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ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of manipulating the net height in 4 vs. 4 small-sided games on the tactical-technical performance of professional female volleyball athletes. Eight professional female athletes participated in this study, playing 4 vs. 4 small-sided games at three net heights: 2.15 m, 2.24 m, and 2.33 m. The technical-tactical actions (Specific Performance per Action, Specific Performance per Component, and General Performance) were analyzed through the IAD-VB. Results indicated that the lower net height favored the complex 0 actions (p=0.034; V=0.329), while the higher net height favored setting (p=0.001; V=0.449), attack (p=0.038; V=0.325), and defense (p

Abstract Background and rationale The literature shows that the prevalence of dietary supplements is high and guidance by a nutritionist or specialized professional is low in professional triathletes. It is reasonable to assume that in recreational triathletes, the prevalence of dietary supplements will also be high and that a significant portion of the sampled population will use supplements without any guidance from a qualified professional. The present study investigated dietary supplement use among Brazilian male recreational triathletes. Methods A total of 724 Brazilian male recreational triathletes (age: 38.00 [10.00] years and body mass index: 24.16 [3.02] kg/m2) took part in this study. All participants answered an online questionnaire containing questions about their demographic characteristics and the nutritional aspects of their diet. Results The results showed that ~ 90% (n = 653) of the interviewed participants reported using at least one dietary supplement. Surprisingly, ~ 25% did not receive supplement advice from a professional nutritionist. Conclusion The prevalence of dietary supplements in male recreational triathletes was high, and a substantial part of the sample did not receive professional recommendations. This situation is worrisome because dietary supplements should be prescribed by a professional nutritionist. Practical implications Our results suggest the need for an appropriate attitude and guidance by health professionals who deal with this population, especially nutritionists, to promote safe practices.

Abstract Purpose To compare the academic performance of undergraduate students in physical education who studied exercise physiology before and after studying human physiology and investigate students’ perceptions of human physiology and exercise physiology courses. Methods This study included 311 undergraduate students pursuing a bachelor’s degree in physical education. Participants were divided into two groups: those who had previously attended and completed the human physiology course (group 1, n = 212, 68.2%) and those who had not previously attended or had attended but failed the human physiology course (group 2, n = 99, 31.8%). The prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using a Poisson regression model with a robust variance estimator. The second aim comprised 67 students with bachelor’s degrees in physical education who completed an electronic questionnaire about their perceptions of human physiology and exercise physiology curriculum. Results Compared with those who attended human physiology and passed, those who had not previously attended or had attended but failed the human physiology course have a higher PR of 2.37 (95% CI, 1.68–3.34) for failing exercise physiology. Regarding the students’ perceptions of human physiology and exercise physiology courses, most students reported that they were challenging (58.2% and 64.2%, respectively), but they also recognized the importance of these courses for professional practice (59.7% and 85.1%, respectively). Conclusion Human physiology should be considered a prerequisite for an undergraduate course leading to a bachelor’s degree in physical education. Furthermore, students considered human physiology and exercise physiology courses important yet challenging. Therefore, continuous student assessment is vital for improving the teaching–learning process.

We examined the effect of amount of muscle mass involved in moderate-intensity continuous physical exercise on executive function. To this end, fifty-five participants completed two acute physical exercise sessions on an airbike ergometer using the upper and lower limbs simultaneously and only the upper limbs, and a resting control session in a randomized order. The physical exercise session lasted 30 min and was performed at moderate intensity (between 64 %–76 % of maximal heart rate evaluated in graded maximal exercise testing). Participants took the Stroop test (congruent and incongruent trials) before and after the sessions to assess executive performance. For the congruent trial, both physical exercise interventions improved executive function performance (pre vs. post, p-value = 0.002 and 0.003 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). Furthermore, executive function performance was higher after the physical exercise interventions than after the control session (p-value = 0.002 and 0.004 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). For the incongruent trial, both physical exercise interventions also improved executive function performance (pre vs. post, p-value < 0.001 for physical exercise with upper limbs and physical exercise with upper and lower limbs, respectively). owever, there were no significant differences after both physical exercise interventions and resting control session (p-value = 0.175). Executive function (congruent trial) was positively impacted by acute aerobic physical exercise regardless of the amount of muscle mass involved (upper limbs or upper plus lower limbs). Therefore, we recommend aerobic physical exercise with less or more muscle mass involved to improve cognitive function.

The current investigation scrutinized the strategic approaches employed by the top four teams in the Brazilian Men’s Volleyball Superliga, according to the match’s opponent. The study encompasses the analysis of 22 matches, involving teams ranked first through fourth, competing against each of the 12 teams participating in the 21–22 season of the Brazilian Men’s Volleyball Superliga, including one home and one away match for each team. Social network analysis facilitated the identification of the interconnections and particularities among all variables, offering a comprehensive perspective. The findings unveiled that during the offensive phase, the second-, third-, and fourth-ranked teams consistently exhibited higher eigenvector values, irrespective of the opposing team, notably when the middle-blocker positioned themselves in front and near the setter. Conversely, the championship-winning team displayed variations in offensive tactics. The team securing the second position demonstrated alterations in setting placement, whereas the other teams executed settings aimed at zones 3 and 4. Additionally, the initial setter’s position at the commencement of a rally displayed varying eigenvector values based on the opponent, indicating team rotation as a performance determinant. Thus, barring the finalist team, the performance of the remaining teams is intricately intertwined with the individual characteristics of players.

