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Nødetatene fikk en melding om en savnet båt i Tokagjelselva i Kvam 24. oktober 2021. Tre personer og en hund hadde forsøkt å krysse en elv med båt, men ikke kommet seg over grunnet kraftig strøm. Redningstjenesten ble tilkalt, og enorme ressurser med nødetater og frivillige ble satt inn for å bistå i søk-og redningsaksjonen. Det finnes ulike studier om frivillighet i Norge, men få har studert frivillige i beredskap og temaet ledelse. Vi ønsker å undersøke hvordan ledelse overfor de frivillige blir utøvd og sette søkelys på hvilke betingelser som bidrar til effektiv ledelse under en redningsaksjon. Utgangspunktet blir redningsaksjonen i Kvam, med følgende problemstilling: “Hvilke betingelser er viktige for effektiv ledelse under en redningsaksjon?”. Bakgrunnen for studien er tidligere forskning om frivillige i beredskap og teori om ledelse under ekstreme hendelser og om samarbeid mellom autonome aktører. Vi har gjennomført mediesøk, og vi har intervjuet informanter som var med på redningsaksjonen i Kvam. Studien vår viser at ulike faktorer som tid, konsekvenser, nærhet, trussel, psykologiske-, sosiale- og organisatoriske ressurser og kompleksitet vil påvirke hvor ekstrem hendelsen oppfattes og dermed hva slags type ledelse som vil være hensiktsmessig under en redningsaksjon. Betingelsene som er viktig for effektiv ledelse under en slik redningsaksjon er høy tillit, høy kompetanse, godt samarbeid, god informasjonsflyt og adaptiv og situasjonsbetinget ledelsesstil. Ledelse under en redningsaksjon viser seg å være kompleks på den måten at de ulike aktørene i stor grad kun møtes under redningsaksjoner, og at alle redningsaksjoner er ulike i forhold til trekk ved hendelsen og aktører. Derfor fremstår høy tillit som spesielt viktig for effektiv ledelse under en redningsaksjon der det er komplekse forhold og høy kompetanse hos aktørene. The emergency services received a report of a missing boat in the Tokagjelselva in Kvam on October 24th, 2021. Three people and a dog had tried to cross the river by boat but failed due to strong currents. The rescue service was called and enormous resources with emergency services and volunteers were deployed to assist in the search and rescue operation. There are various studies on volunteering in Norway but little within volunteers in emergency preparedness and the topic of management. We want to investigate how leadership towards volunteers is exercised and shed light on the conditions that contribute to effective leadership during a rescue operation. The starting point will be the rescue operation in Kvam, with the following problem: "What conditions are important for effective management during a rescue operation?". The background for the study is previous research on volunteers in emergency preparedness and theory of leadership during extreme events and cooperation between autonomous actors. We have conducted media searches and interviews of informants who took part in this rescue operation in Kvam. The thesis contributes to research on management of volunteers in emergency preparedness. The study shows that various factors such as time, consequences, proximity, threat, psychological, social, and organizational resources, and complexity will affect how extreme the incident is perceived and thus what type of management will be appropriate during a rescue operation. The conditions that are important for effective management are high trust, high competence, good cooperation, good information flow and adaptive and situational management style. Management during a rescue operation turns out to be complex in the form that the various actors largely only meet during rescue operations, and that all rescue operations are different in relation to the features of the incident and actors. Therefore, high trust is justified as particularly important for effective management where there are complex conditions and high competence among the actors. Furthermore, it could be interesting to take a deeper look into which leadership style is most prevalent in rescue operations or to compare management against a more theoretical hierarchical public enterprise.

This paper reports strategies to design the binder phase of ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) from commonly available cement replacement (fly ash, slag, microsilica, metakaolin) and fine filler (limestone) materials. A packing algorithm is used to extract the number density, mean centroidal distance, and coordination number of the microstructure. Similarly, rheological studies on the pastes provide yield stress, plastic viscosity, and min-slump spread. The selection criteria involves using the three microstructural and three rheological parameters individually or in combination to define packing and flow coefficients. The selection criteria is flexible enough to allow users modify the constraints depending on the application. In this study, only ternary and quaternary blends, with a total cement replacement of 30% by mass are selected for further characterization. The highly efficient microstructural packing in these mixtures and better workability that facilitated dispersion of particles to enhance the reactivity results in beneficial pore structure and mechanical properties.

vi CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Egg Nutrition 1 Rational for Nutrient Enrichment 2 Rational for Distribution Determination 5 Thesis Organization 5 References 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Vitamin E: Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 9 Absorption and Transport Vitamin E 12 Annatto Tocotrienols 14 Cholesterol Lowering 15 Cholesterol Quantification 18 Egg Formation 19 References 22 CHAPTER 3: SUPPLEMENTATION OF LAYING-HEN FEED WITH ANNATTO TOCOTRIENOLS AND IMPACT OF α-TOCOPHEROL ON TOCOTRIENOL TRANSFER TO EGG YOLK 27 Abstract 28 Introduction 29 Materials and Methods 30 Results and Discussion 36 Conclusions 46 References 48 Tables and Figures 5428 Introduction 29 Materials and Methods 30 Results and Discussion 36 Conclusions 46 References 48 Tables and Figures 54

This paper evaluates a nonmicrobial means of carbonate precipitation to heal cracks in concrete. Enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) that relies on plant-derived urease enzyme is ...

