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In the late nineteenth century, Paris is at the origin of an impressive flow of words and multiplied images. The article introduces the principal Catalan modernist artists having made the Bohemian life in Paris and having shown it in Barcelone.Santiago Rusiñol and Ramon Casas show modern painting that comes from the French capital. The visitors are able to discover the subjects of Montmartre’s mythology, an urban landscape quite distinctive and deranged life of women and artists. A second generation begins to hatch in the late 1890s and at the very beginning of the twentieth century, which meet in Els Quatre Gats. Isidre Nonell and Ricard Canals arrived in Paris after the 1897 and they are followed by Pablo Picasso, Carles Casagemas and some other artists, with the unique presence of a woman, Lluïsa Vidal., À la fin du XIX e siècle, Paris est à l'origine d'un flux impressionant de paroles et d'images démultipliées. L'article présente les principaux artistes modernistes catalans ayant vécu la bohème à Paris et l'ayant faite voir à Barcelone. Santiago Rusiñol et Ramon Casas y montrent la peinture moderne de la capitale française. Le public barcelonais découvre les sujets de la mythologie montmartroise, un paysage urbain tout à fait distinctif et la vie detraquée des femmes et des artistes. Une seconde géneration commence à éclore à la fin des années 1890 et au tout début du XX e siècle, celle qui fréquente notamment Els Quatre Gats. Isidre Nonell et Ricard Canals arrivent à Paris en 1897 suivis par Pablo Picasso, Carles Casagemas et quelques autres artistes, avec l'unique présence d'une peintre, Lluïsa Vidal.

This article proposes an exploration of the mythic and imaginary background of the Catalan rural novels in the second half of the 19th century, in which the pairalisme lesson has a determinant role. In these texts, the farmer, a not very presentfigure in literature until then, is invested with the catalanism essence, and the world where he belongs, the rural one, is transformed into the only possible habitat for the «good Catalan»., Cet article propose une exploration du sens mythique et imaginaire dans les romans rustiques catalans de la seconde moitié du XIX e siècle, dans lequel le discours du pairalisme joue un rôle déterminant. Le paysan, figure jusqu'alors peu présente en littérature, y est investi d'un pouvoir sublimatoire de l'essence de la catalanité et le monde qui lui appartient, la ruralité, se transforme en le seul habitat possible pour le « bon catalan ».

The second half of the nineteenth century saw the development of the «myth» of the Parisian woman as a modern fashion icon in the arts and literature. Some painters and illustrators of Catalan modernism, including Ramon Casas, were particularly inspired by the model of the young «Parisienne» and adopted this typified figure in their paintings. The main purpose of this article is to approach the relationship between those artists and the representation of fashion in the context of their artistic creation as well as to bring out the impact of the Parisian archetype., Depuis la deuxième moitié du XIX e siècle nous assistons à la construction du « mythe » de la Parisienne en tant qu'icône de mode et de modernité dans les arts et la littérature. Quelques peintres et dessinateurs du modernisme catalan, notamment Ramon Casas, adoptèrent le motif iconographique de la jeune femme parisienne et s'en servirent comme source d'inspiration pour habiller les femmes qui peuplaient leurs illustrations. Notre but ici est d'approcher les rapports que ces peintres entretinrent avec la mode dans le cadre de leur création artistique et d'en faire ressortir l'influence du modèle parisien.

The Paris 1900 Universal Exhibition is particularly important for its contribution to the spread of Art Nouveau, a style that nevertheless collects more in the streets than in the official pavilions of the exhibition, still built in an eclectic style. TheSpanish pavilion, constructed by José Urioste becomes the reference of the new regionalist architecture in Spain but this event has had a relative influence on art and architecture in Catalonia. There the modernity had already committed a decade ago, towards what we call « first modernity », since 1888 Barcelona World Exhibition. But the Paris one exerts enormous power of attraction on artists and Catalan intellectuals and sensitizes Catalan culture with a cosmopolitan spirit and becomes mainly a city model – as a modern European metropolis - for Barcelona citizens. This research was made from materials that attest to the event's success: catalogues, postcards, tourist brochures, letters and personal documents in archives and with the weekly magazine Pèl & Ploma., L’Exposition Universelle de 1900 de Paris revêt une importance particulière pour sa contribution à la diffusion de l’Art nouveau, un style que l’on perçoit pourtant davantage dans la rue que dans les pavillons officiels de l’Exposition construits encore dans un style éclectique. Le pavillon espagnol de José de Urioste devient la référence de la nouvelle architecture régionaliste d’Espagne mais cet événement a exercé une influence relative sur l’art et l’architecture en Catalogne car la modernité s’était déjà engagée une dizaine d’années auparavant, sur la voie de ce qu’on a appelé le « premier modernisme », depuis l’Exposition Universelle de Barcelone de 1888. Mais l’exposition de Paris exerce un énorme pouvoir d’attraction sur les artistes et les intellectuels catalans et sensibilise la culture catalane à l’esprit cosmopolite et devient surtout un modèle de ville – grande métropole européenne – dont Barcelone se veut être le reflet. La recherche a été faite à partir de matériaux qui attestent du succès de l’événement : catalogues, cartes postales, brochures touristiques, lettres et documents personnels, conservés dans des archives et avec le magazine hebdomadaire Pèl & Ploma.

A highlight of industrialisation in Catalonia was the close link between Barcelona, its harbour and its surrounding land. As soon as in the 1870’s, this link was fully operative and the following thirty years brought great industrial as well as culturaland political developments. The paper analyses this productive period that has left a poorly known and unloved heritage: the industrial colonies set up along the middle parts of the Rivers Ter and Llobregat, where cotton textiles were produced. Their location was due not only to the presence of hydraulic energy, but also to the availability of a particularly inexpensive female work force. The deindustrialisation that occurred during the last third of the 20th century, emptied the colonies factories and the associated working-class villages lost their raison d’être. So, today, what to do with this heritage?, Un temps fort de l'industrialisation en Catalogne a été cette étroite articulation entre Barcelone, son port et son arrière-pays. À partir des années 70, le système est pleinement opératoire et les trente années qui suivent correspondent à une grande expansion industrielle mais aussi culturelle et politique. Le texte analyse ce moment fertile dont il nous reste un patrimoine mal connu et mal aimé : les colonies industrielles des cours moyens du Ter et du Llobregat, où se produisaient les textiles de coton. Leur localisation est due à la présence de l'énergie hydraulique et surtout à une main d'oeuvre féminine bon marché. Depuis les désindustrialisations du dernier tiers du XX e siècle, les usines des colonies sont désertées et les villages ouvriers n'ont plus de raison d'être. Que faire de ce patrimoine, aujourd'hui ?

In May 2013, Jacques Jouet embarked on a huge and unprecedented project in the history of poetry: the Planetary Poetic Project (abbreviated PPP) whose goal is to send a poem every day by mail to a member of humanity, until every human being has his own addressed poem. This article examines the impact of this singular procedure on written texts, but also the issues of this unreasonable constraint, close to conceptual art in its very statement., En mai 2013, Jacques Jouet s'est engagé dans un projet faramineux et inédit dans l'histoire de la poésie : le Projet Poétique Planétaire (abrégé en PPP) dont l'objectif est d'envoyer chaque jour, par la Poste, un poème à un membre de l'humanité, jusqu'à ce que chaque être humain possède son propre poème adressé. Cet article interroge l'incidence de cette procédure singulière sur les textes écrits, mais aussi les enjeux sous-jacents de cette contrainte déraisonnable, proche de l'art conceptuel dans son énoncé même.