Studies on small-sided games (SSG) in team sports have increased in recent decades. However, the literature concerning this training strategy in volleyball is sparse. This study aims to summarize and analyse the scientific evidence on SSG in volleyball. For this purpose, electronic searches were conducted in August 2021 in PubMed, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. As result, a total of 22 studies (3 cross-sectional, 7 quasi-experimental, and 12 randomized controlled trial) that used SSG in volleyball were included in the qualitative synthesis after applying the eligibility criteria. Despite the few studies available for each outcome, our results suggest that the SSG can be used as a methodological resource for volleyball teaching and training of educational, recreational, and high-performance character. In conclusion, the use of SSG in volleyball is a pedagogical and training alternative with positive effects on populations with different levels of training (school and university students, recreational adult players, and athletes) considering instructional approaches, sport knowledge, participation in Physical Education classes, health markers, physical fitness, and physiological, psychological, and tactical-technical variables. However, more studies need to be carried out using SSG in volleyball in different contexts, with different manipulations and variables.

The present research objective was to analyze the offensive phase from Complex I in high-level male volleyball teams in a macro- and micro-level view, through the inter e intra-team variability analysis of eight best teams of the 2018 Men's Volleyball World Championship over the social network analysis and eigenvector centrality. The sample consisted of 22 matches and 2,743 offensive actions, resulting in 8 sub-networks with 368 nodes and 6221 edges. The results showed from macro view the variables that presented highest centrality values were Attack Zone 4 (range 0.56-0.90), Attack Tempo 2 (0.65-0.87), Power Attack (0.62-0.94), No Touch Block (0.61-1), Attack Effect Continuity (0.59-0.94), and Middle Blocker Centralized (0.60-0.95). In a micro view, Reception Effect, Play Position, Reception Zone, and Block Composition showed high variability in each sub-network. The intra- and inter-team variability presented the importance of to respect each team idiosyncrasies and to consider the different approaches to the game and success.

Small-sided and conditioned games (SSGs) are pedagogical tools that help in soccer training, being used to solve tactical problems with the specific demands of the game. In this context, this study aimed to compare physical, physiological, and tactical responses in elite women’s soccer in SSGs with numerical equality (3-a-side) and superiority (3-a-side + 1) in the offensive phase. The sample consisted of 16 female athletes participating in official national competitions. Two consecutive days of data collection were conducted, and a 4 min duration series was carried out. The variables analysed were the total distance covered, the distance covered at different speeds, maximum heart rate (HRmáx), mean heart rate, the spatial exploration index, the stretching index, length, width, and LpWratio. The results showed an increase in distance covered at speeds of 7.20–14.29 km/h (m) (effect size: medium) and a decrease in HRmáx (effect size: small) in the numerical superiority. Regarding tactical response, there was a decrease in the spatial exploration index (effect size: large), length (effect size: medium), and stretching index (effect size: large) for games played in the numerical superiority. Thus, it was observed that SSGs with numerical superiority in women’s soccer suggest more clustered, less exploratory, and more positional behaviour of the athletes.

Abstract Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of RAE in soccer players from different positions in Series A and B in 2020 Brazilian soccer, as well as the impact of RAE on the estimated market value of these players. Methods: Data from 1080 male elite soccer athletes were analyzed. Athletes were grouped according to birth quarters: Q1 (January-March), Q2 (April-June), Q3 (July-September), and Q4 (October-December) and the competitive level (Series A or B). Chi-square tests (χ2) were performed to compare the birthdates’ distribution of athletes according to a competitive level and playing positions. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the market values of players born in each of the quarters of the year across competitive levels and playing positions. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: The overall analyses showed the prevalence of RAE in Series A and B, with an overrepresentation of athletes born in the first two quarters of the year. The RAE analysis based on playing positions showed different from expected distributions for forwards, midfielders, and defenders in Series A. In Series B, only midfielders showed a difference from the expected distribution. As for the market values analyses, no differences were found based on the athletes’ birth quarters, regardless of competitive level or playing position. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, although RAE is prevalent in Series A and B of elite Brazilian soccer, it does not seem to influence players’ estimated market values.

