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7 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas, Olive oil production using the two-phase extraction system generates large amounts of biomass named alperujo, which has high percentage of water, slightly acidic pH, and high concentration of salts, organic matter, and phenolic compounds. Due to the presence of these components, alperujo is a significant source of environmental pollution, hindering the disposal of this waste. Nevertheless, some phenolic compounds such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol, have high nutraceutical and antioxidant power and could have potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This work aimed to evaluate the ability of different alperujo-derived media, with different levels of phenolic compounds, to sustain the growth and carotenoid production by yeasts from Rhodotorula genera (R. mucilaginosa LPSC 638, R. glutinis Y54, and R. graminis Y52), as well as to prospect the biotechnological production of carotenoids in these media. The yeasts grew and produced carotenoids in all media, although growth was better in dephenolized media. The highest amount of carotenoids (43.0 ± 3.1 mg/g dry yeast) was obtained with R. glutinis Y54 grown in a thermally treated and dephenolized medium. Our study represents a novel approach to valorize alperujo with a dual benefit, the recovery of valuable compounds, i. e. phenolic compounds, and the bioproduction of new ones, i.e. carotenoids., This work was partially supported by “Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica” (ANPCyT, PICT 2018-4065), Argentina. VB stay at the Instituto de la Grasa was financed by an External Fellowship from “Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas” (CONICET), Argentina.

The olive oil sector is continuously evolving in order to improve the quality of olive oil and its by-products. In fact, the trend is to use increasingly greener olives to improve quality by decreasing the extraction yield, thus obtaining a higher content of antioxidant phenolics. The application of a cold-pressing system to the olive before the extraction of oil was tested with three varieties: picual at three different stages of maturity and arbequina and hojiblanca at early stages of maturity. The Abencor system was used for the extraction of virgin olive oil and its by-products. For the quantification of phenols and total sugars for all phases, organic solvent extractions and colorimetric measurements and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector were used. The results show that the new treatment significantly improved the amount of oil extracted by between 1 and 2% and even increased its concentration of total phenols by up to 33%. Regarding the by-products, the concentrations of the main phenols, such as hydroxytyrosol, increased by almost 50%, as did the glycoside. The treatment also facilitated the separation of phases in by-products and improved the phenolic profile, although not in terms of total phenols, but individual phenols with higher antioxidant activity were obtained.

12 Páginas.-- 2 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, This research evaluates the anaerobic digestion (AD) process of the residue generated in a new olive-oil manufacturing process for cold-pressed olive, a residue consisting of a mixture of the wastewater and solid waste obtained from this process. Additionally, in order to assess the possible influence of the level of ripening of the olives on the performance of anaerobic processing, olives of the Picual variety were collected at two stages, i.e., green olives and olives in veraison. The AD processes of the residues obtained from the cold-pressing process and the process without pressure (control) were comparatively assessed by means of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays conducted at mesophilic temperature (35 ± 1 °C). Maximum values for methane yield (390 ± 1 NL CH4/kg VSadded) and biodegradability (84.5%) were obtained from the cold-pressed green olive residues. For the rest of the wastes studied, biodegradability also reached high values, ranging from 79.1 to 79.6%. The logistic model adequately fit the experimental data and allowed for the assessment of the anaerobic biodegradation of these wastes and for obtaining the kinetic parameters for each case studied. The theoretical values for ultimate methane production predicted from this model showed less than a 1% deviation from the experimental values. A decrease was detected for both types of olives tested in the rate of maximum methane production, Rm, during the cold-pressing process, from 44.3 ± 0.1 to 30.1 ± 1.3 L CH4/(kg VS·d) (green olives) and from 43.9 ± 1.5 to 38.7 ± 1.6 L CH4/(kg VS·d) (olives in veraison). Finally, the highest energy output result was detected in the waste from cold-pressed green olives (15.7 kJ/g VSremoved), which coincided with its high methane yield., This research was funded by the regional government of Andalucía, Junta de Andalucía, Project 18-616, “Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad”, Andalucía, Spain, and Project PID2020-114975RB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The project FEDER UPO-380782 was financed by the regional government of Andalucía, Junta de Andalucía, “Consejería de Trasformación Económica e Industria”, providing financial support to Dr. Fernández-Rodríguez.

13 Páginas.-- 6 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, The main by-product generated from the olive oil two-phase extraction system, or alperujo, is undoubtedly a rich source of bioactive components, among which phenolics are one of the most important. The evolution of four of its main phenolics: hydroxytyrosol (HT), hydroxytyrosol 4-β-d-glucoside (Glu-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and tyrosol (Ty) was studied over two seasons and in ten oil mills under similar climatological and agronomic conditions, for the first time using organic extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) determination. The results show that HT (200-1600 mg/kg of fresh alperujo) and Ty (10-570 mg/kg) increase, while DHPG (10-370 mg/kg) decreases only in the last month of the season and Glu-HT (1400-0 mg/kg) decreases drastically from the beginning. This evolution is similar between different seasons, with a high correlation between Glu-HT, HT, and Ty. On the other hand, it has been verified that a mixture of alperujos from all the oil mills, which is what the pomace extractor receives, is a viable source of a liquid fraction which is rich in the phenolics studied through organic extractions and especially after the application of a thermal treatment, obtaining values of 4.2 g/L of HT, 0.36 g/L of DHPG, and 0.49 g/L of Ty in the final concentrated liquid fraction., This research received no external funding. This research was supported by the incentives for agents of the Andalusian knowledge system; aid under the Andalusian research, development, and innovation plan (PAIDI 2020) (project P18-TP-616); and by the ASOAN project belonging to the FEDER-INNTERCONECTA Program, managed by the Center for Industrial Technological Development (CDTI).

10 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, The growing interest in natural compounds is helping to improve the management of agro-industrial by-products such as the date seed as sources of such compounds. In this work, the application of a hydrothermal treatment at 160 and 180 °C for 60 min was studied to achieve the solubilization of its phenolic components and sugars in order to obtain biologically active extracts. The percentage of phenols and total sugars in the final extracts were very similar, at 45 and 25% for the 160 and 180 °C treatments, respectively. The treatment at a higher temperature allowed greater solubilization of other components. The antioxidant activity was measured as free-radical scavenging capacity. For the DPPH• method, expressed as EC50, the results were 0.34 and 0.37 mg/L, the TEAC values for the ABTS• method were 6.61 and 3.28 mg/g dried extract, and the values obtained by the ORAC method were 12.82 and 9.91 mmol Trolox/g dried extract, for 160 and 180 °C, respectively. All these values are higher than those of other plant extracts and extracts obtained using the whole date. Therefore, the date seed is a very important source of phenols, and through thermal and chromatographic processes, it is possible to obtain extracts with high antioxidant activity., his research was supported by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento (Project UHU-1257728), and by the project GreenPalm of the PRIMA European Action, Project 25/Section II-2019, PCI2020-112088 MINECO.

