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Hydrocarbon contamination is associated with light transmission losses in modern lithography machines, which contain extreme-ultraviolet-induced plasma. A volume-averaged global and deposition/etch surface model of a reference hydrogen/methane inductive discharge is developed to investigate the plasma–surface interactions. The simulation results are validated against a wide variety of experiments and verified with respect to multiple sets of computational data. The deposition rate is calculated for a variation in methane impurity (10–10 000 ppm), power, pressure, and net mass flow. The simulations conclude that the hydrocarbon plasma deposition can be minimized by reducing methane impurity and excluding solid organic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in organic radicals due to their promise for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes and molecular qubits. However, accurately and inexpensively computing their electronic structure has been challenging, especially for excited states, due to the spin-contamination problem. Furthermore, while alternacy or "pseudoparity" rules have guided the interpretation and prediction of the excited states of closed-shell hydrocarbons since the 1950s, similar general rules for hydrocarbon radicals have not to our knowledge been found yet. In this article, we present solutions to both of these challenges. First, we combine the extended configuration interaction singles method with Pariser–Parr–Pople (PPP) theory to obtain a method that we call ExROPPP (Extended Restricted Open-shell PPP) theory. We find that ExROPPP computes spin-pure excited states of hydrocarbon radicals with comparable accuracy to experiment as high-level general multi-configurational quasi-degenerate perturbation theory calculations but at a computational cost that is at least two orders of magnitude lower. We then use ExROPPP to derive widely applicable rules for the spectra of alternant hydrocarbon radicals, which are completely consistent with our computed results. These findings pave the way for highly accurate and efficient computation and prediction of the excited states of organic radicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the unintentional contamination of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates by ambient hydrocarbon contaminants and their contribution to SERS spectra. Previous studies have identified amorphous carbon as a potential complicating factor in data analysis in SERS experiments, although its origin has been elusive. Our work showed that ambient hydrocarbon contamination and its decomposition products can be detected by SERS on a gold substrate. We propose that ambient air itself is a source of amorphous carbon contamination on SERS substrates. This understanding is crucial for the correct interpretation of SERS data and highlights the need for careful consideration of potential environmental contaminants in SERS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil spills are a frequent perturbation to the marine environment that has rapid and significant impacts on the local microbiome. Previous studies have shown that exposure to synthetic dispersant alone did not enhance heterotrophic microbial activity or oxidation rates of specific hydrocarbon components but increased the abundance of some taxa (e.g., Colwellia). In contrast, exposure to oil, but not dispersants, increased the abundance of other taxa (e.g., Marinobacter) and stimulated hydrocarbon oxidation rates. Here, we advance these findings by interpreting metatranscriptomic data from this experiment to explore how and why specific components of the microbial community responded to distinct organic carbon exposure regimes. Dispersant alone was selected for a unique community and for dominant organisms that reflected treatment- and time-dependent responses. Dispersant amendment also led to diverging functional profiles among the different treatments. Similarly, oil alone was selected for a community that was distinct from treatments amended with dispersants. The presence of oil and dispersants with added nutrients led to substantial differences in microbial responses, likely suggesting increased fitness driven by the presence of additional inorganic nutrients. The oil-only additions led to a marked increase in the expression of phages, prophages, transposable elements, and plasmids (PPTEPs), suggesting that aspects of microbial community response to oil are driven by the mobilome, potentially through viral-associated regulation of metabolic pathways in ciliates and flagellates that would otherwise throttle the microbial community through grazing.IMPORTANCEMicrocosm experiments simulated the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill by applying oil and synthetic dispersants (Corexit EC9500A and EC9527A) to deep ocean water samples. The exposure regime revealed severe negative alterations in the treatments heterotrophic microbial activity and hydrocarbon oxidation rates. We expanded these findings by exploring metatranscriptomic signatures of the microbial communities during the chemical amendments in the microcosm experiments. Here we report how dominant organisms were uniquely associated with treatment- and time-dependent trajectories during the exposure regimes; nutrient availability was a significant factor in driving changes in metatranscriptomic responses. Remarkable signals associated with PPTEPs showed the potential role of mobilome and viral-associated survival responses. These insights underscore the time-dependent environmental perturbations of fragile marine environments under oil and anthropogenic stress.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous film forming foams (AFFFs) can hinder bioremediation of co-contaminants such as trichloroethene (TCE) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). Anaerobic dechlorination can require bioaugmentation of Dehalococcoides, and for BTEX, oxygen is often sparged to stimulate in situ aerobic biodegradation. We tested PFAS inhibition to TCE and BTEX bioremediation by exposing an anaerobic TCE-dechlorinating coculture, an aerobic BTEX-degrading enrichment culture, and an anaerobic toluene-degrading enrichment culture to n-dimethyl perfluorohexane sulfonamido amine (AmPr-FHxSA), perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), or nonfluorinated surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The anaerobic TCE-dechlorinating coculture was resistant to individual PFAS exposures but was inhibited by >1000× diluted AFFF. FHxSA and AmPr-FHxSA inhibited the aerobic BTEX-degrading enrichment. The anaerobic toluene-degrading enrichment was not inhibited by AFFF or individual PFASs. Increases in amino acids in the anaerobic TCE-dechlorinating coculture compared to the control indicated stress response, whereas the BTEX culture exhibited lower concentrations of all amino acids upon exposure to most surfactants (both fluorinated and nonfluorinated) compared to the control. These data suggest the main mechanisms of microbial toxicity are related to interactions with cell membrane synthesis as well as protein stress signaling.

Severe cases of hydrocarbon aspiration requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) are rarely reported in pediatrics, and 90% of hospitalized patients have a relatively benign clinical course. We describe a 14 month-old female with accidental hydrocarbon ingestion and aspiration due to organic makeup brush cleaner that suffered severe ARDS and multiorgan failure, successfully managed with ECMO and surfactant. She was decannulated after a total of 72 hours on ECMO, extubated on hospital day 15 (HD 15), and discharged home in her normal state of health after one month in the hospital. ECMO and adjunctive therapies such as surfactant may be helpful in the management of severe hydrocarbon pneumonitis and there are limited reports of ECMO as a supportive method for these pediatric patients.

