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Background: Forensic autopsy strategies may improve differential diagnostics both post-mortem and ante-mortem and aid in clinical settings concerning preventive efforts for premature mortality. Excess mortality and reduced life expectancy affect persons with severe mental illnesses (SMI) for multi-faceted reasons that remain controversial. Somatic conditions, medical treatment and lifestyle diseases, which are primarily examined in the living, contribute to premature deaths. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear, though, and the benefits of a focused, standardised autopsy remain unproven. We have developed and implemented an optimised molecular–biological autopsy for deceased persons with SMI. Our aim is to map the occurrence of 1) somatic diseases and organ changes; 2) metabolic syndrome; 3) use and abuse of alcohol, pharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances; 4) pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors in the metabolism of pharmaceuticals; and 5) genetic variations (acquired and/or congenital) in sudden cardiac death. Additionally, we hope to contribute to diagnostic treatments and preventive measures to benefit those living with SMI. Methods: SURVIVE: let the dead help the living is a prospective, autopsy-based study on 500 deceased persons with SMI subjected to forensic autopsies under the Danish Act on Forensic Inquests and Autopsy. The autopsies followed an extended, standardised autopsy protocol comprised of whole-body computed tomography scanning, magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and brain and an extended forensic autopsy, including a wide panel of analyses (toxicology, microbiology, genetics, histology and biochemical analysis). Additionally, post-mortem data were linked to ante-mortem health data extracted from Danish national health registers. Discussion: The SURVIVE autopsy procedure, including tissue sampling and bio banking, has been shown to be effective. We expect that the SURVIVE study will provide unique opportunities to unravel the mechanisms and causes of premature death in persons with SMI. We also expect that identifying prognostic biomarkers for comorbidities will contribute to prevention of premature deaths and comorbidities in persons with SMI.

Background Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in young individuals globally. Data on the burden of sudden death by stroke are sparse in the young. Aims The aim of this study was to report mortality rates, cause of death, stroke subtype, and symptoms in children and young adults who suffered sudden death by stroke. Methods We conducted a retrospective, nationwide study including all deaths within Danish borders between 2000–2009 and 2007–2009 in persons aged 1–35 years and 36–49 years, respectively. Two physicians identified all sudden death cases through review of all death certificates. All available autopsy reports and records from hospitals and general practitioners were retrieved and a neurologist identified all sudden death by stroke cases. Results Of the 14,567 deaths in the 10-year period, there were 1,698 sudden death cases, of which 52 (3%) were sudden death by stroke. There was a male predominance (56%) and the median age was 33 years. The incidence of sudden death by stroke in individuals aged 1–49 years was 0.19 deaths per 100,000 person-years. Stroke was hemorrhagic in 94% of cases, whereof subarachnoid hemorrhage was the cause of death in 63% of cases. Seventeen (33%) cases contacted the healthcare system because of neurological symptoms, whereof one was suspected of having a stroke (6%). Conclusions Sudden death by stroke in children and young adults occurs primarily due to hemorrhagic stroke. We report a high frequency of neurological symptoms prior to sudden death by stroke. Increased awareness among healthcare professionals towards stroke symptoms in children and young adults may lead to earlier detection of stroke, and thereby potentially lowering the incidence of sudden death by stroke.

In sudden, unexpected, non-traumatic death in young individuals, structural abnormalities of the heart are frequently identified at autopsy. However, the findings may be unspecific and cause of death may remain unclear. A significant proportion of these cases are most likely caused by inherited cardiac diseases, and the cases are categorized as sudden cardiac death (SCD). The purpose of this study was to explore the added diagnostic value of genetic testing by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a broad gene panel, as a supplement to the traditional forensic investigation in cases with non-diagnostic structural abnormalities of the heart. We screened 72 suspected SCD cases (