9 Páginas.-- 2 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, The aim of the present research was to investigate the influence of the application of a novel cold-pressing system in olive oil manufacturing on the characteristics of olive pomace (OP) and on its valorization by anaerobic digestion (AD). Green olives and olives in veraison, both from the Picual variety, were used with the objective of assessing the effect of ripening level on the performance of the AD processes. The AD processes of these OPs were assessed in biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests. The maximum methane yield (327 ± 5 mL CH4/g VS) and biodegradability value (90.8%) were found for the OP derived from green olives without cold-pressing, which showed the highest soluble COD (113 g O2/L) and the lowest total phenolic concentration (9 g gallic acid/L). The first-order and Transference Function (TF) kinetic models were employed to evaluate the variation in methane production with time and to obtain the kinetic parameters of the anaerobic processes of the four OPs tested. The kinetic constant from the first-order model, k, did not show significant differences for the four OPs tested and ranged between 0.23 and 0.27 day−1. The TF revealed that the values for the maximum methane production rate (Rmax) were slightly higher for the OPs derived from green olives compared to those obtained from olives in veraison. For the green olives, the cold-pressing system caused a decrease in the value of Rmax from 87 ± 7 to 73 ± 6 mL CH4/(g VS·d)., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This study was funded by Project PY18-616 funded by the regional government of Andalucía, Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Andalucía, Spain, and Project PID2020-114975RB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. The project FEDER UPO-380782 financed by the regional government of Andalucía, Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Trasformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento providing financial support to Dr. Fernández-Rodríguez.

3 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, The application of thermal pretreatments to facilitate its anaerobic digestion has associated phenols and furans production, which are commonly identified as inhibitory compounds. Phenols and furans extraction can be done from a liquid phase produced after the thermal pretreatment. In the present study this dephenolized liquid phase (DLP) showed an increase of 42% in methane yield compared to the raw liquid phase (LP) demonstrating the inhibitor character of such compounds. The main extracted phenols and furans were: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), Hydroxytyrosol (HT), Tyrosol (Ty), Vanillic acid (AcV), Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), Vanillin (V) and Furfural (F).This study also aimed to evaluate the individual effect on methane production of these specific phenols and furans the within the mixture of several ones from LP. The evaluation of the individual compounds over the methanogenesis of a dephenolized liquid phase showed that only V was inhibitory on both methane yield and methane production rate. HMF had a significantly negative effect on methane yield, but improved the methane production rate instead. Ty, F, DHPG and HT favoured the methane yield and production rate. Additionally, it was observed that negative effect of some individual phenols and furans was counteracted by the positive effect of other compounds., This work was supported by the Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado through the call Programa de Becas de Movilidad entre Universidades Andaluzas e Iberoamericanas 2017. The authors are also very grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this research through the project CTM2014-55095-R. In addition, the authors are grateful to “Becas Chile: CONICYT-PFCHA/MagísterNacional/2017-22122499” and Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María by “DGIIP Project number PLI_18_26” and “Programa de Incentivos a la Iniciación Científica (PIIC)”, and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP process 2019/21370-7).

4 Figuras.-- 1 Tablas, The formation of the molecule 4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one (DHCP) from the thermal treatment of pectin-containing foods was investigated in small-scale laboratory preparation of sterilized vegetable puree (carrot, zucchini and tomato) and fruit puree (peach and mixture of pear and apple) and in commercial baby foods. DHCP attracts attention due to its cytotoxicity as well as potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects and the difficulty of its identification in food are mediated in part by the formation of Michael adducts of DHCP with amino acids. The results revealed that DHCP reacted efficiently with cysteine and glutathione, and to a lesser extent with histidine. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the formation of adducts of DHCP with amino acids in a model system, being in a real food system difficult to investigate. However, these formed adducts are of potential interest, although it is not known whether they are safe, bioactive or reversible., A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from Council of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities of the Junta de Andalucia, co-financed by the European Social Fund. Researcher doctor (DOC_00166).

30 Páginas; 4 Figuras; 2 Tablas, This work aims to compare the use of olive mill solid waste as substrate in pH-controlled fermentation at acid (pH = 5), neutral (uncontrolled, pH ≈ 7) and alkaline (pH = 9) operating pH levels. The results obtained in this study indicate that operating pH strongly affected the anaerobic microorganisms and, hence, different target compounds could be obtained by adjusting the operating pH. Fermentation at neutral pH resulted in the conversion of 93.5% of the fed chemical oxygen demand to methane. However, fermentations at pH 5 and 9 resulted in the inhibition of the methanogenic activity. At pH 9, volatile fatty acids reached a maximum concentration of 3.69 g O2/L, where acetic acid represented up to 79.3% of the total volatile fatty acids. Unlike volatile fatty acid production, an optimal operation of fermentation at pH 5 could allow the recovery of phenols such as vanillin., The authors wish to thank the financial support provided by the CRHIAM Centre (CONICYT/FONDAP/15130015). The authors are also grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this research through the Projects CTM2017-83870-R, and Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme: (RyC 2012-10456).

3 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, This work is a contribution to the valorization of the Algerian date palm agrobiodiversity by studying some nutraceutical properties of date pastes from less important cultivars. A commercial date paste, prepared from Ghars variety, was compared to two date pastes prepared from the secondary cultivars Tamjouhert and Tazarzeit. Physico-chemical characteristics, phenolic profile (HPLC-DAD), and antioxidant activity were assessed for both date fruits and pastes. The sensory evaluation of date pastes was conducted through triangular, ranking, and hedonic tests. The results revealed that the transformation of date fruits into pastes caused a significant increase in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, a decrease in sugar content in parallel with the appearance of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. The elaborated date pastes were characterized by a relatively low level of sugar (72.17–74.14 mg/100 g), a high amount of phenolic compounds (> 290 mg/kg DW), and a potent antioxidant activity. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC with global quantities for date fruits of 113 (Tamjouhert cv.) and 100 mg/kg DW (Tazarzeit cv.) and that were increased twofold after transformation to date pastes. The sensory analysis for the obtained date pastes indicated high scores of acceptability in comparison with the commercial paste. The obtained results showed clearly that these secondary cultivars possess several potentialities; this may help to valorize them by turning a part of their production into several added-value products such as date past., The authors are grateful to the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for the financial support, especially the General Direction of Scientific Research and Technological Development and to the date palm producers’ association at M’zab Valley. This research was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012–10456).

