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Objectives Clinical and demographic features of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) have not been fully explored due to the rarity of the disease. Herein we studied clinicopathologic characteristics of CNGM in a sizable hospital-based cohort. Methods A case-control study was performed to compare clinicopathologic characteristics between patients with CNGM and granulomatous mastitis other than CNGM and between CNGM with and without Corynebacterium identification. Results Cases of CNGM (n = 31) and non-CNGM (n = 30) were included. Compared with the non-CNGM group, patients with CNGM were statistically significantly younger (median age: 38 vs 43 years), were less likely to be smokers (9% vs 40%), were more likely to have a painful lesion (97% vs 77%) or a larger mass-like lesion (median size: 4.6 vs 1.9 cm), and tended to have a higher Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System score in radiologic studies (score ≥4: 81% vs 53%), positive Corynebacterium identification results (36% vs 0%), and a longer resolving time (12 vs 6 months; all P values for above comparisons Conclusions Our study further demonstrated that CNGM is a unique infectious disease with distinct clinicopathologic features.

AIMS To examine our hypothesis that a higher number of touching tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) detected in a setting such as an active surveillance clinical trial correlates with upgrading to high-grade DCIS (HG-DCIS) in the subsequent excisional biopsy. METHODS AND RESULTS The clinical inclusion criteria of the Comparison of Operative versus Monitoring and Endocrine Therapy (COMET) trial were applied to women who were mammographically screened between 2007 and 2017. In the core needle biopsy, touching TILs were assessed by counting the number of TILs touching the ductal basement membrane or away from it by one lymphocyte thickness. The highest number of TILs around a single involved duct and the average number among involved ducts were recorded. DCIS was graded as low or intermediate. Twenty-six of 129 (20.2%) cases had upgrading [14 (10.9%) to pure HG-DCIS, and 12 (9.3%) to invasive carcinoma, two of them with concurrent HG-DCIS]. An increased average number of touching TILs and intermediate-grade DCIS correlated with upgrading to HG-DCIS in 11 of 16 (68.8%) cases, and a decreased average number of touching TILs and low-grade DCIS correlated with no upgrading in 89 of 113 (78.8%) cases [accuracy of 0.775; area under the curve (AUC) of 0.746]. An increased highest number of touching TILs and intermediate-grade DCIS correlated with upgrading to HG-DCIS in 12 of 16 (75%) cases, and a decreased highest number of touching TILs and low-grade DCIS correlated with no upgrading in 82 of 113 (72.6%) cases (accuracy of 0.7287; AUC of 0.734). A highest number of touching TILs of ≥10 correlated with upgrading to invasive carcinoma and/or HG-DCIS (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS Intermediate-grade and touching TILs may be good variables to examine in the COMET trial and to correlate with the risk of upgrading.

Standard chemotherapy agents, including carboplatin, have known immunogenic properties. We sought to determine how carboplatin may influence lymphocyte trafficking to tumor sites.Murine models of ovarian cancer were utilized to examine lymphocyte trafficking with common clinically used agents including carboplatin, anti-PD-1 antibody, or anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Adhesion interactions of lymphocytes with tumor vasculature were measured using intravital microscopy, lymphocyte homing with immunohistochemistry, and treatment groups followed for overall survival.Carboplatin chemotherapy profoundly alters the tumor microenvironment to promote lymphocyte adhesive interactions with tumor vasculature and resultant improvement in lymphocyte trafficking. The measured results seen with carboplatin in the tumor microenvironment were superior to anti-PD-1 treatment or anti-VEGFR-2 which may have contributed to increased overall survival in carboplatin treated groups.These novel findings suggest a role for chemotherapeutic agents to broadly influence anti-tumor immune responses beyond the induction of immunogenic tumor cell death.

The calcium ion (Ca2+), as a well-known second messenger, plays an important role in multiple processes of growth, development, and stress adaptation in plants. As central Ca2+ sensor proteins and a multifunctional kinase family, calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are widely present in plants. In maize, the signal transduction processes involved in ZmCDPKs’ responses to abiotic stresses have also been well elucidated. In addition to Ca2+ signaling, maize ZmCDPKs are also regulated by a variety of abiotic stresses, and they transmit signals to downstream target molecules, such as transport proteins, transcription factors, molecular chaperones, and other protein kinases, through protein interaction or phosphorylation, etc., thus changing their activity, triggering a series of cascade reactions, and being involved in hormone and reactive oxygen signaling regulation. As such, ZmCDPKs play an indispensable role in regulating maize growth, development, and stress responses. In this review, we summarize the roles of ZmCDPKs as a convergence point of different signaling pathways in regulating maize response to abiotic stress, which will promote an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ZmCDPKs in maize tolerance to abiotic stress and open new opportunities for agricultural applications.