The histopathological diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) can be challenging in forensic medicine. Immunohistochemical myocardial analysis for plakoglobin has been suggested as a new diagnostic test for ARVC. We examined this in the setting of forensic pathology, applying this method to forensic autopsy samples. We performed immunohistochemical staining for plakoglobin on 40 myocardial samples with an autopsy diagnosis of ARVC. In addition, histopathological reevaluation was performed applying the revised 2010 task force criteria including morphometric analysis. Myocardial samples from 15 subjects without heart disease were used as controls. Based on the histopathological reevaluation, 38 out of 40 cases were categorized as ARVC. A marked reduction in the plakoglobin staining was seen in 26 out of 38 myocardial samples in the ARVC-group. Of the two samples categorized as not ARVC, one showed reduced plakoglobin staining and one sample had normal staining. No control samples showed reduced plakoglobin staining. In conclusion, our study displayed reduced plakoglobin staining in approximately 2/3 of myocardial samples with ARVC. Our data suggests that immunostaining for plakoglobin might serve as an additional diagnostic marker of ARVC in forensic pathology, but additional validation is required.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death caused by coronary artery disease (CAD-SCD) is the most frequent cause of SCD in persons METHODS: We have previously identified all sudden cardiac deaths in Denmark through review of death certificates and autopsy reports including all deaths between 2000 and 2006 in individuals aged 18-35years and all deaths between 2007 and 2009 in individuals aged 18-49years. In this study we included the 197 autopsied CAD-SCD cases. Full autopsy report and medical records from general practitioners and hospitals were obtained.RESULTS: There was a male predominance (n=151, 76%) and the median age was 42years. In witnessed cases, 51% had a shockable rhythm and 9 cases returned to spontaneous circulation briefly, CAD-SCD victims aged 36-49years had more severe atherosclerosis in all coronary arteries, more multi-vessel disease (29% vs. 15%, p=0.049) and less commonly (38% vs. 54%, p=0.039) acute coronary occlusion than victims CONCLUSION: This nationwide study found several differences in the pathologic lesions of the heart in victims aged 18-35 and 36-49years, which might be associated with different disease progression leading to death in these age groups. We also report a high frequency of cardiac symptoms prior to death in young CAD-SCD cases, which may enable clinicians to prevent these tragic deaths.

Background— Knowledge of the burden and causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) is sparse in persons aged Methods and Results— All deaths in persons aged 1 to 49 years were included in 2007 to 2009. Death certificates were reviewed by 2 physicians. History of previous admissions to hospital was assessed, and discharge summaries were read. Sudden unexpected death cases were identified and autopsy reports were collected. In the 3-year study period, there were 7849 deaths of which we identified 893 (11%) SCD cases. The annual incidence rate per 100 000 persons increased from 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 2.0–2.7) to 21.7 (95% confidence interval, 20.2–23.4) in persons aged 1 to 35 and 36 to 49 years, respectively. Coronary artery disease was the most common cause of death and was found in 158 (36%) autopsied cases, followed by 135 (31%) cases of sudden unexplained death. Conclusions— In a nationwide cohort of persons aged