Cholesterol, in free or esterified form, is a sterol that is found in animal products. Free cholesterol is one of the unsaponifiable matters, so most quantification methods involve saponification of the acyl lipids under heating and alkaline conditions to obtain the unsaponifiable fraction for further GC quantification. We examined the stability of cholesterol in the harsh saponification environment and the completeness of the hydrolysis reaction of cholesterol ester. Cholesterol was found to be stable in a model saponification system. However, only about 50 % of the cholesterol ester was hydrolyzed with a long saponification time (up to 18 h). This incomplete reaction will lead to an underestimation of the total cholesterol if a sample has a significant amount of sterol esters. In this study, 5.1 % of the total sterol in egg yolk was found to be esterified cholesterol, but yolk’s total cholesterol content quantified by using standard methods was lower than that determined using a commercial kit that measures total cholesterol. More research is needed to further understand the stability and reactivity of both free and esterified cholesterol in foods in order to use appropriate methodology for cholesterol quantification.

Denne masteroppgaven er en studie av den økonomisk-botaniske samlingen ved Naturhistorisk museum. Oppgaven tar for seg en helt alminnelig samling ved et naturhistorisk museum. Oppgaven undersøker hvordan de ansatte som har en naturfaglig bakgrunn bruker samlingen, og hvordan bruken påvirker måten de forholder seg til gjenstandene på. I oppgaven er det spesielt fokus på hvordan naturhistoriske gjenstander blir gitt et kulturhistorisk innhold. Ved å bruke teorier som fenomenologi, gjenstandsklassifikasjon og gjenstandsbiografi undersøker oppgaven hvordan gjenstander på et museum kan være i en statisk tilstand samtidig som observatørene ser med nye blikk og tolker gjenstandene forskjellig over tid. I dette perspektivet er samlingen i en stadig bevegelse. Empirien til undersøkelsen er hentet fra arbeidet som ble gjennomført da samlingen gjennomgikk en nyregistrering høsten 2017.

In this 60-wk study, egg quality, egg shelf-life, egg cholesterol content, total yolk lipids, and yolk fatty acid composition of eggs produced by Dekalb white laying hens in commercial aviary houses with either light-emitting diode (LED) or fluorescent (FL) lighting were compared. All parameters were measured at 27, 40, and 60 wk of age, except for egg shelf-life, which was compared at 50 wk of age. The results showed that, compared to the FL regimen, the LED regimen resulted in higher egg weight, albumen height, and albumen weight at 27 wk of age, thicker shells at 40 wk of age, but lower egg weight at 60 wk of age. Egg quality change was similar between the lighting regimens during the 62-d egg storage study, indicating that LED lighting did not influence egg shelf-life. Eggs from both lighting regimens had similar cholesterol content. However, cholesterol concentration of the yolk (15.9 to 21.0 mg cholesterol/g wet weight yolk) observed in this study was higher than that of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database (10.85 mg/g). No significant differences in total lipids or fatty acid composition of the yolks were detected between the two lighting regimens.

The impact of supplementing laying-hen feed with annatto tocotrienols (T3s) and alpha-tocopherol on the distribution of various forms of vitamin E and cholesterol throughout the hen's body was evaluated. A total of 18 organs or tissues (skin, fat pad, liver and gall bladder, heart, oviduct, forming yolk, laid yolk, lungs, spleen, kidney, pancreas, gizzard, digestive tract, brain, thigh, breast, manure, and blood) were collected after 7 wk of feeding on diets enriched with various levels of alpha-tocopherol and annatto extract that contained gamma-T3 and delta-T3. Tissue weights, contents of lipid, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-T3, delta-T3, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition of extracted lipids from the collected organs and tissues were determined. Tissue weight and lipid content did not change significantly with feed supplementation treatments, except that the liver became heavier with increased levels of supplementation. Overall, the main organs that accumulated the supplemented vitamin E were fat pad, liver and gall bladder, oviduct, forming yolks, laid yolks, kidney, brain, thigh, and breast. Much of annatto gamma-T3 and delta-T3 (> 90%) was found in the manure, indicating poor uptake. In some tissues (brain and oviduct,) a significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids was seen with increased supplementation. Alpha-tocopherol impacted the transfer of gamma-T3 to forming and laid yolks, but did not impact delta-T3 transfer. No significant differences were found in most of the tissues in cholesterol, except a reduction in heart, based on tissue as-is. Blood samples showed large variations in individual hens with no significant differences in total and HDL cholesterol, or total triacylglycerols. Supplementing feed with annatto T3s and alpha-tocopherol showed that the vitamin E profile and distribution of the laying-hen body can be altered, but to different extents depending on tissue. The result of this research has significance in enhancing meat nutrient content.

Hens can efficiently transfer nutrients from their feed to the eggs. Tocotrienols (T3s) have various health benefits including lowering cholesterol. Annatto is the only known source of T3s without the presence of α-tocopherol; hence it can be used to study T3 transfer without the interference of α-tocopherol. In this study, hens were fed diets for 7 weeks containing annatto at 100, 500, or 2000 ppm (by weight) and also 2000 ppm annatto with 200, 600, or 1000 ppm of added α-tocopherol to study the effect of α-tocopherol on transfer of T3s. No significant differences were found in egg production or properties. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in transfer efficiencies of tocopherol and T3s to the yolks. α-Tocopherol was transferred more efficiently (21.19-49.17%) than γ-T3 (0.50-0.96%) or δ-T3 (0.74-0.93%). Addition of 1000 ppm of α-tocopherol decreased the amount of γ-T3 but did not impact the transfer of δ-T3 to the egg. These feeding treatments did not impact the cholesterol content of the eggs.