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar o efeito agudo dos Jogos Eletrônicos de movimento (JEMs) no equilíbrio em pessoas com SD e DI. A amostra foi por conveniência, sendo composta por 06 jovens adultos com DI e/ou SD (04 com DI e 02 com SD), com idade entre 21 e 37 anos que frequentavam uma Associação de Educação Especial no Estado de Goiás. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se o console do Nintendo Wii e a plataforma Balance Board, o jogo adotado foi o “Soccer Heading”. Foi utilizado também o teste de equilíbrio (Escala de Berg) pré e pós sessão do jogo. No tratamento dos dados utilizou-se o software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) versão 20.0 para Windows. O teste t pareado mostrou que houve diferença no teste de número 13 (F=7,35; p

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to describe the mood state, motivation and impulsiveness of students participating in youth school games and to compare these variables between sexes. The research was cross-sectional, and the sample was composed of 147 students aged 12 to 17 years old (14.53±1.51 years; 51.70% of male participants). The following scales were used: 1) Brunel Mood Scale; 2) Motives for Physical Activity Measure - Revised, and 3) Impulsive Behavior Scale. For comparison between groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used, and the effect size was calculated by means of Cohen’s d. The results showed that female students presented higher scores for anxiety, anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, lack of perseverance and premeditation. On the other hand, male students presented higher scores for appearance and health, seeming to be more motivated by extrinsic factors compared to females. Therefore, it is suggested that training strategies should be adapted by sex, in view of the respective characteristics.

Abstract Introduction: The relative age effect is prevalent in different elite team sports. However, little is known about this phenomenon in high-level adult male futsal players. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of relative age effect in Brazilian male elite futsal players, and its relationship with playing position and goals scored on Brazil National Futsal Leagues (BNFL) from 2016 to 2020. Methods: The distribution of birth dates, playing positions, and goals scored by male participants of the Brazil National Futsal Leagues were analyzed. Chi-squared tests were used to analyze the birth dates distribution based on quarters and semesters of the year, according to playing position (defender, winger, pivot, and goalkeeper) and scoring performance (high and low). Results: The overall analysis indicated that the relative age effect is prevalent on the pool of athletes analyzed. However, this effect was position-dependent, since relatively older athletes were overrepresented only in wingers and defenders playing positions. On the other hand, scoring performance was not associated with the relative age effect, since this effect was found in both performance levels. Conclusion: Relative age effects are prevalent in Brazilian male elite futsal athletes, especially for defenders and wingers. Considering the high level of competitiveness for spots in elite futsal teams, coaches and sports administrators must be educated about the prevalence of the relative age effect in this sporting context. This is necessary in order to reduce the inequalities generated by age categories based on arbitrary cut-off dates, which may reduce potential talent loss.

This study aims at analyzing the effectiveness of using an additional field player, when goalkeeper is replaced, during the positional attack in the case of numerical equality, superiority or inferiority and when counterattacks are suffered. The sample consisted of 841 attack actions collected from eight games of men’s teams in the knockout phase of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The number of goals scored and the counterattacks suffered in symmetrical and asymmetrical situations were checked for both situations: using the additional player or not. Was performed the chi-square test (𝜒2) and the effect power was calculated using Phi (ɸ). The analysis of the attack showed that there was no association between goal-making and the use of the additional field player in different asymmetric situations. There was no association between the reach of the goal in case of opponent’s counterattack substitution of the goalkeeper with the additional field player or not as well as no association between punishment and goal achievement in different offensive situations. The use of an additional field player did not benefit the team in attack actions and brought no disadvantages in the scoreboard. These results show that, in this championship, such strategy did not produce significant changes in decisive games of men’s handball.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os métodos de ensino dos esportes são meios de sistematizar o processo pedagógico para promover aprendizagem dos componentes técnico-táticos dos jogos esportivos coletivos. É possível que a aplicação apropriada dos métodos de ensino e a sua frequência de utilização estejam relacionados ao nível de conhecimento do profissional de Educação Física acerca dos mesmos, entretanto existe uma escassez de conhecimentos a respeito desta temática. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento acerca dos métodos de ensino dos esportes coletivos e sua frequência de utilização na atuação profissional. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 311 profissionais de Educação Física que atuavam diretamente no processo de ensino-aprendizagem-treinamento de esportes coletivos, em escolas de esportes, academias, projetos esportivos sociais, centros esportivos, clubes e treinamento de equipes escolares. Os participantes responderam um questionário eletrônico constituído por questões relacionadas às características, objetivos e aplicações dos métodos de ensino. RESULTADOS: Em média, o nível de conhecimento dos métodos de ensino entre os profissionais foi de 58,0±29,2% de acerto nas perguntas respondidas. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, somente o grau de formação acadêmica foi associado ao nível de conhecimento. Níveis de conhecimento superiores foram encontrados acerca dos métodos analítico e situacional, mas os profissionais parecem utilizar com maior frequência os métodos situacional e global. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem a importância da formação continuada para suprir deficiências da formação inicial dos profissionais e mudança de paradigma no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos esportes coletivos.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

This study aimed to compare the width, the length, the length per width ratio, and the stretch index between the first and the second halves in official soccer matches, and to compare the spatial exploration index between players from different positions. Seventeen professional soccer players from a Brazilian club participated in the study and were monitored during six official matches by a GPS device. Collective positional data were compared between the two halves using a paired t-test, while the spatial exploration index was compared between the playing positions and within the halves by a mixed two-way ANOVA. The results revealed no differences between the two halves for the collective variables. The highest values of spatial exploration index were reported for central midfielders and wing forwards. We conclude that the tactical behavior of professional soccer players is position-dependent, and midfielders are the most exploratory players on the pitch.

