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Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à la question des normes de prononciation endogène et exogène au Canada francophone. Le français du Canada a été largement étudié, tant du point de vue des usages, que de la norme et des représentations et attitudes. Ces travaux, qui s’appuient notamment sur des études de perception, montrent qu’une norme de prononciation québécoise est bien établie dans l’imaginaire des locuteurs, mais que l’insécurité linguistique ressentie n’a pas pour autant disparu. Ces études restent toutefois limitées tant dans les combinaisons de variétés comparées que dans la diversité des auditeurs. En outre, la question de la norme est généralement abordée en demandant aux auditeurs d’évaluer si le français perçu est « correct ». Ce travail présente une étude de perception innovante sur ces différents aspects. Ainsi, 119 auditeurs francophones issus de Paris et de quatre régions du Canada (Ville de Québec, ouest du Québec, est du Québec, Ontario) ont évalué les productions d’une phrase lue, réalisée par six locuteurs issus de trois localités : Ville de Québec, souvent perçue comme la norme au Canada, Hearst, en Ontario, et Paris. Les questions tentaient notamment de préciser à quelle réalité renvoie la notion de français « standard », à deux niveaux différents. Pour les auditeurs canadiens, les résultats suggèrent la co-existence de deux standard, un exogène au niveau international et un endogène au niveau local. Les différents groupes d’auditeurs se distinguent cependant par les variétés qu’ils associent à chacun des standard. La norme internationale n’inclut que les variétés jugées « supérieures » à la sienne, soit Paris seulement pour les auditeurs de Québec et de l’ouest du Québec, détenteurs de la norme endogène, mais Paris et Québec pour les représentants de variétés plus éloignées (Ontario, est du Québec). La norme endogène, elle, correspond à Québec pour les tous les auditeurs québécois, mais inclut également Hearst pour les Ontariens. Le rôle respectif des dimensions diatopiques et diaphasiques dans l’interprétation de cette différence reste cependant à préciser.

Work within Hyper-Hypoarticulation Theory (H&H) and Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) is increasingly focused on the adaptation of speech to the identity of the interlocutor (Koppen et al. 2017, Pardo et al. 2012, among others). These studies show a correlation between changes in the rate and spectral characteristics of speech (especially vowels) and the relationship between the speakers. Using the Diapix task (Baker & Hazan 2011), 10 Québec-French-speaking couples were invited to interact together and with two strangers, one French and one Québécois. This produced a corpus of 25h of speech and 121000 vowels. Spectral variations (especially hyper- / hypo- articulation), and changes in speech rate depending on the interlocutor, were studied using ((G)LMM) analysis. Our results reveal a correlation between the degree of social distance and speech reduction: the closer the interlocutors are (partners), the more speech is reduced.

Un Français: – Pardon, vous êtes canadien? Vous avez l’accent.Bob Gratton: – Moé, je suis un Canadien québécois! Un Français, canadien français. Un Américain du nord français. Un francophone, euh québécois canadien. Euh, un Québécois d’expression canadienne française française! On est des Canadiens… américains, francophones d’Amérique du nord. Des Franco-québécois…Linda Gratton: – On est, on est des Franco-canadiens du Québec. Des Québécois canadiens. Bob Gratton: – Les deux. Linda Gratton: –...

Les changements climatiques auront des répercussions importantes sur l’écologie routière au Québec (Canada). L’augmentation de la température, des précipitations, des périodes de gel et de dégel ainsi que la diminution du couvert de neige sont susceptibles d’engendrer des cascades d’événements sur le système routier et les écosystèmes environnants. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter un portrait de la littérature disponible afin d’illustrer ces changements au Québec, leurs impacts potentiels ainsi que les mesures d’adaptation possibles. Parmi les impacts potentiels des changements climatiques, on compte la prolifération d’espèces exotiques envahissantes en bordure des routes, la fragmentation des habitats ou, encore, une accélération de la dégradation des routes en raison du dégel du pergélisol. La façon de planifier, de concevoir, de construire et d’entretenir le réseau routier, y compris les écosystèmes qui l’entourent, doit donc tenir compte dès à présent de ces impacts potentiels. Cela nécessite de s’appuyer sur les observations du climat passé et sur les projections du climat futur. Une prise de décision éclairée et intégrée est primordiale afin de s’adapter aux conséquences graves des changements climatiques., Climate change will have a significant impact on road ecology in Québec (Canada). Increases in temperature, precipitation and freeze/thaw cycles, and the decrease in snow cover will cause a cascade of events affecting the road network and surrounding ecosystems. This article presents an overview of the available literature illustrating these changes and their potential impacts, as well as possible adaptation measures. Amongst these impacts are the proliferation of invasive alien species along roadsides, habitat fragmentation, and an acceleration of road degradation caused by thawing permafrost. The way in which the road network and surrounding ecosystems are planned, designed, built and maintained needs to take into account the potential impacts of climate change. This requires relying on observations of past climate, and future climate projections. Informed and integrated decision-making is essential to adapt to the serious consequences of climate change.