This paper aims to reflect on the presence on social networks of female voices related to the world of the book, either as authors or as mediators and cultural managers. Therefore, we will first examine the transformation experienced by the concept of reader in line with the rise of the Internet as a privileged means of transmitting and exchanging information (also literary); then, we will reflect on the idea of the woman position (or how women with gender awareness understand their presence on the Internet); next, we will focus on the presence of women on Twitter around the 2017 Book Day event (the Sant Jordi held on April 23)., Cet article vise à réfléchir sur les voix féminines dans les réseaux sociaux, en relation avec le monde du livre, en tant qu'auteures, médiatrices et gestionnaires culturelles. Nous allons examiner en premier lieu la transformation du concept de lecteur/lectrice en rapport avec l'essor d'Internet, comme un moyen privilégié de transmission et d'échange (littéraire aussi) ; puis nous réfléchirons sur la position des femmes (ou comment les femmes, sensibilisées au genre, comprennent leur présence sur le réseau) et en dernier lieu nous nous intéresserons à la présence de femmes sur Twitter lors de la Journée du Livre 2017 (Fête de Sant Jordi du 23 avril).

The documentary by José Luis Guerin, Work in progress, opens and closes with two travellings. The first is an archive of 1959, filmed in 8 mm by Joan Colom, where we follow a sailor in the Barcelona Raval; the last is a sequence shot, built like a performance, that seems to seal the bonds woven during the shooting between the team and the young protagonists of this open epilogue. In between, in the center of the film, lays all the loneliness and misery of the left behind by a world eager for speculation, shown by the wandering of Antonio – the ancient sailor – in the ruins of the deserted Raval. These three drifts are the symptoms of an ill-being linked to the margin, but also a beautiful lesson of cinema, Le documentaire de José Luis Guerin, En construcción, s'ouvre et se ferme par deux travellings. Le premier est une archive de 1959, filmée en 8 mm par Joan Colom, où l'on suit un marin dans le Raval barcelonais ; le dernier est un plan séquence, construit comme une performance, qui semble sceller les liens tissés durant le tournage entre l'équipe et les jeunes protagonistes de cet épilogue ouvert. Entre les deux, au centre du film, c'est toute la solitude et la misère des laissés-pour-compte d'un monde avide de spéculation, que montre l'errance d'Antonio-l'ancien marin-dans les ruines du Raval désert. Ces trois dérives sont les symptômes d'un mal-être lié à la marge, mais aussi une belle leçon de cinéma.

This article aims to reinterpret the modernist movement in Catalonia from a European perspective and the assumption that modernism is a distinctive movement of the “second cities” of Europe in the late nineteenth century to achieve political prominence in a given state and in front of the respective capitals. The case of Barcelona, modernist city par excellence, is emblematic of the process of construction through symbolic and cultural elements of an alternative capitality to Madrid that will have important political consequences. The literary image of Barcelona as a “rebellious city” responds to a large extent to this dynamic., Cet article propose de réinterpréter le mouvement moderniste en Catalogne à partir d'une perspective européenne et de l'hypothèse selon laquelle le modernisme est un mouvement distinctif des « deuxièmes villes » de l'Europe à la fin du XIXe siècle pour atteindre la prépondérance politique dans un Etat donné et face aux capitales respectives. Le cas de Barcelone, ville moderniste par excellence, est emblématique du processus de construction à travers des éléments symboliques et culturels d'une capitalité alternative à Madrid qui aura des conséquences politiques importantes. L'image littéraire de Barcelone en tant que « ville rebelle » répond dans une large mesure à cette dynamique.

This article tackles how the movie En construcción (José Luis Guerin, 2001) offers a reflection on time and human mortality through events that punctuate a construction site in the district of Raval in Barcelona. Human time, historical time, geological and cosmic times intertwine in micro-narratives, dialogues and adventures skilfully arranged by editing, as a multitude of eras stamps that are bygone or in the process of ending. Then, the article focuses on visual marks spread during the movie : images that are pictorial, photographical or filmic and send us back to other stories in a complex game of transtextuality., Cet article aborde la façon dont le film En construcción (José Luis Guerin, 2001) propose une réflexion sur le temps et la condition de mortel, à travers les événements qui rythment un chantier de démolition et de reconstruction dans le quartier du Raval à Barcelone. Temps humain, historique, géologique et cosmique se superposent dans les micro-récits, dialogues et péripéties subtilement agencées par le montage, comme autant d'empreintes d'époques révolues ou en voie de l'être. Dans un second temps, l'article s'intéresse à d'autres traces, visuelles celles-ci, disséminées au long du film : images graphiques, picturales, photographiques ou filmiques le jalonnent depuis ses premiers plans, renvoyant parfois à d'autres images, à d'autres histoires dans des jeux complexes de transtextualité.

International audience; PURPOSE:Dp71 is the main product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene in the central nervous system. While studying the impact of its absence on retinal functions, we discovered that mice lacking Dp71 also developed a progressive opacification of the crystalline lens. The purpose of this study was to perform a detailed characterization of the cataract formation in Dp71 knockout (KO-Dp71) mice.METHODS:Cataract formations in KO-Dp71 mice and wild-type (wt) littermates were assessed in vivo by slit-lamp examination and ex vivo by histological analysis as a function of aging. The expression and cellular localization of the DMD gene products were monitored by western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. Fiber cell integrity was assessed by analyzing the actin cytoskeleton as well as the expression of aquaporin-0 (AQP0).RESULTS:As expected, a slit-lamp examination revealed that only one of the 20 tested wt animals presented with a mild opacification of the lens and only at the most advanced age. However, a lack of Dp71 was associated with a 40% incidence of cataracts as early as 2 months of age, which progressively increased to full penetrance by 7 months. A subsequent histological analysis revealed an alteration in the structures of the lenses of KO-Dp71 mice that correlated with the severity of the lens opacity. An analysis of the expression of the different dystrophin gene products revealed that Dp71 was the major DMD gene product expressed in the lens, especially in fiber cells. The role of Dp71 in fiber cells was also suggested by the progressive disorganization of the lens fibers, which was observed in the absence of Dp71 and demonstrated by irregular staining of the actin network and the aqueous channel AQP0.CONCLUSIONS:While its role in the retina has been well characterized, this study demonstrates for the first time the role played by Dp71 in a different ocular tissue: the crystalline lens. It primarily demonstrates the role that Dp71 plays in the maintenance of the integrity of the secondary lens fibers.