The aim of the present study was to compare the tactical and technical behavior of beginner players in volleyball side-out between four distinct situations of reduced games with different area/player ratios: 4.5 m2 (3.0 m x 3.0 m), 8.0 m2 (4.0 m x 4.0 m), 10.58 m2 (4.6 m x 4.6 m), and 13.52 m2 (5.2 m x 5.2 m). We analyzed 76 games played by 16 players with a mean age of 12.2 ± 0.5 years and experience of 1.2 ± 0.8 years of practice. Tactical and technical behavior was analyzed using an adaptation of the Game Performance Analysis Instrument (GPAI). The analysis was conducted for passing, setting and attacking according to the components related to technical adjustment, technical efficiency and decision-making. The results showed that players presented higher technical and tactical indexes in the passing and setting skills in 4.6 m x 4.6 m and 5.2 m x 5.2 m situations. Also, in the 3.0 m x 3.0 m situation higher technical indexes were found for the attacking. No differences were found in the tactical behavior of attacking for tested situations. We conclude that the environmental constraints imposed by the small-sided games imply distinct technical and technical behaviors. Thus, the pedagogical strategy of using small-sided games for the teaching of volleyball for beginner players must be associated with the intended objectives for each basic volleyball skills.

This study compared the tactical-technical behavior between two distinct situations of reduced volleyball games. The sample consisted of 12 games played by doubles, 6 of which were played in 3.0m x 3.0m (SIT1) and 6 of 2.0m x 4.5m (SIT2) courts. Thus, the behavior of 12 participants, with mean age of 16.7 ± 1.5 years and 3.2 ± 1.2 years of practice, was compared. The results showed that at reception, better results were obtained in adjustment and decision making in SIT2, whereas in SIT1, efficiency was higher; in setting, it was observed that SIT2 presented better results in technical performance, adjustment and efficiency, whereas in SIT1, efficiency was higher; in SIT2, attack, better results were observed in adjustment and decision-making. It was concluded that environmental restrictions influence the behaviors of learners, showing that different ecological contexts provide actions inherent to the specific game environment.

This study aimed to 1) present a new analysis of the interactions between the tactical principles of defensive coverage and delay using the Social Network Analysis (SNA); 2) compare the defensive cooperation patterns presented by players of different categories during a 3vs.3 soccer small-sided games SSG; 3) compare the level of defensive prominence presented by defenders, midfielders, and forwards in 3vs.3 SSG within and between different categories. Twenty-eight soccer athletes from U-13 (n=14) and U-14 (n=14) categories of a sports club performed 3vs.3 SSG for the analysis of the defensive tactical principles. Defensive interactions were considered successful defensive coverage and a delay actions performed within the same time interval. Macro (density and clustering coefficient) and micro (degree centrality, degree prestige and page rank) analyses were used as SNA measures. Results indicated no significant differences between categories for the macro and micro analyses. Only in the U-14 category, midfielders presented higher prominence levels than the other playing positions (p=0.004). We concluded that U-13 and U-14 athletes are not different regarding defensive cooperation patterns. A higher positional tactical knowledge obtained through deliberate practice is essential to induce different defensive interactions between playing positions, as shown by significant differences only in the U-14 category.

Introdução: O envelhecimento é um fenômeno progressivo e inevitável, que acarreta diversas alterações nos sistemas corporais, dentre eles o anatomofuncional onde ocorre perda gradual da força e da flexibilidade. Por outro lado, o treinamento físico possui papel fundamental na manutenção da autonomia funcional de idosos. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de força e flexibilidade de idosas participantes de ginástica aeróbica, hidroginástica e treinamento de força. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal, analítico realizado na Universidade Ceuma, com amostra de 30 idosas praticantes de atividade física, sendo eles: grupo ginástica (GG), grupo hidroginástica (GH) e grupo musculação (GM). A avaliação da força foi medida por meio do teste de sentar e levantar e a flexibilidade foi mensurada com um flexímetro. Resultados: O GM apresentou maior força de membros inferiores (p< 0,05) do que o GH e os GG e GH apresentaram maior flexibilidade de quadríceps do que o GM (p< 0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados concluem que as idosas do GM possuem maior nível de força de membros inferiores e que os GG e GH possuem maior flexibilidade. ABSTRACT Evaluation of the level of strength and flexibility of prostican practiceers of physical activities Introduction: Aging is a progressive and inevitable phenomenon, which causes several changes in the body systems, among them the anatomofunctional where there is gradual loss of strength and flexibility. On the other hand, physical training has a fundamental role in the maintenance of the functional autonomy of the elderly. Objective: To evaluate the strength and flexibility levels of elderly women participating in aerobics gymnastic, hydrogymnastics and strength training. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study carried out at the Ceuma University, with a sample of 30 elderly women practicing physical activity, being: gymnastic group (GG), hydrogimnastic group (HG) and strength training group (STG). The strength assessment was assessment by the sit and stand test and the flexibility was measured with a fleximeter. Results: GM presented higher limb strength (p

