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A 2D/3D compatible display is proposed. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display can make viewers freely choose to view 2D or 3D images, and do not interact with each other. The proposed 2D/3D compatible display consists of a 2D display panel, a polarization modulator, and a pair of polarizing glasses. The 2D display panel is used to display a 2D synthetic image. The 2D synthetic image can be used to show the first parallax image. The polarization modulator can change the polarization directions of 2D synthetic image. Therefore, the component of the 2D synthetic image on specific polarization direction can be used to show the second parallax image. The polarizing glasses have only one lens covered with polarizer. This lens is used to view the second parallax image. And another lens without polarizer is used to view the first parallax image included in the original 2D synthetic image. Therefore, 3D image is displayed. A prototype of the proposed display is developed. Experimental results agree well with the theory. We believe it will be a potential application in 2D/3D compatible display.

We propose a crosstalk-free integral imaging three-dimensional (3D) display using a pinhole array. It consists of a back light unit, a pinhole array and a liquid crystal panel. The pinhole array, which is attached to the back light unit, is located between the back light unit and the liquid crystal panel. Three imaging models of the integral imaging 3D display with different pinhole arrays are analyzed to reveal the relationship between the aperture width of the pinhole array and the crosstalk. The optimal value of the aperture width of the pinhole array is also obtained to eliminate the crosstalk. A prototype using the optimal pinhole array is developed, and the experiment results agree well with the theory.

A real-time viewpoint generation-based 3D display with low crosstalk and high resolution is proposed. The proposed 3D display consists of a pattern image display (PID), a lenticular lens, and a transparent liquid crystal display (LCD) panel. For each eye of the observer, the PID can provide a pattern image with stripes that have a calculated pitch and displacement according to the eye position. The light from the stripes can be concentrated 3D display eye tracking by the lenticular lens and generate a viewpoint at the eye position. The transparent LCD panel is used to provide parallax images. This transparent LCD panel will not change the direction of light propagation and the location of the generated viewpoints. Then the whole parallax image on the transparent LCD panel can be projected by the PID and the lenticular lens to the viewpoint, so the resolution will not suffer like that in the convention 3D displays. Because the viewpoints are real-time generated according to the position of the observer’s eyes, the observer’s eyes will completely coincide with the position of the generated viewpoint. So crosstalk can be limited at a low level, and the viewing range is almost unlimited.

A dual-view one-dimensional integral imaging (DV1DII) display with large viewing angle is proposed. It is composed of a display panel, a polarizer, a lenticular lens array and two pairs of polarized glasses. The elemental images 1 and 2, which are captured from the 3D scenes 1 and 2, are respectively displayed on the left and right half of the display panel. The lights emitted from the elemental images 1 are sequentially polarized and modulated by the sub-polarizer 1 and the corresponding lenticular lenses. The orthoscopic 3D image 1 is observed in the right viewing direction by wearing the polarized glasses 1. In a similar way, the orthoscopic 3D image 2 is seen in the left viewing direction by wearing the polarized glasses 2. A prototype of the proposed DV1DII display is developed, and good experimental results agree well with the theory.

We propose a dual-view one-dimensional integral imaging 3D display using a barrier array. It is composed of an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a barrier array and a liquid crystal panel. The OLED and the liquid crystal panel are used to present an element image array and a parallax barrier. The barrier is located at the middle of adjacent slits. The gap between adjacent barriers is equal to the pitch of the slit. The element image array consists of the left and right elemental images which are alternately arranged. The left and right elemental images located between adjacent barriers are only modulated by the corresponding slit between those. A prototype is developed, and the viewing ranges of the left and right viewing zones are increased along with the increase of the viewing distance.

Conventional 3D displays have only one optimal view distance (OVD). When observers stay away from the OVD, crosstalk occurs. Therefore, a 3D display with switchable optimal view distances is proposed. The proposed 3D display consists of a scattering modulator, a directional light source array, and a 2D display panel. The 2D display panel is used to provide parallax images. The directional light source array light up the scattering modulator to form a postpositive backlight. The scattering modulator is formed by stacking at least two polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) layers. One layer in the stack can be set in a scattering state. The others are set in a transparent state. So the scattering PDLC layer will become a postpositive backlight and project parallax images into different spatial directions. Because the PDLC layers in the stack have different distances to the 2D display panel, different OVDs can be provided. A prototype of the proposed display is developed. Experimental results show the proposed 3D display is helpful for crosstalk reduction by switching to suitable OVD.