International audience; Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common monogenetic muscular disorder of adulthood. This multisystemic disease is caused by CTG repeat expansion in the 3-untranslated region of the DM1 protein kinase gene called DMPK. DMPK encodes a myosin kinase expressed in skeletal muscle cells and other cellular populations such as smooth muscle cells, neurons and fibroblasts. The resultant expanded (CUG)n RNA transcripts sequester RNA binding factors leading to ubiquitous and persistent splicing deregulation. The accumulation of mutant CUG repeats is linked to increased activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3␤), a highly conserved and ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase with functions in pathways regulating inflammation, metabolism, oncogenesis, neurogenesis and myogenesis. As GSK3␤-inhibition ameliorates defects in myogenesis, muscle strength and myotonia in a DM1 mouse model, this kinase represents a key player of DM1 pathobiochemistry and constitutes a promising therapeutic target. To better characterise DM1 patients, and monitor treatment responses, we aimed to define a set of robust disease and severity markers linked to GSK3␤by unbiased proteomic profiling utilizing fibroblasts derived from DM1 patients with low (80-150) and high (2600-3600) CTG-repeats. Apart from GSK3␤ increase, we identified dysregulation of nine proteins (CAPN1, CTNNB1, CTPS1, DNMT1, HDAC2, HNRNPH3, MAP2K2, NR3C1, VDAC2) modulated by GSK3␤. In silico-based expression studies confirmed expression in neuronal and skeletal muscle cells and revealed a relatively elevated abundance in fibroblasts. The potential impact of each marker in the myopathology of DM1 is discussed based on respective function to inform potential uses as severity markers or for monitoring GSK3␤ inhibitor treatment responses.

International audience

International audience; Growth of juvenile Diplodus puntazzo from the Kornati Archipelago, eastern middle Adriatic Sea was analysed. A total of 663 juveniles, ranging in length from 1.6 to 9.3 cm, were caught. Most individuals (98.80%) belonged to the 0 cohort. The first settlers, aged 2.0-2.5 months, were recorded at the end of November. Relationship between total length and weight indicates positive allometric growth (b = 3.181). The condition factor, as a consequence of length-weight relationship, was CF = 1.55. The Gompertz equation (c = 0.038 mm days-1 ; R2 = 0.832) seems to be the most appropriate for the description of young D. puntazzo growth.

The EDEN mother-child cohort study group; International audience; Among 1428 children participating in the French EDEN cohort study, we examined the relationship between childcare from 0 to 3 years(childminder, center-based, informal) and later trajectories of behavioral difficulties (ascertained via the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire at 3, 5.5 and 8 years) established using group-based trajectory modeling. Family and child characteristics were controlled for using Inverse Probability Weights. Children who were in center-based childcare had lower levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties in bivariate analyses, however these associations were no longer statistically significant after controlling for covariates. Compared to children who spent at least 1 year in center-based childcare, those who spent less than 1 year with a childminder as well as those who were in informal care had higher levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties in multivariate analyses. Early life childcare may have long-term benefits for children's behavioral and emotional development, particularly if it is of high quality and lasts at least 1 year

The Early Career Member Committee (ECMC) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) consists of a group of 14 ERS members below 40 years of age, who represent the interests of the Early Career Members (ECMs) from the assemblies. Each ECM representative has specific tasks within the ECMC, which have been presented in a previous issue of Breathe [1]. In 2020, Niki Ubags and Maxime Patout took up the position of Chair and Co-chair of the ECMC and two ECMs joined the Committee and became the ECM representatives for Assemblies 6 and 9. This article provides a statement from the ECMC Chair and Co-chair and introduces the two new members of the ECMC., Statement from the Chair and Co-chair of the ERS Early Career Member Committee (ECMC) and introduction to the new members of this committee https://bit.ly/3ltuWX9

International audience; The elaboration of biomimetic materials inspired from the specific structure of native bone is one the main goal of tissue engineering approaches. To offer the most appropriate environment for bone reconstruction, we combined electrospinning and electrospraying to elaborate an innovative scaffold composed of alternating layers of polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA). In our approach, the electrospun PCL was shaped into a honeycomb-like structure with an inner diameter of 160 μm, capable of providing bone cells with a 3D environment while ensuring the material biomechanical strength. After 5 days of culture without any differentiation factor, the murine embryonic cell line demonstrated excellent cell viability on contact with the PCL-HA structures as well as active colonization of the scaffold. The cell differentiation, as tested by RT-qPCR, revealed a 6-fold increase in the expression of the RNA of the Bglap involved in bone mineralization as compared to a classical 2D culture. This differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts was confirmed by alkaline phosphatase staining of the scaffold cultivated with the cell lineage. Later on, organotypic cultures of embryonic bone tissues showed the high capacity of the PCL-HA honeycomb structure to guide the migration of differentiated bone cells throughout the cavities and the ridge of the biomaterial, with a colonization surface twice as big as that of the control. Taken together, our results indicate that PCL-HA honeycomb structures are biomimetic supports that promotes in vitro osteocompatibility, osteoconduction, and osteoinduction and could be suitable for being used for bone reconstruction in complex situations such as the repair of maxillofacial defects.

In a large regional observational cohort study of adult (≥ 18 years), outpatients with COVID-19, prevalence, characteristics, and outcome of patients with rash and/or chilblain-like lesions (CLL), compared with population without cutaneous features, were studied. In total, 28,957 outpatients were included; the prevalence of rash and CCL were 9.5% and 3.7%, respectively. Presence of rash was significantly associated with presence of asthenia, shivers or myalgia, respiratory and gastro-intestinal symptoms, and anosmia/ageusia. The presence of CCL was associated with chest pain, chest oppression, nausea/vomiting, and anosmia/ageusia. Patients with CCL were significantly less prone to an unfavourable outcome (hospitalization or death). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10096-021-04305-3.

The annual European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress will take place in a virtual format, from 5 to 8 September 2021. As in previous years, the programme will be full of outstanding scientific sessions in the field of respiratory medicine and enriching opportunities for Early Career Members (ECMs). In this article, we provide an overview of the structure and content of the Congress, as well as tips on how to navigate the programme and get the most out of it. We also provide a brief description of the ECM session which will focus on the keys to success in science., This article provides a brief description of the Early Career Member session and guidance on how to get the most out of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) International Congress 2021, to help attendees plan their Congress in advance. https://bit.ly/3dBNrYC

A partir del estreno en España de la película Allá en el Rancho Grande (Fernando de Fuentes, 1936) en junio de 1940 el cine mexicano mantuvo una distribución y exhibición reducida pero estable en las pantallas españolas durante el franquismo. Este trabajo es una revisión histórica sobre el proceso de proyección internacional que tuvo el cine mexicano en España a través del análisis de contenido de dos revistas españolas: Primer Plano y Cámara. A partir de la lectura contextualizada de las notas periodísticas nos proponemos externar los imaginarios que vertebraron el reconocimiento de un cine con una identidad fuerte que, poco a poco, fue ganando terreno y dio a conocer nuevas facetas., Depuis la première en Espagne du film Allá en el Rancho Grande (Fernando de Fuentes, 1936) en juin 1940, le cinéma mexicain a maintenu une distribution et une exploitation réduites mais stables sur les écrans espagnols pendant le régime franquiste. Ce travail est une révision historique du processus de projection internationale du cinéma mexicain en Espagne à travers l’analyse du contenu de deux magazines espagnols : Primer Plano et Cámara. A partir de la lecture contextualisée des notes journalistiques, nous proposons d’extérioriser les imaginaires qui structurent la reconnaissance d’un cinéma à l’identité forte qui, peu à peu, gagne du terrain et fait connaître de nouvelles facettes.