16 Páginas.-- 4 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas, The study investigated the phenols, sugar and the antioxidant capacities of date fruit extracts obtained by organic solvents and by hydrothermal treatment from six different Algerian cultivars at two ripening stages for the first time. The analyzed cultivars exhibited potent antioxidant properties (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacities) and different phenols regardless of the solvents and the maturity stages. About 18 phenols were identified and quantified, mainly in the hydrothermal extracts. The earlier stages were characterized by high amounts of o-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid and luteolin, with a noticeable absence of quercetin. The tamr stage presented the highest sugar content (78.15–86.85 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW)) with an abundance of glucose. Galactose was present only in some cultivars from the kimri stage (tamjouhert). Uronic acids were mostly detected at the tamr stage (4.02–8.82 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 mg dried weight). The obtained results highlight the potential of using date fruit extracts as natural antioxidants, especially at industrial scales that tend use hydrothermal extraction., This research received no external funding.

9 Páginas.-- 1 Figura.-- 5 Tablas, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was evaluated as a fast and easy method for identifying the most interesting cocoa genotypes according to chemical composition, including bioactive compound contents, in more than 80 samples of cocoa beans from the Mexican Germplasm Bank, which were harvested over three years. Clear differences in chemical composition were detected in fermented and dried samples among genotypes. The contents in fat, protein, total sugars, total phenols, phenolic compounds and theobromine were determined for both whole cocoa beans and ground cotyledon samples; and calibration models were developed from the spectra of intact beans, nibs and ground cotyledons. In general, the calibration models obtained for cotyledon composition from the spectra of cocoa nibs and ground beans were better than those obtained from the spectra of intact beans. Fat content showed better calibration statistic values from the spectra of nibs and ground cotyledon (r2 = 0.70). Bioactive compounds, such as theobromine (r2 = 0.77), total sugars (r2 = 0.74), total phenols (r2 = 0.66) and derivatives of epicatechin (r2 = 0.88), together with fat (r2 = 0.70), protein (r2 = 0.64) and husk content (r2 = 0.82), were well-predicted using NIR spectroscopy in intact beans, cocoa nibs and/or ground cotyledon. The potential of NIRS technology was confirmed to support germplasm banks and breeding programs for the rapid identification of interesting genotypes based on their contents in bioactive compounds., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC2012-10456), the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP-México) and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT-Mexico).

© 2021 by the authors., New liquid effluents based on the use of acetic acid in the table olive industry make it easier to extract bioactive compounds to be used for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes. The use of water acidified with acetic acid or in brine with or without acetic acid for storing the table olive enhances the extraction of two more active phenolic compounds: hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG). This work has two aims: (1) measure the solubilization of phenolics controlled for two years using more than thirty olive varieties with different ripeness index as a potential source of HT and DHPG, and (2) evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the purified phenolics. The effluents with a higher concentration of phenolics were used for the extraction of HT and DHPG in order to evaluate its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by the determination of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Human Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleukin-1β (Il-1β). The anti-inflammatory activity of these phenolic extracts was demonstrated by studying the expression of cytokines by qPCR and the levels of these proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)., This research was supported by the incentives for agents of the Andalusian knowledge system, aid under the Andalusian research, development and innovation plan (PAIDI 2020) (project P18-TP-616), and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC2012-10456)., Publisher’s version

The production of strawberry concentrate produces a side stream after extrusion that is commonly landfilled. This strawberry extrudate (SE), of lignocellulosic character, contains valuable bioactive compounds such as sugars and phenols. Thermal treatments, such as steam explosion, are currently used for the valorisation of agricultural lignocellulosic wastes due to their ability to impact the structure of the lignocellulose and hemicellulose present in these wastes, favouring the disruption of fibrous material. Steam explosion has already been shown as a promising technology for phenol recovery from SE. Biogas is an additional valuable resource that might be produced from thermally pretreated and de-phenolised SE. This study assessed the influence of a steam-explosion pretreatment and the subsequent recovery of phenolic compounds from the long-term operation of a semi-continuous anaerobic digester of pretreated SE. The anaerobic digestion of SE steam exploded at 220 &deg, C for 5 min and de-phenolised was stable at an OLR of 0.5 g of volatile solids (VS)/(L&middot, d), which permitted a specific production rate of 135 &plusmn, 11 mL of CH4/(g of VS&middot, d). The system was not able to operate at an OLR of 1 g of VS/(L&middot, d), which resulted in a failure of the process. Despite the inhibition threshold of phenolic compounds not being achieved, the inhibition of the anaerobic digestion process at an OLR of 1 g of VS/(L&middot, d) was most likely due to the overloading of the system. This was indicated by the accumulation of soluble organic matter and volatile fatty acids. The increase in the propionic acid concentration up to 1300 mg/L when operating at OLRs higher than 0.5 g of VS/(L&middot, d) could be the main factor responsible for the inhibition. An economic evaluation showed that the proposed approach (steam explosion, phenol recovery, and anaerobic digestion) would offer positive benefits, taking into account the high phenolic recovery (0.90 g of gallic acid equivalents/kg of extrudate) and the low sales price of the phenol extract, i.e., EUR 0.610/g of gallic acid equivalents, needed to reach zero net profit.

10 Páginas.-- 3 Tablas.-- 2 Figuras, The olive oil production is an important industrial sector in many Mediterranean areas, but it is currently struggled by the necessity of a proper valorisation of the olive mill solid waste or alperujo. The alperujo is the main by-product generated during the two-phase olive oil extraction, accounting for up to 80% of the initial olive mass. The alperujo is a source of valuable compounds, such as the pomace olive oil or highly interesting phenolic compounds. In the present research, a novel biorefinery approach has been used for phenolic compounds recovery. However, the extraction of these valuables compounds generates different exhausted phases with high organic matter content that are required to be managed. This study consists of the evaluation of the anaerobic biodegradability of the different fractions obtained in a novel biorefinery approach for the integral valorisation of alperujo. The results show that the different phases obtained during the biorefinery of the alperujo can be effectively subjected to anaerobic digestion and no inhibition processes were detected. The highest methane yield coefficients were obtained for the phases obtained after a two-months storages, i.e., suspended solids and liquid phase free of suspended solids, which generated 366 ± 7 mL CH4/g VS and 358 ± 6 mL CH4/g VS, respectively. The phenol extraction process reduced the methane yield coefficient around 25% due to the retention of biodegradable compounds during the extraction process. Regardless of this drop, the anaerobic digestion is a suitable technology for the stabilization of the different generated residual phases, whereas the high market price of the extracted phenols can largely compensate the slight decrease in the methane generation., This research has received funding from EIT Food, the innovation community on Food of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT), a body of the EU, under the Horizon 2020, the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. EIT Food is Europe’s leading agri-food innovation initiative, with the aim to create a sustainable and future-proof food sector. The initiative is made up of a consortium of key industry players, start-ups, research centres and universities from across Europe. EIT Food aims to collaborate closely with consumers to develop new knowledge and technology-based products and services that will ultimately deliver a healthier and more sustainable lifestyle for all European citizens.

