hétérogène et complexe par une eau unidimensionnelle, quantitative, monétaire, puis rare. L’auteur livre un travail d’analyse ambitieux, scrutant les traits de l’« eau moderne » à travers la littérature, les sciences, mais également l’histoire environnementale et politique des États modernes occidentaux.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]GEUSI; National audience; L'objet de ce travail doctoral est l'étude d'une tentative de restauration d'une zone d'expansion de crues qui fait polémique sur le Rhône Aval. Il s'agit d'analyser les effets de cette tentative et de mieux comprendre la controverse en identifiant les argumentaires, les outils et références utilisés par chaque partie.

International audience; Demand for vulnerability assessments is growing in policy-making circles, to support the choice of appropriate measures and policies to reduce the vulnerability of water users and resources. Through the SHIVA ANR project, we are seeking a method to assess and map the vulnerability of farmers in southern India to both climate and socioeconomic changes, and secondly, to assess the costs and benefits associated with trends in farmers’ vulnerability in the medium and long term. The project is focusing on southern India’s hard rock area, as in this geological context, both surface and ground water resources are naturally limited. We are also focusing on farming populations as these are the main water users in the area and rely exclusively on groundwater. The area covers southern India’s semi-arid zone, where the rainfall gradient ranges from 600 mm to 1100 mm. Vulnerability is expected to vary according to local climatic conditions but also the socioeconomic characteristics of farming households. The SHIVA research team has been divided into six thematic groups in order to address the different scientific issues: downscaling the regional climate scenario, farm area projections, vulnerability assessments and quantification, vulnerability mapping, hydrological modelling and upscaling, and vulnerability impact assessments. Our approach is multidisciplinary to cater for the numerous inherent themes, and integrated to cater for vulnerability as a dynamic and multidimensional concept. The project’s first results after 10 months of research are presented below.

International audience; Demand for vulnerability assessments is growing in policy-making circles, to support the choice of appropriate measures and policies to reduce the vulnerability of water users and resources. Through the SHIVA ANR project, we are seeking a method to assess and map the vulnerability of farmers in southern India to both climate and socioeconomic changes, and secondly, to assess the costs and benefits associated with trends farmers' vulnerability in the medium and long-term. The project is focusing on southern India 's hard rock area, as in the geological context, both surface and ground water resources are naturally limited. We are also focusing on farming populations as these are the main water users in the area and rely exclusively on groundwater. The area covers southern India's semi-arid zone, where the rainfall gradient ranges from 600 mm to 1100 mm. Vulnerability is expected to vary according to local climatic conditions but also the socioeconomic characteristics of farming households. The SHIVA research team has been divided into six thematic groups in order to address the different scientific issues : downscaling the regional climate scenario, farm area projections, vulnerability assessments and quantification, vulnerability mapping, hydrological modelling and upscaling, and vulnerability impact assessements. Our approach is multidisciplinary to cater for for numerous inherent themes, and integrated to cater for vulnerability as a dynamic and multidimensional concept. The project 's first results after 10 months of research are presented below.

International audience; The SHIVA-ANR project aims at assessing the vulnerability of rural water users under stressors of global changes in the hard rocks area of South India. Determining present and future vulnerability of farmers to global changes calls for the creation of a context specific vulnerability index. A method is tested in small watershed of Gajwell (Andhra Pradesh).