Plusieurs films du cinéma muet portugais des années 1920 et du début des années 1930 reflètent la nouvelle popularité du fado, à une période où sa promotion en « chanson nationale » suscite encore de nombreuses polémiques. Ces films esquissent, chacun à leur manière, l’intégration de ce genre musical subversif dans le récit urbain de la modernité, depuis sa circulation licencieuse dans les milieux marginaux de Lisbonne jusqu’à sa professionnalisation dans le cadre des nouveaux loisirs qu’offre la capitale portugaise. Comment le cinéma muet se saisit-il de cet objet sonore insolite ? Plusieurs exemples, analysés ici, montrent comment le cinéma « absorbe » la charge immorale du fado à travers un traitement qui évoque l’illusionnisme ou l’« attraction » cinématographique. Cela, même si le cinéma évolue vers un mode de représentation plus neutre qui fait de ce chant un simple motif du nouvel espace public partagé de la capitale portugaise, que le cinéma donne à voir en miroir à ses habitants., Vários filmes do cinema mudo português dos anos 20 e início dos anos 30 refletem a nova popularidade do fado, numa altura em que a sua promoção como ”canção nacional” ainda é polémica. Estes filmes esboçam, cada um à sua maneira, a integração deste género musical subversivo na narrativa urbana da modernidade, desde a sua circulação licenciosa nos círculos marginais de Lisboa até à sua profissionalização no contexto das novas atividades de lazer oferecidas pela capital portuguesa. Como é que o cinema mudo lidou com este objecto sonoro invulgar? Vários exemplos, aqui analisados, parecem mostrar que o cinema ”absorve” a carga imoral do fado através de um tratamento próximo do ilusionismo ou da ”atração” cinematográfica. Isto, apesar de o cinema evoluir para um modo de representação mais neutro que faz desta canção um simples motivo do novo espaço público da capital portuguesa, que o cinema espelha aos seus habitantes.

Las estrellas son un factor clave de la cultura audiovisual y los medios periodísticos juegan un papel fundamental en la construcción de su imagen. Durante el primer franquismo, las revistas cinematográficas pusieron en evidencia las contradicciones y tensiones generadas por las políticas de género de la Dictadura. Sin embargo, las actitudes de las actrices más destacadas de la época no encajaban a menudo en los estrictos discursos morales y en el ideal de feminidad nacional-católico que el régimen trataba de imponer. Así sucedía con las estrellas de Hollywood, que eran a veces abiertamente criticadas. No obstante, el comportamiento de algunas actrices españolas resultaba incluso más perturbador, puesto que se convirtieron en modelos de identificación más cercanos para sus seguidoras. La prensa especializada no renunció tampoco a su potencialidad propagandística, para lo que hubo de recurrir a modular o resignificar algunas de sus actitudes, cuando no simplemente a silenciarlas., Les stars sont un élément clé de la culture audiovisuelle et les médias jouent un rôle de premier plan dans la construction de leur image. Durant le premier franquisme, les revues cinématographiques ont mis en évidence les contradictions et les tensions créées par les politiques de genre mises en place par la dictature. Néanmoins, les attitudes des actrices les plus connues de l’époque ne correspondaient pas aux discours moraux stricts et à l’idéal de féminité nationale-catholique que le régime prétendait imposer. Les actrices hollywoodiennes étaient parfois ouvertement critiquées, mais le comportement de certaines actrices espagnoles était encore plus perturbant comme modèles auquel leurs admiratrices s’identifiaient. La presse spécialisée espagnole n’a pas renoncé à ce potentiel de publicité. Elle a donc modifié ou redéfini certaines de leurs attitudes, ou les a simplement occultées.

International audience; Nemaline myopathies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous muscle diseases characterized by the presence of nemaline bodies (rods) in muscle fibers. Mutations in the KLHL40 (kelch-like family member 40) gene (NEM 8) are common cause of severe/lethal nemaline myopathy. We report an 8-year-old girl born to consanguineous Moroccan parents, who presented with hypotonia and poor sucking at birth, delayed motor development, and further mild difficulties in walking and fatigability. A muscle biopsy revealed the presence of nemaline bodies. KLHL40 gene Sanger sequencing disclosed a never before reported pathogenic homozygous mutation which resulted in absent KLHL40 protein expression in the muscle. This further expands the phenotypical spectrum of KLHL40 related nemaline myopathy.

Cet article aborde certaines représentations des femmes dans la comédie brésilienne contemporaine grand public. À partir d’un panorama des films de ce genre produits entre 2002 et 2019, nous nous concentrerons sur la trilogie De pernas pro ar (2010, 2012 et 2019), expressions du travail des femmes sous l’influence du post-féminisme néolibéral et de son inhérente contrepartie : le travail méprisé socialement de l’employée domestique, persistance coloniale indélébile. Nous observerons également dans ces films une approche inédite de la sexualité, encourageant l’usage d’objets sexuels., O presente artigo aborda representações da mulher na comédia brasileira contemporânea de grande bilheteria. A partir de um panorama de filmes desse gênero produzidos entre 2002 a 2019, enfocamos a trilogia De pernas para o Ar (2010, 2012 e 2019), expressões do trabalho de mulheres sob a influência do pós-feminismo neoliberal, e a sua intrínseca contrapartida: o trabalho socialmente rebaixado da empregada doméstica, persistência colonial indelével. Aparecem ainda nesses filmes, uma abordagem inédita da sexualidade através do incentivo ao uso de brinquedos sexuais.

El feminismo como movimiento po- lítico es profundamente transgresor del orden social en todos los terrenos, pero lo es parti- cularmente para las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres, pues cuestiona los roles establecidos y resignifica las jerarquías del poder. En la histo- ria de México el feminismo tiene ya una larga historia y ha tenido características cada vez más radicales, de manera que es un tema insoslaya- ble y ha sido representado por el cine nacional. En este trabajo se analiza la manera en que se hizo durante el período clásico, su llamada edad de oro (años 1930 a 1950) en que esta lucha pro- fundamente subversiva se neutraliza mediante una serie de recursos que van desde el género con que se aborda el tema (la comedia) hasta las tramas, pasando por formas particulares de re- presentación. El tema es importante porque las audiencias reciben una representación del femi- nismo que puede influir de manera decisiva en su percepción., Le féminisme en tant que mouvement politique transgresse profondément l’ordre social dans tous les domaines, mais il le fait plus particulièrement dans le cadre des rapports entre les hommes et les femmes, car il remet en question les rôles établis et resignifie les hiérarchies de pouvoir. Dans l’histoire du Mexique, le féminisme a une longue histoire et a évolué vers des modalités de plus en plus radicales, et ce thème incontournable a été représenté par le cinéma national. Dans cet article, nous analysons cette représentation durant la période classique, qualifiée d’âge d’or (des an- nées 1930 aux années 1950), au cours de laquelle cette lutte profondément subversive est neutralisée par une série de moyens, qui vont du genre au sein duquel le sujet est abordé (la comédie) jusqu’aux intrigues, en passant par des formes particulières de représentation. Le sujet est im- portant parce que le public reçoit une représentation du féminisme qui peut influencer de manière décisive sa perception de celui-ci.

Happy Island es una creación escénica de la coreógrafa española La Ribot y la compañía portuguesa Dançando com a diferença. En este espectáculo los bailarines exploran el deseo a partir de la invención de ficciones que (se) realizan en sus cuerpos, con el propósito de cuestionar la representación normativa de la diversidad funcional y reivindicarse como sujetos sexuales. Me propongo analizar el proceso de creación de los personajes de Happy Island con el fin de revelar los planteamientos políticos de una pieza donde resulta clave la combinación de identidades reales y ficticias., Happy Island est une création scénique de la chorégraphe espagnole La Ribot et de la compagnie portugaise Dançando com a diferença. Dans ce spectacle, les danseurs explorent le désir à partir de l’invention de fictions réalisées par leurs propres corps, pour questionner la représentation normée de la diversité fonctionnelle et se revendiquer comme des sujets sexuels. Je propose d’analyser le processus de création des personnages de Happy Island afin de révéler les approches politiques d’une pièce où la combinaison d’identités réelles et fictives se révèle essentielle.