Raspberry extrudate residue has bioactive compounds in its matrix that are considered high-added value compounds. In the present study, different hydrothermal treatments were carried out using different operational systems, temperatures and times to solubilize raspberry extrudate in order to obtain these bioactive compounds (i.e., sugars and phenolic compounds). Hydrothermal treatment conditions were assessed in the range of 60 &deg, C to 210 &deg, C, with increments of 30 &deg, C. The hydrothermal treatment at 210 &deg, C for 5 min with direct steam and decompression was the most efficient process based on the solubilization of sugars and phenols, as well as on the antioxidant capacity of the products recovered in the liquid phase after treatment. Under these conditions, the concentration of soluble phenols was more than double the concentration in the raw raspberry extrudate, with more than 5000 mg phenols per kilogram of raspberry extrudate. The obtained values demonstrate the potential of applying this treatment for recovering valuable bioactive compounds from raspberry extrudate.

14 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, The current management of alperujo as the main solid by-product from the two-phase olive oil extraction system has led to the appearance of a new liquid effluent that until now was treated together with the alperujo itself. The composition and antioxidant properties of its bioactive components at different depths of the pond were studied using colorimetric and HPLC with UV and MS detectors, DPPH, reducing power and rancimat. The concentration of suspended solids varied between 1.71 and 8.49 g/L, total fat was between 0.74 and 1.47 g/L, and total phenols were found between 3.74 and 4.11 g/L, which included hydroxytyrosol, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and tyrosol as the main phenols. Two types of extracts were obtained through two industrial systems with ethyl acetate and by chromotography, with an average content in total sugars of 2.1% and 3.16%, total phenols of 17.9% and 28.6% and hydroxytyrosol of 51.5 and 79.0 mg/g of extract, respectively. The activity presented by the chromatographic extract was higher in terms of free radical sequestering capacity, reducing power and the inhibition of lipid oxidation. Obtaining bioactive extracts would improve the formulation of food with natural components and at the same time would be the first step in a biorefinery to improve the management of the new effluent., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme: (RyC 2012-10456).

9 páginas.- 7 figuras.- 35 referencias, The aim of this study was to prepare a complex between the olive phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol (HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and their mixture, with the soluble and insoluble dietary fiber of apple cell wall. A strong interaction between phenols and the apple cell wall occurred during the drying phase and it was confirmed by ultraviolet–visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and especially by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antiradical activity by DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays confirmed that the simple phenolic HT/DHPG maintained in part their antioxidant activity after complexation with the apple cell wall. In addition, the HT/DHPG-soluble and insoluble fractions obtained after simulated gastrointestinal fluids retained this antioxidant activity. These complexes may be protected from absorption during gastrointestinal transit to reach the colon. In the case of the soluble dietary fiber, an enzymatic treatment, in a simulation of hydrolysis by colonic microflora, released oligomers with potential antioxidant activity from this complex. Therefore, the intake of HT/DHPG bound to the fiber of apple cell wall could provide many of the health benefits associated with dietary fiber, and be fermented by gut bacteria to contribute to a healthy antioxidant environment. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd, This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencias, Innovación y Universidades of Spain and co-funded by European Social Fund (ESF) [AGL2016-79088-R). A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) (BES-2014-068508). The funders had no involvement in study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of data, writing of the report, or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

5 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas, Thermal treatments are the latest developments in the olive oil biorefinery industry to extract bioactive compounds from its by-products, mainly the alperujo. To reach these goals and reduce energy consumption the utilization of deep eutectic solvents has been studied. An initial screening led to define a eutectic mix of choline chloride, glycolic and oxalic acid (DES9) as one of the adequate solvents to increase the solubilization of phenols and sugars, with a temperature reduction from 180 °C to 120 °C. DES9 increased the concentration of acid sugars by six times and the concentration of hydroxytyrosol by 30 times, to up to 85.81 mg/g of dry matter. The activity of DES9 is not due to the activity of each component separately or to the mixture of the two acids, but to the eutectic mixture of all of them. In the future, these solvents could improve the extraction, stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds and the biorefinery of alperujo., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme: (RyC 2012-10456) and University of Córdoba.

This study was on the comparison of hydrothermal treatments at 170 &deg, C (steam injection) and 220 &deg, C (steam explosion) to solubilize the organic matter contained in residual strawberry extrudate, focusing on phenolic compounds that were susceptible to be extracted and on sugars. After the extraction step, the remaining strawberry extrudate phases were subjected to anaerobic digestion to generate biogas that would compensate the energy requirements of the suggested hydrothermal treatments and to stabilize the remaining waste. Hydrothermal treatment at 220 &deg, C allowed the recovery of 2053 mg of gallic acid eq. per kg of residual strawberry extrudate. By contrast, after hydrothermal treatment at 170 &deg, C, only 394 mg of gallic acid eq. per kg of residual strawberry extrudate was recovered. Anaerobic digestion processes were applied to the de-phenolized liquid phase and the solid phase together, which generated similar methane productions, i.e., around 430 mL CH4/g volatile solids, after both 170 &deg, C and 220 &deg, C hydrothermal treatments. Considering the latest observation, hydrothermal treatment at 220 &deg, C is a preferable option for the valorization of residual strawberry extrudate (RSE) due to the high solubilization of valuable phenolic compounds that can be recovered.