This study aimed to identify the predictive factors of attacks, performed from positions 1 and 6 according to the effect of reception in high level Brazilian male volleyball and to find the predictive factors that differentiate the game practiced from these positions. The sample consisted in the observation of 142 games of the Brazilian Men's Super League, totalling 2969 actions of reception, setting and attack from positions 1 and 6. The significance value adopted was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). The analysis of the predictive factors of the game performed by the attacker of position 1 showed greater chances to score after an excellent (odds ratio adjusted – ORA = 1.48) and moderate effect of reception (ORA = 1.31), the second attack tempo (ORA = 1.32), the powerful attack in parallel (ORA = 1.91) and in diagonal (ORA =3.44). The attacker of position 6 showed higher chances of scoring after a high effect of reception (ORA = 3.39) and powerful attack in the parallel (ORA = 1.53). In conclusion, regardless the effect of reception, the use of the back-row attackers is recommended to increase the uncertainty on the opposing team and the chances to score.

Este estudo objetivou analisar como a atividade recreativa influenciou nos níveis de humor dos praticantes da pelada de futebol, realizada em um clube particular de Goiânia, o clube da AABB (Associação Atlética do Banco do Brasil). A amostra constituiu-se por 85 sujeitos do sexo masculino com idades entre 40 e 75 anos com idade média de 53 ± 7,32 anos. O instrumento utilizado para mensurar o humor dos praticantes foi o BRUMS. A aplicação do teste de humor ocorreu pré e pós-pelada, para identificar a variação do nível de humor dos sujeitos. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva para verificação da média e desvio padrão, além dos testes ShapiroWilk para verificação da normalidade dos dados. Quanto à estatística inferencial, considerando que os dados apresentaram distribuição normal, comparou-se a variação do estado de humor por meio do teste t-pareado e o nível de significância adotado foi o de 5% (p≤ 0,05). Para análise estatística utilizou-se o software SPSS 20.0. Os resultados mostraram que os praticantes da pelada ficaram mais fadigados, com mais raiva e com menos vigor (p

Background: The spike is a key action in volleyball, and the landing technique and its asymmetries are commonly associated with an increased risk of injury. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review was to assess how male and female volleyball players land (i.e., unilaterally, or bilaterally) after spike jumps in matches and analytical settings (field or laboratory). Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines were followed, with eligibility criteria defined according to participants, interventions, comparators, study design (PICOS): (p) healthy indoor volleyball players of any sex, age group, or competitive level; (i) exposure to landing after spike actions during official matches AND/OR simulated 6 vs. 6 games AND/OR analytical training conditions AND/OR laboratorial experiments; (c) not mandatory; (o) data on landing mechanics after spike actions, including reporting of whether the landing was unilateral or bilateral; (s) no restrictions imposed on study design. Searches were performed in seven electronic databases (Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) on 23 April 2021. Results: Automated searches provided 420 results. Removal of 119 duplicates resulted in 301 records being screened for titles and abstracts. A total of 25 studies were eligible for full-text analysis. Of these, eight studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the review. Studies showed that (i) attackers landed asymmetrically 68% of the times (61% left leg, 7% right leg); (ii) bilateral asymmetries were observed for the hip, knee, and ankle joints; (iii) bilateral asymmetries were observed even when players were instructed to land evenly on two feet; (iv) landing contact of the leg opposite to the hitting arm preceded the contact of the homolateral leg. One match analysis study showed that men landed more often on the left (31.5%) or right foot (8.5%) than women (23.7% and 1.6%). Conclusions: Studies analyzing spike landing showed a prevalence of unilateral landings (mostly the left leg first, for right-handed players) in men and women but more prevalently in men. Registration INPLASY202140104, DOI: 10.37766/inplasy2021.4.0104.

The present study aimed to analyze the association between effect of reception and game procedures practiced by the women’s “superliga” champion team in the side-out, as well as the behavior of the opposing central blocker, according to the performance level of the opposing team. The sample was composed of the observation of 21 games of the 2015-2016 Women’s “Superliga” champion team. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, SPSS software version 20.0 for Windows and significance of p≤0.05. The results showed that there was an association between performance level of the opposing team with the effect of reception (χ2=12.96 and ɸ =0,14, p=0,01), as well the effect of reception with the central blocker disposal (χ2=13.70 and ɸ =0.14, p=0.01), with the attack tempo (χ2=353.27 and ɸ =0.72, p

