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2. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 (Figure 5) 3 females: L = 751 ± 159 (568–851) µm; stylet = 7.3 ± 0.2 (7–7.5) µm; pharynx = 114 ± 11 (103–125) µm; tail = 55.6 ± 5.4 (50.5–61.5) µm; a = 35.7 ± 4.7 (31.9–41.0); b = 6.5 ± 0.9 (5.5–7.4); c = 13.5 ± 2.2 (11.2–15.5); c′ = 4.1 ± 0.4 (3.7–4.5); V = 82.8 ± 1.4 (81.6–84.3); V′ = 89.6 ± 0.4 (89.2–90.1); PUS/VBW = 1.1 ± 0.3 (0.8–1.3); PUS/V-A = 28.4 ± 7.3 (21.9–36.3) %; V-A/T = 1.3 ± 0.2 (1.1–1.5). 2 males: L = 683, 922 µm; stylet = 7, 7.5 µm; pharynx = 103, 157 µm; tail = 57, 64.5 µm; a = 41.9, 56.2; b = 6.6, 5.9; c = 12.0, 14.3; c′ = 4.5, 4.2; spicules = 21, 20.5 µm. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus hexaglyphus is characterised by its medium-sized body, six lateral field incisures, delicate stylet with very small knobs, pyriform or slightly elongated and offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior position of vulva, very short PUS, long spicules, and rounded tail terminus. Studied populations of N. hexaglyphus are similar to N. affinis, N. geraerti, N. medians, N. taylori and N. tuberosus, and can be distinguished from all of these species by the very small stylet knobs (Brzeski 1991). It differs from N. affinis, N. geraerti and N. medians by its longer spicules (20.5–21 vs. 15–17, 14–17.5 and 15–18 µm, respectively), and from N. taylori and N. tuberosus by smaller PUS/VBW ratio (0.8–1.3 vs. 1.8–3.0 and 2.0–2.4, respectively).

Nothotylenchus brzeskii n. sp. (Figures 1 & 2) Measurements: Table 1. Female: Body slightly or completely curved ventrally. Cuticular annulation distinct, 1–1.5 µm wide; lateral fields with four incisures, 5.5–7.5 µm wide and 18.8–33.3% of the body width, two outer ones sometimes crenate. Head wide and low, 1.5–2.5 µm high and 6.5–7.5 µm wide, with rounded edges and two or three fine annuli, not offset. Cephalic skeleton weak, the outer margin of basal plate extending two annuli into body. Stylet delicate, conus 33.3–40.0% of total stylet length, knobs small and rounded, 1.5–2 µm wide. DGO 1–1.5 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb elongated and fusiform, slightly wider than procorpus, 5–6 µm wide, without thickenings of lumen walls. Isthmus cylindrical and more slender than procorpus. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus near middle or in its posterior half, sometimes at the junction of isthmus and basal pharyngeal bulb, 90 (84–93) µm from anterior end. Hemizonid two to three cuticular annuli long, 112 (109–117) µm from anterior end, one to three annuli anterior to S-E pore. S-E pore opposite the anterior or posterior half of the basal bulb. In one specimen two pairs of hemizonid and S-E pore were observed. The first pair located opposite the anterior half and the second pair near the end of basal pharyngeal bulb. Deirids at the level of S-E pore. Basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform and offset from intestine or with slight overlap, up to 7.5 µm, 2.1 times (1.6–2.8) longer than wide, with the two anterior-most intestinal cells appearing hyaline. Reproductive system characteristic of Nothotylenchus: reproductive tract mono-prodelphic, oocytes in single row, cylindrical, inline spermatheca filled with large rounded sperms or sometimes empty, uterus quadricolumellar, vagina 6.5–9.5 µm in length and 25.6–46.6% of VBW. PUS short, 16.5–24 µm long, 0.9 (0.6–1.2) of VBW or 28.1 (20.2–35.3) % V-A and 1.3 (0.9–1.8) ABW. Post-vulval body length 8.3 (7.6–8.9) ABW. Tail thick, conical and narrowed gradually from anus, ventrally arcuate at the end, with rounded to sometimes dull terminus. Male: General morphology, stylet, pharynx and tail shape similar to females. Spicules slightly or completely ventrally arcuate, gubernaculum simple and crescent-shaped, bursa 27–36.5 µm long and enveloping 51.2–74.1% of tail length. Tail with rounded terminus. Habitat & locality. Type population collected in 2014 from rhizosphere of alfalfa in Darab region, Fars province, Iran (GPS coordinates: 28°41.167′N, 54°16.056′E, elevation 1367 m.). Type material. Female holotype, two female paratypes and two male paratypes on three glass slides kept in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, and two female paratypes and two male paratypes on two glass slides deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus brzeskii n. sp. is characterised by a body length of 774–922 µm, lateral fields with four incisures, delicate, short stylet (7–8 µm) with small rounded knobs, pyriform, offset from intestine or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position (V = 83.4–84.4), short PUS (16.5–24 µm), spicules 20.5–23 µm in length, and thick tail with rounded to