An efficient and straightforward metal-free regioselective C–H dithiocarbamation of indolizines with tetraalkylthiuram disulfide has been described. A series of indolizine-dithiocarbamate derivatives were easily accessed in moderate to good yields with a broad scope. In addition, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were also well tolerated to afford diverse imidazoheterocycle-dithiocarbamate products, which are expected to be utilized for drug discovery. Of note, the reaction could be readily scaled up, and shows its practical value in organic synthesis.

An innexin N terminus confers strong rectification property to electrical synapses through a ball-and-receptor mechanism., Rectifying electrical synapses (RESs) exist across animal species, but their rectification mechanism is largely unknown. We investigated why RESs between AVA premotor interneurons and A-type cholinergic motoneurons (A-MNs) in Caenorhabditis elegans escape circuit conduct junctional currents (Ij) only in the antidromic direction. These RESs consist of UNC-7 innexin in AVA and UNC-9 innexin in A-MNs. UNC-7 has multiple isoforms differing in the length and sequence of the amino terminus. In a heterologous expression system, only one UNC-7 isoform, UNC-7b, can form heterotypic gap junctions (GJs) with UNC-9 that strongly favor Ij in the UNC-9 to UNC-7 direction. Knockout of unc-7b alone almost eliminated the Ij, whereas AVA-specific expression of UNC-7b substantially rescued the coupling defect of unc-7 mutant. Neutralizing charged residues in UNC-7b amino terminus abolished the rectification property of UNC-7b/UNC-9 GJs. Our results suggest that the rectification property results from electrostatic interactions between charged residues in UNC-7b amino terminus.

Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare vascular neoplasm with an aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis. The cytological diagnosis of epithelioid angiosarcoma is challenging. Herein, we describe the cytological features of epithelioid angiosarcoma in a pleural fluid as the initial presentation of angiosarcoma in a 52-year-old patient 3 years after mastectomy and radiation therapy for invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. We describe the cytological characteristics of epithelioid angiosarcoma in body fluid specimens and the differential diagnosis. Keywords: Epithelioid angiosarcoma, Post-radiation angiosarcoma, Body fluid

An efficient Ag-catalyzed three-component reaction of amidines, ynals, and alcohols, phenols, or water has been developed. This strategy provides a wide range of substrates and represents a simple process for the preparation of different imidazole derivatives in good yields with high regioselectivities.

A novel Au-catalyzed domino reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridines from 2-aminopyridine and N-tosylhydrazones has been developed using molecular oxygen. It represents a new strategy for the formation of C N bonds. This transformation demonstrated a broad tolerance toward the substrates and allowed the generation of a diverse imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridine derivatives with good yields.

An efficient Au-catalyzed domino intramolecular cyclization reaction has been developed for the construction of pyrimidine derivatives from ynals and amidines at room temperature for 3 h. This transformation provides a new method for the formation of C–C and C–N bonds via intramolecular cyclization.

An efficient and simple microwave-assisted three-component reaction for the formation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives in the presence of F3CCO2H has been described. The three-component reaction of 3-phenylpropiolaldehyde, pyridin-2-amines and thiols gives the desired products in good yields. It represents an efficient approach for the formation of C–N and C–S bonds under microwave irradiation.

A convenient gold-catalyzed strategy for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives has been developed via gold carbene complexes. This transformation opens a new synthetic route to a variety of 3-carbonyl-substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using air as oxidant affording the products in good yields.

An efficient and regioselective palladium-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reaction between thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazoles and alkenes has been developed. This protocol provides easy access to a variety of functionalized thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole derivatives.

A novel one-pot protocol has been developed for the construction of alkenylated 4 H -pyrido[1,2- a ]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives from 2-aminopyridine in the presence of PTSA. The present approach opens a new way for the formation of C–C and C–N bonds under mild conditions.

A facile method for direct Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of unactivated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine with simple arenes has been developed. The reaction shows good reaction efficiency, high regioselectivity, and good functional-group compatibility. This approach provides a useful protocol for the preparation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine–arene structure of interest in biological and pharmaceutical materials.

A highly regioselective oxidative olefination of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with acrylates has been accomplished in the presence of ruthenium catalysts to form only the C-3 coupling products. The oxidative olefination has provided step economical access to diversely substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives with excellent C-3 regioselectivity and E-stereoselectivity.

