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Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) have developed a 0.1 nm SASE based FEL based on 10 GeV S-band linear accelerator named PAL-XFEL. At the first stage, PAL-XFEL needs two undulator lines for photon source. The hard X-ray undulator line requires 20 units of 5 m long hybrid-type conventional planar undulator and soft X-ray line requires 7 units of 5 m long hybrid type planar undulators. PAL have developed undulator magnetic structure based on EU-XFEL concepts. In this report, the impact of the background field, alignment issues, the results of pole height tuning, and final magnetic measurement results are summarized.

The Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is developing a self amplification of spontaneous emission (SASE) based free electron laser (FEL) for X-ray coherent photon sources. The PAL developed a prototype undulator that had a 5.0 m magnetic length and a 7.2 mm minimum gap at a magnetic field of ∼0.908 T. The PAL has constructed an undulator field measurement facility to confirm the field qualities of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) undulators in the assembly building. Two field measurement benches which included a Hall probe scanner, a flip coil and a stretched wire system were installed and their performances were evaluated. This paper describes the field measurement facility and presents the performance test results of the two benches.

Vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is associated with insulin resistance and visceral obesity. We examined the predicting factors of VED in uncomplicated premenopausal obese women using analysis of endothelium-dependent vasodilation by radial artery pulse wave obtained through applanation tonometry.The subjects included a group of 33 obese women body mass index ((BMI)or = 25) and another age-matched control group of 25 nonobese women (BMI: 18.5-22.9) of Asian origin. All uncomplicated premenopausal (20-45 y) obese women were sedentary (1 h/week of physical activity). Anthropometric measurements were performed, and regional distributions of adipose tissue and metabolic variables were measured. Endothelial function was measured by pulse wave analysis after salbutamol administration, which reflects endothelium-mediated vasodilation, contributed partially by nitric oxide release from beta2-adrenergic stimulation. Radial artery wave forms were recorded and from a derived aortic wave forms augmentation index (AIx, defined as the pressure difference between the first and second peaks of the central arterial wave form, expressed as a percentage of the pulse pressure) was calculated. The subjects received sublingual nitroglycerine (NTG) (0.6 mg), followed by nebulized salbutamol (2.5 mg).AIx fell significantly after the administration of salbutamol, which causes endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. This value was significantly reduced in obese women compared with the controls (10.3+/-6.7 vs 17.2+/-6.8%, P=0.0003). NTG, which causes endothelium-independent vasodilatation, did not produce significant changes (P=0.917). As for our obese subjects, the visceral adipose tissue area was a significant predictor of VED independent of BMI, percent body fat, and other metabolic variables including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (beta = -0.141, P=0.002, Adj-R(2)=0.41).Increased abdominal adiposity is a powerful independent predictor of VED in uncomplicated obese women. Further studies are warranted to determine the pathophysiological link between visceral adipose tissue and VED.

Objective This study was designed to prospectively investigate the efficacy and cognitive adverse effects of stereotactic bilateral anterior cingulotomy as a treatment for refractory obsessive-compulsive (OCD) patients for 12 months. Method Patients were eligible if they had severe OCD and rigorous treatments had been unsuccessful. Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and neuropsychological tests were used to assess the efficacy and cognitive changes of cingulotomy before and 12 months after operation. Results The mean improvement rate of the Y-BOCS scores achieved from baseline was 36.0%. Out of 14 patients six met responder criteria; 35% or higher improvement rate on Y-BOCS and CGI improvement of very much or much better at 12-month follow-up. There was no significant cognitive dysfunction after cingulotomy. Conclusion Anterior cingulotomy shows few cognitive adverse effects, with about half of the OCD patients demonstrating significant symptomatic improvement.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is developing a Multipole Wiggler (MPW14) to utilize high-energy (B30 keV) synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source (PLS). The MPW14 is a hybrid type device to achieve maximum peak flux density and wide beam fan that can serve two beamlines. PLS MPW14-features period of 14 cm, minimum gap of 14 mm, 20 full field periods, maximum flux density of 2.06 T, 3036 mm total magnetic structure length. The peak flux density is very high compared to the other wigglers of similar pole gap and the period. The high peak flux density was possible using advanced new magnetic material and optimized magnetic geometry. The MPW14 will be used in hard X-ray region of 10–30 keV at 2.5 GeV electron energy. The total photon power is 6.19kW and the peak power density is 5.27 kW/mrad 2 at 2.5 GeV, 150 mA. To withstand the big magnetic loads with minimum deflections, C-type support structure is designed with detailed FEM structural analysis. In this article, all the conceptual design efforts for the PLS MPW14 wiggler will be described. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 41.85.L

