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The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze how the girls' school in Luleå 1885-1945 from a gender perspective with a focus on function and education over time. Timetables have been analyzed from a quantitative method. Subject contents on the other hand have been objected by a qualitative method because interpreted and close reading has been the key tool for the analysis. Due to the information regarding the number of teaching lessons and subject contents, conclusions have been drawn with the help of the interpretations made based on the source material. It has been possible to reveal a breakpoint for teaching in the normal school competence. Because of the normal school competence was French’s strong position in the girls' school lost. The analysis show that gender was constructed in the girls' school in Luleå, but it does not explicitly was the school's mission. The content of education reflects that girls were socialized to be girls on the girls’ school. Validerat; 20160602 (global_studentproject_submitter)

Swedish 1 is a required course in all vocational and academic programs in secondary schools in Sweden. Government studies show a deficit of sex and gender perspectives in the study materials today. The aim of this thesis in Swedish with a didactic approach is to analyze dif-ferent textbooks for course Swedish 1 to visualize sex and gender perspectives conveyed. To my help, I have in the analysis used the Yvonne Hirdman's theories about gender system and Judith Butler's theories of performativity. The thesis also contains a less extensive survey made in different classes in secondary school who is reading Swedish 1. The analysis reveals that there is a deficit of sex and gender perspective in teaching aids, as well as different per-spectives of sexuality and ethnicity for example. It is also a part of the students who partici-pated in the survey prepared to agree with

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde empathisches Verhalten von Kindern im Alter von 12-25 Monaten untersucht. Die Daten stammen aus dem Forschungsprojekt Parenting & Co-Parenting der Universität Wien, das im Jahr 2010 startete. Dabei wurden Kinder in Tagesmutterbetreuung und Kinder ohne eine solche von Projektmitarbeiterinnen besucht und verschiedenste Verfahren wurden vorgegeben. Unter anderem wurde die Reaktion der Kinder auf Distress, den die Tagesmutter und die Mutter simulieren sollten, gefilmt. Die Aufnahmen wurden anschließen kodiert und jedes Kind erhielt für das Verhalten gegenüber der Mutter und gegenüber der Tagesmutter jeweils einen globalen Empathiewert und Werte für einzelne Verhaltensweisen, die mit Empathie in Zusammenhang stehen. Zusätzlich wurde das Selbstkonzept der Kinder, mit Hilfe der Spiegelaufgaben (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978) und die Bindungsqualität bei Mutter und Tagesmutter mittels Attachment-Q-Sort-German (Ahnert et al, in Vorbereitung) erfasst. Die Daten flossen ebenfalls in die vorliegende Arbeit ein. Eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Forschungsliteratur warf etliche Fragen auf. Empirische Befunde zu empathischem Verhalten gegenüber verschiedenen Bindungsfiguren und in unterschiedlichen Kontexten sind rar. Ein weiterer Aspekt, der in der vorliegenden Arbeit Beachtung fand, ist die Betreuungssituation eines Kindes. Es fand sich, dass Kinder mehr prosoziales Verhalten und Empathie gegenüber der Mutter zeigen, als gegenüber ihrer Tagesmutter, unabhängig von der Beziehung zu diesen Personen. Es wurde angenommen, dass Kinder ihrer Mutter gegenüber empathisches Verhalten aus evolutionären Gründen zeigen und nicht in Abhängigkeit von der Mutter-Kind-Bindung. Die Annahme konnte bestätigt werden, da empathisches Verhalten bei der Tagesmutter durch die Tagesmutter-Kind-Bindung vorhergesagt werden konnte, das Verhalten gegenüber der Mutter aber nicht durch die Mutter-Kind-Bindung. Die Zeit, die ein Kind bei der Tagesmutter verbringt, war hingegen kein signifikanter Prädiktor für das Verhalten ihr gegenüber. Allerdings hatte das Ausmaß außerhäuslicher Betreuung einen Effekt auf das empathische Verhalten eines Kindes: Kinder, die mehr Zeit in außerhäuslicher Betreuung verbringen, zeigten ihrer Mutter gegenüber mehr prosoziales Verhalten und reagierten empathischer auf ihre Verletzung. Prosoziales Verhalten betreffend, scheinen vor allem Kinder ohne Tagesbetreuung von zusätzlichen außerhäuslichen Erfahrungen zu profitieren., Empathic behavior was assessed in 128 infants between 12 and 25 months. The data came from the research-project Parenting & Co-Parenting, started at the University of Vienna in 2010. Children in home-based day care and children, whose mothers stayed at home with them, were videotaped with their mothers or care providers simulating distress. The videos were coded afterwards and every child got scores for global empathy and empathy related behavior. Additionally data from the mirror-task (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978), measuring the child´s self-concept, and from a new version of the Attachment-Q-Sort-German (Ahnert et al., in prep.) was used in the present work. Studying the literature about empathy in infants raised many questions. Empirical studies are rare, especially about empathy in different contexts, towards different attachment figures. Another interesting aspect included in this study, was the relationship between empathy and the hours a child spends with other caretakers than its mother (home-based care and grandparents, friends, babysitters etc.). Results showed that children show more prosocial behavior and empathy towards their mothers than towards their care provider, even if attachment security was taken into account. It was hypothesized that children show empathy and prosocial behavior towards mothers due to evolutionary reasons (kin selection) and not because of attachment security. While attachment to the nonparental care provider predicted empathy towards her, there was no significant effect for mother-child attachment and empathy. Additionally childrens prosocial behavior towards the care provider was related to secure-base behavior, the enjoyment of physical contact and shared exploration. Hours spent with the care provider did not predict empathy or prosocial behavior towards her. However, hours the child was with other people than their mother did have an effect on empathy: Children who spent more hours with other family members, friends, babysitters and care providers looking after them, showed more empathy in the distress-situation with their mother. In the case of prosocial behavior especially children, who did not have home based care, benefited from time shared with others providing care. So apparently there is no negative effect of nonparental care on childrens empathic behavior.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the photoreforming of methanol for hydrogen production. Since the photocatalysis field needs a cheaper efficient photocatalyst than the more common Pt loaded TiO2, CuO loaded TiO2 was the chosen photocatalyst in this study. This study investigated the impact of preparation methods on the photocatalysts. Incipient wetness impregnation, deposition precipitation and sol-gel preparation was studied. The impact of CuO loading, surface area and the phase content of TiO2 on photoactivity were also supposed to be investigated. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized with temperature programmed oxidation and reduction, X-Ray Diffraction, UV/vis spectrophotometry, SEM, EDS, BET surface area measurements and chemisorption measurements. The incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) preparation decreased the surface area of the photocatalyst more than the deposition precipitation (DP) preparation, since the CuO particles deposited more in the pores with the IWI method. The DP prepared photocatalyst was more easily reduced and contained lower amount of amorphous phase in the photocatalyst than IWI photocatalysts. The results from the UV/vis spectrophotometry showed the band gap of the photocatalyst decreased with increasing CuO loading, and that pure P25 had slightly higher band gap than anatase. There was not found any band gap dependency on surface area or crystallite size. The XRD results showed CuO dispersion increased with increasing surface area, and P25 contains more amorphous phase than the anatase and rutile photocatalysts. The photoactivity measurements showed photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, but the evolution rate was too low for calculations. An improvement in the photoreforming setup is required for a proper investigation of the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts. Activity measurements should be conducted to find which parameters affect the photoactivity and which preparation method gives the most active photocatalysts.