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From a social work perspective, individual outcomes are the results of a transactional processbetween personal and environmental influences. It is a long-cherished conviction in SocialWork that individual problems and successes must be framed within the larger context offamily, community and society (Saleebey, 2002c:231). However, it is also a conviction that isoften not reflected in social work practice (Rose, 2000:405; Saleebey, 2002c:230; Weick,2000:398). Clinical practice tends to focus on personal factors, and community practice onenvironmental factors, while the transactional dimension is often not accounted for. Thetendency is also to focus on deficits and problems in these systems and not on strengths orpotential strengths.

In hierdie artikel word gefokus op ’n maatskaplike groepwerk-bemagtigingsprogram, ooreenkomstig’n sterkteperspektief, wat ontwikkel en aangebied is vir alkoholafhanklike bejaardesverbonde aan ’n geregistreerde behandelingsentrum. Die voorgenoemde program is deur dienavorsers ontwikkel, gemik op die eiesoortige behoeftes, sterktes en uitdagings van diékliëntegroep.

In the Participatory Action Research model (the PAR model) research and action to solve a particular problem in a specific community take place simultaneously (Schurink, 1998:405-418; Strydom, 2001:379-392). The PAR model aims at combining research with direct service delivery for the benefit of the community. Health scientists, and specifically psychosocial behavioural scientists, encounter a philosophical dilemma in the sense that they have to do research according to the requirements of the first world, but in the same time they have to adhere to the requirements of developing countries. In developing countries terminology such as cost effectiveness, utility, limited funds, capacity building, developmental approach, the speedy solution to problems and positive short-term reaction is important in research (White Paper on Social Welfare, 1997).

The role of a mentor for boys during their transition phase from late middle childhood to adolescence Boys in their late middle childhood experience far-reaching changes in their lives. Reaching puberty and experiencing the transition from childhood to adolescence causes immense stress and tension. The intensity of the relationship between father and son decreases many times, while involvement with the peer group increases. This article focuses on the experiences of the boys in their late middle childhood regarding their biological father and the influence of the family hierarchy. As alternative father figure, the focus falls on a mentor. The longing for a mentor and the expectations of the boys in their late middle childhood in this regard are explored in this article.

Crime and its impact on man – a Christian perspective Crime is a depressing and frightening reality, especially within the South African context. In this article the following aspects are discussed from the vantage point of a Christian world view: the concept crime, its impact on ‘victims’, and the care-taking of victims’ needs. Crime has a two-sided effect: it affects the victim and the perpetrator as well as their next of kin. Problematic issues regarding crime are outlined in the introductory part of the article. Subsequently a Christian perspective and what this frame of reference implies are discussed. On the basis of this perspective it is argued that crime is in essence a transgression of universal laws as well as of laws applied by governments and other authorities. When one lives lawlessly one implicitly and explicitly does not obey God’s commandment to love one’s neighbour and to honour and glorify God. As a result of the emotional ‘distance’ between a person affected by crime and a perpetrator, a crime-affected person is often not able to react and behave as can be expected of a believer whose way of life is intended to honour God. In addition to possible negative behavioural patterns and reactions, post-traumatic stress can contribute to dysfunctional development of traumatised people’s potential. The Word of God teaches that care should be given to the interests of one’s neighbour (in this case ‘neighbour’ implies both perpetrator and crime-affected person). A person affected by crime deserves the attention and support of both care-giving professionals and of members of the community at large.