In forensic medicine, one-third of the sudden deaths remain unexplained after medico-legal autopsy. A major proportion of these sudden unexplained deaths (SUD) are considered to be caused by inherited cardiac diseases. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) may be the first manifestation of these diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the yield of next-generation sequencing of genes associated with SCD in a cohort of SUD victims. We investigated 100 genes associated with cardiac diseases in 61 young (1-50 years) SUD cases. DNA was captured with the Haloplex target enrichment system and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq. The identified genetic variants were evaluated and classified as likely, unknown or unlikely to have a functional effect. The criteria for this classification were based on the literature, databases, conservation and prediction of the effect of the variant. We found that 21 (34%) individuals carried variants with a likely functional effect. Ten (40%) of these variants were located in genes associated with cardiomyopathies and 15 (60%) of the variants in genes associated with cardiac channelopathies. Nineteen individuals carried variants with unknown functional effect. Our findings indicate that broad genetic investigation of SUD victims increases the diagnostic outcome, and the investigation should comprise genes involved in both cardiomyopathies and cardiac channelopathies.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most frequent manner of post-perinatal death among infants. One of the suggested causes of the syndrome is inherited cardiac diseases, mainly channelopathies, that can trigger arrhythmias and sudden death. The purpose of this study was to investigate cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) for potential causative variants in 100 cardiac-associated genes. We investigated 47 SUDI cases of which 38 had previously been screened for variants in RYR2, KCNQ1, KCNH2 and SCN5A. Using the Haloplex Target Enrichment System (Agilent) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), the coding regions of 100 genes associated with inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies were captured and sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sixteen (34%) of the SUDI cases had variants with likely functional effects, based on conservation, computational prediction and allele frequency, in one or more of the genes screened. The possible effects of the variants were not verified with family or functional studies. Eight (17%) of the SUDI cases had variants in genes affecting ion channel functions. The remaining eight cases had variants in genes associated with cardiomyopathies. In total, one third of the SUDI victims in a forensic setting had variants with likely functional effect that presumably contributed to the cause of death. The results support the assumption that channelopathies are important causes of SUDI. Thus, analysis of genes associated with cardiac diseases in SUDI victims is important in the forensic setting and a valuable supplement to the clinical investigation in all cases of sudden death.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 9 September 2015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2015.198.

Background Studies on incidences of sports-related sudden cardiac death (SrSCD) are few and data are needed for the discussion of preparticipation screening for cardiac disease. Objective We sought to chart the incidence and etiology of SrSCD in the young in Denmark (population 5.4 million) and to compare this to the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in the background population. Methods All 5,662 death certificates for decedents in the period 2000 to 2006 in the age group 12 to 35 years in Denmark were read independently by 2 physicians to identify cases of SCD. Information from autopsy reports, selected hospital records, and multiple registries was used to identify cases of SCD and SrSCD. SrSCD was defined as SCD occurring during or within 1 hour after exercise in a competitive athlete. The size of the athlete population was estimated from national survey data. Results Fifteen (range 0 to 5 per year) cases of SrSCD were found, 8 of which had antecedent symptoms. The incidence rate was 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 2.00) per 100,000 athlete person-years. The most common autopsy findings were arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (n = 4), sudden unexplained death (n = 4), and coronary artery disease (n = 2). The incidence of SCD in the general population age 12 to 35 was 3.76 (95% CI: 3.42 to 4.14) per 100,000 person-years. Conclusion In Denmark, SrSCD is a rare occurrence and the incidence rate is lower than that of SCD in the general population. This may imply a low value of preparticipation screening of athletes in Denmark.

Background. The medical response to adult sexual assault should comprise: the collection of forensic evidence, the treatment of injuries, and follow-up counselling. In the past, victims of sexual assault reporting directly to the police may not have received this total medical care. The Copenhagen Center for Victims of Sexual Assault at Rigshospitalet, Denmark offers a 24-h service. Medical treatment and psychosocial follow up is offered independent of police reporting. The aim of this study was to assess whether adult sexual assault victims who reported to the police differed from those who did not report to the police. Methods. Using clinical records, sociodemographics, characteristics of the assault, and type of preventive medical treatment received were obtained for 156 consecutive women consulting the Copenhagen Center (March 1st to December 31st 2000). Comparisons between characteristics of victims who reported to the police or not were determined. Results. Ninety-four (60.2%) of the women reported ...