The aim of this retrospective work was to study the clinical importance of growth rate determination for ovarian cancer primary recurrence in term of CA125 doubling time (dt). Fifty-one patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma stage III or IV who developed a recurrence were included. Eighteen spontaneous dt values were calculated in non-treated patients during follow-up and 33 apparent dt values were estimated in patients undergoing treatment during CA125 increase before the clinical and/or radiological diagnosis of recurrence. No early treatment of the recurrence has permitted a drop in CA125 level. We applied exponential regression models to CA125 individual kinetics in order to calculate dt values. Individual dt values vary from 5 to 375 days. Spontaneous and apparent dt medianes (respectively 64 and 39 days) are not significantly different. Among all early clinical, histological, biological and therapeutic parameters, the initial CA125 half-life calculated during the third courses of the first-line chemotherapy is the unique predictive parameter of dt (relative risk (RR) = 78; p0.01). The prognostic impact was more important in spontaneous dt values than in apparent ones. Being spontaneous or apparent dt was the major predictive parameter of the delay between the initial CA125 increase and clinical and/or radiological signs of recurrence (RR = 0.3; p0.0001). Its prognostic impact is superior to the T1/2 one (RR = 2.9; p = 0.0010). For equivalent treatments, dt (RR = 0.4; p0.0001) and T1/2 (RR = 4.0; p0.0001) are the only predictive parameters of the survival after CA125 increase. This work shows that dt was an essential predictive parameter of ovarian epithelial tumor recurrences.

The prognostic value of CA 125 initial half-life in serum (Tb) during the first cycles of first-line chemotherapy was studied in 62 patients with stage III or IV ovarian cancer. The half-life was strongly correlated; 1) with the rate of biological remission (P0.001). This one was respectively equal to 94.7% when Tb was lower than 20 days, 66.6% when Tb was between 20 and 40 days and 7.7% when Tb was higher than 40 days; 2) with the rate of histological remission (P0.001) which was equal to 66.6% when Tb was lower than 13 days; 3) with the speed of recurrence growth measured by the doubling time (dT) of CA 125. The median of dT was equal to 182 days when Tb was lower than 13 days, 63 days when Tb was between 13 and 20 days (P0.02) and 38 days when Tb was higher than 20 days (P0.001); 4) with the duration of disease-free survival (DFS) (P0.001): the medians were equal to 23.9 months, 18.0 months, 12.0 months, and 5.5 months, respectively, when Tb was lower than 13 days, between 13 and 20 days; 20 and 40 days, and higher than 40 days; and 5) with the duration of overall survival (OS). The probability of survival at five years was equal to 48% when Tb was lower than 13 days. This probability falled to 13%, 12%, and 8%, when Tb was respectively between 13 and 20 days, 20 and 40 days and higher than 40 days. Multiple regression analysis showed that CA 125 half-life was the most important prognostic factor for DFS and OS. Analysis of correlation allowed to identify a relation between: 1) dT and Tb [dT = Tb/[-0.305 + (0.0388)(Tb)]; P10(-4)]; 2) the slope of CA 125 initial regression (P) and DFS [DFS = 201.9e (-16.64*P); P10(-8)]; 3) P and OS [OS = 285.0e(-17.00*P); P10(-7)]. The initial CA 125 half-life measured during the first cycles of first time chemotherapy seemed to be a critical predictor of response to therapy.

Summary We have conducted a phase II trial of Cis -platinum-diammino-dichloro (CPDD), which not only demonstrated its remarkable activity in embryonic carcinoma of the testes, but also in ovarian carcinoma, in epidermoid carcinomas, especially in the head and neck, and in cervix carcinomas. Its toxicity, manifested mainly in digestive and renal tracts, permits its administration to hospitalized patients only. This compound is now investigated in combination therapy for the above mentioned tumors.

Vulnerability assessment is in growing demand in policy circles in order to choose adapted measures and policies to reduce vulnerability of water users and resources. Within the SHIVA ANR project, we present a method to first assess and map the vulnerability of South-Indian farmers to both climate and socioeconomic changes, and second assess the costs and benefits associated with farmers' vulnerability evolution at two time scales (medium and long term). The project is focusing on hard rocks area of South-India as in this geological context, both surface and ground water resources are naturally limited. We also target farmers' population as they are the main water users of the area and they rely exclusively on groundwater. By the end, the area covers the semi-arid zone of South-India, with a rainfall gradient from 1100 mm to 600 mm. Vulnerability is then expected to vary according to this local climatic conditions but also to socioeconomic characteristics of farmers' households. After a 10 months research, we present the first results of the project.

