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Carolus Linnaeus a ete le pere des reseaux phenologiques modernes. Dans son ouvrage " Philosophia Botanica ", il a decrit des methodes permettant d'elaborer des calendriers annuels des plantes precisant l'ouverture des feuilles, la floraison, la fructification et la chute des feuilles, le tout associe a des observations climatologiques " de facon a montrer les differences selon les regions " (Schnelle, 1955). Le Programme GLOBE (Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment, www.globe.gov) fonde en 1998, a reconnu la valeur des observations phenologiques dans l'education, et encourage les etudiants a prendre des mesures valides sur le plan scientifique dans les domaines de l'atmosphere, de l'hydrologie, des sols et de la couverture vegetale/phenologie, associant la recherche scientifique et l'education. La description detaillee des etapes de croissance de plantes utiles, suivie d'une codification adequate, facilite la communication entre les scientifiques et les chercheurs, lorsque par ex. de nouvelles decouvertes scientifiques doivent etre transferees sous forme de procedures de gestion, ou lorsque des experiences menees sur un site de culture doivent etre adaptees a un autre site. Nous decrivons les etapes de la croissance d'especes de cacaoyers (Theobroma sp.) dans le monde entier afin de preparer les informations qui serviront de base a la gestion de la production, a des comparaisons d'etudes epidemiologiques de maladies, de schemas de croissance suivant differents facteurs environnementaux et de parametres genetiques specifiques a certains clones. La codification suit l'echelle " BBCH etendue " (BBCH = Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie, Allemagne), un systeme numerique qui distingue les etapes de croissance principale, secondaire et tertiaire. Chaque etape de croissance presentee, de la germination des semences jusqu'au developpement de la cime et a la recolte, est mise en correlation avec les pratiques de gestion generales. Cette echelle sera tres utile aux cacaoculteurs et aux chercheurs du monde entier pour permettre une meilleure communication, une planification plus efficace des pratiques de gestion et des experimentations. (Resume d'auteur)

The phenological development stages of plants and their BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie)-coding system are used in agricultural and horticultural science and practice, botanical sciences, meteorology and climatic science as well as agricultural insurance, each with their own varying individual objectives. A proposal for a code for the phenological development of roses in general on the basis of the BBCH extended scale is presented. Ten principal growth stages have been defined from germination/sprouting, through leaf and shoot production to bud, flower and fruit production and to senescence and dormancy. Every principal growth stage has been subdivided into secondary growth stages. Under special conditions, it is helpful to use mesostages with three-digit codes. The mesostages are particularly relevant to roses, as many rose plants have more than one flower per plant. Descriptive keys with illustration aids for the use of the system are included.

The evaluation of plant protection product efficacy in field trials is a complex task. Several aspects of the statistical evaluation are discussed in this paper, along with a recommendation to modify EPPO Standard PP1/152. Confidence intervals should be preferred over significance tests to avoid contradictions between 'statistical significance' and 'biological relevance'. Efficacy should first be demonstrated, by comparison of a new product with a well chosen reference product, using a test of non-inferiority. When non-inferiority has been established, a test of superiority can follow. Both can simply be obtained by one-sided confidence intervals of μ Reference - μ Product or μ Reference /μ product , where μ Reference and μ Product are the means for the reference and the product, respectively. Confidence intervals for the ratio are easier to interpret because of the definition of percentage change. The evaluation that a trial is realistic and coherent should be performed according to the present EPPO guideline before any analysis of efficacy is made. Efficacy data from trial series should be preferred over individual trials because this represents different sites and increased sample size (number of sites and number of plots). The treatments-by-sites interaction should be modelled as a random effect in a mixed model. Software in R is available for these suggested analyses.

Summary The BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale is used to describe the phonological growth stages of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Eight principal growth stages for germination and bud development, leaf development (crop canopy), root and perennating bud formation, peduncle elongation and inflorescence development, flowering and fruit set, development of fruit, ripening of fruit and senescence, and 42 secondary growth stages are described. A practical use of the scale is proposed with reference to the timing of application of agrochemicals for disease control.

Summary Detailed crop-specific descriptions and codes are presented for the growth stages of the persimmon tree, contributing to the standardisation of national and international testing systems in fruit growing. Based on the general BBCH-scale, the codes describe growth stages using a two-digit numerical system and differentiate between principal and secondary growth stages to allow separation of developmental steps. Growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity are described. A feature of the system is that homologous stages of different crops are presented by the same codes.

Summary The extended BBCH (BBCH = Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemische Industrie, Germany) scale and its associated decimal code were used to describe the growth stages of the coffee plant. Principal growth stages included germination and vegetative propagation, leaf development on the shoot of the young plant and branches of the tree, formation of branches, branch elongation, inflorescence and flower development, flowering, development of fruit, ripening of fruit and seed, and senescence. Secondary stages were also identified for each of the principal stages. Through a two digit decimal code, it is possible to identify the principal growth stages and their respective secondary stages. This scale will be of great help to coffee growers and researchers around the world for the more efficient planning of management practices and experiments.

Summary This paper describes the phenological growth stages of olive trees using the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, Chemische Industrie) scale. Eight principal growth stages for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity and senescence and 32 secondary growth stages are described. Advantages of the BBCH scale over other methods are discussed.