dull terminus. N. brzeskii n. sp. resembles N. basiri, N. cylindricollis Thorne, 1941, N. cylindricus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968, N. singhi Das & Shivaswamy, 1980, N. thornei Andrássy, 1958 and N. websteri Kumar, 1983. It differs from N. basiri by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 13–15 µm), from N. cylindricollis by different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. pointed) and different basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate and cylindroid), from N. cylindricus by the longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 14 µm), and different basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate and cylindroid), from N. singhi by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 13–15 µm) and lower PUS/VBW ratio (0.6–1.2 vs. ˃ 1.5), from N. thornei by different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. mucronate) and lower c′ value (3.3–4.0 vs. 7.6–9.0) and from N. websteri by longer spicules (20.5–23 vs. 11–13 µm) and different tail terminus (rounded to dull vs. pointed). Etymology. The species is named in honor of Dr. Michal W. Brzeski for his outstanding contributions to the science of nematology., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 483-487, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidae which do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb. Great Basin Naturalist, 2, 37 - 85.","Khan, A. M. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1968) Three new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from north India. Nematologica, 14, 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00048","Das, V. M. & Shivaswamy, V. (1980) Paurodontus brassicae n. sp. and Nothotylenchus singhi n. sp. from south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Parasitology, 1, 62 - 65.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Erd-und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 4, 1 - 88.","Kumar, P. (1983) Nothotylenchus websteri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 7, 105 - 107."]}

1. Nothotylenchus geraerti Kheiri, 1971 48 females: L = 742 ± 122 (506–1172) µm; stylet = 7.3 ± 0.3 (6.5–8) µm; pharynx = 127 ± 17 (96.5–167) µm; tail = 59.6 ± 8.1 (43.5–77) µm; a = 37.6 ± 4.9 (28.7–50.0); b = 5.8 ± 0.6 (4.6–7.6); c = 12.3 ± 1.4 (9.3–15.6); c′ = 4.9 ± 0.6 (3.7–6.1); V = 81.0 ± 2.3 (74.8–84.6); V′ = 88.3 ± 2.3 (82.0–95.8); PUS/VBW = 1.8 ± 0.4 (1.1–3.0); PUS/V-A = 42.9 ± 11.7 (14.8–77.0) %; V-A/T = 1.3 ± 0.2 (0.9–2.2). 10 males: L = 609 ± 75 (493–738) µm; stylet = 7.2 ± 0.2 (7–7.5) µm; pharynx = 122 ± 17 (98–154) µm; tail = 57.1 ± 7.5 (46.5–68.5) µm; a = 38.5 ± 2.6 (34.7–42.6); b = 4.9 ± 0.2 (4.6–5.3); c = 10.8 ± 1.6 (8.2–13.3); c′ = 5.0 ± 0.8 (4.1–6.3); spicules = 16.9 ± 1.1 (15.5–18.5) µm. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus geraerti is characterised by its medium-sized body, six lateral field incisures, delicate stylet with posteriorly-sloping knobs, pyriform or slightly elongate and offset or slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position, medium-sized spicules, and variable tail terminus shape (rounded to pointed). The studied populations of N. geraerti are similar to N. affinis, N. hexaglyphus, N. medians, N. taylori and N. tuberosus. The species differs from N. hexaglyphus by its more developed stylet and knobs, greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.1–3.0 vs. 0.5–1.1) and shorter spicules (15.5–18.5 vs. 19–22 μm). The four other species are very similar to N. geraerti, and, as their differentiation is so difficult, we think that these four species may all be synonymous. However, according to other published studies (Kheiri 1971, Husain & Khan 1974, Brzeski 1991, Zeidan & Geraert 1991), N. geraerti differs from N. affinis by its shorter stylet (6.5–8 vs. 8–9 μm), higher head, and greater PUS/VBW average (˃1.5 vs. ˂1.5), from N. medians by higher head, posteriorly slopping knobs (vs. rounded) and less-thick tail (vs. thick), from N. taylori by its relatively shorter spicules (maximum length ˂ 19 vs. ˃ 19 μm), and from N. tuberosus by shorter uterus length/VBW ratio (˂ 3 vs. 3–4) and basal bulb shape (mostly pyriform and offset vs. slightly overlapping). All of the features used to differentiate these four species display inter-population variation, making further studies on their type specimens necessary., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on page 491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Kheiri, A. (1971) Two new species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 from Iran and a redescription of N. affinis Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda, Neotylenchidae) with a key to the species of the genus. Nematologica, 16 (1970), 591 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00810","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Zeidan, A. B. & Geraert, E. (1991) The Genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 in Sudan (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 1, 5 - 14."]}