BACKGROUND Preparticipation screening programs have been suggested to reduce the numbers of sports-related sudden cardiac deaths (SrSCD). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize all SrSCD aged 12-49 years and to address the difference in incidence rates between competitive and noncompetitive athletes. METHODS All deaths among persons aged 12-49 years from 2007-2009 were included. Death certificates were reviewed. History of previous admissions to hospital was assessed, and discharge summaries and autopsy reports were read. Sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) and SrSCD cases were identified. RESULTS In the 3-year period, there were 881 SCDs, of which we identified 44 SrSCD. In noncompetitive athletes aged 12-35 years, the incidence rate of SrSCD was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.160.94) per 100,000 athlete person-years vs 2.95 (95% CI 1.95-4.30) in noncompetitive athletes aged 36-49 years. In competitive athletes, the incidence rate of SrSCD was 0.47 (95% CI 0.10-1.14) and 6.64 (95% Cl 2.86-13.1) per 100,000 athlete person-years in those aged 12-35 years and 36-49 years, respectively. The incidence rate of SCD in the general population was 10.7 (95% CI 10.0-11.5) per 100.000 person-years. CONCLUSION The incidence rates of SrSCD in noncompetitive and competitive athletes are not different. The study showed an increase in the incidence rate of SrSCD in persons aged 36-49 years in both noncompetitive and competitive athletes compared to those aged 12-35 years. Importantly, SCD in the general population is much more prevalent than is SrSCD in all age groups. Background Preparticipation screening programs have been suggested to reduce the numbers of sports-related sudden cardiac deaths (SrSCD). Objective The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize all SrSCD aged 12-49 years and to address the difference in incidence rates between competitive and noncompetitive athletes. Methods All deaths among persons aged 12-49 years from 2007-2009 were included. Death certificates were reviewed. History of previous admissions to hospital was assessed, and discharge summaries and autopsy reports were read. Sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs) and SrSCD cases were identified. Results In the 3-year period, there were 881 SCDs, of which we identified 44 SrSCD. In noncompetitive athletes aged 12-35 years, the incidence rate of SrSCD was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16-0.94) per 100,000 athlete person-years vs 2.95 (95% CI 1.95-4.30) in noncompetitive athletes aged 36-49 years. In competitive athletes, the incidence rate of SrSCD was 0.47 (95% CI 0.10-1.14) and 6.64 (95% CI 2.86-13.1) per 100,000 athlete person-years in those aged 12-35 years and 36-49 years, respectively. The incidence rate of SCD in the general population was 10.7 (95% CI 10.0-11.5) per 100.000 person-years. Conclusion The incidence rates of SrSCD in noncompetitive and competitive athletes are not different. The study showed an increase in the incidence rate of SrSCD in persons aged 36-49 years in both noncompetitive and competitive athletes compared to those aged 12-35 years. Importantly, SCD in the general population is much more prevalent than is SrSCD in all age groups.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is responsible for a large proportion of sudden deaths in young individuals. In forensic medicine, many cases remain unexplained after routine postmortem autopsy and conventional investigations. These cases are called sudden unexplained deaths (SUD). Genetic testing has been suggested useful in forensic medicine, although in general with a significantly lower success rate compared to the clinical setting. The purpose of the study was to estimate the frequency of pathogenic variants in the genes most frequently associated with SCD in SUD cases and compare the frequency to that in patients with inherited cardiac channelopathies. Fifteen forensic SUD cases and 29 patients with channelopathies were investigated. DNA from 34 of the genes most frequently associated with SCD were captured using NimbleGen SeqCap EZ library build and were sequenced with next-generation sequencing (NGS) on an Illumina MiSeq. Likely pathogenic variants were identified in three out of 15 (20 %) forensic SUD cases compared to 12 out of 29 (41 %) patients with channelopathies. The difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). Additionally, two larger deletions of entire exons were identified in two of the patients (7 %). The frequency of likely pathogenic variants was >2-fold higher in the clinical setting as compared to SUD cases. However, the demonstration of likely pathogenic variants in three out of 15 forensic SUD cases indicates that NGS investigations will contribute to the clinical investigations. Hence, this has the potential to increase the diagnostic rate significantly in the forensic as well as in the clinical setting.