Effects of plant cropping measures on toxin production were investigated. The use of the plough reduced the DON level by 71%. Additionally, the choice of less sensitive varieties, as well as an adequate nitrogen fertilization showed a significant reduction of the DON content in grain. In non-ploughed systems, an ear application with fungicides reduced DON by 63 %. The effects of strobilurin containing fungicides (strobilurin solo products and strobilurin-azole mixtures) upon the toxin content were compared with azoles.

Summary Conservation, characterisation and utilisation of minor fruit tree species is an important objective for diversification of agro-food production. One such fruit tree is the loquat, a tree that originated in China but is well adapted to the Mediterranean area. The conservation and utilisation of suitable germplasm requires an accurate characterisation and evaluation of the material. A first step in characterisation is to use phenotypic traits. This paper describes the phenological growth stages of loquat tree using the extended BBCH scale. Seven principal growth stages (PGS) for bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development and fruit maturity and 31 secondary growth stages are described and compared with a previous scale based on Fleckinger classical methodology. An example of application of the extended BBCH scale for characterisation of loquat cultivars from IVIA germplasm collection is reported.

Following the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the soybean plant is presented, with crop-specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions. The phenological development process of the plant is described in terms of periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A two-digit and a three-digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each developmental step.

Die Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation Limburgerhof der BASF Aktiengesellschaft ist seit 1987 auch ‘IOSDV‐Standort. Auf einem lehmigen Sandboden werden verschiedene organische Dungungsvarianten (OD1 = ohne organische Dungung—OD2 = Stroh‐ZGulledungung, Zwischenfruchtbau—OD3 = Strohdungung, Zwischenfruchtbau + 50 kg/ha N) bei steigendem N‐Mineraldungeraufwand in der Fruchtfolge ‘Kornermais—Winterweizen—Wintergerste’ gepruft. Bei den Getreidearten wird zudem der Einflus von gezielten Pflanzenschutzmasnahmen zur Krankheitsbekampfung und Standfestigkeitsverbesserung auf den N‐Entzug ermittelt. Im einzelnen zeigt sich im Mittel der Kulturen und Anbaujahre: 1. Ohne N‐Dungung (N0‐Stufe) differenzieren sich beim Vergleich der organischen Dungungsvarianten die Korn‐ und Strohertrage am starksten, um sich mit steigender N‐Dungung immer mehr anzunahern. 2. In der N1‐Stufe (⊘ Kulturen = 77 kg/ha N) belauft sich die Leistung der mineralischen N‐Dungung bei OD1 auf 32,8 kg Korner pro 1 kg N OD2 auf 23,7 kg Korner pro 1...

Summary A universal scale (to be known as the BBCH scale) using a decimal code for the description of the growth stages of most agricultural crops and weeds is proposed. The scale and codes are based on the well-known Zadoks code for cereals. Developmentally similar growth stages of different crops are given the same codes. The general scale provides a framework within which more specific scales for individual crops may be constructed. The uniformity of the scale makes it easy to remember and use in agricultural practice and simplifies storage and retrieval in a computer system. A description of the general scale is given followed by specific scales for cereals, rice, maize, oilseed rape, field beans, peas and sunflower. Comparisons with scales currently in use are given where appropriate.

Summary The extended BBCH scale is a system for a uniform coding of phenologicaliy similar growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plant species, based on the well known cereal code of Zadoks et al. (1974). The BBCH key is it decimal system, with 10 principal growth stages and up to 10 secondary ones, starting with seed germination, sprouting of perennials, progressing through leaf production and extension growth to flowering and senescence. Therefore, it can also be a suitable tool to define the growth stages of different weed species. To encourage further use of the BBCH scale in weed research, definitions of the codes have been more closely adapted to weeds. Possible problems are discussed and guidelines for correct use are given.

Der Herbologe hat den Wunsch, die Wirkung eines Herbizides mit geringem Arbeitsaufwand in einer Zahl zu erfassen, der Biometriker indes ist bestrebt, aus einem Versuch grostmogliche Information zu gewinnen. Seitdem BOLLE (1964) die Wertzahlen 1 – 9 auch mathematisch als sinnvoll angepriesen hat, hat diese Bonitierungsmethode mehr und mehr Anhanqer gefunden. Sie fand letztlich auch Eingang in die “Richtlinien fur die amtliche Prufung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln” (ANONYM, 1966). Die Reihe 13 dieser “Richtlinien” behandelt die Bewertung der biologischen Wirkung von Herbiziden. Die in dieser Reihe aufqefuhrten Bonitierungsrichtl inien sind bindend fur die Prasentation von biologischen Versuchsergebnissen beim Zulassungsverfahren. Die Schwierigkeiten, diese Ergebnisse einer biometrischen Auswertung zu unterziehen, hat bereits NOLLE (1971) aufgezeigt. Der Arbeitskreis “Biometrie und Versuchsmethodik” der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaft hat wahrend der Jahre 1973 – 1975 ein Versuchsvorhaben durchqefuhrt, um abzuklaren. ob zum derzeit anqewandten Bonitierungsschema sinnvolle Alternativen bestehen. Aus dem Abschlufsbericht (KAMPE, 1975) geht hervor, dals eine Ablehnung der derzeitigen Methode aus wirtschaftlichen Grunden nicht sinnvoll erscheint, wobei auserdem von ROTH (1975) nachgewiesen wurde, das die Informationsausbeute durch Anwendung einer anderen arbeitsintensiveren Methode weder verbessert noch grundlegend verandert wird. Hierbei wurden aber reine Produktvergleiche angestellt, was aber den Aufgaben einer Produktentwicklung nicht ganz entspricht.