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The graphic DRAM standard GDDR6 is developed to overcome the limitation of previous standards GDDR5/5X for achieving high-speed operation. This paper introduces 16-Gb GDDR6 DRAM with a per-bit trainable single-ended decision feedback equalizer (DFE), a reference impedance (ZQ)-coded transmitter, and a phase-locked loop (PLL)-less clocking to overcome I/O speed limitation by the DRAM process. Furthermore, this paper optimizes clock- and power-domain crossings and adopts split-die architecture to improve signal integrity (SI). This GDDR6 operates 16 Gb/s/pin with 1.15 V and achieves 18 Gb/s/pin with 1.35 V in the DRAM process.

Zero-shot recognition (ZSR) aims to perform visual classification by category in the absence of training samples. The focus in most traditional ZSR models is using semantic knowledge about familiar categories to represent unfamiliar categories with only the visual appearance of an unseen object. In this research, we consider not only visual information but context to enhance the classifier&rsquo, s cognitive ability in a multi-object scene. We propose a novel method, contextual inference, that uses external resources such as knowledge graphs and semantic embedding spaces to obtain similarity measures between an unseen object and its surrounding objects. Using the intuition that close contexts involve more related associations than distant ones, distance weighting is applied to each piece of surrounding information with a newly defined distance calculation formula. We integrated contextual inference into traditional ZSR models to calibrate their visual predictions, and performed extensive experiments on two different datasets for comparative evaluations. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through significant enhancements in performance.

Starting at 512Mb 6Gb/s/pin [1], GDDR5's speed and density have been steadily developing for about 10 years; recently achieving 8Gb 9Gb/s/pin [2] with per-pin timing training. Although 8Gb GDDR5X can operate at 12Gb/s [3] by increasing the burst length (BL) from 8 to 16, a degradation in system performance at a data granularity of 64B is seen. The I/O specification, using PLL clocking that additionally causes PLL jitter, has not changed much compared with GDDR5. To overcome these issues, GDDR6 introduced a dual channel for a data granularity of 32B with a BL16, per-bit training of l/ REF , and an equalizer with PLL-less clocking. This paper presents a 16Gb 18Gb/s/pin GDDR6 DRAM with a die architecture and high-speed circuit techniques on 1.35V DRAM process.

Non-working day in the construction work is closely related with the construction duration and one of the most important factors in the process planning. Although most construction companies in domestic can accurately calculate working days, these companies are difficult to calculate exactly days of non-working because the calculation standard of non-working day is insufficient. Although previous studies have suggested the calculation standard of non-working day due to weather conditions, these studies didn't provide a standard to determine whether the next day is working day or non-working day when it had much rain and snow. In this study, we proposed the new calculation standards of non-working day and days of non-working of 30 cities about the excavation and foundation works. The results of this study will be useful to estimate the proper construction duration for 30 cities. Also, these will be utilized to find start time for the profiTable construction duration in the same project of the same area. Finally, The results of this study will be helped to save construction cost and improve quality of apartment housing.

Construction duration in construction project is an important factor which affects project cost. Advanced countries have reduced project cost by time shortening. Even though domestic construction companies have tried to time shortening, they yet failed to find systematic method for time shortening. Typically, duration of structural framework is affected by stripping time of form. Therefore, it need to shorten the stripping time of form for time shortening of structural framework. In this study, specimens of high-early-strength concrete were manufactured with variety conditions and compressive strength was tested. This study proposed stripping time of side and slab forms using test results. The stripping time of form was shortened when using high-early-strength concrete in structural framework by the test results. The result of this study will be useful for time shortening of structural framework.

This study aims to suggest the method to enhance the value of public construction project during contract review process considering budget reduction for project profit and public interest enhancement simultaneously. The main results of this study are as follows: ① Current method are considered to be improved from the point that cost reduction through current method could influence performance of the object of contract without conforming to user requirements or facilities' function. ② In order to supplement current process, the method to evaluate the variation of performance and value was established based on facility type, participants on each phase, and their requirement. ③ Case study was conducted to verify suggested method, and showed the successful application in enhancing the value of construction projects on public sector. As enormous finances with the scale of 40 trillion won of the country and local government are invested into the public construction projects every year, various policies and techniques have been introduced to prevent the waste of budget by removing underlying inefficiency and waste factors in each phase of the construction project. Recently, public institutions including each central government and local government have shown the achievement of the large-scaled budget reduction for their own projects that the corresponding institute is in charge of through the contract review system. In spite of this budget reduction, it has been pointed out that the qualities of public projects such as functionality for users or consideration for project participants are overlooked during the contract review. This opinion is based on the fact that public projects should satisfy the additional needs by increasing the profit of stakeholders and public as well as the budget reduction. As the purposes of current contract review system are to enable the efficient and transparent execution of the budget, and to reinvest the savings, etc., the results of review are mostly reported focusing on the budget reduction of owner. This kind of reduction might cause non-conformance to user requirement, affect the performance of facilities with inadequate function, and change the site conditions or work difficulties of the contractors. Thus, a method needs to be established to secure project value as public construction with reduced cost by contract review. This study aimed to suggest the plan to enhance the value of projects in the process of contract review for public construction projects by considering both the budget reduction and the increase of the public profits from the perspective of the stakeholders of projects. By utilizing the method suggested in this paper, the objectivity and reasonableness of the current review works are expected to be improved, and the optimal direction of satisfying project stakeholders to be identified in carrying out public construction projects.

Recently, resettlement problems of low income groups in the urban regeneration area have been issued in Korea because they have no capability to purchase (or lease) redeveloped housing (or apartment). There are several approaches for supplying affordable housing and one of these is the bidding system which can reduce construction cost. However, the lowest bidding system has many problems such as dumping and substandard quality. In this context, this study proposed bidding system based on technical proposal applying the concept of the lowest total combined bid price for optimization of bid price, reduction of construction cost and period, and maintenance of suitable quality. This bidding system embraces the best value and cost plus time concept on the basis of an improved lowest price bidding system. It consists of the following components: work unit based, project unit based, and period reducing technical proposals. The proposed bidding system for determining bidders are designed to evaluate the adequacy of each technical proposal in the order of the combined minimum price in an effort to effectively optimize bid prices and reduce the construction periods, as well as to maintain a minimum appropriate quality.