In a Danish nationwide prospective study of in situ carcinoma of the breast, a total of 275 women, treated with excision alone, were registered from 1982 to 1989. The series included 142 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 100 cases of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), 26 cases of DCIS+LCIS, and seven cases of atypical hyperplasia (AH). Within a median follow-up of 120 months, a crude recurrence rate of 28% (76 cases) was found, of which 53% (40 cases) recurred as invasive carcinomas (IC) and 47% (36 cases) as CIS. CIS recurrences appeared after median 18 months, compared to median 42 months for IC recurrences. No statistical difference was found with respect to development of IC between the three groups of DCIS, DCIS+LCIS, and LCIS. The majority of recurrences were ipsilateral, also for LCIS. Forty four of 49 recurrences following DCIS, and seven of nine recurrences following DCIS+LCIS occurred as local recurrences. Histopathologically, in DCIS a strong association was found between large nuclear size and comedonecrosis. Univariate analysis showed a significant association to recurrence for nuclear size, comedonecrosis, and size of the original lesion. Multivariate analysis showed that only comedonecrosis and size of lesion were independent predictors of recurrence, however, specimen margins were not included in the analysis, as this parameter could not be adequately evaluated in the present series. Nuclear size of original DCIS lesion was related to histologic grade of the IC recurrence. The recurrence rate for DCIS of small nuclear size increased from 6% at five years of follow-up to 16% at 10 years, possibly due to a slower growth rate and a continued but delayed risk. Similarities were found between LCIS and DCIS of small nuclear size, both showing a continued risk and comparable rate of recurrence. Further, progression to IC of similar, highly differentiated type was seen, indicating a linkage between biological behavior of the two histological types.

Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on unfixed frozen samples from 56 breast cancer patients. From each patient, two samples were analyzed. The only difference in the handling of the paired samples was the mechanical disaggregation of one sample by fine-needle aspiration compared to an automated mechanical disaggregation method (Medimachine) of the other sample. With the two methods for tissue disaggregation, the same resolution of the DNA histograms was obtained, indicated by median coefficients of variation (CV) of 1.5% for the DNA diploid G1 peaks. Also, the frequencies of DNA diploid and aneuploid cases as well as the fractions of DNA aneuploid cells were comparable. This indicates that the two methods did not differ in ability to detect DNA aneuploid tumor clones. Automated mechanical disaggregation resulted in DNA histograms with significantly less debris and with lower S-phase fractions. In practice, the procedure of automated mechanical disaggregation was rapid, easy, and safer because of minimal handling of the unfixed tissue compared to the fine-needle aspiration. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

High-resolution flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis was performed on 148 unfixed, frozen tissue samples from four groups of early breast cancers: invasive carcinomas (ICs) with predominance of carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (group I), small clinical cancers < or = 15 mm (group II), node-negative, clinical cancers (group III) and small screening-detected cancers < or = 15 mm (group IV). The median tumour size was 12 mm. The aim of the study was to support, with a larger sample, our recent findings with respect to DNA ploidy pattern in the selected group of ICs with predominance of DCIS (group I). Similar results to this group were found for both the small clinical cancers and the node-negative cancers, with respect to frequency of DNA aneuploidy (79% and 90%), DNA index (DI) distribution, intratumoral DNA heterogeneity and S-phase fraction. A high frequency of DNA hyperdiploid clones was found, in particular related to highly differentiated tumours. A significant difference was found compared with the screening-detected cancers, which were characterised by a much lower frequency of DNA aneuploid samples (49%) and may represent a biologically specific group of low-malignant, slowly growing tumours. Associations were shown between histological grade and DI subclasses, and between lymph node status and DNA diploidy/aneuploidy, whereas DI was not correlated with tumour size. The DNA ploidy findings in this series of early cancers are concordant to our own results from preinvasive lesions as well as those reported from series of more advanced cancers.