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory is developing an Elliptically Polarized Undulator (EPU6) to utilize the polarized synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source (PLS). EPU6 is an Apple-II type elliptical undulator which changes the polarization of the field by translating the magnet arrays. EPU6 features period of 6 cm, minimum gap of 19 mm, 25 full field periods, maximum vertical flux density of 0.69 T, maximum horizontal flux density of 0.45 T, and 1575 mm total magnetic structure length. In this article, the design, fabrication, the measurement and correction efforts for PLS EPU6 undulator are described.

This paper reports the eighth set of results of a series of grouped laser comparisons from national laboratories undertaken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at the request of the Comite Consultatif pour la Definition du Metre (CCDM, now the Consultative Committee for Length, CCL) during the periods July 1993 to September 1995 and March 1997 to July 1997. This comparison, like the previous seven, is expected to be listed as a key comparison in the context of the ongoing BIPM.L-K10 series. The results of this comparison involving five lasers, four from three countries of the Asia-Pacific group and one from the BIPM, meet the goals set by the CCDM in 1992 and adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) the same year. The standard uncertainty (1 σ) of the frequency of the He-Ne laser stabilized on the saturated absorption of 127I2 at 633 nm is reduced to the level of 12 kHz (2.5 × 1011) when the lasers compared meet the recommended values of the parameters. The lasers were first compared with the BIPMP3 laser, with all the lasers set to the parameter values normally used in each laboratory; the results then ranged from −112.7 kHz to +24.9 kHz. After checking and correcting the values of all the parameters and replacing a contaminated iodine cell, the range was reduced to −31.5 kHz to +14.3 kHz. Under the latter conditions, the average frequency difference of the group of lasers, with respect to the BIPM4 laser, was −1.9 kHz with a standard uncertainty (1 σ) of 20.2 kHz. The best frequency stabilities, with relative Allan standard deviations of about 6.6 × 1012, 6.0 × 1013 and 1.3 × 1013, were observed with sampling times of 1 s, 100 s and 1000 s, respectively. The overall best value was 9.5 × 1014 for a sampling time of 6000 s.

This paper reports the fifth set of results of a series of grouped laser comparisons from national laboratories undertaken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at the request of the Comite Consultatif pour la Definition du Metre (CCDM, now the Consultative Committee for Length, CCL), during the period July 1993 to September 1995. The results of this comparison, involving six lasers from five countries and the BIPM, meet the goals set by the CCDM in 1992 and adopted by the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) the same year. The standard uncertainty (1 σ) of the frequency of the He-Ne laser stabilized on the saturated absorption of 127I2 at λ = 633 nm is reduced to a level of 12 kHz (2.5 parts in 1011) when the lasers compared meet the recommended values of the parameters. The lasers were first compared with the BIPMP3 or the CSIRO1 lasers, with all the lasers set to the parameter values normally used in each laboratory; the results ranged from -48.3 kHz to 13.8 kHz. After checking and readjusting the values of all the parameters, the range was reduced to -14.7 kHz to 10.4 kHz. Under the latter conditions, the average frequency difference of the group of lasers with respect to the BIPM4 laser was -0.5 kHz with a standard uncertainty (1 σ) of 8.5 kHz. The best relative frequency stabilities, with Allan standard deviations of about 3.5 parts in 1012 and 3.5 parts in 1013, were observed with sampling times of 8 s and 2048 s, respectively.

No clinical studies on the lipolytic effect of guanine nucleotide-binding protein β3 subunit gene (GNB3) 825T polymorphism have been performed. This study was a subinvestigation of a 12-week randomized controlled trial (NCT01184560) for the additive effect of orlistat on sibutramine treatment. The analysis involved 101 obese females aged 18-49 years, genotyped at the GNB3 825 locus. To exclude any influence from potential confounders, we used an analysis of covariance model. After the intervention, fat mass proportion in total weight loss was significantly lower in subjects with a T allele than in those without a T allele (p = 0.034). GNB3 825T allele was associated with blunted fat mass reduction in obese females.