7 Tablas.-- 4 Figuras, Olive oil is one of the main products from the Central-Western Region of Argentine Republic, which is mostly obtained by continuous two-phase centrifugation systems. Two-phase-olive-mill-waste (TPOMW) or Alperujo is the main waste generated by this process. This research was conducted in order to give value to this waste by producing hydrochar and phenolic antioxidant compounds, products of great interest today. For this, the hydrothermal carbonization process was applied, an effective technique to synthesize a broad range of carbon-rich materials. In this study the extraction of typical phenolic compounds of the olive from the liquid phase generated in this process was also analyzed. Box Benhken response surface method was applied to obtain the optimal values of the operating conditions of the process and the selected response variables: higher heating value of the hydrochar (HHV) and content of total phenol concentration (TPC) in the liquors. Values of 31.70 MJ.kg and 4429 mL.g were obtained, respectively. Effectiveness of hydrothermal carbonization for hydrochar was evidenced, achieving 70% increases in the value of HHV and 40% of carbon concentration, compared to raw alperujo. In addition, values of 1.36 and 0.17 were obtained for the H/C and O/C ratios, respectively, and energy yield of 85%. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, showed their potential application as adsorbent precursor. In the liquid fraction obtained, phenols could be extracted in attractive concentrations, increasing the content of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol 3 and 9 times with respect to the untreated alperujo, respectively., The authors would like to acknowledge the research grants from Universidad Nacional de San Juan, also to Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan-INTA for its participation and use of infrastructure, to CONICET for the contribution of fellows and to the Instituto de la Grasa- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas of Spain for its support in analytical determinations.

6 Tablas, Deep eutectic solvents were used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from strawberry and raspberry by-products. The best performing eutectic solvent (DES-7) was compared to one organic solvent. Total and individual phenolics, sugars, uronic acid, anthocyanins and the antioxidant activity in vitro were measured. The highest yield and purity of phenolic compounds in the extracts were obtained from strawberry extrudate with acetone (11.5%) and from raspberry extrudate (36.7%) with DES-7. The greatest yields of total sugars and acid sugars were achieved from raspberry extrudate using acetone and from strawberry extrudate using DES-7, 82.23 and 1.88 mg/g of extract, respectively. DES-7 was the solvent that extracted the most anthocyanins (1.28 mg/100 mg of extract). In addition, the extracts obtained with acetone presented the best values of antioxidant activity in vitro (DPPH value of 5.33 mmol TE/kg fresh weight and ORAC value of 37.89 μmol TE/g fresh weight) the extracts obtained with DES-7 also presented an interesting antioxidant activity, and a promising solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC2012-10456).

19 Páginas.--1 Tabla.-- 2 Figuras, Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of modified phenols synthesized from hydroxytyrosol, a natural olive oil phenol, specifically those containing a selenium or sulphur group, to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Methods The compounds’ abilities to inhibit lipid peroxidation in liver microsomes obtained from vitamin E-deficient rats were compared to hydroxytyrosol. Results All synthetic compounds had a significant higher ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation than hydroxytyrosol. Selenium derivates displayed a higher antioxidant activity than sulphur derivatives. In addition, the antioxidant activity increased with a higher number of heteroatoms in the hydroxytyrosol molecular structure. Conclusion The study shows, for the first time, the ability of synthetic compounds, derived from the most active phenol present in olives in free form (hydroxytyrosol), and containing one or two atoms of sulphur or selenium, to inhibit the lipid peroxidation of vitamin E-deficient microsomes. The antioxidant activity of five thioureas, a disulfide, a thiol, three selenoureas, a diselenide, and a selenonium were evaluated and the results showed a higher inhibition of lipid peroxidation than the natural phenol. Selenium and sulphur derivatives of hydroxytyrosol are novel antioxidants with the potential to supplement the lack of vitamin E in the diet as natural alternatives for the prevention of diseases related to oxidative damage., The research of BDR and GD is funded by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (Project AGL2016-79088R). GRG wishes to thank the “Ramón y Cajal” Program (RYC-2012-10456 contract), co-funded by the ESF.

The aim of the study was to test the neuroprotective effect of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on experimental diabetic retinopathy. Animals were divided in four groups: (1) control nondiabetic rats, (2) streptozotocin-diabetic rats (DR), (3) DR treated with 1 mg/kg/day p.o. HT, and (4) DR treated with 5 mg/kg/day p.o. HT. Treatment with HT was started 7 days before inducing diabetes and was maintained for 2 months. In the DR group, total area occupied by extracellular matrix was increased, area occupied by retinal cells was decreased; both returned to near-control values in DR rats treated with HT. The number of retinal ganglion cells in DR was significantly lower (44%) than in the control group, and this decrease was smaller after HT treatment (34% and 9.1%). Linear regression analysis showed that prostacyclin, platelet aggregation, peroxynitrites, and the dose of 5 mg/kg/day HT significantly influenced retinal ganglion cell count. In conclusion, HT exerted a neuroprotective effect on diabetic retinopathy, and this effect correlated significantly with changes in some cardiovascular biomarkers., This work was supported in part by Grant P09-AGR-5098 (Proyecto de Investigación de Excelencia, Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa) from the Junta de Andalucía, Spain.

12 Páginas.-- 3 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, The aim of this research was to investigate the interaction of phenols and pectic polysaccharides during the olive oil extraction process. For this, pectin was extracted from fresh olive fruits and compared to the pectin isolated from the paste resulting from the extraction of the olive oil after milling with malaxation at 30 °C/30 min and subsequent centrifugation of the olive paste from the same lot of olive fruits in a system called ABENCOR (AB). The results indicate that these interactions were enhanced during the olive oil extraction process. In addition, the resulting AB extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity (ORAC) and strong antiproliferative activity in vitro against colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell lines compared to olive fruit extracts. The polyphenols associated mainly with the acidic pectin substance, with a higher content in AB extracts, seem to be responsible for these activities, and appear to maintain their activities in part after complexation. However, even in olive fruit extracts with smaller amounts of phenols in their compositions, pectic polysaccharides may also be involved in antioxidant and antiproliferative activities., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of Spain and co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (AGL2016-79088-R). A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Council of Economic Transformation, Industry, Knowledge and Universities of the Junta de Andalucia, co-financed by the European Social Fund. Researcher doctor (DOC_00166).

29 Páginas; 6 Figuras; 2 Tablas, This study describes the development of a composite edible film based on pectin and fish skin protein capable of protecting food from microbial attack and oxidative degradation. The film was prepared with glycerol as plasticizer and the antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), extracted from olive fruit, as active agents. The influence of the concentration of plasticizer and active HT/DHPG on the mechanical and functional properties of the films was investigated, with values of water vapor permeability (WVP) between 0.13–0.22 g mm/h m2 kPa and oxygen permeability (OP) between 9.91–40.76 cm3 μm/m2 d kPa. The release behavior in water at different pH values was also evaluated. The antimicrobial capacity of the novel food coating was tested on strawberries, a fruit with high perishability. The bioactive edible film containing HT/DHPG preserved the strawberries against mold during storage with a significant delay in visible decay., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (Ramon y Cajal Programme RyC 2012–10456; project AGL2013-48291-R and project AGL2016-79088-R) and A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) (BES-2014-068508).