Copyright © 2018 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Background: Soft-tissue complications often dictate the success of limb salvage and the overall outcome of open fractures. Based on prior work at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, the authors hypothesize that wounds larger than 200 cm2 are associated with a greater likelihood of both flap-related reoperation and wound complications among patients requiring soft-tissue reconstruction with a rotational flap or free tissue transfer. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of Fluid Lavage in Open Wounds trial data that included all patients who received a rotational or free tissue flap transfer for an open fracture. The primary outcome was flap-related reoperation within 12 months of injury. The secondary outcome was wound complication, which included events treated operatively or nonoperatively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between wound size and outcomes, adjusting for confounders. Results: Seventeen percent of the 112 patients required a flap-related reoperation. A wound size greater than 200 cm2 was not associated with reoperation in an unadjusted model (p = 0.64) or adjusting for Gustilo type (p = 0.70). The sample had an overall wound complication rate of 47.3 percent. Patients with a wound size of greater than 200 cm2 were three times more likely to experience wound complications (OR, 3.05; 95 percent CI, 1.08 to 8.62; p = 0.04) when adjusting for moderate to severe wound contamination and wound closure in the operating room. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that wound surface area is an integral determinant for wound complication following soft-tissue flap treatment, but found no association between wound surface area and flap-related reoperation rates.

RÉSUMÉCet article apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la dimension diatopique de la liaison en français, largement négligée dans la littérature par rapport à la variation sociale ou stylistique. L'analyse de données récentes du corpus PFC montre une variation importante dans l'espace francophone, au-delà d'un ensemble stable de contextes de liaison catégorique. Deux dimensions de la variabilité sont identifiées: (1) la réalisation de la liaison variable, reliée au contact avec des langues qui maintiennent l'autonomie prosodique du mot ; (2) la prégnance des liaisons non standard, associée au poids de la norme dans le développement historique des variétés.

Purpose Search for reliability and validity evidence for the Montreal Communication Evaluation Brief Battery (MEC B) for adults with right brain damage. Methods Three hundred twenty-four healthy adults and 26 adults with right brain damage, aged 19-75 years, with two or more years of education were evaluated with MEC B. The MEC B Battery contains nine tasks that aim to evaluate communicative abilities as discourse, prosody, lexical-semantic and pragmatic process. Two sources of reliability evidence were used: internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and interrater reliability. Construct validity was evaluated comparing the Montreal Communication Evaluation Battery (MEC), expanded version and MEC B tasks. Results Internal consistence was satisfactory and the interrater reliability was considered excellent, as were correlations between MEC Battery and MEC B Battery tasks. Conclusion The MEC B Battery showed satisfactory reliability and validity evidences. It can be used as outcome measure of intervention programs and assist speech therapists to plan rehabilitation programs.

Background: Socio-demographic features such as age and education are the strongest influences on cognitive and communicative performance in every culture. However, there are few neuropsychological tests adapted to Brazilian society, culture, and language, especially for evaluating the communication of individuals with right hemisphere damage.Aims: This study was designed to describe age and education effects on the communicative performance of non-brain-damaged Brazilian adults on the Brazilian Montreal Communication Evaluation Battery (MAC Battery), which was created to evaluate components of communication usually overlooked by aphasia tests.Methods & Procedures: The sample was composed of 240 adults, divided into two education and three age groups. The influence of these variables on the Brazilian MAC Battery performance was assessed.Outcomes & Results: Communicative performance is influenced by educational level. Age also partially impacts performance, but to a lesser degree, and there is an interactio...