La Argentina de la primera mitad del siglo xx conoció varios regímenes autoritarios y dictatoriales, que reivindicaban la construcción o la conservación de una “nación católica y occidental”, en la cual el destino de la mujer se veía vinculado a la familia y a la dominación patriarcal. En este contexto, el teatro de Griselda Gambaro explora la problemática del poder y sus declinaciones. La dramaturga cuestiona las relaciones de género a través de la evocación de las violencias repetidas perpetradas por figuras masculinas que representan la autoridad. Pero el trabajo gambariano se interesa también por las grietas del sistema tras la puesta en escena de los desequilibrios del orden social y la figuración de la rebeldía femenina. Ésta aparece particularmente con la resistencia a las normas gracias a la gestualidad y la ma- nipulación lingüística. De esta manera, el teatro gambariano opera una desconstrucción de las normas incluso dentro del lenguaje que pasa por una literatura de “performatividad feliz”, como diría Judith Butler., L’Argentine de la première moitié du xxe siècle a connu plusieurs régimes autoritaires et dictatoriaux, revendiquant la construction ou conservation d’une « nation catholique et occidentale », dans laquelle le destin de la femme est lié à la famille et à la domination patriarcale. Dans ce contexte, le théâtre de Griselda Gambaro explore la problématique du pouvoir et ses déclinaisons. Les rapports de genre sont questionnés par la dramaturge à travers les violences répétées perpétrées par des figures masculines de l’autorité. Mais le travail gambarien porte aussi sur les failles du système à travers la mise en scène des déséquilibres de l’ordre social et la figuration de la rébellion féminine. Celle-ci apparaît notamment avec la résistance aux normes grâce à la gestuelle et à la manipulation linguistique. Ainsi, le théâtre gambarien opère une déconstruction des normes y compris langagières qui passe par une littérature à la « performativité heureuse », selon les termes de Judith Butler.

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(IF N/A; N/A); International audience; Network analysis is used to address diverse ecological, social, economic and management questions, but few studies combine social and ecological issues in a single analysis. Understanding the links between social and ecological networks helps in establishing coastal management strategy for the sustainable use of marine resources. The aim of this research study is to apply this approach to artificial reefs (AR) along the French metropolitan coasts. For fifty years, AR has been deployed in France with a single main goal: to sustain artisanal fisheries by enhancing resources. Assessing the effectiveness of this tool requires considering each stakeholder’s initial intentions and comparing them to the actual results (social and ecological). Network analysis provides a holistic view of the relations between all the actors of the system that offers a basis for suggesting a suitable management strategy for each objective identified.

Este estudio apunta a comprender el advenimiento de una feminidad normativa a través del prisma del mercado de la moda y de los nuevos usos del consumo en la iconografía española, especialmente satírica, en la segunda mitad del siglo xix. Desde la década de 1860 hasta la de 1890, el paradigma de la fisonomía se agotó, los conceptos que impulsaban el modelo del ángel del hogar, todavía influenciados en gran medida en España por los escritos moralistas de siglos anteriores, se codeaban con el discurso de los médicos naturalistas, mientras el mercado de la moda y la belleza explotaba en la capital. Estas múltiples condiciones contribuyeron a la aparición de una figura, la “cocotte boulevardière”, reproducida una y otra vez en la ilustración popular, que sentó las bases de una feminidad ritualizada para todas las clases sociales, íntimamente ligada al desarrollo del capitalismo, base del género en la época del frineismo, término acuñado por J. Baudrillard en La sociedad de consumo (1970), basado en la figura de la hetaira griega presente en las pinturas y esculturas de la segunda mitad del siglo xix., Cette étude visera à appréhender l’avènement d’une féminité normative au prisme du marché de la mode et des nouveaux usages de la consommation dans l’iconographie espagnole, en particulier satirique, de la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle. Des années 1860 aux années 1890, le paradigme de la physiognomonie s’épuise, les conceptions qui propulsent le modèle de l’ange du foyer, encore largement empruntes en Espagne des écrits moralistes des siècles antérieurs, côtoient le discours des médecins naturalistes, tandis que le marché de la mode et de la beauté explose dans la capitale. Ces conditions multiples contribuent à faire émerger une figure, la cocotte boulevardière, reproduite à l’envi dans l’illustration populaire, qui assoit les bases d’une féminité ritualisée pour toutes les classes sociales, intimement liée au développement du capitalisme, et socle du genre à l’ère du phrynéisme, terme forgé par J. Baudrillard dans La société de consommation (1970), à partir de la figure de l’hétaïre grecque présente dans la peinture et la sculpture de la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle.

En fechas recientes ha surgido una nueva estrategia publicitaria denominada femvertising o publicidad feminista que muchas firmas están utilizando en su comunicación comercial. Se trata de una publicidad ambivalente, que genera tensiones por la dificultad de situar el pensamiento feminista en el seno del mercado manteniendo su capacidad crítica. Con todo, y dado que su uso es cada vez más frecuente, ofrece retos a la investigación desde la perspectiva de género. Así, el presente artículo analiza la publicidad de una firma española, Campofrío, que está usando estas propuestas desde hace tiempo. El análisis de algunas campañas elaboradas con la agencia McCann revela una progresión positiva desde sus primeras experiencias hasta la elaboración de otras más recientes que son un ejemplo de la ampliación de la representación femenina, la crítica a la desigualdad y la llamada al empoderamiento de las mujeres., Récemment, est apparue une nouvelle stratégie publicitaire appelée femvertising ou publicité féministe que de nombreuses entreprises utilisent dans leur communication commerciale. C’est une publicité ambivalente, qui crée des tensions dues à la difficulté de placer la pensée féministe sur le marché tout en conservant sa capacité critique. Pourtant, et étant donné qu’elle est utilisée de plus en plus fréquente, elle présente des défis dans la recherche avec une perspective de genre. À cet égard, cet article analyse la publicité d’une entreprise espagnole, Campofrío, qui utilise ces propositions depuis longtemps. L’analyse de certaines campagnes préparées avec l’agence McCann révèle une progression positive de leurs premières expériences au développement d’autres plus récentes qui sont un exemple de l’expansion de la représentation féminine, de la critique des inégalités et de l’appel à l’autonomisation des femmes.