Retro-reflection based projection 3D display with low crosstalk is proposed. The 3D display consists of a retro-reflective sheet, an image projector array, a vertical scattering layer, and two optical noise sources projectors. The image projector array is used to provide parallax images. The retro-reflective sheet is used to reflect parallax images to different horizontal viewpoints to form 3D images. The vertical scattering layer is used to scatter the reflected light in the vertical directions, and form viewing areas in the vertical projection area of each corresponding projector. The optical noise source projector provides salt and pepper noise to reduce crosstalk. A prototype of the proposed 3D display is developed, and the experiment results agree well with the theory.

We propose a dual-view integral imaging display using a polarizer. It consists of a display panel, a polarizer, a microlens array, and two pairs of polarizer glasses. The polarizer comprises the left and right subpolarizers whose polarization directions are orthogonal. Two kinds of elemental images are captured from different three-dimensional scenes and located on the left and right half of the display panel. The lights emitting from two kinds of elemental images are polarized by the left and right subpolarizers. The polarization directions of the two pairs of polarizer glasses used in the left and right viewing zones are the same as those of the right and left subpolarizers, respectively. Two different three-dimensional images are simultaneously viewed in the left and right viewing directions by wearing two pairs of polarizer glasses. A prototype of the proposed dual-view integral imaging display is developed, and the experimental results verify the hypothesis.

A 3D display based on a microsphere-lens (MSL) array is proposed. This 3D display uses the MSL array to project the parallax images on a 2D display panel into different spatial directions. Each MSL can work as a conventional micro-lens. However, the MSL has a much shorter focal length than the conventional micro-lens. The shorter focal length is helpful for increasing the viewing angle. A prototype of the 3D display is developed. Experiment result shows that the proposed display has a large viewing angle and the crosstalk is also limited in a low level.

We propose a tri-view integral imaging (TVII) three-dimensional (3D) display which presents three different 3D images in the left, middle and right viewing directions simultaneously. The element image array (EIA) of the TVII 3D display consists of three sub-EIAs. The three sub-EIAs captured from three different scenes are responsible for three different 3D images in the left-, middle- and right-view, respectively. A prototype of the TVII display is developed, and the experimental results verify the correctness of the theory. The TVII 3D display is easily convertible to mono-view or dual-view II 3D display.

An autostereoscopic 3D display with high brightness and low crosstalk is proposed. This display consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, a reflective light source (RLS), and a parallax barrier or lenticular lens. The RLS behind the LCD panel consists of a light source, a light guide plate, and a reflection cavity. The RLS can make light reflect continuously in the reflection cavity and exit from the slits on the cavity surface. The widths of these slits are narrower than those of the subpixels, so they can provide a low aperture ratio, which is helpful in obtaining low crosstalk. Because of the reflection cavity, the optical efficiency is higher than that using a single barrier. The parallax barrier or lenticular lens can project parallax images on the LCD panel into different directions. Then 3D images are formed. A prototype of the proposed 3D display having high brightness 3D images and low crosstalk is developed. The experimental results agree well with the theory.

A polarizer parallax barrier 3D display with high brightness, resolution and low crosstalk is proposed in this paper. The 3D display includes a 2D display panel, a polarizer film array, and a polarizer parallax barrier. The 2D display panel and the polarizer film array provide two parallax images in orthogonal polarization directions. The polarizer parallax barrier is covered with striped polarizers. Parallax images are modulated by the polarizer parallax barrier, and 3D images are displayed. A prototype of the proposed 3D display is developed and it has higher brightness and resolution than the 3D display based on conventional parallax barriers. Using a particular algorithm for synthetic images, the crosstalk is limited in a low level. Experiments are carried out, and good results finally verify the feasibility of the proposed method.