The purpose of this research was to investigate the sources of knowledge that underpin the process of training and professional development of youth basketball coaches. The methodology was qualitative and exploratory. Semi-structured interviews were used and the analysis was based on content analysis. The participants were six youth basketball coaches. The results revealed that the training and professional development of coaches came through diversified sources of knowledge, especially the internet, dialogue with experienced coaches, experiences as athlete, experiences in daily work, Physical Education program and short courses. These evidences revealed the predominance of informal learning outside of institutionalized educational context.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of attacks from positions 1 and 6 in high-level Brazilian Men’s Volleyball in order to understand the offensive structure of the game. The sample was composed of the observation of 142 2014-2015 Men’s Superleague games, totaling 2969 reception, set and attack actions from positions 1 and 6. The results showed association between place of attack, attack tempo, type of attack and effect of attack (p

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the age and inter- and intra-position differences in the anthropometric variables and physical performance in young female players of Brazilian women's volleyball. Fifty-eight female volleyball players participated, divided into 3 age groups: (a) 14 and under (n=20; mean age = 12.6±0.7 years), (b) between 14 and 17 (n=31; mean age = 15.6±1.2 years), and (c) over 17 (n=7; mean age = 18.9±0.9 years). In addition, the players were also divided according to their positions: setters (n=7), opposites (n=13), passer-hitters (n=17), middle blockers (n=12) and liberos (n=9). Anthropometric characteristics, flexibility, strength / resistance abdominal muscles, pushups, explosive power of the arms, jumping abilities, shuttle run and 20-m sprint tests were evaluated. Analyses showed differences among age and playing positions for the height and bone mass (p0.05). However, differences were found among for age groups horizontal jump, shuttle run and 20-m sprint, with players >17 performing better than

The aim was to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy of the Brazilian women’s League Champion team according to the level of performance of the opposing team. The sample was composed of the observation of 1137 attacks in 21 games of the 2015-2016 Brazilian women’s Volleyball League champion team. The results were significant to identify the predictive factors of the attack efficacy against high (x2=110.562; p

Background The aim of the present study was to analyse the effects of placebo on bench throw performance in Paralympic weightlifting athletes. Methods The study involved four Paralympic weightlifting male athletes (age: 40.25 ± 9.91 years, weight: 60.5 ± 8.29 kg, height: 1.60 ± 0.15 m) that visited the laboratory in three occasions, separated by 72 h. In the first session, the athletes were tested for bench press one repetition maximum (1RM). The other two sessions were performed in a randomized counter-balanced order and involved bench throw tests performed either after taking placebo while being informed that the capsule contained caffeine or without taking any substance (control). The bench throw tests were performed with loads corresponding to 50, 60, 70 and 80% of the bench press 1RM. Results According to the results, mean velocity (∆: 0.08 m/s, ES 0.36, p 0.05). Conclusion Our results suggest that placebo intake, when the athletes were informed they were taking caffeine, might be an efficient strategy to improve the performance of explosive movements in Paralympic weightlifting athletes when using low-loads. This brings the possibility of using placebo in order to increase performance, which might reduce the risks associated with ergogenic aids, such as side-effects and positive doping testing.

The purpose of this study was to compare the external load, internal load, and technical efficacy between the first and the second matches (M1 and M2) occurring in congested fixtures (two matches in two days) using the number of sets as a moderating factor. An observational analytic research design was adopted. Data from official volleyball matches were collected during the first competitive period of the championship, comprising 14 competitive games within 10 weeks. Ten male elite volleyball athletes (age: 21.7 ± 4.19 years of age; experience: 6.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 8.69 kg; height: 192.4 ± 6.25 cm; BMI: 23.1 ± 1.40 kg/m2) participated in this study. Players were monitored for external load (number of jumps and height of jumps) and internal load (using the rate of perceived exertion—RPE). Additionally, notational analysis collected information about attack efficacy and receptions made during matches. The mixed ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between time (M1 vs. M2) and number of sets for number of jumps per minute (p = 0.235; ηp2 = 0.114), mean jump height (p = 0.076; ηp2 = 0.193), RPE (p = 0.261; ηp2 = 0.106), attack efficacy (p = 0.346; ηp2 = 0.085), Positive reception (p = 0.980; ηp2 = 0.002) and Perfect reception (p = 0.762; ηp2 = 0.022). In conclusion, congested fixtures do not seem to affect the performance of volleyball players negatively.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between variables of the game on the offensive structure from the zone in which attack is performed in high-level Men’s volleyball. The sample was composed by 12 teams, with the analysis of 142 games, which totalized 19,545 reception, set and attack actions. Data analyses were run with descriptive statistic and the qui-quadratic test for searching association between the variables. The results showed association between tempo of attack and attack effect, type of attack and attack zone and attack zone and tempo of attack and attack effect. It was concluded that Brazilian teams underuse backcourt attacks, and the offensive structure accomplished through the faster game, which is mainly important on attacks carried out in positions 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, the reception quality proved to be the precursor factor in the construction of attack. It was also observed that there was no 1st tempo of attacks from the backcourt, indicating that it is necessary to change the type of game, specifically with the increment of the speed of sets conducted by the backcourt.