Cet article, articulant analyse filmique et recherche sur la réception cinématographique, fait partie d’une étude plus large portant sur les resignifications d’imaginaires du vieillissement, dans les films latino-américains du xxie siècle. Son corpus comprend les longs métrages de fiction suivants : Dois irmãos (2010), de Daniel Burman, Gloria (2014), de Sebastián Lelio, Dólares de Areia (2015), d’Israel Cárdenas et Laura Amélia Guzmán, et Que horas ela volta ? (2015), d’Anna Muylaert. L’analyse transversale de ces films, en dialogue avec leur réception, met en lumière la circulation de corps-affects cinématographiques qui contribuent à une vision positive du vieillissement. Les marques du vieillissement, parfois présentes, parfois absentes chez les personnages, tout comme la mise en tension, pour les spectateurs et spectatrices, entre anciennes et nouvelles représentations des corps vieux, font apparaître d’autres possibilités face aux formes institutionnalisées, à travers la construction imagétique transgressive d’autres vieux corps féminins., Este artigo faz parte de um estudo mais amplo sobre as ressignificações de imaginários do envelhecer em filmes latino- americanos do século xxi na articulação entre análise fílmica e pesquisa de recepção cinematográfica e tendo como corpus de pesquisa os longas-metragens de ficção Dois irmãos (2010), de Daniel Burman, Gloria (2014), de Sebastián Lelio, Dólares de Areia (2015), de Israel Cárdenas e Laura Amélia Guzmán e Que horas ela volta? (2015), de Anna Muylaert. Em uma análise transversal dos filmes e no diálogo com a recepção, identificouse a circulação de corpos-afetos cinematográficos capazes de fazer emergir uma visão afirmativa sobre o envelhecimento. No trânsito entre a ausência e a presença de traços do envelhecer nas personagens, e no tensionamento entre novas e antigas crenças sobre os corpos velhos percebidas entre os espectadores, desenharamse linhas de fuga ao instituciona- lizado em uma construção imagética transgres- sora de corpos femininos envelhecidos.

Ce texte présente quelques considérations sur la première Constitution de l’Empire du Brésil en 1824, octroyée par le souverain portugais Dom Pedro I, et son influence sur la littérature et sur le processus d’écriture de récits nationaux, sous l’exemple de la critique et de la poésie de Machado de Assis. La Constitution de 1824 et la poesie de Machado ont, entre autres, un fond commun : le retour aux classiques gréco-romains comme représentation de la recherche de l’identité nationale., Este texto retrata algumas considerações sobre a primeira Constituição do Império do Brasil de 1824, outorgada pelo regente português Dom Pedro I, e sua influência na literatura e no processo da escrita de narrativas nacionais, com o exemplo da crítica e da poesia de Machado de Assis. Tanto a Constituição de 1824 quanto a poesia de Machado têm, entre outros, um fundo comum: o retorno aos clássicos greco-romanos como representação da busca pela identidade nacional.

Dans cet article, nous cherchons à dresser une cartographie des graffitis (pichações) féministes réalisés à Brasilia, afin de démêler les dispositifs (Gilles Deleuze) qui articulent les relations politiques, culturelles, sociales et de pouvoir dans la ville, tout en cherchant également à identifier les revendications de ces femmes à travers l’analyse de textes et d’images à partir de photographies prises de ces interventions urbaines. Nous considérons ces pratiques comme artistiques et de résistance, à la fois politiques et esthétiques, comme le pro- pose Jacques Rancière, dans la recherche d’un plus grand partage du sensible. Ces interventions dans l’espace urbain permettent la création d’hétérotopies (Michel Foucault) qui subvertissent les fonctions et les significations prédéterminées des espaces publics, en particulier dans le cas des villes modernistes comme Brasília. Nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que les revendications féministes sont principalement organisées en trois thèmes : le corps, la sexualité et la violence., Neste artigo, procuramos traçar uma cartografia dos grafites e pichações feministas realizados em Brasília, com intuito de desema- ranhar os dispositivos (Gilles Deleuze) que ar- ticulam as relações políticas, culturais, sociais e de poder na cidade, procurando, ainda, iden- tificar as reinvindicações dessas mulheres por meio de análises de texto e imagem a partir de fotografias realizadas dessas intervenções urba- nas. Consideramos tais práticas como artísticas e de resistência tanto política quanto estética, como propõe Jacques Rancière, na busca por uma maior partilha do sensível. Tais interven- ções no espaço urbano permitem a criação de heterotopias (Michel Foucault) que subvertem as funções e sentidos pré-determinados para os espaços públicos, principalmente no caso de ci- dades modernistas como Brasília. Chegamos à conclusão de que as reivindicações feminis- tas se organizam principalmente em três temas: corpo, sexualidade e violência.

Cet article, articulant analyse filmique et recherche sur la réception cinématographique, fait partie d’une étude plus large portant sur les resignifications d’imaginaires du vieillissement, dans les films latino-américains du xxie siècle. Son corpus comprend les longs métrages de fiction suivants : Dois irmãos (2010), de Daniel Burman, Gloria (2014), de Sebastián Lelio, Dólares de Areia (2015), d’Israel Cárdenas et Laura Amélia Guzmán, et Que horas ela volta ? (2015), d’Anna Muylaert. L’analyse transversale de ces films, en dialogue avec leur réception, met en lumière la circulation de corps-affects cinématographiques qui contribuent à une vision positive du vieillissement. Les marques du vieillissement, parfois présentes, parfois absentes chez les personnages, tout comme la mise en tension, pour les spectateurs et spectatrices, entre anciennes et nouvelles représentations des corps vieux, font ap- paraître d’autres possibilités face aux formes institutionnalisées, à travers la construction imagétique transgressive d’autres vieux corps féminins., Este artigo faz parte de um estudo mais amplo sobre as ressignificações de imaginários do envelhecer em filmes latino- americanos do século xxi na articulação entre análise fílmica e pesquisa de recepção cinematográfica e tendo como corpus de pesquisa os longas-metragens de ficção Dois irmãos (2010), de Daniel Burman, Gloria (2014), de Sebastián Lelio, Dólares de Areia (2015), de Israel Cárdenas e Laura Amélia Guzmán e Que horas ela volta? (2015), de Anna Muylaert. Em uma análise transversal dos filmes e no diálogo com a recepção, identificouse a circulação de corpos-afetos cinematográficos capazes de fazer emergir uma visão afirmativa sobre o envelhecimento. No trânsito entre a ausência e a presença de traços do envelhecer nas personagens, e no tensionamento entre novas e antigas crenças sobre os corpos velhos percebidas entre os espectadores, desenharamse linhas de fuga ao institucionalizado em uma construção imagética transgressora de corpos femininos envelhecidos.

International audience

La ocupación del espacio público por parte del colectivo anarcofeminista boliviano Mujeres creando, fundamentalmente en las calles de La Paz, tiene una firma reconocible y reconocida desde 1992: el grafiti. Considerando el grafiti a través de la historia y de características técnicas, intentaremos interrogar este arte visual como lenguaje principal de una voz feminista de repercusiones nacionales e internacionales. A partir de una genealogía del colectivo, su división en 2002 y su actualidad, abordaremos aspectos centrales de su feminismo. Los lugares compartidos entre Mujeres creando y el grafiti comprenden la negación anarquista de toda autoridad y, a su vez, la ilegalidad propia del grafiti, como cuestionamiento de las artes oficiales. El proyecto político, de denuncia de opresiones plurales e interseccionales, opera desde un afuera que es del anarquismo, del graiti, de las mujeres desplazadas por el escenario normativo., L’occupation de l’espace public par le collectif anarcho-féministe bolivien, Mujeres creando, notamment dans les rues de La Paz, porte une signature reconnaissable et reconnue depuis 1992 : le graffiti. Au travers de l’histoire et des caractéristiques techniques du graffiti cette étude essaiera d’interroger cet art visuel en tant que langage principal d’une voix féministe aux répercussions nationales et internationales. Les contenus de ce féminisme seront abordés à partir d’une généalogie du collectif, de sa division en 2002 et de son actualité. Les lieux que partagent Mujeres creando et le graffiti concernent, à la fois la négation anarchiste de toute autorité et l’illégalité propre du graffiti, comme interpellation des arts officiels. Le projet politique de dénonciation d’oppressions plurielles et intersectionnelles opère depuis un dehors qui appartient à l’anarchisme, au graffiti, aux femmes déplacées par la scène normative