Cette contribution porte sur la description et l'analyse de la distribution des glissantes [j w ɥ] en français laurentien, une variété où la diérèse est nettement plus fréquente que dans les usages standard décrits dans la littérature. Trois catégories de glissantes ont été identifiées et leur analyse repose sur un inventaire phonémique enrichi de quatre diphtongues ascendantes, mais qui exclut /ɥ/, et sur l'alternance entre les glissantes et les voyelles fermées correspondantes interprétée comme le résultat d'une réduction phonétique plutôt que comme un processus phonologique.

Cet article étudie le lien entre réduction vocalique et phonostyle en français laurentien en suivant une méthodologie proche de celle de Harmegnies et Poch-Olivé [1992,1994]. Nous avons analysé 9748 voyelles, produites par 10 locutrices issues du corpus PFC-Canada. Ces voyelles ont été produites dans trois styles de parole différents : la lecture, une conversation avec un enquêteur et une conversation avec un membre de la famille. Nous avons comparé la durée, la centralisation, la dispersion intra-catégorie et la diffusion des voyelles en fonction du style de parole. Nos ré sultats montrent un impact de la t â che de production (lecture/discussion), ainsi qu ’un impact de la relation entre le locuteur et l’interlocuteur (inconnu/famille) sur la ré alisation acoustique des voyelles. Les voyelles sont plus courtes et plus dispers é es au sein de leur caté gorie, et le système plus centralisé, en parole spontanée qu ’en lecture. Elles sont également plus courtes et plus dispersées au sein de leur catégorie lors d ’une discussion avec un membre de la famille que lors d ’une discussion avec un enquêteur inconnu.

Extratropical cyclones (ETCs) play a crucial role in determining the climate in a large part of the world. For this reason, climate models’ ability to reproduce ETCs’ characteristics (such as track location and development and decay regions) is of great importance. ETC tracking algorithms are sophisticated diagnostic tools that have been used extensively to evaluate models’ ability to simulate ETCs. In general, these algorithms have been developed and applied to coarse resolution global datasets such as global climate models and reanalyses. As regional climate models (RCMs) mature, the potential for tracking ETCs at considerably higher resolutions has naturally become attractive. Application of ETC tracking algorithms to RCM-produced datasets, however, introduces additional challenges. In order to investigate these challenges, we compare ETC tracking results of a simulation produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) over North America at a 45-km resolution driven by ECMWF ERA-Interim, with the results obtained directly from the driving reanalyses. The ERA-Interim data is treated in three different ways applying spatial smoothing, the tracking algorithm, and the extraction of the regional grid in a different order, so that individual sources of error can be identified. It is shown that the mere existence of boundaries in the regional domain of the CRCM affects tracking results not only near the boundaries but also well within the domain. To a lesser extent, the use of different spatial smoothing techniques also affects the number of tracked ETCs. However, even after accounting for these artifacts, the CRCM produces a lower ETC count than the driving dataset. This underestimation of the tracking statistics might be related to known CRCM biases, or to some problems with the surface representation at 45-km resolution. Nevertheless, it is concluded that RCMs are a suitable choice for ETC trajectory studies, but only when handled carefully and used over large domains targeting the cyclone track of interest.

Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions that induce changes in the Earth’s climate affect particular variables and locations differently. A key part of this difference is the timescale at which this change takes place, which will eventually have important consequences for adaptation requirements. This idea of timescale associated with climate change has been used several times in the past to estimate the urgency of adaptation in particular regions. The definition of climate-change timescale is, however, not unique. For example, we can think of it in terms of an expected trend (e.g. in temperature) reaching a given threshold, or think of it in terms of the time it may take this trend to become statistically significant. We may also wonder about the validity of this speculation given that, due to natural variability, the expected trend may in fact not be realized. In this article we explore alternative ways of defining the timescale of climate-change, compare their properties, and illustrate them with an example for the case of projected surface temperature over North America. It is shown that these timescales are analytically related but may differ substantially in magnitude under certain conditions. In particular, it is shown that climate change impact on vulnerable systems may arrive before statistical detection of the variable’s trend takes place. This fact may have implications on how climate change impacts are seen by those with diverging interests.