Dentre os fundamentos do voleibol, o ataque mostra-se como responsável pelo maior número de pontos, sendo que o ataque de primeiro tempo se relaciona com a maior ocorrência do ponto, por dificultar a ação defensiva do adversário. Contudo, a maior parte desses estudos apresentam resultados generalizados, não especificando as condições situacionais e os constrangimentos especificadores de cada zona de ataque. Assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o jogo no complexo I praticado pelo atacante central da Superliga Brasileira de Voleibol Masculina 2014/2015. Compõem a amostra 12 equipes, sendo observados 142 jogos, totalizando 5350 ações de recepção, levantamento e ataque. Para a análise exploratória recorreu-se à estatística descritiva e para a associação entre as variáveis recorreu-se ao teste do Qui-Quadrado. Os resultados apontaram que os ataques ocorreram, em sua maioria, após recepções A e B, sendo o ponto de ataque mais recorrente, bem como os ataques potentes. Além disso, observou-se a relação entre o efeito da recepção e o tipo de levantamento com tipo de ataque, bem como relação do tipo de levantamento com o efeito do ataque. Assim, conclui-se que o jogo praticado pelo atacante central se mostrou eficiente para a conquista do ponto, uma vez que diminuiu as chances de defesa do adversário, devido a redução do tempo para a organização defensiva. Por fim, verificou-se que as restrições situacionais delimitaram a ação do jogador central, sugerindo que futuras pesquisas busquem restringir as situações de análise e os constrangimentos situacionais de cada situação específica de jogo.

Declarative Tactical Knowledge Tests are presented as important evaluation tools for the teaching-learning-training process regulation. This study aimed to establish the content validity of scenes of the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Test in Volleyball – DTKT:Vb. Five male coaches of the Brazilian Volleyball team who worked with male athletes participated as judges, being responsible for training formation categories up to 21 years, experts in the sport, with minimum ten years of experience. The judges evaluated 212 scenes containing extremity attack (n=55), central attack (n=33), setting (n=68) and block (n=60) situations and used a 1-5 point likert scale to assign a score to the scene according to requisites image clarity, practical relevance and item representativity. The Content Validity Coefficient (CVC) was used to determine the CVC for each scene and the instrument as a whole, with cutoff point of 0.80. The results demonstrated that “image clarity” (CVC=0.92), “practical relevance” (CVC=0.96) and “item representativity” criteria (CVC=0.96) showed satisfactory levels. After calculating CVC, the ecological validity of scenes was determined, which consists of the selection of scenes where there was convergence among decision made by judges and decision made by athletes. Thus, from 212 scenes initially prepared, 66 have been validated. Scenes validated using CVC enabled the evaluation of the Declarative Tactical Knowledge, assisting in the planning of teaching-learning-training processes of male volleyball athletes.

This study aims to verify the visual behavior using the analysis of both quantity and duration of visual fixation and the quality of the DM in volleyball players and athletes from other sports in extreming attacking (EA), cental attack (CA), setting (SE) and blocking (BL) situations. The visual behavior was analyzed during the evaluation of volleyball scenes with an eye-tracking system. The first decision the volunteer voiced was determined as his solution for the scene presented and it was used for analyzing the DM quality. For the quantity of visual fixations, the independent t-test was used to compare groups in the following situtations, EA, SE and BL. For analyzing the quality of DM, the chi-square test of proportions was used. Moreover, for the analysis of the duration and number of visual fixations, the independent t test was addopet (or Mann-Whitney test when some of the assumptions were not met for parametric analysis). Significantly higher values were observed on duration of visual fixations in athletes from other sports comparing to volleyball players at CA (p = 0.042). The DM were significantly different in EA (p = 0.024) and CA (p = 0.001) between groups, showing higher frequency of correct answers for the volleyball players. We conclude that volleyball players perform faster fixations in situations of CA and take more correct decisions in attacking situation (EA and CA) compared to athletes from other sports.

ABSTRACT The research aimed at comparing the decision making of volleyball coaches through visual search strategies (number and duration of visual fixations) based on their years of experience. The sample consisted of thirty-four volleyball coaches (n = 34) with a mean age of 32.5 ± 9.4 years. Thus, two groups were formed: beginners (2.8 ± 1.9 years of practice) and experienced (19 ± 7.2 years of practice). To assess the tactical knowledge related to aspects of decision-making, the coaches conducted the analysis of the end-attack scenes of the Declarative Tactical Knowledge Test in Volleyball. The results not related significant differences to the visual strategies, decision-making and declarative tactical knowledge in the analysis of the scenes between the two groups (p> 0.05), and the power of the effect ranged from small to moderate for the analyzed variables. In this context, it was noticed that the visual strategies used between the coaches with different times of experience were similar.

Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre o Conhecimento Tático Declarativo (CTD) e o Conhecimento Tático Processual (CTP) e compará-los entre atletas das categorias sub-14 e 15. 40 atletas das categorias sub-14 (n=22) e 15 (n=18) de duas equipes foram avaliados por meio do Teste de Conhecimento Tático Declarativo no Futebol – TCTD: Fb2 e do teste de campo do Sistema de Avaliação Tática no Futebol – FUT-SAT. Os resultados apresentaram correlação significativa e moderada entre CTD e CTP, ausência de diferença entre os escores dos testes de CTD e CTP entre categorias e diferenças significativas sobre a incidência de alguns princípios táticos e para o número total de ações táticas entre categorias. Conclui-se haver associação entre os construtos de conhecimento declarativo e processual, como sugerido na literatura, e que as diferenças entre as categorias residem sobre como decidir no contexto do jogo.

The purpose of the study was to compare elbow flexion peak torque (PT) and fatigue index (FI) during isokinetic concentric contractions in men and women with different training levels. Sixty-eight young men and women were divided into four groups: resistance trained men (RTM), non-resistance trained men (NRTM), resistance trained women (RTW) and non- resistance trained women (NRTW). Participants performed two tests on an isokinetic dynamometer, one to evaluate PT and one to evaluate FI. Significant interactions were found for sex and resistance training status with both PT and FI. In general, resistance-trained subjects had higher PT, and women showed lower PT than men. PT values were 67.12 ± 9.93 N·m for RTM, 49.9 ± 8.5 N·m for NRTM, 41.84 ± 7.52 N·m for RTW, and 26.05 ± 3.34 N·m for NRTW. Separate analysis revealed that RTM had higher PT than all other groups. However, FI was higher for NRTM than for RTM and NRTW and no difference was found between RTM and NRTW. FI was 37.86 ± 10.89 % for RTW, 45.74 ± 13.17 % for NTRW, 45.89 ± 8.24 % for RTM, and 51.92 ± 4.5 % for NRTM. Women produce lower PT, and have a higher fatigue tolerance than men of similar training status. Considering that women showed to be more resistant to fatigue than men, women can manipulate training variables differently from men, such as, including more repetitions at the same relative load or using higher relative loads at the same number of repetitions.

Neste texto, O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em analisar a relação do saque e da recepção com o efeito do ataque em seleções nacionais de voleibol juvenil masculino. Recorreu-se à observação e análise de onze jogos, totalizando 781 ações de ataque. Os resultados demonstraram que o ponto no ataque ocorreu mais do que o esperado após o saque suspensão colocado e após a recepção que permitiu todas as opções de ataque. Contrariamente, este ocorreu menos do que o esperado após o saque suspensão potente e a recepção que não permitiu ataque organizado. O presente estudo permitiu inferir que o saque potente e a recepção com baixos níveis de eficácia reduzem as possibilidades de pontuar no ataque. O fato do saque potente adversário induzir menor ocorrência de ponto no ataque, pode sugerir alguma debilidade na organização ofensiva da equipa perante as dificuldades acrescidas colocadas por este tipo de saque.Tal sugere a necessidade de, desde as categorias de base, ser dada maior atenção no treinamento à capacidade das equipas organizarem as manobras ofensivas em resposta a saques agressivos como é o caso do saque suspensão potente.The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between serve and serve reception on the effect of the offensive system in the national junior male volleyball teams. Eleven games were analyzes, totaling 781 attack actions. The results showed that the attack point occurred more than expected after the top spin placed jump serve from the opponent and after the reception that allowed all the attack options. In contrast, to this one and the reception that did not allowed an organized attack occurred less than expected after the power jump service. This study made it possible to infer that powerful service and the reception with low levels of efficiency reduce the chances of scoring in the attack. The fact that the opponent's powerful service results lesser occurrences of the attack point for the opponent team may suggest some offensive organization's weakness when facing power jump services. Therefore, as the power jump service is used in the teams U16, the training process should consider the problems that it causes in the serve receive offensive system.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou identificar e analisar as chances de ocorrerem os efeitos dos ataques feitos pelos atacantes de ponta, a partir das posições 4 e 6, no side-out, segundo o efeito da recepção, tempo de ataque e o tipo de ataque. Foram analisados 142 jogos da Superliga Masculina 2014-2015, total de 6.185 ações de ataque. Os pontos de ataque foram predominantes após as recepções de excelente qualidade e os ataques potentes. Houve diferença no efeito da recepção, tipo de ataque e efeito do ataque, segundo o local da finalização (x2=33,68; p

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analze the game practiced in the side-out Men’s Volleyball Superliga 2014/2015. The sample was composed by 12 teams, and we analyzed142 games, totaling 19,545 reception, setting and attack actions. The results showed associations between the reception result X the attack location; the reception X the attack tempo; the reception X attack result; the attack location X the attack tempo; the attack location X attack result, and the attack tempo and attack result. It showed that in the high level Brazilian Men’s Volleyball, the reception quality influences the attack organization, the setting location and the game strategy. Also, the point of attack was the most frequent on the game analisys, with higher indices of attack from position 3.