Aims The aim of this investigation was to study the incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in persons aged 1–35 years in a nationwide setting (5.38 million people) by systematic evaluation of all deaths. Methods and results All deaths in persons aged 1–35 years in Denmark in 2000–06 were included. Death certificates were read independently by two physicians. The National Patient Registry was used to retrieve information on prior medical history. All autopsy reports were read and the cause of death was revised based on autopsy findings. We identified 625 cases of sudden unexpected death (10% of all deaths), of which 156 (25%) were not autopsied. Of the 469 autopsied cases, 314 (67%) were SCD. The most common cardiac cause of death was ischaemic heart disease (13%); 29% of autopsied sudden unexpected death cases were unexplained. In 45% of SCD cases, the death was witnessed; 34% died during sleep; 89% were out-of-hospital deaths. Highest possible incidence rate of SCD in the young was 2.8 per 100 000 person-years including non-autopsied cases of sudden unexpected death. Excluding those, the incidence rate declined to 1.9 per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions A total of 7% of all deaths in the young can be attributed to SCD, when including non-autopsied cases (autopsy ratio 75%). The incidence rate of SCD in the young of 2.8 per 100 000 person-years is higher than previously reported.

In a Danish nationwide prospective study of in situ carcinoma of the breast, 112 women with ductal carcinoma in situ, treated with excision only, were registered from 1982 to 1987. Within a median follow-up of 53 months, a crude recurrence rate of 22% (25 cases) was found, of which five cases recurred as invasive carcinomas and 20 cases as in situ carcinomas. The histopathologic review included a single-parameter analysis of histological growth pattern, size of lesion, nuclear size, presence of comedonecrosis, and subhistologic type. A strong inter-relationship was found for histological growth pattern, nuclear size, and comedonecrosis. These parameters were also significantly related to recurrence. Cases that had clinical symptoms had a high recurrence rate as compared with cases that were discovered by mammography only or incidentally.

Seven cases of PLB in females were reviewed. Six cases involved the breast alone (stage 1E), whereas one case also involved the ipsilateral lymph nodes (stage 2E). None had B symptoms. The age range was 37-70 years (mean 52 years). The clinical course was indistinguishable from that of breast carcinomas, though the tumors were relatively large and the duration of symptoms was relatively short. Histologically, all cases were non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas, comprising five cases of diffuse centroblastic type, one case of diffuse centroblastic-centrocytoid type and one case of follicular centroblastic-centrocytic type, according to the updated Kiel classification, corresponding to six cases of the diffuse large cell type and one case of the follicular mixed, small cleaved and large cell type, according to the modified International Working Formulation (IWF). None of the cases was a lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). The mammary glandular tissue outside the tumor showed ductectasia in four cases. Changes resembling fibrous disease of the breast were seen in four cases, too. The inflammatory infiltration in all these cases was mainly composed of T cells. At the time of diagnosis, all patients were receiving cytoreductive treatment. The mean follow-up time was 34 months (range 5-79 months). At present, six of the patients are alive and well.