This paper investigates the productivity of liaison contexts in French, on the basis of a conversational corpus of Laurentian French. A detailed study of liaison with invariable words (adverbs, prepositions, connectors) highlights the inadequacy of previous approaches to liaison contexts, which rely on syntactic or prosodic structure or various frequency measures. The productivity of liaison and lexical distinctions among invariable words are rather determined by the distributional characteristics of individual words: liaison is productive only with words that appear systematically in the same grammatical construction, as opposed to words that have a more flexible distribution. This factor is measured by transition probabilities. This result leads to a new understanding of cohesion in French liaison; it globally supports lexicalist and construction-based approaches to liaison contexts, while contributing to the characterization of the strength of liaison-related constructions.

Depuis son apparition sur le marché des dictionnaires au Québec, le Multidictionnaire de la langue française a suscité un intérêt particulier auprès du grand public, qui l’a rapidement adopté comme ouvrage de référence. Ce dictionnaire n’est toutefois pas à l’abri de tout reproche et, malgré ses prétentions, il ne rend que partiellement compte de l’usage tel qu’il a cours au Québec. Dans cet article, nous porterons un regard critique sur le traitement que le Multi réserve à la prononciation québécoise qui, contrairement au lexique, n’a pas été analysée par les linguistes qui se sont intéressés à l’ouvrage. Comme c’est le cas pour le lexique, la prise en compte très partielle de l’usage québécois en matière de prononciation soulève la question de la représentativité de ce dictionnaire et, partant, de son rôle comme outil de référence., Since its introduction to the dictionary market in Quebec, the Multidictionnaire de la langue française has been the object of great interest among the general public, which quickly adopted it as a reference tool. This dictionary, however, is not immune from criticism and, despite its claims, it only partially reflects the Quebec French usage. In this article, we will look critically at the way the Multi deals with Quebec French pronunciation which, unlike the lexicon, has not been analyzed by the linguists who have examined the work. As is the case for the lexicon, the very partial recognition of Quebec’s attested pronunciation raises the question of the representativeness of this dictionary and, consequently, of its role as a reference tool.

Les variations dans le lieu et le mode d’articulation du R constituent un problème classique de la phonologie du français. Les variétés canadiennes de français offrent à cet égard un terrain d’étude privilégié, puisqu’y coexistent des variantes apicales et dorsales de R, qui divisent le Québec en deux zones : celle des R « roulés sur le bout de la langue » à l'ouest et celle des R articulés avec le dos de la langue à l'est. Les variantes apicales sont cependant en forte régression, un processus qui fait l’objet d’une abondante littérature en sociolinguistique. Ces études portent cependant presque exclusivement sur le parler de Montréal et notre objectif est d’élargir la base géographique et méthodologique des recherches sur le passage du R apical au R dorsal par l’étude d’un corpus de la ville de Trois-Rivières, élaboré dans le cadre du projet PFC (Durand et coll., 2002, 2009). Nous considérerons trois aspects de la variation entre R apical et R dorsal. Premièrement, celui de son conditionnement géographique. La localité de Trois-Rivières est d’un intérêt particulier dans ce contexte puisqu’elle se situe en zone apicale à la frontière de l’aire dorsale. Une comparaison entre Montréal et Trois-Rivières permettra donc de mieux caractériser le mode de diffusion du R dorsal dans la zone apicale et, en particulier, d’explorer le rôle du contact entre les deux zones et l’influence relative de deux normes favorisant la variante dorsale : la norme locale, celle de l’est du Québec, et la norme internationale. Deuxièmement, nous regarderons de plus près le conditionnement contextuel de la variation entre R apical et dorsal, c’est-à-dire la relation entre le choix de la variante et la position du R dans le mot et le groupe de mots. Cet aspect a déjà été abordé, mais il est juste de dire que l’ensemble des études antérieures a davantage été préoccupé par le conditionnement social de la variable. Enfin, nous aborderons une dimension inusitée du problème, celle du conditionnement diamésique et de la distinction entre la parole lue et la conversation, qui soulève dans le contexte québécois des interrogations intéressantes.