32 Páginas; 7 Tablas; 3 Figuras, Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) has got increasing interest because of its prebiotic effects and technological applications. The enzymatic hydrolysis is an effective treatment to convert insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) into SDF. Date fiber concentrate (DFC) is a very good source of dietary fiber, but its IDF/SDF ratio is very high. In this study an enzymatic treatment has been optimized to enrich DFC in SDF: Viscozyme® L from Novozymes A/S at 2.38 mL enzyme/100 mL reaction volume, in a solid/liquid ratio 1 g/35 mL, at 55 °C during 30–60 min. In these conditions, the amount of SDF increased from 1.8–6.3 to 5.4 g/100 g, and the ratio IDF/SDF changed from 19 to 2–3. In the SDF, besides an increase in the antiradical activity, gluco-, manno-, and xylo-oligosaccharides have been identified. Their molecular weights varied in a wide range, depending of hydrolysis duration, which suggests that this enzymatic treatment could be a promising process for obtaining tailor-made prebiotic oligosaccharides., This research was supported by the Banq Islamique de Développement BID (Saudi Arabia) REF. 36/11201707

33 Páginas.-- 5 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, Extracts rich in pectic polysaccharides associated to polyphenols were obtained from alperujo, the by-product of olive oil extraction, by different thermal treatments and subsequent chemical treatments. The resulting “Pectoliv” extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities and a high antiproliferative capacities in vitro against colon carcinoma Caco-2 and leukemia monocytic THP-1 cell lines. Bleaching of the extracts with sodium chlorite removed the phenolic compounds and significantly reduced antiproliferative and antioxidant activities, confirming that these were due mainly to the associated polyphenols present in Pectoliv. However, even after bleaching, these activities remained very similar to that of a commercial citrus modified pectin obtained by chemical treatment from citrus pectin, which has been implicated in cancer treatment and prevention. Thus Pectolivs have a high potential as antiproliferative or antioxidant agents., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) [Ramon y Cajal Programme RyC 2012-10456; project AGL2013-48291-R and project AGL2016-79088-R]. A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) [BES-2014-068508]. The funding sources had no involvement in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.

30 Páginas.-- 5 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, Three olive modified pectin extracts have been produced by heat and acid treatment of the major by-product of olive oil production. Their effect on proliferation of the colon carcinoma Caco-2 and the leukemia monocytic THP-1 cell lines has been studied in order to determine possible anti-tumor properties. All extracts inhibited proliferation at some of the concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg ml−1. Interestingly none of the extracts inhibited the growth of confluent Caco-2 cells, showing the specificity of the antiproliferative effect for the transformed Caco-2 phenotype. All the extracts inhibited agglutination of red blood cells by galectin-3, a lectin involved in tumor growth, metastasis, and immune cell regulation that has been proposed as a mediator of the anti-tumor effects of modified pectins. In addition, activation of caspase-3 in THP-1 cells indicates that treatment with the pectin-rich extracts triggers apoptosis. These results point to a possible use as health-promoting food ingredients or supplements., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (Ramon y Cajal Programme Grant 2012-10456; AGL2013-48291-R; and AGL2016-79088-R). A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) (BES-2014-068508).

31 Páginas .-- 5 Figuras.-- 6 Tablas, This study proposes a biorefinery approach system to treat two berry extrudates generated by the berry-tasted products industry. The berry extrudates studied were strawberry extrudate (SE1 and SE2) and raspberry extrudate (RE), both of them processed in the same industrial plant. The proposed biorefinery approach consists in the extraction of bioactive compounds after hydrothermal pre-treatment followed by anaerobic digestion of the remaining biomass after extraction. A high concentration of valuable phenolic compounds was extracted from each extrudate through the absorption-desorption processes, i.e. 876, 392 and 2402 mg of gallic acid equivalents/kg extrudate in SE1, SE2 and RE, respectively. Anaerobic digestion of the remaining biomass after extraction led to high methane production, between 371 and 503 mL CH4/g VS. The economical evaluation showed that the proposed biorefinery approach would offer higher benefits than just anaerobic digestion of the untreated extrudate, although this last option would be economically feasible as well., The authors are very grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this research through the project CTM2017-83870-R and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012-10456). The authors also wish to thank to Dr. Bernabé Alonso-Fariñas for the revision of the manuscript.

13 Páginas.-- 5 Tablas.-- 7 Figuras, Steam-explosion is a promising technology for recovering phenolic compounds from olive mill solid waste (OMSW) due to its high impact on the structure of the fibre. Moreover, the recovery of the phenols, which are well-known microbial inhibitors, could improve the subsequent biomethanization of the dephenolized OMSW to produce energy. However, there is a considerable lack of knowledge about how the remaining phenolic compounds could affect a long-term biomethanization process of steam-exploded OMSW. This work evaluated a semi-continuous mesophilic anaerobic digestion of dephenolized steam-exploited OMSW during a long operational period (275 days), assessing different organic loading rates (OLRs). The process was stable at an OLR of 1 gVS/(L·d), with a specific production rate of 163 ± 28 mL CH4/(gVS·d). However, the increment of the OLR up to 2 gVS/(L·d) resulted in total exhaust of the methane production. The increment in the propionic acid concentration up to 1486 mg/L could be the main responsible factor for the inhibition. Regardless of the OLR, the concentration of phenolic compounds was always lower than the inhibition limits. Therefore, steam-exploited OMSW could be a suitable substrate for anaerobic digestion at a suitable OLR, This research was funded by the [Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness] through Project grant number CTM2014-55095-R and the Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012-10456). Sergio López acknowledges the financial support from the ‘V Own Research Plan’ of the University of Seville (VPPI-US) for his research contract. This contracts is cofunded by the European Social Fund.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of a thermal pre-treatment of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and phenol extraction process on the semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of this pre-treated waste during a prolonged operational period (275 days) in order to assess the organic loading rates (OLR) of 1 ad 2 g Volatile Solids (VS)/(L·d). The anaerobic digestion of thermally pre-treated and de-phenolized OMSW was stable at an OLR of 1 g VS/(L·d), which permitted a specific production rate of 172 ± 60 mL CH4/(g VS·d). However, the system was not able to operate at an OLR of 2 g VS/(L·d), which resulted in the total failure of the process. Regardless of the applied OLR, the phenolic compounds were effectively degraded and the inhibition thresholds were not reached. The inhibition of the anaerobic digestion process at an OLR of 2 g VS/(L·d) was probably due to the overloading of the system, indicated by the accumulation of organic matter and volatile fatty acids. The operation of the anaerobic digester under stable conditions allowed for high profitability for the proposed bio-refinery concept, which would still be profitable at a phenol extract price above 51.8 €/kg, which is 90% lower than the current price of 520 €/kg., The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this research through Project CTM2014-55095-R and the Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012-10456).