The objective of this study was to determine risk factors and sources attributed to yersiniosis in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). A risk factor questionnaire was administered to 247 notified yersiniosis cases and 258 control participants from the Canterbury and/or Wellington regions of NZ. Yersinia sp. isolates from clinical cases and a range of food sources were whole-genome sequenced and genetically compared. Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) bioserotype 2/3, O:9 [McNally multi-locus sequence type (ST) 12] and YE Biotype (BT) 1A (46 different STs) predominated within the consented cases (45 and 27%, respectively). Exposure to pork was identified as a significant risk factor for cases associated with YE ST12. The presence of YE ST12 was confirmed in retail raw meat, primarily raw pork. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified multiple genomically very closely related clusters (0-5 SNPs) of YE ST12, predominately from raw pork with clinical cases from one or both regions. Risk factors associated with YE BT 1A included the consumption of cooked seafood, sushi, tofu, and some vegetable types. Analysis of specific risk factors and SNP analysis, combined, indicate that raw pork is a significant risk factor for exposure and infection to pathogenic YE cases, but not BT 1A cases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The food insulin index (FII) is a novel algorithm used to determine insulin responses of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. This scoping review aimed to provide an overview of all scientifically relevant information presented on the application of the FII in the prevention and management of insulin resistance and diabetes. The Arksey and O'Malley framework and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews 22-item checklist were used to ensure that all areas were covered in the scoping review. Our search identified 394 articles, of which 25 articles were included. Three main themes emerged from the included articles: 1. the association of FII with the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes, 2. the comparison of FII with carbohydrate counting (CC) for the prediction of postprandial insulin response, and 3. the effect of metabolic status on the FII. Studies indicated that the FII can predict postprandial insulin response more accurately than CC, and that a high DII and DIL diet is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The FII could be a valuable tool to use in the prevention and management of T1DM, insulin resistance, and T2DM, but more research is needed in this field.

The rate of yersiniosis in New Zealand (NZ) is high compared with other developed countries, and rates have been increasing over recent years. Typically, >99% of human cases in NZ are attributed to Yersinia enterocolitica (YE), although in 2014, a large outbreak of 220 cases was caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis . Up until 2012, the most common NZ strain was YE biotype 4. The emergent strain since this time is YE biotype 2/3 serotype O:9. The pathogenic potential of some YE biotypes remains unclear. Most human cases of yersiniosis are considered sporadic without an identifiable source. Key restrictions in previous investigations included insufficient sensitivity for the isolation of Yersinia spp. from foods, although foodborne transmission is the most likely route of infection. In NZ, YE has been isolated from a variety of sick and healthy domestic and farm animals but the pathways from zoonotic reservoir to human remain unproven. Whole-genome sequencing provides unprecedented discriminatory power for typing Yersinia and is now being applied to NZ epidemiological investigations. A "One-Health" approach is necessary to elucidate the routes of transmission of Yersinia and consequently inform targeted interventions for the prevention and management of yersiniosis in NZ.

Incidence of human yersiniosis in New Zealand has increased between 2013 and 2017. For surveillance and outbreak investigations it is essential that an appropriate level of discrimination between pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica isolates is provided, in order to support epidemiological linking of connected cases. Subtyping of 227 Y. enterocolitica isolates was performed using a range of different typing methods, including biotyping, serotyping and seven loci multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). In addition, core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (core SNP) analysis and multi-locus sequence typing were performed on a subset of 69 isolates. Sixty-seven different MLVA types were identified. One MLVA profile was associated with an outbreak in the Bay of Plenty region, supported by epidemiological data. Core SNP analysis showed that all the outbreak-related isolates clustered together. The subtyping and epidemiological evidence suggests that the outbreak of yersiniosis in the Bay of Plenty region between October and December 2016 could be attributed to a point source. However, subtyping results further suggest that the same clone was isolated from several regions between August 2016 and March 2017. Core SNP analysis and MLVA typing failed to differentiate between Y. enterocolitica biotype 2 and biotype 3. For this reason, we propose that these biotypes should be reported as a single type namely: Y. enterocolitica biotype 2/3 and that the serotype should be prioritised as an indicator of prevalence.