Adoptive transfer of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with tumor-associated CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes represents a promising avenue for the immunotherapy of cancer. In an effort to increase the loading of therapeutic synthetic peptides on MHC II molecules, we used a mutant of HLA-DM (DMY) devoid of its lysosomal sorting motif and that accumulates at the cell surface. Transfection of DMY into HLA-DR+ cells resulted in increased loading of the exogenously supplied HA307–318 peptide, as well as increased stimulation of HA-specific T cells. Also, on transduction in mouse and human DCs, DMY increased loading of HEL48–61 and of the tumor Ag-derived gp100174–190 peptides, respectively. Interestingly, expression of DMY at the surface of APCs favored Th1 differentiation over Th2. Finally, we found that DMY− and DMY+ mouse APCs differentially stimulated T cell hybridomas sensitive to the fine conformation of peptide–MHC II complexes. Taken together, our results suggest that the overexpression of HLA-DMY at the plasma membrane of DCs may improve quantitatively, but also qualitatively, the presentation of CD4 T cell epitopes in cellular vaccine therapies for cancer.

"Never have we seen ... so many studies and writings on a public carreer," wrote J. Jusserand, an early-twentieth-century French ambassador, referring to his profession. (1) The large quantity of texts on the ideal ambassador written between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries might easily trouble historians. Do these various descriptions accurately reflect the reality of the French diplomatic world? What did it mean to be a French diplomat in this period? The following article will demonstrate that, contrary to the initial impressions conveyed by these character studies, their authors were not utopian idealists: their arguments were generally based on the reality of their times. A close look into the reign of Louis XIV reveals that the Sun King selected his diplomats, for the most part, on the basis of the degree of confidence he had in these men. That confidence was based on various criteria, many of which seem to be reflected in the conclusions offered by authors of those many treaties on the "perfect ambassador." The roots of these texts on the "perfect ambassador" reach back to the Middle Ages, when many authors strove to describe ideal social and professional types. One of the most famous examples of this genre is Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier, of which P. Burke offers an excellent analysis. (2) Such works, elucidating noble ideals and mores, affected perceptions of diplomats. As early as 1436, with the publication of Ambaxiotorum brevilogus, by Bernard de Rosier, descriptions of diplomats and later the "perfect diplomat," began to evolve, and these early treatises presented many characteristics previously associated with the ideal Renaissance courtier. (3) These treatises, stresses Lucien Be1y, were also manuals of conduct, of savoir-faire, not only for the diplomat, but for the monarch and, eventually, a readership drawn from the upper echelons of society. (4) Ideas such as Be1y's have recently pushed historians to suggest the beginning of the presence of a society of diplomats in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Therefore, this literature represents one of the main sources, along with diplomatic correspondence, available to understand better the early modern diplomatic institution. Before turning to that most recent trend of historiography, several older means of studying early modern diplomacy should be considered. From the nineteenth- to the late twentieth-century, scholars preferred to look at diplomacy as a national endeavour, studying foreign policy as the work of governments and viewing diplomats as agents of those policies. (5) Many studies focused on important peace conferences and their impacts on power relationships. (6) Influenced, perhaps, by debates in the fields of politics and international relations, historians also tried to explain the development and history of diplomacy itself, offering various hypotheses about when it became "modern," with dates ranging from the Treaties of Westphalia (1648), according to Mattingly, to the outbreak of World War I (1914), in Anderson's view. (7) In order to better grasp the men behind the titles, some historians have applied a methodology inspired by the prosopographic approach to understand better professional diplomacy. (8) This allows for a more complete view of the diplomat's identity, personality, and professional capacity, as well as his selection, characteristics, relationship to the foreign policies professed by his government, and his official actions. (9) Since the 1990s, a new way of looking at diplomacy has begun to emerge from a fusion of the ideas of Leopold yon Ranke and Tim Blanning. This involves an analysis of diplomacy viewed through the dual perspectives of the rise of great powers in Europe and the early developments of a public sphere and diplomatic culture. (10) These dual perspectives offer us an opportunity to work with different source types and yet have the two perspectives speak to each other. …