International audience; In the neural primordium of vertebrate embryos, the neural crest (NC) displays a unique character: the capacity of its component cells to leave the neural primordium, migrate along definite (and, for long, not identified) routes in the developing embryo and invade virtually all tissues and organs, while producing a large array of differentiated cell types. The most striking diversity of the NC derivatives is found in its cephalic domain that produces, not only melanocytes and peripheral nerves and ganglia, but also various mesenchymal derivatives (connective tissues, bones, cartilages…) which, in other parts of the body, are mesoderm-derived. The aim of this article was to review the large amount of work that has been devoted to solving the problem of the differentiation capacities of individual NC cells (NCC) arising from both the cephalic and trunk levels of the neural axis. A variety of experimental designs applied to NCC either in vivo or in vitro are evaluated, including the possibility to culture them in crestospheres, a technique previously designed for cells of the CNS, and which reinforces the notion, previously put forward, of the existence of NC stem cells. At the trunk level, the developmental potentialities of the NCC are more restricted than in their cephalic counterparts, but, in addition to the neural-melanocytic fate that they exclusively express in vivo, it was clearly shown that they harbor mesenchymal capacities that can be revealed in vitro. Finally, a large amount of evidence has been obtained that, during the migration process, most of the NCC are multipotent with a variable array of potentialities among the cells considered. Investigations carried out in adults have shown that multipotent NC stem cells persist in the various sites of the body occupied by NCC. Enlightening new developments concerning the invasive capacity of NCC, the growing peripheral nerves were revealed as migration routes for NCC travelling to distant ventrolateral regions of the body. Designated “Schwann cell precursors” in the mouse embryo, these NCC can leave the nerves and are able to convert to a novel fate. The convertibility of the NC-derived cells, particularly evident in the Schwann cell-melanocyte lineage transition, has also been demonstrated for neuroendocrine cells of the adult carotid body and for the differentiation of parasympathetic neurons of ganglia distant from their origin, the NC. All these new developments attest the vitality of the research on the NC, a field that characterizes vertebrate development and for which the interest has constantly increased during the last decades.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. We explored cellular and plasma hypercoagulability in NDMM patients to identify relevant biomarkers that can be used in combination with clinical factors in the development of a risk assessment model (RAM) for VTE. Untreated patients (n = 144) with NDMM were prospectively enrolled, baseline biomarkers prior to anti-myeloma treatment and thromboprophylaxis initiation were obtained. These were compared against values in a group of healthy individuals with similar age and sex distribution. The primary study end point was symptomatic VTE occurrence. At 12-month follow-up cumulative VTE rate was 10.4%. NDMM patients showed biological signs of cellular and plasma hypercoagulability and endothelial cell activation. Procoagulant phospholipid clotting time (Procoagulant-PPL) was shorter, P-selectin levels lower and thrombin generation attenuated overall compared to healthy subjects. Longer Procoag-PPL®, lower endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), and higher levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) were associated with VTE occurrence. Multivariate analysis showed that Procoag-PPL® and ETP were independent risk factors for VTE. We conclude that Procoag-PPL® and ETP can be prospectively incorporated into a RAM for VTE in MM in combination with clinical and disease risk factors.

International audience; Mammals use binaural or monaural (spectral) cues to localize acoustic sources. While the sensitivity of terrestrial mammals to changes in source elevation is relatively poor, the accuracy achieved by the odontocete cetaceans' biosonar is high, independently of where the source is. Binaural/spectral cues are unlikely to account for this remarkable skill. In this paper, bone-conducted sound in a dolphin's mandible is studied, investigating its possible contribution to sound localization. Experiments are conducted in a water tank by deploying, on the horizontal and median planes of the skull, ultrasound sources that emit synthetic clicks between 45 and 55 kHz. Elastic waves propagating through the mandible are measured at the pan bones and used to localize source positions via either binaural cues or a correlation-based full-waveform algorithm. Exploiting the full waveforms and, most importantly, reverberated coda, it is possible to enhance the accuracy of source localization in the vertical plane and achieve similar resolution of horizontal- vs vertical-plane sources. The results noted in this paper need to be substantiated by further experimental work, accounting for soft tissues and making sure that the data are correctly mediated to the internal ear. If confirmed, the results would favor the idea that dolphin's echolocation skills rely on the capability to analyze the coda of biosonar echoes.

Background Host-microbe balance maintains intestinal homeostasis and strongly influences inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here we focused on bacteria-fungi interactions and their implications on intestinal inflammation, a poorly understood area. Methods Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis was assessed in mice treated with vancomycin (targeting gram-positive bacteria) or colistin (targeting Enterobacteriaceae) and supplemented with either Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 or Candida albicans. Inflammation severity as well as bacterial and fungal microbiota compositions was monitored. Results While S. boulardii improved DSS-induced colitis and C. albicans worsened it in untreated settings, antibiotic treatment strongly modified DSS susceptibility and effects of fungi on colitis. Vancomycin-treated mice were fully protected from colitis, while colistin-treated mice retained colitis phenotype but were not affected anymore by administration of fungi. Antibacterial treatments not only influenced bacterial populations but also had indirect effects on fungal microbiota. Correlations between bacterial and fungal relative abundance were dramatically decreased in colistin-treated mice compared to vancomycin-treated and control mice, suggesting that colistin-sensitive bacteria are involved in interactions with fungi. Restoration of the Enterobacteriaceae population by administrating colistin-resistant Escherichia coli reestablished both beneficial effects of S. boulardii and pathogenic effects of C. albicans on colitis severity. This effect was at least partly mediated by an improved gut colonization by fungi. Conclusions Fungal colonization of the gut is affected by the Enterobacteriaceae population, indirectly modifying effects of mycobiome on the host. This finding provides new insights into the role of inter-kingdom functional interactions in intestinal physiopathology and potentially in IBD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40168-018-0538-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Membrane fusion is a key event in exocytosis of neurotransmitters and hormones stored in intracellular vesicles. In this process, soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins are essential components of the exocytotic molecular machinery, while lipids have been seen traditionally as structural elements. However, the so-called signalling lipids, such as sphingosine and arachidonic acid, interact with SNAREs and directly modulate the frequency and mode of fusion events. Interestingly, recent work has proved that the sphingosine analogue FTY-720, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, mimics the effects of signalling lipids. In the present Review, we discuss recent investigations suggesting that endogenous signalling lipids and synthetic analogues can modulate important physiological aspects of secretion, such as quantal release, vesicle recruitment into active sites, vesicle transport and even organelle fusion in the cytosol. Therefore, these compounds are far from being merely structural components of cellular membranes., This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2011-25095 and BFU2015-63684-P, MINECO, FEDER, UE) to LMG.