Nothotylenchus siddiqii n. sp. (Figures 3 & 4) Measurements: Table 2. Female: Body straight or slightly curved ventrally. Cuticular annulation distinct, about 1 µm wide; lateral fields with six to nine incisures, 5–7 µm wide and occupying 31.2–42.1% of body width. Head low, with rounded margins, not offset, with two or three fine annuli, 1.5–2 µm high and about 5.5 µm wide. Cephalic skeleton moderately developed, outer margin of basal plate extending two to three annuli inside body. Stylet delicate, conus 26.3–39.7% of total stylet length, knobs medium-sized or small and rounded, 1–2 µm wide. DGO 0.5–1 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median pharyngeal bulb elongated and spindle shape, wider than procorpus, 4.5–6 µm wide, valveless. Isthmus cylindrical and more slender than procorpus. Nerve ring surrounding isthmus almost at its middle, 69 (65.5–71.5) µm from anterior end. Hemizonid about two to three cuticular annuli long, 82 (79.5–88.5) µm from anterior end, two annuli anterior to S-E pore. S-E pore located from posterior half of isthmus to junction of isthmus and basal bulb. Deirids at the level of S-E pore. Basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform to slightly elongate and offset from intestine, length to width ratio 2.3 (1.8–2.8), with the two anterior-most intestinal cells appearing hyaline. Oocytes in single row, spermatheca elongate, filled with round sperms or empty, uterus quadricolumellar, sometimes with a valve between spermatheca and uterus, vagina 4–6 µm in length, 27.0–34.9% of VBW. PUS well developed, 26.5–40 µm, 2.2 (1.9–2.4) VBW, 54.2 (46.3–61.3) % V-A and 3.1 (2.6–3.6) ABW. Post-vulval body length 10.6 (10.5–10.9) ABW. Tail conical with usually rounded or seldom dull terminus. Male: General morphology, stylet, pharynx and tail shape similar to females. Spicules ventrally arcuate, gubernaculum simple and crescent-shaped, bursa 12–23.5 µm long and enveloping 25.7–48.6% of tail length. Tail conical with rounded terminus. Habitat & locality. Type population collected in 2014 from rhizosphere of alfalfa in Darab region, Fars province, Iran (GPS coordinates: 28°41.167′N, 54°16.056′E, elevation 1367 m.). Type material. Female holotype, three female paratypes and six male paratypes on six glass slides kept in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, and two female paratypes and three male paratypes on two glass slides deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Plantenziektenkundige Dienst, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Diagnosis and relationships. Nothotylenchus siddiqi n. sp. is characterised by its short body, 573–645 µm in length, six to nine lateral field incisures, short, delicate stylet (6.5–7.5 µm) with rounded knobs, pyriform or slightly elongate and offset basal pharyngeal bulb, posterior vulva position (V = 79.3–81.0), PUS = 26.5–40 µm, short spicules, 14.5–16.5 µm long, and tail with rounded terminus. N. siddiqii n. sp. resembles N. affinis, N. hexaglyphus, N. persicus, N taylori Husain & Khan, 1974; N. geraerti and N. medians. But it can be distinguished from all these species by having 6–9 incisures in lateral fields (vs. 6). Moreover N. siddiqii n. sp. differs from N. affinis by greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.9–2.4 vs. 1.1–1.3), from N. hexaglyphus by shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 19–22 μm) and greater PUS/VBW ratio (1.9–2.4 vs. 0.5–1.3), from N. taylori by relatively shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 16.5–20 μm) and from N. persicus by shorter spicules (14.5–16.5 vs. 21–22 μm), position of the S-E pore (posterior half of isthmus to its junction with basal pharyngeal bulb vs. after basal pharyngeal bulb) and the tail terminus shape (rounded vs. pointed). Etymology. The species is named in honor of Dr. Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqi for his outstanding contributions to the science of nematology., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 487-489, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87."]}