Climate simulations performed with Regional Climate Models (RCMs) have been found to show sensitivity to parameter settings. The origin, consequences and interpretations of this sensitivity are varied, but it is generally accepted that sensitivity studies are very important for a better understanding and a more cautious manipulation of RCM results. In this work we present sensitivity experiments performed on the simulated climate produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). In addition to climate sensitivity to parameter variation, we analyse the impact of the sensitivity on the climate change signal simulated by the CRCM.These studies are performed on 30-year long simulated present and future seasonal climates, and we have analysed the effect of seven kinds of configuration modifications: CRCM initial conditions, lateral boundary condition (LBC), nesting update interval, driving Global Climate Model (GCM), driving GCM member, large-scale spectral nudging, CRCM version, and domain size. Results show that large changes in both the driving model and the CRCM physics seem to be the main sources of sensitivity for the simulated climate and the climate change. Their effects dominate those of configuration issues, such as the use or not of large-scale nudging, domain size, or LBC update interval. Results suggest that in most cases, differences between simulated climates for different CRCM configurations are not transferred to the estimated climate change signal: in general, these tend to cancel each other out.

Antibodies provide some protection against cytomegalovirus-mediated disease. All aspects of antibody recognition of important viral antigens are, however, not fully appreciated. Glycoprotein B (gB), a key protein in the viral membrane, participates in viral infection and it is a component of prototype vaccines. By using combinatorial antibody library and selection technology, novel antibody specificities targeting gB have now been isolated. We define a monoclonal antibody fragment able to recognize site I of antigenic domain (AD) 2, a poorly immunogenic epitope targeted by potent virus-neutralizing antibodies, in a way that is different from the binding of antibodies induced by infection but similar to those induced by vaccination. We also describe the existence of a novel epitope overlapping site I of AD-2 and AD-1, the immunodominant epitope of gB. These specificities, derived by molecular engineering, will be useful for the future assessment of humoral immune responses against this opportunistic viral infection.

Excavations at the Cartier-Roberval site have discovered artefacts related to everyday activities and mineral exploration. They offer a picture of an extremely hierarchical society that transferred European social order and means of subsistence to North America. Preliminary study of the ceramics suggests the existence of a trade route with branches stretching from south-west France to Normandy, along which goods were conveyed to vessels outfitted for commercial, exploratory and colonizing missions.

The lack of standardized instruments to evaluate communication disorders related to the right hemisphere was verified. A new evaluation tool was developed: Protocole Montréal d'Évaluation de la Communication – Protocole MEC, adapted to Brazilian Portuguese – Bateria Montreal de Avaliação da Comunicação – Bateria MAC (Montreal Evaluation of Communication Battery). The purpose was to present stratified normative data by age and educational level, and to verify the reliability parameters of the MEC Battery. 300 individuals, between the ages of 19 and 75 years, and levels of formal education between 2 and 35 years, participated in this study. They were divided equally into six normative groups, according to three age categories (young adults, intermediary age, and seniors) and two educational levels (low and high). Two procedures were used to check reliability: Cronbach alpha and reliability between evaluators. Results were established at the 10th percentile, and an alert point per task for each normative group. Cronbach's alpha was, in general, between .70 and .90 and the average rate of agreement between evaluators varied from .62 to .94. Standards of age and education were established. The reliability of this instrument was verified. The psychometric legitimization of the MEC Battery will contribute to the diagnostic process for communicative disorders.