Background: Pain is prevalent during orthodontics, particularly during the early stages of treatment. To ensure patient comfort and compliance during treatment, the prevention or management of pain is of major importance. While pharmacological means are the first line of treatment for alleviation of orthodontic pain, a range of non-pharmacological approaches have been proposed recently as viable alternatives., Objectives: To assess the effects of non-pharmacological interventions to alleviate pain associated with orthodontic treatment., Search Methods: Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 6 October 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library, 2016, Issue 9), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 6 October 2016), Embase Ovid (1980 to 6 October 2016) and EThOS (to 6 October 2016). We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases., Selection Criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a non-pharmacological orthodontic pain intervention to a placebo, no intervention or another non-pharmacological pain intervention were eligible for inclusion. We included any type of orthodontic treatment but excluded trials involving the use of pre-emptive analgesia or pain relief following orthognathic (jaw) surgery or dental extractions in combination with orthodontic treatment. We excluded split-mouth trials (in which each participant receives two or more treatments, each to a separate section of the mouth) and cross-over trials., Data Collection and Analysis: At least two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We used the random-effects model and expressed results as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We investigated heterogeneity with reference to both clinical and methodological factors., Main Results: We included 14 RCTs that randomised 931 participants. Interventions assessed included: low-level laser therapy (LLLT) (4 studies); vibratory devices (5 studies); chewing adjuncts (3 studies); brain wave music or cognitive behavioural therapy (1 study) and post-treatment communication in the form of a text message (1 study). Twelve studies involved self-report assessment of pain on a continuous scale and two studies used questionnaires to assess the nature, intensity and location of pain.We combined data from two studies involving 118 participants, which provided low-quality evidence that LLLT reduced pain at 24 hours by 20.27 mm (95% CI -24.50 to -16.04, P < 0.001; I² = 0%). LLLT also appeared to reduce pain at six hours, three days and seven days.Results for the other comparisons assessed are inconclusive as the quality of the evidence was very low. Vibratory devices were assessed in five studies (272 participants), four of which were at high risk of bias and one unclear. Chewing adjuncts (chewing gum or a bite wafer) were evaluated in three studies (181 participants); two studies were at high risk of bias and one was unclear. Brain wave music and cognitive behavioural therapy were evaluated in one trial (36 participants) assessed at unclear risk of bias. Post-treatment text messaging (39 participants) was evaluated in one study assessed at high risk of bias.Adverse effects were not measured in any of the studies., Authors' Conclusions: Overall, the results are inconclusive. Although available evidence suggests laser irradiation may help reduce pain during orthodontic treatment in the short term, this evidence is of low quality and therefore we cannot rely on the findings. Evidence for other non-pharmacological interventions is either very low quality or entirely lacking. Further prospective research is required to address the lack of reliable evidence concerning the effectiveness of a range of non-pharmacological interventions to manage orthodontic pain. Future studies should use prolonged follow-up and should measure costs and possible harms.

This study describes the analysis of 432 isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE had a high level of discrimination with biotype 1A isolates (Simpson's Diversity Index 0.997), but with the clinically important biotypes 2, 3 and 4, the discriminatory ability of PFGE was so low as to severely limit its usefulness (DI <0.6). For biotypes 2, 3 and 4, 79% or more of isolates of each biotype were of just three different PFGE profiles. Because of this, four known outbreaks of yersiniosis would not have been identified by PFGE analysis. However, a previously unrecognized potential outbreak of yersiniosis caused by biotype 4 isolates was identified on the basis of a rare PFGE genotype with spatial and temporal clustering. We conclude that PFGE has a very limited application to the genotyping of Y. enterocolitica biotypes 2, 3 and 4, and inferences based on finding indistinguishable PFGE profiles among cases or between cases and sources need to be substantiated using alternative typing tools, or strong epidemiological evidence., (© 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)