Thiele's Hydrocarbons (THs) featuring a 9,10‐anthrylene core with switchable geometric and electronic configurations offer exciting possibilities in advanced functional materials. Despite significant advances in main group‐based diradicaloids in contemporary chemistry, main group THs containing an anthrylene cores have remained elusive, primarily due to the lack of straightforward synthetic strategies and the inherent high reactivity of these species. In this study, we utilize an anthracene‐based phosphine synthon to demonstrate, for the first time, a facile and high‐yielding synthetic strategy for robust P‐functionalized overcrowded ethylenes (OCEs) within the TH family. These OCEs feature a non‐symmetric environment, incorporating (thio) xanthyl and phosphaalkene termini. We systematically probe the electronic structures of these derivatives to illustrate the impact of the isolobal phosphaalkene motif on the quinoidal/diradicaloid character. Notably, the compounds exhibit dynamic redox behavior, leading to orthogonally twisted conformational changes upon oxidation, with a kinetically locked redox‐couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Carbohelicenes have garnered considerable attention for their inherent chirality and structural flexibility. Increasing multi‐helicity and incorporating non‐six‐membered rings to substitute benzenoid rings within helicenes are effective strategies for introducing unique photoelectric properties. Despite the disclosure of numerous helicenes, the inaccessible precursors and the lack of synthetic routes pose a challenge in achieving desired helicene structures fused with non‐benzenoid rings. Herein, we report the synthesis of multiple non‐benzenoid carbohelicenes fused with fluorene unit(s) through intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of 9,10‐di(naphthalen‐1‐ yl)anthracene on Au(111) surface. Two potential cyclodehydrogenation manners between naphthyl and anthracene lead to the formation of fluorene‐fused [5]helicene and [4]helicene moiety. Consequently, a total of four stable products were observed. The atomic topographies of products are characterized by bond‐resolving scanning tunneling microscopy. The chiral helicity of targeted products can be switched by tip manipulation. Density‐functional‐theory calculations unveils the reaction pathway of four products. The comparative analysis of their respective energy barriers exhibits a correlation with the experimentally determined yields. Furthermore, we synthesize the polymer chains incorporating non‐benzenoid carbohelicenes via the Ullmann reaction of 2,6‐dibromo‐9,10‐di(1‐naphthyl)anthracene precursors. Our work proposes a synthetic methodology for several novel helicene‐like structures fused with fluorene units and the polymer bearing helicene subunits, thus highlighting the immense potential of these compounds in the application fields of luminescent electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct conversion of syngas into hydrocarbons, catalyzed by a combination of metal oxide and acidic zeolite, has garnered increasing attention in the scientific community. The remarkable hydrocarbon selectivity achieved in the OX‐ZEO process is a key factor in this growing interest. This process involves two distinct steps: CO activation over the oxide and subsequent C−C coupling within the zeolite pores, connected by an unidentified oxygenate intermediate. In this study, we explored three proposed oxygenates as potential intermediates and compared their conversion within the OX‐ZEO process. Using a bifunctional ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst in a syngas‐fed batch reactor, we found that methanol (MeOH) and dimethyl ether (DME) produced a hydrocarbon distribution similar to syngas conversion. However, the conversion of acetic acid (AcOH) resulted in a notably distinct range of hydrocarbons, including short olefins not detected with other reagents. Our findings suggest that methanol/DME might serve as active intermediates in the OX‐ZEO process over the ZnCr2O4/H‐MOR catalyst. This study provides a deeper insight into the transformation of proposed intermediates, contributing to the identification of the bridging intermediate that links the two catalytic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The overpressure record of the Cenozoic rifting basins in China was recently renewed in the Miocene reservoirs of the Yinggehai Basin, which became an ideal natural laboratory for revealing the hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism under the ultrahigh overpressure setting. Using 3D seismic data, two new fluid expulsion structures were identified in the Yinggehai Basin: layer‐bound faults and pipes. Layer‐bound faults were primarily generated at ~10.5 Ma and subsequently served as vertical channels for hydrocarbon migration. Pipes can be divided into three episodes, generated at ~5.5, ~2.4 and < 1.9 Ma, caused by hydraulic fracturing during focused flow in highly overpressured reservoirs. Pipes generated simultaneously with hydrocarbon charging indicate that the aqueous pressure before hydrocarbon charging did not reach the threshold of hydraulic fracturing and could result in dynamic hydrocarbon accumulation. In contrast, pipes generated before and after hydrocarbon charging increased the unfilling and draining risks of the traps, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane pyrolysis represents a CO2-free hydrogen production route that enables simultaneous carbon capture. While the majority of previous studies in the field focus on pure CH4 as feed gas stream, commercial processes will typically rely on natural gas as feedstock that contains also non-methane hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, and n-butane. Therefore, the present study evaluates how CH4 conversion, H2 selectivity, product composition, and solid carbon yield evolve when using either pure CH4 or synthetic natural gas (SNG) as feed gas stream for a thermal pyrolysis process in a lab-scale high-temperature reactor. For this, industrially viable conditions are applied, namely temperatures between 1000 °C and 1600 °C, residence times between 1 s and 7 s, and molar H2 dilution ratios between 1:1 and 4:1. Although the use of SNG results in slightly lower hydrocarbon conversions because the additional components in SNG result in a higher effective H2 dilution ratio compared to a CH4-only feed, the non-methane hydrocarbons in the SNG have a positive effect on both H2 selectivity and solid carbon yield. Taking existing mechanistic understanding into account, these positive effects are attributed to radicals formed from the non-methane hydrocarbons, which facilitate dehydrogenation steps from ethane to ethylene and hereby increase the relative amount of H2 originating from CH4. The introduction of a carbonaceous fixed bed further benefits the performance of the pyrolysis process and ultimately enables to capture more than 98% of carbon in its solid form under industrially viable process conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of hydrocarbons (HC) into the marine environment has serious consequences, both economically and ecologically. This work presents an efficient process to remove HC pollution from seawater: cloud point extraction (CPE), considered to be a reliable, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly method, using the readily biodegradable nonionic surfactants Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7. A real salt water sample with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD = 1700 mg O2/L) was thus treated. First, the phase diagrams of the binary systems (water–surfactant), and the pseudo‐binary systems (water–surfactant–HC), were determined. Second, after a 24 h settling time, considered as optimal, the extraction results, that is, residual soluble COD, residual percentage of surfactant in the dilute phase and volume fraction of coacervate at equilibrium, were expressed in terms of temperature and initial surfactant concentration. For each parameter, the results obtained were modeled using the response surface methodology and represented on three‐dimensional diagrams. They show that the COD can be reduced to 10 and 15 mg O2/L, using Lutensol ON30 and Tergitol 15‐S‐7, respectively, under seawater temperature conditions. Finally, it was shown that the surfactant can be recycled. The present work demonstrates that CPE can reduce the HC content of seawater on a laboratory scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implications of cannabis use in the U.S. for public health research. Topics include issues that make for concerning public health trends and underscore a need to disseminate information on the status and impact of cannabis-related policies, the increasing prevalence of daily or near daily cannabis use, and collateral impacts of cannabis use associated with drug-impaired driving and workplace safety.

For public health protection, informed decision-making relies on having a robust foundation of evidence concerning risks and their prevention. Application of an evidence-based framework depends on the availability of pertinent, scientifically sound data generated by well-directed and valid research endeavors. In this essay, we address the current state of research in humans and the evidential base concerning high-concentration delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) products, which are readily available in the United States. Furthermore, we explore the intricate challenges faced in carrying out research on these products, which reflect the full range of study design issues: measurement of exposure and outcomes, confounding, selection bias, and the generalizability of findings. We offer recommendations to guide future research toward providing more informative evidence. By following these recommendations, researchers and funders on this emerging topic could move toward generating the valid and comprehensive evidence needed to effectively inform public health initiatives and guide policy decisions regarding high-concentration delta-9-THC products and their use. The urgency of generating such evidence cannot be overstated, given the widespread legalization and increasing availability and use of these products. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S8):S639–S644. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307724) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terpenes are small hydrocarbon compounds that impart aroma and taste to many plants, including Cannabis sativa. A number of studies have shown that terpenes can produce pain relief in various pain states in both humans and animals. However, these studies were methodologically limited and few established mechanisms of action. In our previous work, we showed that the terpenes geraniol, linalool, β-pinene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene produced cannabimimetic behavioral effects via multiple receptor targets. We thus expanded this work to explore the potential antinociception and mechanism of these Cannabis terpenes in a mouse model of chronic pain. We first tested for antinociception by injecting terpenes (200 mg/kg, IP) into male and female CD-1 mice with mouse models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain, finding that the terpenes produced roughly equal antinociception to 10 mg/kg morphine or 3.2 mg/kg WIN55,212. We further found that none of the terpenes produced reward as measured by conditioned place preference, while low doses of terpene (100 mg/kg) combined with morphine (3.2 mg/kg) produced enhanced antinociception vs either alone. We then used the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) selective antagonist istradefylline (3.2 mg/kg, IP) and spinal cord–specific CRISPR knockdown of the A2AR to identify this receptor as the mechanism for terpene antinociception in CIPN. In vitro cAMP and binding studies and in silico modeling studies further suggested that the terpenes act as A2AR agonists. Together these studies identify Cannabis terpenes as potential therapeutics for chronic neuropathic pain and identify a receptor mechanism for this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One promising approach to overcome drug resistance in asthma treatments involves dual-target therapy, specifically targeting the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R). This study investigated the anti-asthma effects and dual-target mechanisms of glycyrrhizic acid, hesperidin, and platycodin D (GHP) from Zhisou San. GHP administration effectively attenuated OVA-induced inflammatory infiltration and overproduction of mucus in asthmatic mice. Additionally, GHP treatment significantly suppressed M3R and promoted β2-AR activation, resulting in the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle. These findings concluded that GHP mitigated asthma by targeting β2-AR and M3R to ameliorate airway inflammation and modulate airway smooth muscle relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve compounds, comprising of four new ones, 6β,7α-limondiol (1) and ethyl 19-hydroxyisoobacunoate diosphenol (2), N-benzoyl 3-prenyltyramine (9) and 9-O-methyl integrifoliodiol (12), were isolated from the twigs with leaves of Tetradium trichotomum. The structures were elucidated by analysis of MS, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 6, 8, 9 and 12 exhibited immunosuppressive activities in vitro against the proliferation of ConA-induced T lymphocytes and LPS-induced B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the evolutionary trajectories of Rhipicephalus ticks (Ixodidae) through the interpretation of molecular phylogenetics, elucidating their chromatographic spectrum. The use of advanced chromatographic tools in this study explored the dynamics chemical profiling, providing valuable insights into the evolutionary history and ecological adaptations. Prevalence of Rhipicephalus ticks was 4.5% in sheep and 3.9% in goats. The ITS2 sequence of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus (OK642408) and Rhipicephalus microplus (OK642409) form a distinct clade with sequences from other countries. The 16S rRNA sequences of R. sanguineus (OK560870) clustered with sequences form three lineages, tropical, temperate, and south‐eastern. The Cox I gene‐identified Rhipicephalus turanicus (OK623472) and R. microplus (OK623463) form separate clades with sequences. The HPLC chromatogram of tick samples reveals a diverse array of identified hydrocarbons, explained the complex chemical composition of their exoskeletons. This analytical approach provides valuable insights into the specific hydrocarbon profiles, allowing for potential applications in species differentiation, ecological studies, and a deeper understanding of the functional roles played by hydrocarbon compounds in tick physiology. The findings revealed the potential of applying molecular phylogenetics tools with chromatography not only to enhance our understanding of tick evolution but also to inform strategies for disease control and management in regions where Rhipicephalus ticks (Ixodidae) are endemic. Research Highlights: Chemical mapping utilizing advanced chromatographic techniques.Scanning microscopic insights high‐resolution scanning tool to observe structural and morphological features of ticks at a molecular level.Molecular phylogeny data elucidate the evolutionary relationships among tick species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report results of studies of luminescence decay processes in excited states of nitrogen molecules and ions in gas mixtures with hydrocarbon molecules. Use is made of emission spectroscopy methods to perform measurements. Nitrogen molecules N2 and nitrogen molecular ions are excited to the C3Πu state and the state, respectively, by a repeated high-voltage nanosecond discharge in the gas mixture in question. As a result of processing the data obtained by varying the composition of the gas mixtures and their pressure (1–20 Torr), the quenching rate constants of the excited states of nitrogen N2(C3Πu) and in collisions with hydrocarbon molecules CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 are determined. For the first time, the values of the quenching rate constants are obtained for a mixture of nitrogen and propane, as well as for the 3 → 7 transition of the emission band system N2(C3Πu → B3Πg) of a nitrogen–methane mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concerns for global warming have pushed very harsh regulations on conventional propulsion systems based on the use of fossil fuels. New technologies are being promoted, but their current technological status needs further research and development to become a competitive substitute for the ever-present internal combustion engine. Transition technologies like hybrid-electric platforms are the preferred solution, but their dependence on the internal combustion engine demands continued developing and improving this technology. Advanced combustion modes like dual-mode dual-fuel combustion are attractive solutions with room for improvement. This work evaluates the specifics of the hydrocarbon composition emitted during the operation of a medium-duty dual-mode dual-fuel engine, analyzing the specific requirements of a diesel oxidation catalyst for this application. Also, the modeling approach of this after-treatment component is revised for this type of application, proposing a new approach and evaluating numerically the performance of a conventional diesel oxidation catalyst. The results show that the new modeling approach brings better accuracy when modeling the transient operation of the engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study details the enhancements to operational procedures aimed at intensifying the flow in producing horizontal wells within the oil field located in the eastern part of Pechora Sea. Situated on the Arctic shelf, this field is subject to severe weather and heavy ice conditions and is characterized by lowpermeable, high-temperature carbonate reservoirs. Consequently, acid treatment is identified as the optimal method for flow stimulation. An acid composition (AC) tailored for carbonate reservoir rocks is proposed in this study. Laboratory evaluations of the AC have been conducted, resulted in the substantiation of the selected concentrations of acids and additive reagents. Dependencies of the rate and degree of dissolution of the carbonate material of the proposed AC with respect to time have been established. Additionally, it was determined how the AC’s stabilizing capacity for iron ions depends on the complexing agent concentration, and how interfacial tension at the boundary with the hydrocarbon phase varies with the surfactant type and concentration in the AC. The concentration of the corrosion inhibitor within the AC has also been determined. A methodology along with an illustrative calculation for estimating the volumes of primary acid components and additive reagents for the proposed AC under field conditions are presented. Moreover, to incorporate the results from laboratory physicochemical and filtration experiments of the AC, a methodology along with a calculation example is provided to estimate changes in the skin factor relative to the volume of acid composition injected per meter of horizontal well completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyolefins such as polyethylenes and polypropylenes are the most‐produced plastic waste globally, yet are difficult to convert into useful products due to their unreactivity. Pyrolysis is a practical method for large‐scale treatment of mixed, contaminated plastic, allowing for their conversion into industrially‐relevant petrochemicals. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), despite their tremendous utility in heterogeneous catalysis, have been overlooked for polyolefin depolymerization due to their perceived thermal instabilities and inability of polyethylenes and polypropylenes to penetrate their pores. Herein, we demonstrate the viability of UiO‐66 MOFs containing coordinatively‐unsaturated zirconium nodes, as effective catalysts for pyrolysis that significantly enhances the yields of valuable liquid and gas hydrocarbons, whilst halving the amounts of residual solids produced. Reactions occur on the Lewis‐acidic UiO‐66 nodes, without the need for noble metals, and yield aliphatic product distributions distinctly different from the aromatic‐rich hydrocarbons that can be obtained from zeolite catalysis. We also demonstrate the first unambiguous characterization of polyolefin penetration into UiO‐66 pores at pyrolytic temperatures, allowing access to the abundant Zr‐oxo nodes within the MOF interior for efficient C−C cleavage. Our work highlights the potential of MOFs as highly‐designable heterogeneous catalysts for depolymerisation of plastics, which can complement conventional catalysts in reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the structural and environmental recovery of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soils using low-carbon solutions and aimed to ascertain the suitability of the remediated soils for engineering purposes. 25% (w/w) of ground ripe (RPP) and unripe (UPP) waste plantain peels were each added to 1 kg weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples and monitored for 90 days. Biological, physicochemical, and engineering properties were analysed for all samples in triplicates. After 90 days of remediation, RPP and UPP nutrients degraded the mid-distillate hydrocarbon alkanes by 93% and 88%, while the heavier hydrocarbon alkanes were degraded by 83% and 85%, respectively. The polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) had 89% and 93% degradation for RPP and UPP-treated soils, respectively, while the natural attenuation sample had 28% degradation. The soil compressive strength increased by 16% and 19% for RPP and UPP-treated soils, respectively, whereas the natural attenuation soil compressive strength remained fairly constant. It was observed that the remediated soil cohesion, angles of internal friction, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content all improved as the remediation proceeded, which subsequently showed that the remediation influenced the engineering properties of the contaminated soils. Therefore, the remediation of the contaminated soil improved the structural suitability of the soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hetero- and homoleptic dinuclear zinc(I) complexes containing the macrocycle Me4TACD (N,N′,N′′,N′′′-1,4,7,10-tetramethylcyclododecane) were prepared; the heteroleptic complex [(Me4TACD)Zn–ZnCp*]+ reacted with activated hydrocarbons R–H (R = CH2CN, C≡CPh) to give the corresponding hydrocarbyl zinc(II) complexes [(Me4TACD)ZnR]+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable open‐shell luminescent radicals have recently attracted much attention due to their unique luminescence properties. However, a radical molecule with both Kasha and anti‐Kasha doublet emission properties has not been reported. Herein, we have successfully synthesized a stable chlorine‐substituted Chichibabin's hydrocarbon, TTM‐TTM, along with its mono‐radical counterpart, TTM‐HTTM. The emission of TTM‐TTM follows Kasha's rule in the near infrared region. However, TTM‐HTTM shows dual channel doublet emissions of Kasha and anti‐Kasha. Remarkably, these two types of emission compete dynamically in both solution and condensed states. Our findings provide valuable insights into the rational design and discovery of stable radicals that possess distinctive luminescent properties, thus broadening the horizons of luminescent materials research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing well logging data, outcrop profiles, and previous research, this study analyzes the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Yan'an Formation in the Ordos Basin, correlating the resulting sedimentary facies with hydrocarbon reservoirs to establish the necessary connections. The study reveals that: (1) Vertically, the sediment grain size shows a pattern of coarser grains at the bottom and top, with finer grains in the middle. Horizontally, the grain size tends to become finer from the northern, western, and southern parts of the basin toward the central-western region. (2) Tectonic movements during the Yan'an period controlled the sedimentary environment. These tectonic activities, through uplift and subsidence, caused the Yan'an Formation to experience four stages of sedimentary environments: braided river, lake, delta, and meandering river. (3) The Yan'an Formation exhibits four types of reservoir sandbody stacking patterns—continuous superposition, intermittent superposition, interbedded sand-mud, and single sandbody types—with continuous and intermittent stacking being the most common. (4) The hydrocarbons in the Yan'an Formation originated from the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation and migrated into the Yan'an reservoirs. The oil is characterized by its low density, low viscosity, and low pour point, indicating it is a high-maturity, high-quality crude oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNaphthalene and its derivatives are often determined as markers of environmental pollution, although they are also recognized as crucial building blocks in many beneficial compounds. In the course of this study, a range of 1,2-disubstituted naphthalenes bearing nitro, amine, sulfonate, chlorine, and hydroxyl substituents were synthesized and characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR,1H NMR,13C NMR, DEPT-90, DEPT-135, DEPTq, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass (HRMs). The NMR analysis of the aromatic hydrocarbon moiety in these compounds emphasized the impact of substituent variations on the appearance of 1H and 13C NMR signals. To resolve the issue of overlapping one-dimensional (1D) 1H NMR signals and determine the connectivity of hydrogen and carbon atoms from the aromatic naphtayl ring, we employed a “two-dimensional” experiment, using homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (2D 1H-1H COSY) and heteronuclear single quantum correlation (2D 1H - 13C HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectroscopy (2D 1H - 13C HMBC). This work also investigated the correlation between 1H NMR signals and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) data. X-ray crystallography data validates that the presence of a specific group, not aligned coplanarly with the naphthyl ring, exerts a spatial influence on the manifestation of 1H NMR signals, alongside other electronic effects. This study will offer NMR data, providing insights into the potential applications and analyses of naphthalene derivatives across various theoretical and practical domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercalcemia can result from either hyperparathyroidism or non-parathyroid conditions. When hypercalcemia is accompanied by undetectable parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, hyperparathyroidism is rarely considered the diagnosis. Herein, we report the case of a 65-year-old Caucasian woman referred to our hospital for further evaluation of hypercalcemia. Her symptoms included fatigue and brain fog, with undetectable PTH levels. A comprehensive workup, including a series of laboratory and imaging tests, excluded common non-parathyroid causes such as malignancy and familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Ultrasound identified a likely enlarged parathyroid gland, which was further confirmed by a sestamibi scan. After 2 weeks of cinacalcet treatment, the patient's calcium levels decreased, indicating the parathyroid gland as the likely source of hypercalcemia. Parathyroidectomy was subsequently performed, revealing a 1927 mg adenoma. Postoperatively, the patient's calcium levels normalized, PTH levels became detectable within the normal range, and her symptoms resolved, with a marked improvement in energy. This case demonstrates that primary hyperparathyroidism can present with hypercalcemia and undetectable PTH. A genetic mutation in the PTH gene within the adenoma may explain the undetectable PTH levels preoperatively. Plain Language Summary: This case report discusses a 65-year-old woman who was found to have high calcium levels in her blood, a condition known as hypercalcemia. Typically, hypercalcemia can result from either a condition where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) or from other non-parathyroid-related issues like cancer. However, when hypercalcemia occurs with undetectable levels of PTH, it is unusual for hyperparathyroidism to be the cause. In this patient's case, she experienced symptoms like fatigue and brain fog, but her initial tests showed undetectable PTH levels. Further tests ruled out other common causes of high calcium, such as cancer or a genetic condition called familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. An ultrasound and a special scan called a sestamibi scan revealed an enlarged parathyroid gland, suggesting the presence of a parathyroid adenoma, a non-cancerous tumor. To confirm this, the doctors gave the patient a medication called cinacalcet, which is known to lower calcium levels if the