Mesoporous carbon nitride (mpg-C3N4) as a photocatalyst showed higher photocatalytic activities in organic synthesis. Herein we reported a mpg-C3N4-catalyzed oxidation of α-hydroxy ketones to synthesize benzoic acids with visible light. This reaction represented a green and facile route to synthesize benzoic acids for which catalytic approaches were scarce.

A convenient method to synthesize vinylfurans through a palladium-catalyzed cyclization/1,2-H shift sequence under mild conditions is described. This is an efficient strategy to synthesize 2-vinylfurans from ene–yne ketones, and the corresponding products are obtained in good yields.

5-Ethyl-5-phenylpyrimidine-2,4,6(1H, 3H, 5H)-trione is an anti-convulsant used to treat disorders of movement, e.g. tremors. This work deals with the transformation of phenobarbital by UV/TiO 2 heterogeneous photocatalysis, to assess the decomposition of the pharmaceutical compound, to identify intermediates, as well as to elucidate some mechanistic details of the degradation. The photocatalytic removal efficiency of 100 μm phenobarbital is about 80% within 60 min, while the degradation efficiency of phenobarbital was better in alkaline solution. The study on contribution of reactive oxidative species (ROSs) has shown that OH is responsible for the major degradation of phenobarbital, while the photohole, photoelectrons and the other ROSs have the minor contribution to the degradation. Finally, based on the identification of degradation intermediates, two main photocatalytic degradation pathways have been tentatively proposed, including the hydroxylation and cleavage of pyrimidine ring in the phenobarbital molecule respectively. Certainly, the phenobarbital can be mineralized when the photocatalytic reaction time prolongs.

A new practical and economical process for the synthesis of substituted furan derivatives has been developed by an FeCl3-catalyzed reaction of α-hydroxy ketones with activated alkynes. This methodology represents a highly efficient synthetic route to electron-deficient furans for which catalytic approaches are scarce. Furthermore, this transformation is associated with readily available substrates, good yields, and mild conditions.

A variety of functionalized furans were synthesized by way of a ruthenium-catalyzed coupling reaction of 2,3,5-trisubstituted furans with aryl halides through C–H bond cleavages. The feature of the reaction was facilitative preparation of furan derivatives good functional group tolerance. All reactions gave the desired products in moderate to good yields (56–89%) in the presences of [RuCl 2 (p-cymene)] and K 2 CO 3 in NMP at 120 °C.

Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 2,3,5-trisubstituted furanswith a variety of aryl iodides or aryl bromides that showed highactivity with reasonably broad scope was developed. Under optimalconditions, all reactions gave the desired products in moderateto good yields.

A highly regioselective method for the palladium-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with arylboronic acids has been developed by using O2 as oxidant. This process can be applied to a wide range of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and arylboronic acids with excellent C-3-regioselectivity. It provides a new way for developing C C bond-forming processes of multisubstituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, which are common structural motifs in natural products and pharmaceuticals.

The BK channel is a Ca2+- and voltage-gated potassium channel with many important physiological functions. To identify proteins important to its functionin vivo, we screened forCaenorhabditis elegansmutants that suppressed a lethargic phenotype caused by expressing a gain-of-function (gf) isoform of the BK channel α-subunit SLO-1. BKIP-1 (for BK channel interacting protein), a small peptide with no significant homology to any previously characterized molecules, was thus identified. BKIP-1 and SLO-1 showed similar expression and subcellular localization patterns and appeared to interact physically through discrete domains.bkip-1loss-of-function (lf) mutants phenocopiedslo-1(lf) mutants in behavior and synaptic transmission and suppressed the lethargy, egg-laying defect, and deficient neurotransmitter release caused by SLO-1(gf). In heterologous expression systems, BKIP-1 decreased the activation rate and shifted the conductance–voltage relationship of SLO-1 in a Ca2+-dependent manner and increased SLO-1 surface expression. Thus, BKIP-1 is a novel auxiliary subunit critical to SLO-1 functionin vivo.

The BK channel, a voltage- and Ca(2+)-gated large-conductance potassium channel with many important functions, is often localized at specific subcellular domains. Although proper subcellular localization is likely a prerequisite for the channel to perform its physiological functions, little is known about the molecular basis of localization. Here, we show that CTN-1, a homologue of mammalian α-catulin, is required for subcellular localization of SLO-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans BK channel α-subunit, in body-wall muscle cells. CTN-1 was identified in a genetic screen for mutants that suppressed a lethargic phenotype caused by expressing a gain-of-function (gf) isoform of SLO-1. In body-wall muscle cells, CTN-1 coclusters with SLO-1 at regions of dense bodies, which are Z-disk analogs of mammalian skeletal muscle. In ctn-1 loss-of-function (lf) mutants, SLO-1 was mislocalized in body-wall muscle but its transcription and protein level were unchanged. Targeted rescue of ctn-1(lf) in muscle was sufficient to reinstate the lethargic phenotype in slo-1(gf);ctn-1(lf). These results suggest that CTN-1 plays an important role in BK channel function by mediating channel subcellular localization.