Therapeutic monitoring of 120 hours continuous 5-fluorouracil associated with cisplatin. For 31 patients treated by continuous 5-fluorouracil with cisplatin, a therapeutic monitoring of 5-fluorouracil is performed, based on the 48 first hours area under the curve (AUC) and the total AUC. The 5-fluorouracile taylorization allows to reduce some toxicity's while preserving an efficiency (objective responses 42%). Many patients are considered with potentially low 5-fluorouracile clearance. Dose reductions of 5-fluorouracile are frequent, reach 50% during the third cure and allow the achievement of targeted AUC. The role of cisplatin in this necessary reduction of dose is unknown.

The tolerance and the clinical and histological efficacy of a neoadjuvant chemotherapy FEC-HD including hematopoietic growth factors have been studied in 40 patients with stade II or III breast cancer between February 1991 and February 1997. Four courses were given, every 21 days, with 5-fluorouracil (750 mg/m2/day D1 to D4 by continuous infusion), epirubicin (35 mg/m2/day D2 to D4) and cyclophosphamide (400 mg/m2/day D2 to D4) with G-CSF (5 mug/kg/day D6 to D15). The surgery was performed 3 or 4 weeks after the end of the chemotherapy. All patients had radiotherapy. The neoadjuvant chemotherapy induced 37.5% CR, 45% PR, and 15% SD. In 40% of the patients, the surgery was conservative. An histological CR was obtained in 15% with no axillary involvement one time out of two. There was intraductal carcinoma without invasive carcinoma in 7.5%. There was no differences between the response of inflammatory and non inflammatory tumors. One hundred and fifty-eight courses have been delivered. A grade 3 or 4 leuconeutropenia, anemia and thrombopenia have been observed in respectively 34.6%, 6.3% and 8.8% of the courses. A grade 3 or 4 mucositis has been noticed in 2.5% of the courses. A febrile granulocytopenia has occurred in 3.8% of the courses. The median survival without metastatic progression was 48 months and the median overall survival was not achieved. In stade II and III breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FEC-HD obtains an important histological response with an acceptable toxicity. The role of the dose-intensity increase on survival remains to be determined.

Cette étude vise à acquérir des connaissances sur la volatilisation d’ammoniac après épandage de lisier à la Réunion, pour laquelle il n’existe pas de référence. Nous avons retenu deux situations caractéristiques, contrastées et amenées à perdurer : épandage de lisier bovin sur prairies dans les Hauts et épandage de lisier porcin sur les surfaces cannières. Nous avons caractérisé l’effet du mulch de canne à sucre par comparaison à un sol nu. La volatilisation d’ammoniac a été suivie avec la méthode du bilan de masse et le déterminisme de l’infiltration de l’azote ammoniacal du lisier et celui du pH et de son évolution ont été étudiés sur des micro-placettes. Le comportement des prairies d’altitude est proche de celui des prairies de climat tempéré avec des pertes de l’ordre de 40 % de l’azote ammoniacal apporté ; le rôle du couvert sur l’infiltration du lisier est déterminant pour la volatilisation d’ammoniac. Les résultats sur canne à sucre montrent que l’épandage en présence du mulch conduit à la perte de la quasi-totalité de l’azote ammoniacal du lisier, ce qui réduit fortement l’intérêt agronomique et environnemental de cette pratique ; sur sol nu, les pertes, de moitié inférieures, sont comparables à celles mesurées en régions tempérées sur sol cultivés ; l’effet du mulch est expliqué par sa capacité de rétention du lisier et d’augmentation de la surface d’échange avec l’atmosphère. Ces connaissances sur la volatilisation d’ammoniac pourraient, à terme, être incorporées dans des modules « Volatilisation » permettant de prendre en compte ces pertes environnementales dans des modèles de gestion globale des matières organiques.