parathyroid glands are involved. After two weeks of treatment, her calcium levels dropped, indicating that the parathyroid gland was indeed the source of the problem. The patient underwent surgery to remove the adenoma, which weighed nearly two grams. Following the surgery, her calcium levels returned to normal, and her PTH levels became detectable again within the normal range. Her symptoms, including fatigue, improved significantly, and she reported feeling more energetic. This case is unusual because it demonstrates that primary hyperparathyroidism can still be the cause of hypercalcemia even when PTH levels are initially undetectable. The doctors suspect that a genetic mutation in the adenoma might explain why PTH levels were undetectable before surgery. This case emphasizes the importance of thorough clinical evaluation, even when initial test results are not typical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pinghu slope belt in the Xihu sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB) is a crucial hydrocarbon production area in eastern China. However, due to the complex geological conditions, publications have lacked comprehensive research on the spatial-temporal coupling relationships of primary factors that impact hydrocarbon accumulation in the Pinghu slope belt. Furthermore, the hydrocarbon distribution patterns and the controlling factors across different study areas within the same slope belt are not yet fully understood. This study extensively utilized three-dimensional seismic data, well logging data, geochemical analysis, fluorescence analysis, and oil testing and production data to address these issues. Following a "stratification and differentiation" approach, the study identified seven distinct hydrocarbon migration and accumulation units (HMAU) in the Pinghu slope area based on the structural morphology characteristics, hydrocarbon source-reservoir-cap rock patterns, hydrocarbon migration pathways, and hydrocarbon supply range. Detailed analysis was conducted to examine the hydrocarbon distribution patterns and controlling factors within each migration and accumulation unit across different structural units, including high, medium, and low structural components. All data sources support a "southern-northern sub-area division, eastern-western sub-belt division, and variations in hydrocarbon accumulation" pattern in the Pinghu slope belt. The degree of hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by the factors of structural morphology, hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks, the spatial position of source slopes, fault sealing capacity, and sand body distribution. Furthermore, different coupling patterns of faults and sand bodies play a pivotal role in governing hydrocarbon enrichment systems across various migration and accumulation units. These observations indicate that three hydrocarbon accumulation patterns have been established within the slope belt, including near-source to far-source gentle slope with multiple hydrocarbon kitchens in the XP1-XP4 zones, near-source to middle-source gentle slope with dual-hydrocarbon kitchens in the XP5 zone, and near-source steep slope with a single hydrocarbon kitchen in the XP6-XP7 zones. These findings contribute to enhancing the theoretical system of hydrocarbon accumulation in the slope belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires can negatively impact the health and well-being of wildland firefighters through a variety of exposure pathways. Many studies have measured acute health effects from occupational exposure to pollutants in wildfire smoke; however, research specifically examining cancer risks from exposure to carcinogens is limited. This review aimed to better understand cancer risk in this occupation by assessing the existing evidence of exposures and summarizing measured concentrations of carcinogens among wildland firefighters. A systematic search was conducted to identify scientific papers using the following databases: Medline(OVID), Embase(OVID), PsycINFO(OVID), Cochrane Library, CINAHL(EBSCOHost), EconLit(EBSCOHost), Scopus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Collect(ProQuest), and NIOSHTIC-2. Forty-nine papers were identified that met eligibility criteria. Across the papers, 31 carcinogens were identified and quantified using a variety of assessment methods. Papers measured particulate matter (N = 26), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N = 12), volatile organic compounds (N = 14), crystalline silica (N = 5), black carbon (N = 4), asbestos (N = 3), radionuclides (N = 7), and metals (N = 2). Most papers measured inhalation exposures through traditional air sampling methods, but a subset of exposures to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N = 8), as well as heavy metals (N = 1), were measured through urinary biomarkers and naphthalene was measured using dermal wipe samples (N = 2). Although the heterogeneity of exposure assessment methods made direct comparison of concentrations difficult, the papers provide consistent evidence that wildland firefighters are regularly exposed to carcinogens. All wildland fire personnel should continue to implement recommended mitigation strategies and support new mitigations to reduce exposure to carcinogens on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 100,306 drug overdose deaths occurred in the US during a 12-month period ending in April 2021. Opioids were involved in 75% of these related deaths. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a constantly evolving public health crisis with potentially lethal consequences. In 2017, 900 adolescents began to misuse opioids every day. Nearly 10% of high school seniors reported using opioids nonmedically. Additionally, the incidence for hospitalizations for adolescents among children 1-19 years of age increased nearly 2-fold from 1997 to 2012. This data emphasizes the dangers associated with the increasing accessibility of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical opioids, particularly for adolescents. All three of the currently FDA approved medications for OUD have shown clear efficacy in decreasing all-cause mortality in adults. It is proposed that the same effects should be seen in adolescents but limited data is present. A recent study analyzed buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment amongst OUD in adolescents between 2001-2014; only 1 in 4 youth received any medication therapy within six months of diagnosis. Adolescents under 16 were the most likely to receive medications. However, even adolescents aged 17, for whom buprenorphine is FDA approved for, were less likely to receive therapy than adults over 18 years of age. The following case report aims to demonstrate how subcutaneous extended release buprenorphine treatment can be initiated effectively as an outpatient in an adolescent with OUD. It is critical that clinicians work to expand access to pharmacotherapy for adolescents struggling with OUD to ensure proper management and reduction of opioid-related overdoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sedimentary basin is a depression where sediment deposits accumulate and can act as a reservoir for the sedimentation and maturation of sediments containing hydrocarbons. The Bengkulu Basin is one of the forearcs in Indonesia. The Bengkulu Basin is one of the basins with the potential to have hydrocarbon reserves marked by an oil show in the Padang Capo village. Exploration to find a basin or hydrocarbon trap can be done using the gravity method. This method is often used to study the structure, bedrock, rock intrusion, and sedimentary basins based on variations in the earth's gravitational field due to lateral density differences which are known as anomalies gravitational. Determination of the existence of a hydrocarbon trap structure is carried out by derivative analysis, namely First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical derivative (SVD) graphs and 2D modeling using forward modeling. The results of the analysis of the FHD and SVD graphs with 2D modeling show synchronous results. Where the analysis of the FHD and SVD graphs in the study area found many fault structures and folds. The study area is dominated by the fault type of thrust fault. In the 2-dimensional modeling of the research area where there is an oil show, it is found that there is a rising fault structure and the presence of anticline and syncline structures that could act as hydrocarbon traps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poria cocos (Schw.) wolf (P. cocos) is an important medicinal material with both therapeutic and edible properties. This study investigated volatile constituents, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, triterpenoid ingredients, and alcohol-soluble extracts on P. cocos during eight drying processes. A total of 47 volatile components were found and identified; the main volatile components of shade drying (SD) and hot-air drying at 50 °C (HD50) were esters and alcohols, while for drying in hot air at 60 °C~100 °C (△ = 10 °C) and infrared drying (ID), the main compounds were aldehydes and hydrocarbons. The amino acids in P. cocos remained the same when dried with various methods. Compared with SD samples, with the temperature increase, the content of amino