This work is a first step in the analysis of uncertainty sources in the RCM-simulated climate over North America. Three main sets of sensitivity studies were carried out: the first estimates the magnitude of internal variability, which is needed to evaluate the significance of changes in the simulated climate induced by any model modification. The second is devoted to the role of CRCM configuration as a source of uncertainty, in particular the sensitivity to nesting technique, domain size, and driving reanalysis. The third study aims to assess the relative importance of the previously estimated sensitivities by performing two additional sensitivity experiments: one, in which the reanalysis driving data is replaced by data generated by the second generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2), and another, in which a different CRCM version is used. Results show that the internal variability, triggered by differences in initial conditions, is much smaller than the sensitivity to any other source. Results also show that levels of uncertainty originating from liberty of choices in the definition of configuration parameters are comparable among themselves and are smaller than those due to the choice of CGCM or CRCM version used. These results suggest that uncertainty originated by the CRCM configuration latitude (freedom of choice among domain sizes, nesting techniques and reanalysis dataset), although important, does not seem to be a major obstacle to climate downscaling. Finally, with the aim of evaluating the combined effect of the different uncertainties, the ensemble spread is estimated for a subset of the analysed simulations. Results show that downscaled surface temperature is in general more uncertain in the northern regions, while precipitation is more uncertain in the central and eastern US.

Background: It is estimated that approximately 50% of individuals who incur right‐hemisphere damage (RHD) have subsequent communication disorders. Lexical‐semantic, discourse, prosodic, and pragmatic deficits have been reported following RHD, but the co‐occurrence of these deficits within the same individual has not yet been systematically investigated. Therefore clinical profiles of communication impairments in individuals with RHD still have to be identified and described in order to appreciate their communication impairment and provide strategies for rehabilitation. Aims: The goal of the present study was to explore the clinical profiles of communication impairments subsequent to a right hemisphere lesion. Methods and Procedures: A total of 28 French‐speaking individuals with a right‐hemisphere lesion were evaluated using the Protocole MEC (Joanette, Ska, & Cote, 2004), a normalised battery allowing the assessment of communication deficits after RHD. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group pa...

This article examines the phonological status of schwa in clitics, in particular whether or not schwa should be included in their lexical representation. Several distributional and experimental arguments pointing to the lexical status of clitic schwas are reviewed and are shown to be inconclusive, due to the existence of additional data that suggest a different interpretation not involving underlying schwas. The discussion includes experimental results that fail to show residual lip rounding in the vicinity of an omitted schwa at clitic boundaries, contra Barnes and Kavitskaya's (2002) previous claim. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the non-contrastive nature of clitic schwas militates against their underlying status.

An analysis of several multidecadal simulations of the present (1971–90) and future (2041–60) climate from the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) is presented. The effects on the CRCM climate of model domain size, internal variability of the general circulation model (GCM) used to provide boundary conditions, and modifications to the physical parameterizations used in the CRCM are investigated. The influence of boundary conditions is further investigated by comparing the GCM-driven simulations of the current climate with simulations performed using boundary conditions from meteorological reanalyses. The present climate of the model in these different configurations is assessed by comparing the seasonal averages and interannual variability of precipitation and surface air temperature with an observed climatology. Generally, small differences are found between the two simulations on different domains, though both domains are quite large as compared with previously reported results. Simulations driven by GCM output show a significant warm bias for wintertime surface air temperatures over northern regions. This warm bias is much reduced in the GCM-driven simulation when an updated set of physical parameterizations is used in the CRCM. The warm bias is also reduced for simulations with the standard set of physical parameterizations when the CRCM is driven with reanalysis data. However, use of the modified physics package for reanalysis-driven simulations results in surface air temperatures that are colder than the observations. Summertime precipitation in the model is much larger than observed, a bias that is present in both the GCM-driven and reanalysis-driven simulations. The bias in summertime precipitation is reduced for both types of driving data when the updated set of physical parameterizations is used. Model projections of climate change between the present and future periods are also presented and the sensitivity of these projections to many of the above-mentioned modifications is assessed. Changes in surface air temperature are predicted to be largest over northern regions in winter, with smaller changes over more southerly regions and in the summer season. Changes in seasonal average precipitation are projected to be in the range of ±10% of present-day amounts for most regions and seasons. The CRCM projections of surface air temperature changes are strongly affected by the internal variability of the driving GCM over high northern latitudes and to changes in the physical parameterizations over many regions for the summer season.