Carcinoma in situ of the breast (CIS) comprise a heterogenous group of lesions, covering a wide spectrum of clinical conditions and histopathological changes. With respect to biological behavior, CIS range from biologically aggressive lesions with a substantial risk of progression into invasive carcinoma (IC), to lesions with a very low malignant potential. Two main types of CIS are described--ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Previous studies of CIS indicate that approximately a third will subsequently develop IC. Autopsy studies indicate that CIS is frequently occurring and it was estimated that about 20% of all women will develop CIS during lifetime. Only a minor fraction is ever diagnosed, although the incidence of DCIS is increasing, especially related to mammography screening. The lack of knowledge about the biological significance of the histopathological subtypes was the background of the present study. In 1982, a nationwide, prospective study of CIS (protocol DBCG 82-IS) was initiated by the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG). From this protocol, the group of patients treated with breast conservation surgery (BCS) constituted the material for clinico-histological investigation. A total of 275 women were included in the period 1982-89. Follow-up studies showed that recurrence rate was significantly related to nuclear size of the primary lesion. Since nuclear changes might be related to DNA content and, furthermore, many invasive breast carcinomas were shown to be DNA aneuploid, flow cytometric (FCM) DNA ploidy analysis was performed in a series of DCIS lesions. More than 80% of these lesions were DNA aneuploid, with a distribution similar to that found in invasive carcinomas. This finding raised the hypothesis that the DNA pattern of an invasive carcinoma was already established at the preinvasive stage of DCIS. Therefore, FCM DNA analysis was performed on a series of ICs with predominance of DCIS. Partial or complete concordance in DNA ploidy between DCIS and IC within the individual case was found in most cases, except for the additional presence in the IC component of DNA hyperdiploid clones that might possibly be of importance for the process of invasion. In order to further characterize CIS lesions and, possibly, to discriminate biologically different groups, immunohistochemical markers were investigated in a consecutive series of CIS and IC with predominance of DCIS. The results were correlated to the histopathological and DNA ploidy findings. In DCIS, significant correlation was shown between large nuclear size and comedonecrosis, both of which showed also strong association to DNA aneuploidy, high proliferation activity, low steroid receptor content, and overexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53--factors that may indicate an aggressive behavior. Small nuclear CIS, whether LCIS or DCIS, on the contrary, were DNA diploid with low proliferation, and no cases showed overexpression of c-erbB-2 and p53. In IC, comparison of the DCIS and the invasive component showed similar patterns. No significant differences, in neither morphology, immunohistochemistry, nor DNA ploidy, were shown between DCIS without and with invasion. These findings may indicate that none of the parameters in question may on its own be essential for the decisive event of invasive growth.

The medical response to adult sexual assault should comprise: the collection of forensic evidence, the treatment of injuries, and follow-up counselling. In the past, victims of sexual assault reporting directly to the police may not have received this total medical care. The Copenhagen Center for Victims of Sexual Assault at Rigshospitalet, Denmark offers a 24-h service. Medical treatment and psychosocial follow up is offered independent of police reporting. The aim of this study was to assess whether adult sexual assault victims who reported to the police differed from those who did not report to the police.Using clinical records, sociodemographics, characteristics of the assault, and type of preventive medical treatment received were obtained for 156 consecutive women consulting the Copenhagen Center (March 1st to December 31st 2000). Comparisons between characteristics of victims who reported to the police or not were determined.Ninety-four (60.2%) of the women reported to the police. Women who sought services within 24 h of the assault, had experienced use of force, were subjected to assault outdoors, and among whom nongenital injuries were observed were more likely to report to the police (p0.05). However, in the multivariate model these associations fell below significance, and only the type of perpetrator remained significantly related to police reporting. The adjusted odds ratio for police reporting when the perpetrator was a friend was 0.4 (95% CI 0.17-0.94). There was no statistical difference between the victims who did or did not report to the police to request prophylactic antibiotics or emergency contraception.Observed injuries and requests for prophylactic antibiotics or emergency contraception were not influenced by whether the woman did or did not report directly to the police. Hence the need for medical treatment appears to be similar in the two groups, and available specialized care for victims of sexual assault should not be restricted to those who immediately report to the police.

Flow cytometric (FCM) DNA analysis of 41 clinical cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast was performed on fine-needle aspirates of unfixed, frozen tissue. Based on analysis of a single tissue sample, abnormal DNA content was found in 35 (85%) of the cases, and 15 (37%) disclosed heterogeneity. If five or more samples were analyzed, then heterogeneity was found in eight of ten cases. No conclusive correlation could be found between DNA index (DI) and histopathology. Our results on DCIS demonstrate a very high concordance with invasive breast cancer with respect to the frequency of DNA nondiploid cases, distribution of DI, occurrence of multiple clones, and S-phase fraction. This indicates that major genetic alterations and DNA heterogeneity are early events in carcinogenesis that are already established at the preinvasive stage. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.