acids showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing, while the content trend of proteins was the opposite. The HD70 samples had the highest content of polysaccharide, triterpenoid ingredients, alcohol-soluble extracts, and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, volatile compounds showed a correlation between non-volatile constituents. This research provides evidence that the aroma, active components, and activity of P. cocos were affected by the drying method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Standard chemotherapy is still ineffective in metastatic colon cancer and does not target cancer stem cells (CSCs). The combination of standard cytostatic drugs with natural compounds is considered a promising approach to improving cancer cell sensitivity to treatment. Here, a combination of camptothecin (CPT) with celastrol (CEL) or resveratrol (RSV) as a potential strategy to target metastatic and CSCs of colon cancer was investigated in vitro. γH2AX+ and Fast-Halo assays were used to evaluate genotoxicity, an annexin-V assay was used to rate the level of apoptosis, and a scratch test was used to assess antimigratory capacity. All combinations improved the genotoxicity of CPT, achieving a better efficacy with CPT-CEL combination in LOVO and CPT-RSV in LOVO/DX cells. No improvement in the pro-apoptotic effect of CPT was observed. Furthermore, higher efficiency in inhibiting cancer cell migration was noted. Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading and most lethal neoplasms. Standard chemotherapy is ineffective, especially in metastatic cancer, and does not target cancer stem cells. A promising approach to improve cancer treatment is the combination therapy of standard cytostatic drugs with natural compounds. Several plant-derived compounds have been proven to possess anticancer properties, including the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cancer invasion. This study was focused on investigating in vitro the combination of camptothecin (CPT) with celastrol (CEL) or resveratrol (RSV) as a potential strategy to target metastatic (LOVO) and stem-like (LOVO/DX) colon cancer cells. Methods: The genotoxic effects that drive cancer cells into death-inducing pathways and the ability to inhibit the migratory properties of cancer cells were evaluated. The γH2AX+ assay and Fast-Halo Assay (FHA) were used to evaluate genotoxic effects, the annexin-V apoptosis assay to rate the level of apoptosis, and the scratch test to assess antimigratory capacity. Results: The results showed that both combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve general genotoxicity of CPT alone on metastatic cells and CSCs. However, the assessment of specific double-stranded breaks (DSBs) indicated a better efficacy of the CPT-CEL combination on LOVO cells and CPT-RSV in LOVO/DX cells. Interestingly, the combinations CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV did not improve the pro-apoptotic effect of CPT alone, with both LOVO and LOVO/DX cells suggesting activation of different cell death mechanisms. Furthermore, it was found that the combinations of CPT-CEL and CPT-RSV improve the inhibitory effect of camptothecin on cell migration. Conclusions: These findings suggest the potential utility of combining camptothecin with celastrol or resveratrol in the treatment of colon cancer, including more aggressive forms of the disease. So far, no studies evaluating the effects of combinations of these compounds have been published in the available medical databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of time-to-depth relationships can prove challenging in regions with rare acoustic logs. This study focuses on the eastern part of the Drava Basin in north Croatia, chosen as a mature hydrocarbon exploration area with abundant geophysical and well data. As only a small portion of wells have well log measurements or seismic profiling performed, a time-to-depth extrapolation is often performed, which potentially results in the erroneous placement of well log markers in the time domain and affects the interpretation of seismic sections or volumes. This study proposes a novel methodology for predicting two-way travel time values in wells without vertical seismic profiling or acoustic logging. This research evaluates the parameters for the characterization of the velocity distribution in the subsurface and the efficiency of artificial neural networks versus conventional methods for this task. The constructed artificial neural network model has a correlation coefficient above 0.99 for the training, testing, and validation datasets, with a mean absolute error of approximately 25 milliseconds for each network. Artificial neural networks proved to have a lesser error in predicting the two-way time and are not sensitive to outlier values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Exposure to benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) increases the incidence and severity of allergic rhinitis (AR), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we investigated the in vivo effects of BaP exposure on mucus hypersecretion and tissue remodeling in a rat model of AR. Methods: Female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: a negative control group, a group of healthy rats exposed to BaP, a group of rats with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced AR, and a group of AR model rats exposed to BaP. Nasal symptoms and levels of OVA-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured in each individual rat. Moreover, examination of goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition was carried out with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and Masson trichrome (MT) staining. Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: BaP significantly increased the number of sneezes, the number of nasal rubs and the levels of OVA-specific serum IgE in rats with AR. Statistically significant differences in goblet cell hyperplasia and collagen deposition were observed between the BaP-exposed AR model group and the AR model group. Immunohistochemical results showed that the nasal mucosa of AR model rats displayed markedly elevated MUC5AC expression after BaP exposure. Conclusion: Our data indicate that mucus hypersecretion and the development of nasal remodeling might be pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying increased susceptibility to AR after exposure to BaP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to assess the extent of hydrocarbon and heavy metal contamination in soils from specific areas on Azerbaijan's Absheron Peninsula, including Absheron, Suraxanı, and Baku, and to evaluate the impact of this contamination on soil properties. Soil samples were analyzed for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and heavy metals, including aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and iron, alongside assessments of soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The results revealed significant contamination across all studied areas, particularly in Suraxanı, where TPH levels reached 190 ± 20 mg/kg, exceeding the environmental standard of 100 mg/kg. Similarly, Suraxanı soils exhibited alarmingly high concentrations of heavy metals, with aluminum at 30,128 ± 1,500 mg/kg, arsenic at 50.94 ± 2.5 mg/kg, and cadmium at 0.153 ± 0.01 mg/kg, all surpassing acceptable limits. These contaminants severely degraded soil health, evidenced by increased bulk density (1.7 g/cm³ in Suraxanı) and reduced soil porosity. Microbial activity, a key indicator of soil fertility, was also markedly lower in contaminated regions, with the total bacterial count in Suraxanı being less than half that of the uncontaminated area. The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive soil management practices and stricter environmental regulations to mitigate contamination's adverse effects and protect both ecosystems and public health in Azerbaijan's petroleum contaminated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An animal charcoal contaminated cottage industry soil in Lagos, Nigeria (ACGT) was compared in an expostfacto study with a nearby unimpacted soil (ACGC). Hydrocarbon content was higher than regulatory limits in ACGT (180.2 mg/kg) but lower in ACGC (19.28 mg/kg). Heavy metals like nickel, cadmium, chromium and lead were below detection limit in ACGC. However, all these metals, except cadmium, were detected in ACGT, but at concentrations below regulatory limits. Furthermore, copper (253.205 mg/kg) and zinc (422.630 mg/kg) were above regulatory limits in ACGT. Next generation sequencing revealed that the procaryotic community was dominated by bacteria in ACGC (62%) while in ACGT archaea dominated (76%). Dominant phyla in ACGC were Euryarchaeota (37%), Pseudomonadota (16%) and Actinomycetota (12%). In ACGT it was Euryarchaeota (76%), Bacillota (9%), Pseudomonadota (7%) and Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeota (5%). Dominant Halobacteria genera in ACGT were Halobacterium (16%), Halorientalis (16%), unranked halophilic archaeon (13%) Salarchaeum (6%) and Candidatus Nanohalobium (5%), whereas ACGC showed greater diversity dominated by bacterial genera Salimicrobium (7%) and Halomonas (3%). Heavy metals homeostasis genes, especially for copper, were