Updated list, identification key and tabular compendium of Nothotylenchus characteristics Lists of Nothotylenchus species were published by Siddiqi (1986, 2000) and Andrássy (2007). In this study, an upto-date species list of the genus Nothotylenchus includes 41 valid species; species that have been synonymized with other species, transferred to other genera, or considered as species inquirendae, species incertae sedis and nomina nuda are compiled in separate lists. Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 = Boleodoroides Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966 = Boleodorus (Boleodoroides Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966) (Khera, 1970) ....Continued next page Tail tip: D = dull, Fili = filiform, FR = finely rounded, m = mucronate, P = pointed, R = rounded;? = no information available; [] = obtained from measured drawing and not given in description;> = slightly more than; Remark: In this table, Bursa/tail% that has been used previously (Brzeski, 1991, 1998; Sturhan & Brzeski, 1991), has been removed, because we observed that this feature is very variable even within a population and it can only be used in case of great differences between species (e.g., species with bursa reaching tail tip vs. adanal forms). Diagnosis (emended after Siddiqi, 2000). Anguinidae. Body vermiform, mature females not or slightly swollen. Body size between 0.4 and 1.2 mm. Cuticle finely striated. Lateral fields usually with four or six (occasionally two, five or more than six) incisures, which may be indistinct. Lip region usually low and flattened, continuous or slightly offset; cephalic framework of six equal sectors, not or slightly sclerotized. Stylet 5–14 µm long with conus less than half its total length, weak to moderately-developed, knobs rounded. Median pharyngeal bulb non-muscular, non-valvate; isthmus not separated from basal bulb by a constriction; pharyngeal glands enclosed in a basal bulb of variable shape and size, offset from intestine or overlapping it for a shorter or longer distance. Vulva at 57–86% of body length. Spermatheca elongate-axial. Post-vulval uterine sac one body width or more long. Tails of both sexes similar, elongate-conoid, rarely filiform, tip pointed to rounded, rarely mucronate or clavate. Deirids present. Phasmids absent. Bursa leptoderan, arising near head of spicules and generally extending to middle of tail, rarely adanal, exceptionally reaching tail end. Type species Nothotylenchus acris Thorne, 1941 Other species Nothotylenchus acutus Khan, 1965 = N. allii Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 = N. srinagarensis Fotedar & Mahajan, 1974 = N. indicus Saxena, Chhabra & Joshi, 1973 = N. paramonovi Gagarin, 1974 N. adasi Sykes, 1980 N. affinis Thorne, 1941 N. andrassy Jalalinasab, Nassaj Hosseini & Heydari, 2018 N. antricolus Andrássy, 1961 N. attenuatus Mulvey, 1969 N. basiri Khan, 1965 N. brzeskii n. sp. N. bhatnagari Tikyani & Khera, 1969 N. bhattii (Das & Bajaj, 2005) comb. n. = Ditylenchus bhattii Das & Bajaj, 2005 N. boroki Gagarin, 1999 N. citri (Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 = Paurodontus citri Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981 N. clavatus Dhanachand & Gambhir, 1991 N. cylindricollis Thorne, 1941 N. cylindricus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 = N. elongatus Husain & Khan, 1974 N. danubialis Andrássy, 1960 N. drymocolus Rühm, 1956 N. fotedari Mahajan, 1977 N. geraerti Kheiri, 1971 N. goldeni Maqbool, 1982 N. hexaglyphus Khan & Siddiqi, 1968 N. loksai Andrássy, 1959 N. medians Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. oryzae (Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodoroides oryzae Mathur, Khan & Prasad, 1966 N. persicus Esmaeili, Heydari, Castillo & Palomares-Rius, 2016 N. petilus Massey, 1974 N. phoenixae Esmaeili, Heydari & Ye, 2017 N. siddiqii n. sp. N. similis Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. singhi Das & Shivaswamy, 1980 N. solani (Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981) Siddiqi, 1986 = Paurodontus solani Varaprasad, Khan & Lal, 1981 N. taylori Husain & Khan, 1974 N. tenuis Gagarin, 1999 N. thornei Andrássy, 1958 N. truncatus Eliashvili & Vacheishvili, 1980 N. tuberosus Kheiri, 1971 N. turfus (Yokoo, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 = Neotylenchus turfus Yokoo, 1968 N. uniformis Truskova & Eroshenko, 1977 N. utschini Gagarin, 1974 N. websteri Kumar, 1983 Species inquirendae N. atypicus (Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus atypicus Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977 N. buckleyi Das, 1960 N. compactus Massey, 1974 N. exiguus Andrássy, 1958 N. longistylus (Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus longistylus Khera & Chaturvedi, 1977 N. major Thorne & Malek, 1968 N. montanus Kiknadze & Eliashvilli, 1988 N. parasimilis Massey, 1974 N. petilus Massey, 1974 N. typicus (Husain & Khan, 1968) Siddiqi, 1986 = Boleodorus typicus Husain & Khan, 1968 Ditylenchus robustus Das & Bajaj, 2005 (see remark 1) Ditylenchus triticus Das & Bajaj, 