A three-dimensional (3-D) display with optimized view distribution is proposed. The proposed 3-D display consists of a two-dimensional (2-D) display panel, a pixel mask, and a lenticular lens. The 2-D display panel is used to provide parallax images. The pixel mask has a designed pinhole array and is located close to the 2-D display panel. This pinhole array can modulate the location and size of the pixels on the 2-D display panel to provide an optimized view distribution. Finally, the lenticular lens projects the pixels in different spatial directions to form 3-D images. Different from conventional 3-D displays, the proposed 3-D display can concentrate views into the center area and form a better parallax continuity. A prototype of the proposed 3-D display is developed. Experiment results agree well with the theory.

A parameter design of a parallax barrier is one of the most important keys to design a one-dimensional integral imaging (1DII) display using parallax barrier. The relationship between the thickness of the parallax barrier and the viewing angle of the 1DII display is studied, and the maximal value of the thickness is also obtained. When the thickness of the parallax barrier is greater than the maximal value, the viewing angle of the 1DII display is decreased with increasing the thickness of the parallax barrier. A prototype of the 1DII display using parallax barrier is developed, and the experimental results agree well with the theory.

The parallax barrier 3D display is an autostereoscopic display with low cost. However, the conventional parallax barrier 3D display has a disadvantage of low brightness. Therefore, a parallax barrier 3D display based on shared pixels is proposed. The shared pixels have adapted pixel values which limit crosstalk in a low level, so that they can be displayed simultaneously in both two parallax images. These pixels increase aperture ratio of the parallax barrier. Therefore, they can bring high brightness. A prototype of the proposed 3D display is developed and it has higher brightness than those based on the conventional one.

We propose an autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3-D) display using a time-multiplexed method. This display consists of a two-dimensional (2-D) display panel, a time-multiplexed liquid crystal parallax barrier (LCPB), and a lenticular sheet. The 2-D display provides four-view synthetic images. The time-multiplexed LCPB located in front of the 2-D display panel is used to project parallax images in different spatial directions. With the time-multiplexed method, 3-D pixels with different locations can be provided for a time sequence, allowing a high 3-D resolution to be achieved. The lenticular lens is located between the 2-D display panel and the LCPB. Because of congregating ray functions of the lenticular sheet, cross talk can be effectively reduced. We describe the principle and parameter calculations for the prototype of the proposed display. Compared with the conventional autostereoscopic 3-D display, the proposed display has a higher resolution and minimal cross talk.

We propose a dual-view integral imaging (DVII) three-dimensional (3D) display using polarized glasses. The DVII 3D display consists of a display panel, a polarized parallax barrier, a microlens array, and two pairs of polarized glasses. Two kinds of elemental images, which are captured from two different 3D scenes, are alternately arranged on the display panel. The polarized parallax barrier is attached to the display panel and composed of two kinds of units that are also alternately arranged. The polarization directions between adjacent units are perpendicular. The polarization directions of the two pairs of polarized glasses are the same as those of the two kinds of units of the polarized parallax barrier, respectively. The lights emitted from the two kinds of elemental images are modulated by the corresponding polarizer units and microlenses, respectively. Two different 3D images are reconstructed in the viewing zone and separated by using two pairs of polarized glasses. A prototype of the DVII 3D display is developed and two 3D images can be presented simultaneously, verifying the hypothesis.

A one-dimensional integral imaging (1DII) display with large viewing angle is proposed in this paper. The proposed 1DII display is composed of a display panel, a barrier array and a parallax barrier. The barriers, which are located at the junction of adjacent elemental images on the display panel, are perpendicular to the display panel and the parallax barrier. It is different from the previous 1DII display using the barrier array that the aperture centers of the slits aren’t aligned with the centers of the corresponding element images. Moreover, the most important difference is that the pitch of the slit is small than that of the elemental image. The widths of all viewing zones reconstructed by elemental images are identical at the optimal viewing distance. Thus, the viewing angle of the proposed 1DII display isn’t affected by the number of the slits and the elemental images. A prototype of the proposed 1DII display is developed, and good experimental results are obtained.