Disorders that specifically affect central and peripheral vision constitute invaluable models to study how the human brain adapts to visual deafferentation. We explored cortical changes after the loss of central or peripheral vision. Cortical thickness (CoTks) and resting-state cortical entropy (rs-CoEn), as a surrogate for neural and synaptic complexity, were extracted in 12 Stargardt macular dystrophy, 12 retinitis pigmentosa (tunnel vision stage), and 14 normally sighted subjects. When compared to controls, both groups with visual loss exhibited decreased CoTks in dorsal area V3d. Peripheral visual field loss also showed a specific CoTks decrease in early visual cortex and ventral area V4, while central visual field loss in dorsal area V3A. Only central visual field loss exhibited increased CoEn in LO-2 area and FG1. Current results revealed biomarkers of brain plasticity within the dorsal and the ventral visual streams following central and peripheral visual field defects. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00429-018-1700-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience; HHV-6A and HHV-6B are found as inherited and chromosomally integrated forms (iciHHV-6A and -6B) into all germinal and somatic cells and vertically transmitted in a Mendelian manner in about 1% of the population. They were occasionally shown to be horizontally transmitted through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we present a clinical case of horizontal transmission of iciHHV-6A from donor to recipient through liver transplantation. Molecular analysis performed on three viral genes (7.2 kb) in the recipient and donor samples supports transmission of iciHHV-6A from the graft. Transmission was followed by reactivation, with high viral loads in several compartments. The infection was uncontrollable, leading to severe disease and death, despite antiviral treatments and the absence of resistance mutations. This case highlights the fact that physicians should be aware of the possible horizontal transmission of iciHHV-6 and its consequences in case of reactivation in immunocompromised patients.

Introduction. – Artesunate and other artemisinin derivatives are used in various infectious and non-infectious diseases. We aimed to analyze available data on artesunate and artemisinin derivatives activity in humans and their potential clinical benefits in non-malarial indications.Material and methods. – Literature review performed on PubMed and the Cochrane Library databases using the PRISMA method. We analyzed studies published in English from January 2008 to August 2017 using the same indicators of drug efficacy.Results. – We included 19 studies performed in humans (1 meta-analysis, 1 literature review, 4 randomized controlled trials, 3 prospective controlled trials, 3 prospective uncontrolled trials, 2 exploratory phase 1 or 2 trials, 1 case series, and 4 case reports). Artesunate and artemisinin derivatives demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of schistosomiasis in combination with praziquantel (P = 0.003). Artesunate monotherapy was less effective than praziquantel alone (P < 0.001) probably because its activity only affects the early stages of Schistosoma parasites. Artesunate monotherapy could be interesting as a chemoprophylactic drug against schistosomiasis (P < 0.001). Findings seem promising but are still controversial in the treatment of multidrug-resistant CMV infections. Studies do not conclude on artesunate and artemisinin derivatives efficacy in the treatment of cervix, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Conclusion. – Artesunate and artemisinin derivatives in combination with praziquantel were effective against schistosomiasis, and could be used as a chemoprophylactic drug alone. They could be interesting as anti-CMV and anti-tumor treatment. Additional trials in humans are required to assess the efficacy of artesunate and artemisinin derivatives in diseases other than malaria., Introduction: L’artésunate et les autres dérivés d’artémisinine sont les traitements de première ligne du paludisme. L’objectif était d’analyser les données disponibles de l’utilisation de l’artésunate et des dérivés d’artémisinine chez l’homme dans d’autres pathologies infectieuses et non infectieuses.Matériels et méthodes: Une revue systématique de littérature a été conduite sur PubMed et Cochrane Library, selon une méthodologie PRISMA. Nous avons analysé toutes les études publiées en anglais entre janvier 2008 et août 2017.Résultats: Nous avons inclus 19 études (1 méta-analyse, 1 revue de littérature, 4 essais randomisés contrôlés, 6 essais prospectifs contrôlés et non contrôlés, 2 essais de phase 1 ou 2, 1 série de cas et 4 rapports de cas). L’artésunate et les autres dérivés d’artémisinine ont montré une efficacité dans le traitement de la schistosomose en combinaison avec le praziquantel (p = 0,003). L’artésunate en monothérapie est moins efficace que le praziquantel seul (p < 0,001). L’artésunate en monothérapie pourrait être utilisé comme agent prophylactique de la schistosomose (p < 0,001). Des données d’efficacité, quoique controversées, semblent intéressantes dans le traitement de l’infection à CMV résistant. Les travaux publiés ne permettent pas de conclure à une efficacité dans le cancer du col de l’utérus, du sein, du carcinome colorectal et cancers pulmonaires.Conclusion: L’artésunate et autres dérivés d’artémisinine en combinaison avec le praziquantel sont efficaces contre la schistosomose. Ils pourraient être intéressants comme agent anti-CMV et possiblement comme agent antitumoral. Cependant, les travaux publiés ne permettent pas de positionner ces traitements dans d’autres pathologies que le paludisme.

International audience; Alpha satellite is the major repeated DNA element of primate centromeres. Specific evolutionary mechanisms have led to a great diversity of sequence families with peculiar genomic organization and distribution, which have till now been studied mostly in great apes. Using high throughput sequencing of alpha satellite monomers obtained by enzymatic digestion followed by computational and cytogenetic analysis, we compare here the diversity and genomic distribution of alpha satellite DNA in two related Old World monkey species, Cercopithecus pogonias and Cercopithecus solatus, which are known to have diverged about 7 Ma. Two main families of monomers, called C1 and C2, are found in both species. A detailed analysis of our data sets revealed the existence of numerous subfamilies within the centromeric C1 family. Although the most abundant subfamily is conserved between both species, our fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments clearly show that some subfamilies are specific for each species and that their distribution is restricted to a subset of chromosomes, thereby pointing to the existence of recurrent amplification/homogenization events. The pericentromeric C2 family is very abundant on the short arm of all acrocentric chromosomes in both species, pointing to specific mechanisms that lead to this distribution. Results obtained using two different restriction enzymes are fully consistent with a predominant monomeric organization of alpha satellite DNA that coexists with higher order organization patterns in the C. pogonias genome. Our study suggests a high dynamics of alpha satellite DNA in Cercopithecini, with recurrent apparition of new sequence variants and interchromosomal sequence transfer.

International audience; Connective tissues support organs and play crucial roles in development, homeostasis and fibrosis, yet our understanding of their formation is still limited. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of connective tissue specification, we selected five zinc-finger transcription factors-OSR1, OSR2, EGR1, KLF2 and KLF4-based on their expression patterns and/or known involvement in connective tissue subtype differentiation. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq profiling of chick limb micromass cultures revealed a set of common genes regulated by all five transcription factors, which we describe as a connective tissue core expression set. This common core was enriched with genes associated with axon guidance and myofibroblast signature, including fibrosis-related genes. In addition, each transcription factor regulated a specific set of signalling molecules and extracellular matrix components. This suggests a concept whereby local molecular niches can be created by the expression of specific transcription factors impinging on the specification of local microenvironments. The regulatory network established here identifies common and distinct molecular signatures of limb connective tissue subtypes, provides novel insight into the signalling pathways governing connective tissue specification, and serves as a resource for connective tissue development.

International audience; The involvement of gonadal androgens in functions of the central nervous system was suggested for the first time about half a century ago. Since then, the number of functions attributed to androgens has steadily increased, ranging from regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive behaviors to modulation of cognition, anxiety and other non-reproductive functions. This review focuses on the implication of the neural androgen receptor in these androgen-sensitive functions and behaviors.