2005 (see remark 2) Species incertae sedis Neotylenchus nitidus Massey, 1969 = N. nitidus (Massey, 1969) Siddiqi, 1986 Nomina nuda N. callidus Izatullaeva, 1967 N. strictus Kapoor, 1982 Species transferred to other genera N. innuptus Andrássy, 1961, to Boleodorus Remarks on some species inquirendae Remark 1: Ditylenchus robustus is described by lateral fields with indistinct incisures, fusiform non-valvate median bulb, elongated, narrow spermatheca, genital tract coiled before crustaformeria, and short PUS. But drawings (Fig. 4A, C & D) show the spermatheca as not elongate and that it seems to be offset and pouch-like, considered by the authors as coiling of genital tract before crustaformeria (Das & Bajaj 2005). Therefore, reexamination and redescription of the species is necessary to determine its taxonomic position. Remark 2: D. triticus is characterised by indistinct lateral fields, fusiform and valveless median bulb, elongateoval spermatheca, filled with large sperms, looped genital tract near spermatheca, and short PUS. The elongated, bipartite and offset spermatheca, filled with small sperms shown in Fig. 3A & C (Das & Bajaj 2005) excludes this species from Ditylenchus or Nothotylenchus, and the disagreement between the description and drawings require it to be considered as species inquirenda. Key for identification of species 1- Lateral fields with two incisures; stylet length = 7.5 µm; V = 76; spicule length = 14 µm..................... N. petilus - Lateral fields with four or more incisures.................................................................. 2 2- Lateral fields with four incisures......................................................................... 3 - Lateral fields with five or more incisures................................................................. 22 3- Average stylet length ˂ 10 µm........................................................................... 4 - Average stylet length> 10 µm.......................................................................... 18 4- Basal pharyngeal bulb always long and cylindrical.......................................................... 5 - Basal pharyngeal bulb usually pyriform or short cylindrical................................................... 9 5- Tail terminus pointed.................................................................................. 6 - Tail terminus rounded; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical...................................................... 8 6- V = 90, vagina oblique; V-A about two times VBW; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical.................. N. cylindricollis - V = 71–77; vagina perpendicular to body axis; V-A longer.................................................... 7 7- Stylet length = 6.5–7 µm; PUS/VBW = 0.3–0.4.................................................... N. antricolus - Stylet length = 9–10 µm; PUS/VBW> 2........................................................ N. attenuatus 8- Basal pharyngeal bulb without projection; PUS/VBW = 0.8; spicule length = 17–19 µm................... N. bhatnagari - Basal pharyngeal bulb with a small cardiac projection; PUS/VBW = 1.5–2; spicule length = 14 µm.......... N. cylindricus 9- PUS/VBW = 3.4–5.7; tail terminus pointed; bursa covering 1/6 tail................................... N. danubialis - PUS/VBW ≤ 3...................................................................................... 10 10- Spicule length = 20.5–23 µm; V = 83.3–84.4; PUS/VBW = 0.6–1.2; tail thick and usually with rounded tip.. N. brzeskii n. sp. - Spicule length V = 67%; PUS/VBW = 0.6; tail terminus rounded..................................................... N. loksai - V ˃ 70%........................................................................................... 12 12- PUS/VBW = 0.6; tail terminus mucronate.......................................................... N. thornei - PUS/VBW = 1.3–3.0; tail terminus not mucronate.......................................................... 13 13- Body length ≥ 700 µm; tail terminus pointed.............................................................. 14 - Body length ≤ 650 µm; tail terminus variable, pointed, dull or rounded......................................... 15 14- Bursa nearly reaching tail terminus (~100%)......................................................... N. turfus - Bursa extending slightly past middle of tail........................................................... N. acris 15- Spicule length = 11–13 µm; V = 80–82; tail terminus pointed.......................................... N. websteri - Spicule length ≥ 13 µm; V N. acutus - Spicule length = 13–15 µm; tail terminus rounded or dull.................................................... 17 17- Stylet length = 6–8 µm; L = 350–500 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform.................................. N. basiri - Stylet length = 9 µm, L = 630 µm, basal pharyngeal bulb short cylindrical.................................. N. singhi 18- PUS/VBW N. clavatus - PUS/VBW> 1; tail terminus rounded, dull or pointed....................................................... 