A pixel mask-based three-dimensional (3-D) display with uniform resolution is proposed. This 3-D display consists of a reflected light source, a pixel mask, a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, and a lenticular lens. The reflected light source is located on the bottom layer of the proposed 3-D display. It has a reflective structure to improve optical efficiency, so it can make up the brightness loss, which is caused by the pixel mask. The pixel mask is located between the reflected light source and the LCD panel, and is attached on the back surface of the LCD panel. This pixel mask is made of a reflective material, and some transparent areas are etched on it. The pixel mask redefines the pixels of the two-dimensional display panel located in front of it, so the size and location of redefined pixels depend on the transparent area of the pixel mask. The arrangement of the redefined pixels can increase the column numbers of synthetic images. Therefore, the synthetic images can make 3-D images have uniform resolution. A 4-view prototype of this display is developed and the experimental result shows the proposed method can improve resolution uniformity successfully.

A special subpixel arrangement-based 3D display is proposed. This display consists of a 2D display panel and a parallax barrier. On the 2D display panel, subpixels have a special arrangement, so they can redefine the formation of color pixels. This subpixel arrangement can bring about triple horizontal resolution for a conventional 2D display panel. Therefore, when these pixels are modulated by the parallax barrier, the 3D images formed also have triple horizontal resolution. A prototype of this display is developed. Experimental results show that this display with triple horizontal resolution can produce a better display effect than the conventional one.

A 3D display based on a parallax barrier with multiview zones is proposed. This display consists of a 2D display panel and a parallax barrier. The basic element of the parallax barrier has three narrow slits. They can show three columns of subpixels on the 2D display panel and form 3D pixels. The parallax barrier can provide multiview zones. In these multiview zones, the proposed 3D display can use a small number of views to achieve a high density of views. Therefore, the distance between views is the same as the conventional ones with more views. Considering the proposed display has fewer views, which bring more 3D pixels in the 3D images, the resolution and brightness will be higher than the conventional ones. A 12-view prototype of the proposed 3D display is developed, and it provides the same density of views as a conventional one with 28 views. Experimental results show the proposed display has higher resolution and brightness than the conventional one. The cross talk is also limited at a low level.

A reflected-light-source (RLS)-based 3D display is proposed. This display consists of an RLS and a 2D display panel. The 2D display panel is located in front of the RLS. The RLS consists of a light source, a light guide plate (LGP), and a reflection cavity. The light source and the LGP are located in the reflection cavity. Light from the light source can enter into the LGP and reflect continuously in the reflection cavity. The reflection cavity has a series of slits, and light can exit only from these slits. These slits can work as a postpositional parallax barrier, so when they modulate the parallax images on the 2D display, 3D images are formed. Different from the conventional 3D display based on a parallax barrier, this RLS has less optical loss, so it can provide higher brightness. A prototype of this display is developed. Experimental results show that this RLS-based 3D display can provide higher brightness than the conventional one.

An orthogonal-polarized directional backlight-based three-dimensional (3D) display is proposed. This backlight consists of an orthogonal-polarized backlight and a parallax barrier, so it can project light with different polarized directions to different spatial directions. The backlight can project the pixels with different polarized directions on the two-dimensional display in different directions and form 3D images. With this backlight, the proposed display can provide double horizontal resolution. A prototype of this display is developed. Experiment results show that this display with double horizontal resolution can provide a better display effect than the conventional one, and it can decrease crosstalk to a low level.

The 3D display based on a parallax barrier is a low-cost autostereoscopic display. However, the vertical and horizontal resolution of the 3D images displayed on it will be seriously nonuniform as this display has a large number of views. It will worsen the display quality; therefore, a 3D display that consists of a 2D display panel and dual parallax barriers is proposed. With a 2D display panel, the proposed 3D display provides the synthetic images with square pixel units in which the arrangement of pixels can make the 3D image have uniform resolution. With the dual parallax barriers, the proposed 3D display shows the pixels in square pixel units for different horizontal views. Therefore, this display has uniform resolution of 3D images. A four-view prototype of the proposed 3D display is developed, and it provides uniform 3D resolution in the vertical and horizontal directions.