Cocoa bean husk extract (CBHE)was obtained by thermal treatment at 170 °C for 30 min. The CBHE was added to a virgin olive oil jam in a freeze-dried form or encapsulated. Phenols, theobromine, and antioxidant activity were determined over 28 days in both jams and compared to a control jam. Total phenols, epicatechin, and theobromine were higher in the water fraction of the jam with non-encapsulated extract (J-CBHE)at day 28: 1140, 19.14 and 70 ppm, respectively. For the oil fraction of J-CBHE, total phenols, epicatechin, and theobromine contents were 120, 2.54, and 0.13 ppm at day 28, respectively. The oil content in jam with the non-encapsulated extract showed the best Rancimat induction time, with a 32% increase compared to the control, keeping for longer without becoming rancid. Nevertheless, the jam with encapsulated extract showed the best retention of bioactive compounds during the storage time., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the European Social Fund (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC2012-10456), the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP-México) and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT-México).

The interaction of strawberry cell wall with hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), two potent phenolic antioxidants naturally found in olive fruit with important biological properties, was investigated. The interaction occurred with drying and seemed to be more complex, strong and irreversible than a simple association. MALDI TOF-TOF analysis suggested covalent (ester bond) and non-covalent (strong hydrogen-bonding, mostly) interactions. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay confirmed that the phenols maintained partially their antioxidant activity after binding to the soluble dietary fraction. This soluble dietary fiber was obtained following digestion simulated in vitro with gastric and intestinal fluids. Although the antioxidant activity of HT and DHPG was affected by the dietary fiber interaction, this activity was restored when polysaccharide size was reduced by enzymatic treatment, suggesting that a similar process could occur in the colon. Thus, the use of this novel antioxidant-enriched soluble dietary fiber as a functional food ingredient could potentially promote intestinal health., Funding was received from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain and co-funded by European Social Fund (ESF) [Project AGL2013-48291-R].

The development of thermal treatments is helping to optimize the management of waste generated by the two-phase olive oil extraction system. A new treatment reactor, based on the steam explosion system, has been scaled up to the industrial level and offers several physical and chemical advantages. The reactor has been adapted to work into the pomace oil extractors. Chemical advantages include the efficient solubilization of simple phenols, like hydroxytyrosol, and sugars in the liquid fraction, and a significant reduction of humidity and toxicity of the residual solid fraction, in which cellulose and oil are concentrated, making the solid residual waste more suitable for subsequent bioprocess applications. All of these parameters will lead to the widespread use of steam treatment in the near future to improve the management and obtain the maximum exploitation of this byproduct., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012-10456).

26 Páginas.-- 3 Tablas.-- 1 Figura., Date palm fruits and their seeds are excellent sources of dietary fiber (DF). Date fruits contain 8.1–12.7 % Total DFs (of which 84–94 % is insoluble and 6–16 % soluble DF) and is very rich in phenolic antioxidants (1–2 %). Date fruit fibers are composed of cellulose and NSP. Moreover, date DF has important functional properties, such as water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity. Date seeds contain about 15 % fiber, characterized by a high level of water-insoluble mannan fibers. It has been suggested that date fruits and seeds can be exploited in some food applications. In order to improve fiber yields, pretreatment procedures can be applied, which give excellent results in the case of date palm fibers. Date fruits are widely available in the global market, but there is still room for improvement, particularly in the revalorization of date processing waste, and secondary cultivars. The incorporation of date fruits and seeds as food ingredients would promote the presence of dates in the modern's consumer shopping basket. Present knowledge about different aspects of date DF, and suitable extraction methods and applications of date fiber (flesh and seed), will be the focus of this report., This research was supported by the Banq Islamique de Developpement BID (Saudi Arabia REF. 36/11201707).

30 Páginas.-- 4 Figuras.-- 2 Tablas, [Background] Cocoa bean husk (CBH) is the principal by-product of the cocoa industry and a significant agro-industrial residue. In this study, using different hydrothermal treatments of CBH, it is shown that CBH is an important source of bioactive compounds, including theobromine, epicatechin and catechin., [Results] Treatment over 150 °C significantly increased the yield of total and individual phenols and theobromine as well as the antioxidant capacity of the liquid fraction. A total of 52 different genotypes of CBH harvested in two seasons of production were analyzed. Overall, higher amounts of total phenols, theobromine and epigallocatechin were detected in samples from the 2015 season, while samples from 2014 had higher quantities of catechin and similar quantities of epicatechin., [Conclusion] CBH treatment at 170 °C for 30 min produces an antioxidant-rich extract high in phenols (55 mg g), sugars (220 mg g) and theobromine (56 mg g) that is suitable for applications in the food, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co‐funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016‐79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012‐10456) and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT‐Mexico).

3 Figuras.-- 4 Tablas, The potential of the cocoa bean husk (CBH) as a natural source of bioactive compounds is ever-increasing. In this work, its bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity were analyzed using near infrared spectroscopy in samples of CBH. Beans were harvested and fermented in a Mexican gene bank. Reference data on total sugars, total phenols, phenolic compounds, theobromine, and antioxidant activity were correlated with the intact husk and bean spectra. The Modified Partial Least Square regression method (MPLSR) was used to develop calibrations. Good calibration statistics were obtained for total sugars (r2 = 0.90), theobromine (r2 = 0.83) and total phenols (r2 = 0.81) in data related to the CBH spectra, with a ratio of standard deviation/standard error of cross validation (RPD) of 3.16, 2.39 and 2.28, respectively. Acceptable calibrations for the estimation of bioactive compounds in CBH were obtained for the first time from the spectra of intact grain samples. Industries interested in bioactive compounds from CBH could use this technology as an easy and fast method to predict their contents, while avoiding the inconvenient de-husking process., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) (project AGL2016-79088R), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC2012-10456), the National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP-México),and the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT-Mexico).