Various laser and light therapy have been increasingly used for the treatment of acne vulgaris.Twenty patients with facial acne were treated using intense pulsed light (IPL) on one side of the face and pulsed dye laser (PDL) on the other to compare the efficacy and safety of IPL and PDL. Treatment was performed 4 times at 2-week intervals. Treatment effectiveness was determined using lesion counts, acne severity, patient subjective self-assessments of improvement, and histopathological examinations, which included immunohistochemical staining for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).Numbers of total acne lesions decreased following both treatments. For inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules and nodules, IPL-treated sides showed an earlier and more profound improvement than PDL-treated sides. However, at 8 weeks after the 4th treatment, a rebound aggravation of acne was observed on IPL-treated sides. On the contrary, PDL produced gradual improvements during the treatment sessions and these improvements lasted 8 weeks after the 4th treatment. Non-inflammatory lesions as open and closed comedones also showed improvement following both treatments and PDL-treated sides showed better improvement as the study proceeded. Histopathological examinations showed amelioration in inflammatory reactions and an increase in TGF-beta expression after both treatments, which were more prominent for PDL-treated sides.Both PDL and IPL were found to treat acne effectively, but PDL showed a more sustained effect. TGF-beta might play a key role in the resolution of inflammatory acne lesions.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is developing a high field multipole wiggler for new EXAFS beamline. The beamline is planning to utilize very high photon energy (∼40keV) synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source (PLS). To achieve higher critical photon energy, the wiggler field need to be maximized. A magnetic structure with wedged pole and blocks with additional side blocks which are similar to asymmetric wiggler of ESRF are designed to achieve higher flux density. The end structures were designed to be asymmetric along the beam direction to ensure systematic zero 1st field integral. The thickness of the last magnets were adjusted to minimize the transition sequence to the fully developed periodic field. This approach is more convenient to control than adjusting the strength of the end magnets. The final design features 140mm period, 2.5 Tesla peak flux density at 12mm pole gap, 1205mm magnetic structure length with 16 full field poles. In this article, all the design, engineering efforts for the ...

The 100 MeV PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) proton linac has two proton beam extraction lines for user experiment. Each extraction line has 5 beamlines and has 2.5 Hz operating frequency. An AC switching magnet is used to distribute the proton beam to the 5 beam-lines, An AC switching magnet is excited by PWM-controlled bipolar switching-mode converters. This converter is designed to operate at ± 350A, 2.5 Hz programmable current step output. The power supply is employed IGBT modules and has been controlled by a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). This paper describes the design and test results of the power supply.

The PEFP (Proton Engineering Frontier Project) proton linac is designed to have two proton beam extraction lines at the 20-MeV and 100-MeV end. The 20-MeV extraction line is branched out into 5 beamlines by using the switching magnet. The magnet bends the proton beam by +20, +10, 0, -10, -20 degrees, respectively, and has an AC frequency of 2.5 Hz with a programmable ac power supply. It employs an H-shape, 0.45 T magnetic fields, 500 mm effective length, and 50 mm pole gap. Laminated steel of 0.5 mm reduces the eddy currents in the yoke, but some heat radiation from the stainless steel of vacuum chamber is inevitable. This paper presents the magnet specification and primary design.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is developing a 14 cm period wiggler (MPW14) for high flux material science(HFMS) beamline. The MPW14 is a hybrid type device achieving higher peak flux density. PLS MPW14 features period of 14cm, minimum gap of 14mm, 24 full field poles, maximum flux density of 2.02 Tesla, and the total magnetic structure length of 2056mm. The peak flux density is higher compared to the other wigglers of similar pole gap and period. The high peak flux density has been achieved by using advanced new magnetic materials and optimized magnetic geometry. The magnetic performance of the MPW14 is measured using a conventional hall probe scanning system and flipping coil system. The newly developed angularly resolved flipping coil measurement system is very precise and fast. Due to its angular resolving feature, all higher order multipole contents of the MPW14 could be measured. In this article, all the developments efforts for the PLS MPW14 wiggler and the efforts for the angularly resolving flipping coil measurement system are described.