One of the issues raised by liaison concerns the lexical status of liaison consonants (LCs). LCs are generally assumed to be lexically attached to the preceding word. It has also been proposed that they are epenthetic and lexically independent, or that they belong to the following word. This issue is revisited in light of new or neglected data, notably from acquisition and phonetics. In the general case LCs are argued to be epenthetic, but in marginal cases they correspond to (fixed) initial or final consonants belonging to distinct allomorphs of the following or preceding word. The model of liaison that emerges from these different categories of LCs differs from the traditional view in several respects. First, liaison is not considered a uniform process. Second, "floating" segments are evacuated. Third, liaison appears to be driven by a constraint requiring lexical invariance, as it involves no modifications of lexical forms, and a constraint against allomorphy. This approach is characterized by the unicity, simplicity, and invariance of lexical forms. By contrast, previous analyses have viewed liaison as a simple and unified process, but they involve either numerous lexical exceptions, widespread allomorphy, or complex autosegmental representations., ENG : phonology!French!liaison!acquisition!lexical representations!, Côté Marie-Hélène. Le statut lexical des consonnes de liaison. In: Langages, 39ᵉ année, n°158, 2005. La liaison : de la phonologie à la cognition. pp. 66-78.

L'auteure décrit quelques expériences féministes en milieu rural et présente des réflexions partagées avec des intervenantes oeuvrant dans ce milieu. Plus spécifiquement, cet article résulte d'une implication avec des groupes de femmes et d'actions qui se sont déroulées dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en service social (Côté, 1985). Ce texte n'a pas la prétention d'être exhaustif, mais se veut une contribution pour la pratique. Il fait ressortir les éléments qui caractérisent la société rurale québécoise ainsi que les influences d'un modèle d'intervention sur la vie des femmes. Une revue de la documentation permet d'esquisser le portrait des femmes vivant en milieu rural et les principales difficultés qu'elles ont à affronter. Y sont ensuite présentées quelques interventions féministes en milieu rural, au Canada. En dernier lieu, on retrouve un bilan de la situation actuelle en regard de la problématique, de son évolution et des impacts pour la pratique.

This article examines the role of distinctness between adjacent segments in consonant deletion. On the basis of five stop-deletion patterns, it establishes a correlation between the likelihood of cluster simplification and the level of similarity between the consonants in the cluster. This correlation is motivated on perceptual grounds, and an OT analysis of similarity avoidance is provided in which perceptual factors are integrated in the grammar through both faithfulness and markedness constraints. This perceptual approach improves in two ways on previous analyses, notably the OCP. First, it integrates similarity avoidance within a more general perception-based framework, which accounts naturally for its gradient nature. Second, it uncovers a distinction between absolute and contextual similarity avoidance between adjacent segments, depending on whether similarity avoidance is established without reference to the context in which the segments appear or relative to the quality of the perceptual cues available to the segments.

L'A. revient dans cette etude critique sur l'article 'Government-licensing and consonant cluster simplification in Quebec French' (Nikiema, 1999), qui traite de la reduction des sequences de consonne en finale de mots, en francais du Quebec (FQ). Pour l'A., cette suppression est motivee par deux facteurs: (1) le principe de sequencage de sonorite, qui rend compte en FQ de la perte des consonnes finales dans des sequences obstruante + sonore; (2) la saillance phonetique: le comportement des sequences s'explique par le degre relatif de saillance des consonnes dans la sequence, avec pour condition de ne pas violer le principe de sequencage de sonorite; plus les consonnes saillantes sont stables, moins elles sujettes a la suppression.

A þrst climate simulation performed with the novel Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) is presented. The CRCM is based on fully elastic non‐hydrostatic þeld equations, which are solved with an efþcient semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian (SISL) marching algorithm, and on the parametrization package of subgrid‐scale physical effects of the second‐generation Canadian Global Climate Model (GCMII). Two 5‐year integrations of the CRCM nested with GCMII simulated data as lateral boundary conditions are made for conditions corresponding to current and doubled CO2 scenarios. For these simulations the CRCM used a grid size of 45 km on a polar‐stereographic projection, 20 scaled‐height levels and a time step of 15 min; the nesting GCMII has a spectral truncation of T32, 10 hybrid‐pressure levels and a time step of 20 min. These simulations serve to document: (1) the suitability of the SISL numerical scheme for regional climate modelling, (2) the use of GCMII physics at much higher resolution than in the nesti...