The discovery of new or divergent viruses using metagenomics and high-throughput sequencing has become more commonplace. The preparation of a sample is known to have an effect on the representation of virus sequences within the metagenomic dataset yet comparatively little attention has been given to this. Physical enrichment techniques are often applied to samples to increase the number of viral sequences and therefore enhance the probability of detection. With the exception of virus ecology studies, there is a paucity of information available to researchers on the type of sample preparation required for a viral metagenomic study that seeks to identify an aetiological virus in an animal or human diagnostic sample. A review of published virus discovery studies revealed the most commonly used enrichment methods, that were usually quick and simple to implement, namely low-speed centrifugation, filtration, nuclease-treatment (or combinations of these) which have been routinely used but often without justification. These were applied to a simple and well-characterised artificial sample composed of bacterial and human cells, as well as DNA (adenovirus) and RNA viruses (influenza A and human enterovirus), being either non-enveloped capsid or enveloped viruses. The effect of the enrichment method was assessed by both quantitative real-time PCR and metagenomic analysis that incorporated an amplification step. Reductions in the absolute quantities of bacteria and human cells were observed for each method as determined by qPCR, but the relative abundance of viral sequences in the metagenomic dataset remained largely unchanged. A 3-step method of centrifugation, filtration and nuclease-treatment showed the greatest increase in the proportion of viral sequences. This study provides a starting point for the selection of a purification method in future virus discovery studies, and highlights the need for more data to validate the effect of enrichment methods on different sample types, amplification, bioinformatics approaches and sequencing platforms. This study also highlights the potential risks that may attend selection of a virus enrichment method without any consideration for the sample type being investigated., (Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the correlation between symmetry of the craniofacial skeleton and aesthetics of the nose and upper lip in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (CUCLP)., Material and Methods: Craniofacial symmetry was evaluated on postero-anterior (PA) cephalograms of 54 children (37 boys and 17 girls; mean age = 11.0 years, SD 1.6) with CUCLP repaired with a one-stage closure (Cleft group). Treated subjects were age- and gender-matched with 54 untreated subjects taken from the University of Michigan Growth Study (Control group). Fourteen coefficients of asymmetry (CAs) were calculated and four angles were measured. Four raters assessed the nasolabial appearance on cropped facial and profile photographs with the 5-grade aesthetic index of Asher-McDade (grade 1 means the most aesthetic and grade 5 the least aesthetical outcome) in the Cleft group only. Independent t-tests were used to evaluate the inter-group differences for CAs. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to examine a relationship between particular components of the aesthetical index and CAs. Multiple regression analyses were carried out to explain the nasolabial aesthetics on the basis of craniofacial symmetry., Results: In the Cleft group, most cephalometric variables demonstrated asymmetry not exceeding 10%. The Cleft and Control groups differed regarding three angular measurements (Se, Ism, and ANS) and 1 CA (Mo-V). Three of the four nasolabial components demonstrated correlation with some cephalometric variables. However, the correlation coefficients were low (range: -0.309 to 0.305)., Conclusions: There is a weak correlation between craniofacial skeletal symmetry and aesthetics of the nose and upper lip in children with CUCLP., (Copyright © 2012 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The biomechanical character of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is crucial in its response to functional and orthodontic forces. Collagen has been the primary subject of investigations in this field. Several studies, however, indicate that oxytalan fibres, which belong to the elastic fibre family, also contribute to the biomechanical character and behaviour of the PDL. In order to elucidate this, we have evaluated the available literature on the oxytalan fibre network within the PDL and supra-alveolar tissues with respect to development, morphology and distribution, and response to mechanical stimulation. To this end, we have combined the classical histological studies with more recent in vitro studies. Oxytalan fibres develop simultaneously with the root and the vascular system within the PDL. A close association between oxytalan fibres and the vascular system also remains later in life, suggesting a role in vascular support. Mechanical loading of the PDL, through orthodontic force application, appears to induce an increase in the number, size, and length of oxytalan fibres. In line with this, in vitro stretching of PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs) results in an increased production of fibrillin, a major structural component of the microfibrils that make up oxytalan fibres. The available data suggest a mechanical function for oxytalan, but to date experimental data are limited. Further research is required to clarify their exact mechanical function and possible role in orthodontic tooth movement., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this article is to hear the voices of HIV- and AIDS-affected educators regarding their experiences of the psychosocial effect that the HIV and AIDS pandemic has on them as well as to voice their experiences of how Resilient Educators (REds), a support programme to enable educators affected by HIV and AIDS towards resilience, enabled them. A qualitative study was undertaken with 100 affected educators from different provinces in South Africa. Open-ended questionnaires were used to collect data prior to and after exposure to REds. The results suggested that the pandemic had a devastating effect not only at a professional level, but also at all the personal levels of educators' well-being, namely, at an emotional, spiritual, physical and social level. However, the results also indicated that REds empowered them to cope more resiliently with the overwhelming personal and professional impacts of living and teaching in an HIV- and AIDS-altered milieu. It thus seems as if REds, as an empowering programme, has the potential to become a valuable protective resource in an educational context that is HIV-lacerated.

The role of men has undergone tremendous change over the last decade due to various reasons. The researcher tried to combine two objectives in this study. Firstly the focus was on perceptions and attitudes of aged males towards themselves, significant others and the general process of aging. The second objective was to determine the culturally diverse perceptions and attitudes of aged males towards aging and some concomitant factors. The study was done within the qualitative paradigm. Seeing that research of this nature has seldom been undertaken, an exploratory research design was embarked on. Two culturally different groups, the one consisting of 12 aged black men and the other consisting of 12 aged white men, were established. Members for the two groups were selected by way of the accidental sampling technique. Vast differences were found between the two groups on some aspects, while on other aspects there were little differences.