Secondary varieties of date from Tunisia are underutilized due to their low commercial quality. Fiber concentrates (DFC) can be obtained from these fruits after a steam pretreatment. DFCs were evaluated as a source of antioxidant dietary fiber for bakery products. Muffins were prepared with 2.5 and 5% flour substitution with DFCs obtained by treatments at 165 and 180C. The DFC-doughs presented a similar yield to the control but the muffins reached a lower volume. The density increase did not imply an increase in texture. In fact, the muffins with DFC-165 were the softest tested, although they had lower cohesiveness and springiness. The proximate composition was similar among samples. The DFC-muffins had higher antioxidant capacity than the control, and obtained good scores in the sensory evaluation. DFC-165 is a valuable ingredient for baked goods, but its effect on fat rancidity and staling delays should be confirmed. Practical Applications Listing dietary fiber on the ingredient label of a product is always viewed positively by consumers. Several dietary fibers coming from underutilized varieties of Tunisian dates were added to bakery products. In some cases, texture and organoleptic characteristics of fortified muffins were the best tested, increasing also their antioxidant activity. From a technological point of view, the addition of date dietary fiber could also extend the self-life of baked goods due to a delay of staling and fat rancidity caused by storage.

33 Páginas.-- 6 Figuras.-- 1 Tabla, This study explored the interaction of pectin with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), a potent phenolic antioxidant naturally found in olive fruit, via encapsulation into pectinate beads. MALDI TOF-TOF analysis supported the formation of complexes between DHPG and pectin. A combination of covalent bonds (ester bonds) and non-covalent interactions, mostly hydrogen bonding, were suggested as the cause of DHPG-pectin complex formation. Free radical scavenging assays confirmed that DHPG maintained its antioxidant activity after complexation and after a digestion simulated in vitro with gastric and intestinal fluids. Therefore, DHPG-pectin beads could reach the large intestine and contribute to a healthy antioxidant environment., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (Ramon y Cajal Programme RyC 2012–10456; project AGL2013-48291-R and project AGL2016-79088-R). A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) (BES-2014-068508).

28 Páginas; 2 Tablas; 3 Figuras, The current work evaluated the ability of pure 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) in combination with a commercial phenolic extract from Olea europaea rich in HT to prevent the oxidation of edible vegetable oils. The commercial phenolic extract was highly soluble in all matrices and significantly improved the oxidation stability and delayed the onset of rancidity of oils compared to a control (with no antioxidant). The combinations of DHPG with other natural antioxidants, such as HT and α-tocopherol, showed that it can be a useful supplement to increase the shelf life of sunflower oil. Synergism was observed when DHPG and HT were added in combination. The synergistic effect was directly related to the concentration ratio between both antioxidants. The mixtures containing DHPG/α-tocopherol and DHPG/HT/α-tocopherol also showed effectiveness in delaying oxidation., This work is part of the Subprogramme Torres Quevedo (PTQ-12-05830) and project AGL2013-48291-R, supported by The Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) and co-funded by European Social Fund (ESF). Dr. Guillermo Rodríguez is grateful to the Ramon y Cajal Programme (RYC-2012-10456) for financially supporting this research. The authors also wish to thank SVM, S. L. for the Olivefen® extract.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the addition of two antioxidants naturally present in olives, hydroxytyrosol (HT) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), to a pectin-fish gelatin edible film on the preservation of raw beef meat during refrigerated storage. A new composite film that included beeswax was also prepared, resulting in a reduction in the film's oxygen permeability. Results showed that the meat samples wrapped with film containing antioxidants reduced the formation of oxidation products in the form of thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS) compared with control film without antioxidants. HT added at 0.5% to the film with beeswax suppressed the lipid oxidation of beef meat during 7 days of storage at 4 °C, possibly by the combined effect of acting as an oxygen barrier and the specific antioxidant activity. The interference of plasticizer agents (glycerol and sorbitol) incorporated to the film on the TBARS method was showed for the first time., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and co-funded by a European Social Fund (ESF) (Ramon y Cajal Programme RyC 2012-10456; project AGL2013-48291-R and project AGL2016-79088-R). A. Bermúdez-Oria received funding from the Spanish FPI program (MEIC) (BES-2014-068508).

In a society where the environmental conscience is gaining attention, it is necessary to evaluate the potential valorization options for agricultural biomass to create a change in the perception of the waste agricultural biomass from waste to resource. In that sense, the biorefinery approach has been proposed as the roadway to increase profit of the agricultural sector and, at the same time, ensure environmental sustainability. The biorefinery approach integrates biomass conversion processes to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass. The present review is focused on the extraction of value-added compounds, anaerobic digestion, and composting of agricultural waste as the biorefinery approach. This biorefinery approach is, nevertheless, seen as a less innovative configuration compared to other biorefinery configurations, such as bioethanol production or white biotechnology. However, any of these processes has been widely proposed as a single operation unit for agricultural waste valorization, and a thoughtful review on possible single or joint application has not been available in the literature up to now. The aim is to review the previous and current literature about the potential valorization of agricultural waste biomass, focusing on valuable compound extraction, anaerobic digestion, and composting of agricultural waste, whether they are not, partially, or fully integrated., The authors are very grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding this research through the Projects CTM2017-83870-R and AGL2016-79088R, with this project co-funded by an European Social Fund (ESF), and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Ramon y Cajal Programme (RyC 2012-10456).

45 Páginas.-- 3 Tablas.-- 2 Figuras, Hydrothermal pretreatments including steam explosion and subcritical water (SCW) facilitate hydrolyses of plant cell wall materials and supply environmentally friendly extraction solvents to recover value added compounds. In this study, effect of steam and SCW and temperature (160, 180 and 200 °C, 5 min) on yield and β-sitosterol content of pomace oil and phenolics were compared for value added utilization of olive pomace. Compared to acid hydrolysis, hydrothermal pretreatments yielded similar oil recovery. 54–76% of the bound oil and 18–32% of the bound β-sitosterol of the pomace were recovered by hydrothermal pretreatments. Steam pretreatment was more effective than SCW pretreatment at lower temperatures, however SCW showed increasing trend on oil yield related to steam pretreatment. As further research on process development, use of sequential temperature might be investigated, starting with steam explosion (200 °C) to obtain multiple, aqueous and meal, fractions for total valorization of olive pomace., This work was supported by the TUBITAK National Scholarship for PhD Students (2211c). Özge Seçmeler would like to thank Food Phytochemistry and Modifications of Lipids Departments of Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC for their help during her study.