fairly represented in both soils but with bacterial taxonomic affiliations. Sites like ACGT, hitherto poorly studied and understood, could be sources of novel bioresources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirotryprostatins are representative members of medicinally interesting bioactive molecules of the spirooxindole natural products. In this communication, we present a novel enantioselective total synthesis of the spirooxindole alkaloid dihydrospirotryprostatin B. The synthesis takes advantage of copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of o-iodoanilide chiral sulfinamide derivatives with alkynone to rapidly construct the key quaternary carbon stereocenter of the natural product dihydrospirotryprostatin B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset was conducted with the hepatoprotective effect of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule against the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression analyzed. Eight cell clusters were defined and tanshinone IIA, arachidonic acid, and quercetin, compounds of the FZHY capsule, inhibit HCC progression-related fibrosis by regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. Combined with the ameliorative effect of the FZHY capsule against liver dysfunctions and expression of PLAU and IGFBP3, our study confirmed the effect of the FZHY capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated HCC progression via regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various issues for CO2 flooding and storage in Shengli Oilfield, which are characterized by low light hydrocarbon content of oil and high miscible pressure, strong reservoir heterogeneity and low sweep efficiency, gas channeling and difficult whole-process control. Through laboratory experiments, technical research and field practice, the theory and technology of CO2 high pressure miscible flooding and storage are established. By increasing the formation pressure to 1.2 times the minimum miscible pressure, the miscibility of the medium-heavy components can be improved, the production percentage of oil in small pores can be increased, the displacing front developed evenly, and the swept volume expanded. Rapid high-pressure miscibility is realized through advanced pressure flooding and energy replenishment, and technologies of cascade water-alternating-gas (WAG), injection and production coupling and multistage chemical plugging are used for dynamic control of flow resistance, so as to obtain the optimum of oil recovery and CO2 storage factor. The research results have been applied to the Gao89-Fan142 in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) demonstration site, where the daily oil production of the block has increased from 254.6 t to 358.2 t, and the recovery degree is expected to increase by 11.6 percentage points in 15 years, providing theoretical and technical support for the large-scale development of CCUS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the oil and gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin, combined with data such as seismic, logging and geochemistry, the basic geological conditions, hydrocarbon types, hydrocarbon distribution characteristics, source-reservoir relationship and accumulation model of the Upper Triassic-Jurassic continental whole petroleum system in the basin are systematically analyzed. The continental whole petroleum system in the Sichuan Basin develops multiple sets of gas-bearing strata, forming a whole petroleum system centered on the Triassic Xujiahe Formation source rocks. The thick and high-quality source rocks in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation provide sufficient gas source basis for the continental whole petroleum system in the basin. The development of conventional-unconventional reservoirs provides favorable space for hydrocarbon accumulation. The coupling of faults and sandbodies provides a high-quality transport system for gas migration. Source rocks and reservoirs are overlapped vertically, and there are obvious differences in sedimentary environment, reservoir lithology and physical properties, which lead to the orderly development of inner-source shale gas, near-source tight gas, and far-source tight-conventional gas in the Upper Triassic-Jurassic, from bottom to top. The orderly change of geological conditions such as burial depth, reservoir physical properties, formation pressure and hydrocarbon generation intensity in zones controlled the formation of the whole petroleum system consisting of structural gas reservoir in thrust zone, shale gas-tight gas reservoir in depression zone, tight gas reservoir in slope zone, and tight gas-conventional gas reservoir in uplift zone on the plane. Based on the theory and concept of the whole petroleum system, the continental shale gas and tight gas resources in the Sichuan Basin have great potential, especially in the central and western parts with abundant unconventional resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By conducting organic geochemical analysis of the samples taken from the drilled wells in Baiyun Sag of Pearl River Mouth Basin, China, the development characteristics of hydrocarbon source rocks in the sag are clarified. Reconstruct the current geothermal field of the sag and restore the tectonic-thermal evolution process to predict the type, scale, and distribution of resources in Baiyun Sag through thermal pressure simulation experiments and numerical simulation. The Baiyun Sag is characterized by the development of Paleogene shallow lacustrine source rocks, which are deposited in a slightly oxidizing environment. The source rocks are mainly composed of terrestrial higher plants, with algae making a certain contribution, and are oil and gas source rocks. Current geothermal field of the sag was reconstructed, in which the range of geothermal gradients is (3.5-5.2) °C/100 m, showing an overall increasing trend from northwest to southeast, with significant differences in geothermal gradients across different sub-sags. Baiyun Sag has undergone two distinct periods of extensional process, the Eocene and Miocene, since the Cenozoic era. These two periods of heating and warming events have been identified, accelerating the maturation and evolution of source rocks. The main body of ancient basal heat flow value reached its highest at 13.82 Ma. The basin modelling results show that the maturity of source rocks is significantly higher in Baiyun main sub-sag than that in other sub-sags. The Eocene Wenchang Formation is currently in the stage of high maturity to over maturity, while the Eocene Enping Formation has reached the stage of maturity to high maturity. The rock thermal simulation experiment shows that the shallow lacustrine mudstone of the Wenchang Formation has a good potential of generating gas from kerogen cracking with high gas yield and long period of gas window. Shallow lacustrine mudstone of the Enping Formation has a good ability to generate light oil, and has ability to generate kerogen cracking gas in the late stage. The gas yield of shallow lacustrine mudstone of the Enping Formation is less than that of shallow lacustrine mudstone of the Wenchang Formation and the delta coal-bearing mudstone of the Enping Formation. The numerical simulation results indicate that the source rocks of Baiyun main sub-sag generate hydrocarbons earlier and have significantly higher hydrocarbon generation intensity than other sub-sags, with an average of about 1 200×104 t/km2. Oil and gas resources were mainly distributed in Baiyun main sub-sag and the main source rocks are distributed in the 3rd and 4th members of Wenchang Formation. Four favorable zones are selected for the division and evaluation of migration and aggregation units: No. (1) Panyu 30 nose-shaped structural belt, No. (3) Liuhua 29 nose-shaped uplift belt and Liwan 3 nose-shaped uplift belt, No. (2) gentle slope belt of Baiyun east sag, and No. (8) Baiyun 1 low-uplift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on drilling and logging data, as well as geological experiments, the geological characteristics and factors controlling high-yield and enrichment of hydrocarbons in ultra-deep clastic rocks in the Linhe Depression, Hetao Basin, are studied. The results are obtained in four aspects. First, the inland saline lacustrine high-quality source rocks developed in the Paleogene in the Linhe Depression have the characteristics of early maturity, early expulsion, high hydrocarbon yield, and continuous and efficient hydrocarbon generation, providing an important resource basis for the formation of ultra-high pressure and high-yield reservoirs. Second, the weak compaction, early charging, and weak cementation for pore-preserving, together with the ultra-high pressure for pore-preserving and fracture expansion to improve the permeability, leads to the development of high-quality reservoirs with medium porosity (greater than 15%) and medium permeability (up to 226×10-3 µm²) in the ultra-deep strata (deeper than 6 500 m), which represents a greatly expanded space for oil and gas exploration. Third, the Linhe Formation adjacent to the trough exhibits a low net-to-gross (NTG) and good reservoir-caprock assemblage, and it is overlaid by very thick high-quality mudstone caprock, which are conducive to the continuous