Highly functionalized imidazopyridines are efficiently obtained by three-component one-pot reaction of 3-phenylpropiolaldehyde (III), a wide range of pyridin-2-amines (I), and various thiols.

Highly functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines (III) are efficiently synthesized by title reaction using air as oxidant.

Excellent E-stereoselectivity is obtained in the reaction with acrylates as olefination reagent, whereas the reaction of acrylonitrile gives a mixture of E/Z-isomers.

A novel one-pot protocol has been developed for the construction of alkenylated 4 H -pyrido[1,2- a ]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives from 2-aminopyridine in the presence of PTSA. The present approach opens a new way for the formation of C–C and C–N bonds under mild conditions.

The Pd-catalyzed oxidative coupling of thiazolotriazoles and alkenes proceeds with high regio- and stereoselectivity to produce (E)-isomers (III) and (V) exclusively.

The authors present a new one-pot cyclization reaction to the corresponding furan derivatives which proceeds under mild conditions.

A convenient one-pot strategy for the regioselective synthesis of trisubstituted furanes is developed.

A convenient one-pot Cu(I)-catalyzed strategy for regioselective synthesis of trisubstituted furan derivatives has been developed via (2-furyl) carbene complexes. This process has opened a new synthetic route to a variety of α-carbonyl furans using air as the oxidant affording furans in good yields.

We have developed an efficient Pd-catalyzed regioselective arylation of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with aryl chlorides, which is rarely reported. This methodology has been successfully applied to the synthesis of a variety of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core π systems which exhibit a wide range of biological activities in many drugs.

A new practical and economical process for the synthesis of substituted furan derivatives has been developed by an FeCl3-catalyzed reaction of α-hydroxy ketones with activated alkynes. This methodology represents a highly efficient synthetic route to electron-deficient furans for which catalytic approaches are scarce. Furthermore, this transformation is associated with readily available substrates, good yields, and mild conditions.

A convenient method for the copper(I)-catalyzed arylation of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine has been developed. This method is applicable to a variety of aryl electrophiles, including bromides, iodides, and triflates. It represents the first general process for C-3 arylation of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine by Cu(I) catalysis to construct various functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core π-systems.

A convenient method for the copper(I)-catalyzed arylation of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine has been developed. This method is applicable to a variety of aryl electrophiles, including bromides, iodides, and triflates. It represents the first general process for C-3 arylation of substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine by Cu(I) catalysis to construct various functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine core π-systems.

Dystrobrevin is a major component of a dystrophin-associated protein complex. It is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, including the nervous system, in which it is localized to the presynaptic nerve terminal with unknown function. In a genetic screen for suppressors of a lethargic phenotype caused by a gain-of-function isoform of SLO-1 inCaenorhabditis elegans, we isolated multiple loss-of-function (lf) mutants of the dystrobrevin genedyb-1. dyb-1(lf) phenocopiedslo-1(lf), causing increased neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, increased frequency of Ca2+transients in body-wall muscle, and abnormal locomotion behavior. Neuron- and muscle-specific rescue experiments suggest that DYB-1 is required for SLO-1 function in both neurons and muscle cells. DYB-1 colocalized with SLO-1 at presynaptic sites in neurons and dense body regions in muscle cells, anddyb-1(lf) caused SLO-1 mislocalization in both types of cells without altering SLO-1 protein level. The neuronal phenotypes ofdyb-1(lf) were partially rescued by mouse α-dystrobrevin-1. These observations revealed novel functions of the BK channel in regulating muscle Ca2+transients and of dystrobrevin in controlling neurotransmitter release and muscle Ca2+transients by localizing the BK channel.

Aryl iodides bearing electron-rich or electron-withdrawing groups at the aromatic ring give comparable yields of the tetrasubstituted furans.

Optimized conditions are developed for the preparation of a series of tetrasubstituted furans.

An efficient microwave-assisted Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed direct arylation of thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazoles with aryl bromides under ligandless conditions has been developed. The method is functional group tolerant and provides rapid access to target compounds in good yields.