We report here two environmental genic male-sterilities (EGMS) in rice. These two EGMS rice lines, thermo-sensitive genic male-sterility (TGMS) and photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterility (PGMS), are controlled by temperature and photoperiod, respectively, in determining their male-sterility. Male-sterility of the TGMS and PGMS was found to be induced when they were grown at 32 degrees C/26 degrees C (day/night) with 14 h daylight, while they were fertile at 26 degrees C/20 degrees C (day/night) with 10 h daylight in a growth chamber. We also examined their anther structures under a light microscope. The light microscopic observation revealed that the EGMS lines showed a complete pollen abortion at the sterile growth condition while they produced normal fertile pollens at the fertile growth condition.

Mad1 protein is known to repress Myc target genes and antagonize Myc function. The authors undertook this study to investigate the clinical implication of Mad1 expression in human breast carcinoma.The authors performed immunohistochemical assays for Mad1 and Myc proteins in human breast carcinoma, along with tissues from normal breast and benign diseases. The data from protein assays were analyzed in terms of the clinical and biologic characteristics of the patients.Of 66 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, Mad1 expression was detected in 22 (33. 3%). Intensity and area of Mad1 expression significantly decreased in DCIS and invasive cancers, whereas high levels of Mad1 expression were persistent in benign breast lesions. Mad1 expression was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated tumors (P0.001). Expression of Mad1 was not associated with tumor size, lymph node status, or stage of disease. The authors did not observe any correlation between S-phase and expression status of Myc or Mad1. Mad1 expression was closely linked to differentiation of the cancer cells and inversely correlated with Myc expression (P = 0.042). In survival analysis, Mad1 was a significant factor in predicting recurrence of the disease, but not overall survival after CMF chemotherapy.In human breast carcinoma cells, expression of Mad1 seems to be down-regulated, whereas expression of Myc is amplified. Altered expression of Mad1 may play a role in the malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells and represent an aggressive phenotype in human breast carcinoma.

Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) is developing an Elliptically Polarized Undulator (EPU) to produce polarized synchrotron radiation at Pohang Light Source (PLS). The EPU6 is an Apple-II type elliptical undulator, which changes the polarization of the field by translating the quadrant arrays. The PLS EPU6 features a period of 6 cm, a minimum gap of 19 mm, 25 full field periods, a maximum vertical flux density of 0.69 T, a maximum horizontal flux density of 0.46 T, and 1575 mm total magnetic structure length. The EPU6 is optimized for highly polarized synchrotron radiation from 117 to 1500 eV at 2.5 GeV electron energy. Using correction coils to compensate the orbit drift in the undulator increased the estimated photon flux by 15% compared to the case without the compensation.

11587 Background: Triple-negative breast cancers(TNBC) are defined as a lack of expression of estrogen, progesterone receptors and HER2. Recently gene expression analysis identified basal-like subg...

7573 Background: The clinical syndrome of radiation pneumonitis develops in 5–15% of patients receiving thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer. In this study, we evaluated and identified the clinica...

The magnetization behaviors have been measured for amorphous Fe90−xMnxZr10 (x=8 and 10) alloys. The Curie temperature is decreased from 210Kto185K with increasing Mn concentration (x=8 to x=10). The magnetization measurements were conducted at temperatures above the Curie temperature in the paramagnetic region. In both samples, the magnetic properties showed superparamagnetic behavior above Tc where the mean magnetic moment of the superparamagnetic spin clusters decreased with increasing temperature. A large magnetic entropy change ΔSM, which is calculated from H vs M curves associated with the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transitions in amorphous, has been observed. The maximum ΔSM of Fe82Mn8Zr10 is 2.87J∕kgK at 210K for an applied field of 5T. The peak of magnetic entropy change was observed at the Curie temperature. The ΔSM decreases with increasing Mn concentration to 2.33J∕kgK.

Amiodarone is a potent antiarrythmic agent used in the treatment of refractory tachyarrythmias and premature ventricular contractions. Amiodarone may be responsible for the frequent and various side effects including corneal deposits, abnormal liver function test, hyperthyriodism or hypothyroidism, bluish discoloration of the skin, neuropathies, and the others. However, pulmonary toxicity is most serious adverse reaction limiting the clinical efficacy. Rescently, we experienced a case of pulmonary toxicity induced by low dose 10-month amiodarone treatment for atrial fibrilation with rapid ventricular response. Lung biopsy reveals interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, hyperplasia of pneumocytes, and foamy macrophages. Respiratory symptoms and abnormal chest X-ray findings were nearly complete cleared after using steroid and withdrawal of amiodarone. We report a case of amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity with literature review.