and efficient hydrocarbon generation and pressurization and the formation of ultra-high pressure oil and gas reservoirs. Fourth, the most favorable targets for ultra-deep exploration are the zones adjacent to the hydrocarbon generating center of the Paleogene Linhe Formation and with good tectonic setting and structural traps, mainly including the Xinglong faulted structural zone and the Nalinhu faulted buried-hill zone. The significant breakthrough of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in the Linhe Depression reveals the good potential of ultra-deep clastic rocks in this area, and provides valuable reference for oil and gas exploration of ultra-deep clastic rocks in other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the oil and gas exploration in western depression of the Qaidam Basin, NW China, combined with the geochemical, seismic, logging and drilling data, the basic geological conditions, oil and gas distribution characteristics, reservoir-forming dynamics, and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the Paleogene whole petroleum system (WPS) in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin are systematically studied. A globally unique ultra-thick mountain-style WPS is found in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin. Around the source rocks of the upper member of the Paleogene Lower Ganchaigou Formation, the structural reservoir, lithological reservoir, shale oil and shale gas are laterally distributed in an orderly manner and vertically overlapped from the edge to the central part of the lake basin. The Paleogene WPS in the western depression of the Qaidam Basin is believed unique in three aspects. First, the source rocks with low organic matter abundance are characterized by low carbon and rich hydrogen, showing a strong hydrocarbon generating capacity per unit mass of organic carbon. Second, the saline lake basinal deposits are ultra-thick, with mixed deposits dominating the center of the depression, and strong vertical and lateral heterogeneity of lithofacies and storage spaces. Third, the strong transformation induced by strike-slip compression during the Himalayan resulted in the heterogeneous enrichment of oil and gas in the mountain-style WPS. As a result of the coordinated evolution of source-reservoir-caprock assemblage and conducting system, the Paleogene WPS has the characteristics of "whole process" hydrocarbon generation of source rocks which are low-carbon and hydrogen-rich, "whole depression" ultra-thick reservoir sedimentation, "all direction" hydrocarbon adjustment by strike-slip compressional fault, and "whole succession" distribution of conventional and unconventional oil and gas. Due to the severe Himalayan tectonic movement, the western depression of the Qaidam Basin evolved from depression to uplift. Shale oil is widely distributed in the central lacustrine basin. In the sedimentary system deeper than 2 000 m, oil and gas are continuous in the laminated limy-dolomites within the source rocks and the alga limestones neighboring the source kitchen, with intercrystalline pores, lamina fractures in dolomites and fault-dissolution bodies serving as the effective storage space. All these findings are helpful to supplement and expand the WPS theory in the continental lake basins in China, and provide theoretical guidance and technical support for oil and gas exploration in the Qaidam Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diesel fuel pollutants contain toxic hydrocarbons dominated by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon pollutants can be degraded in an environmentally friendly manner through bioremediation using hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, i.e. Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031. which harbors the alkB gene that encodes an alkane hydroxylase that degrades alkane chains in hydrocarbons. This smdy compared the ability and efficiency of P. aeruginosa BOS 1 to degrade diesel pollutants in a batch system and a continuous system using a column bioreactor, as well as the expression of alkB. P. aeruginosa B031 could more efficiently degrade diesel fuel in a continuous system in a column bioreactor than in the batch system. The concentrations of phenol, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, and biological oxygen demand in the column bioreactor underwent a greater decrease than those in the batch system, namely 1.5-fold. 1.7-fold. 1.4-fold, and 1.3-fold, respectively. The decrease in these concentrations was followed by changes in functional groups, as shown via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The number of bacteria and the concentration of exopolysaccharide increased in the column bioreactor by 4-fold and 2.3-fold more than the increase in the batch system. The ability' of P. aeruginosa B031 to degrade diesel fuel in the column bioreactor was also demonstrated by the higher alkB expression of P. aeruginosa B031 than that in the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depleting fossil fuel resources and increasing energy demand have intensified the emphasis on biofuel production cyanobacteria. In this study, 19 cyanobacterial filamentous strains were isolated from various regions of Pakistan, including the northern areas and the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Sudan black, Nile red, and BODIPY staining, together with CLSM, fluorimetry, FTIR, growth in different nitrate concentrations, and GC techniques, were used to confirm and measure the lipid and diesel contents within isolated cyanobacterial filaments. Oscillatoria sp. strain CFF-6 showed a significantly higher yield (biodiesel/biomass=35.6%). Leptolyngbya sp. strain CFF-18 showed a higher yield (biodiesel/biomass=17.1%) compared to other Leptolyngbya strains. FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) analysis was also performed. Oscillatoria are better biodiesel producers in comparison to other filamentous strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Galatella is a genus in the family Asteraceae, represented by 35-45 species. Considering the high effectiveness of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of G. grimmii against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC = 0.5 µg/mL), a bioassay-directed fractionation of this extract was carried out. Methods: The methanolic extract of the aerial parts of G. grimmii was obtained using maceration, then it was suspended in water and partitioned with petroleum ether, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), EtOAc, and n-butanol (n-BuOH), successively. The most potent fraction (EtOAc), was selected for further isolation by Sephadex LH–20 and semi-preparative HPLC to obtain active compounds. Results: Fractionation of the EtOAc solvent fraction resulted in the characterization of five compounds, among them, compounds 1 and 2 showed the highest anti-mycobacterial effects with MICs of 0.062 and 1.00 µg/mL against H37Rv M. tuberculosis, respectively, which were higher than those of rifampin (MIC of 1.25 µg/mL) and isoniazid (MIC of 0.31 µg/mL), as positive controls. Also, compound 1 ​​inhibited all tested strains of drug-resistant Mycobacterium (MDR and XDR). Notably, the isolated compounds have been reported for the first time from G. grimmii. Conclusion: Due to the potent anti-mycobacterial effect of isolated compounds from G. grimmii, this study could pave the way for developing a novel class of natural anti-tuberculosis compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remediation of hydrocarbon contaminations requires much attention nowadays since it causes detrimental effects on land and even worse impacts on aquatic environments. Tools of bioremediation especially filamentous fungi permissible for cleaning up as much as conceivable, at least they turn into non-toxic residues with less consumed periods. Inorganic chemicals, CO2, H2O, and cell biomass are produced as a result of the breakdown and mineralization of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants. This paper presents a detailed overview of three strategic rules of filamentous fungi in remediating the various aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds: utilizing carbons from hydrocarbons as sole energy, Co-metabolism manners (Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic theories), and Biosorption approaches. Upliftment in the degradation rate of complex hydrocarbon by the Filamentous Fungi in consortia scenario we can say, "Fungal Talk", which includes a variety of cellular mechanisms, including biosurfactant production, biomineralization, and precipitation, etc., This review not only displays its efficiency but showcases the field applications – cost-effective, reliable, eco-friendly, easy to culture as biomass, applicable in both land and any water bodies in operational environment cleanups. Nevertheless, the potentiality of fungi-human interaction has not been fully understood, henceforth further studies are highly endorsed with spore pathogenicity of the fungal species capable of high remediation rate, and the gene knockout study, if the specific peptides cause toxicity to any living matters via Genomics and Proteomics approaches, before application of any in situ or ex situ environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]