19 19- V = 57–66................................................................................. N. truncatus - V = 68–83......................................................................................... 20 20- Spicule length = 13–15 µm; V = 75–79; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical................................ N. utschini - Spicule length = 17–24 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform.................................................. 21 21- V = 68–76.8; spicule length = 21–24 µm............................................................ N. adasi - V = 80.2–83; spicule length = 17–21 µm............................................................ N. bhattii 22- Lateral fields with five incisures; stylet length = 11–12 µm; V = 81–85%; spicule length = 18–21 µm....... N. drymocolus - Lateral fields with six (or more) incisures................................................................. 23 23- Stylet length = 11–12 µm; V = 82–83, PUS/VBW = 0.5–0.7; spicule length = 20–21 µm..................... N. goldeni - Stylet length ≤ 10 µm................................................................................ 24 24- Basal pharyngeal bulb with extension.................................................................... 25 - Basal pharyngeal bulb without extension................................................................. 26 25- Stylet length = 6–8 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb extension short; tail terminus rounded......................... N. solani - Stylet length = 8–10 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb extension long; tail terminus pointed.......................... N. citri 26- Tail terminus clavate; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical, set off from the intestine........................... N. oryzae - Tail terminus pointed, dull or rounded................................................................... 27 27- Tail terminus always pointed........................................................................... 28 - Tail terminus rounded, dull or rarely pointed.............................................................. 32 28- Tail terminus filiform; spicule length = 13–14 µm; V = 71–76............................................ N. tenuis - Tail terminus pointed; spicule length ≥ 18 µm; V > 76 µm.................................................... 29 29- Stylet length = 5–7 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform; PUS/VBW ≤ 1......................................... 30 - Stylet length = 8–9 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb cylindrical; PUS/VBW> 1.2 (two similar species, probably synonymous)..................................................................................................... 31 30- S-E pore located posterior to basal pharyngeal bulb.................................................. N. persicus - S-E pore located at the level of anterior third part of basal pharyngeal bulb.............................. N. phoenixae 31- PUS/VBW = 1.2–1.4; male unknown............................................................ N. uniformis - PUS/VBW = 1.4–2.4; male known............................................................... N. andrassy 32- Stylet length = 10 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb always cylindrical.......................................... N. similis - Stylet length ≤ 9 µm; basal pharyngeal bulb mostly pyriform................................................. 33 33- Maximum spicule length> 19 µm...................................................................... 34 - Maximum spicule length V = 75–80; PUS/VBW = 1.8–3; spicule length = 16.5–20 µm........................................... N. taylori - V = 81.6–86.0; PUS/VBW = 0.5–1.3; spicule length = 19–22 µm.................................... N. hexaglyphus 35- Lateral fields with six to nine incisures; V = 79.3–81.0; PUS/VBW = 1.9–2.4; spicule length = 14.5–16.5 µm.................................................................................................... N. siddiqii n. sp. - Lateral fields with six incisures......................................................................... 36 36- V = 84–86; PUS/VBW N. fotedari - V usually ≤ 84...................................................................................... 37 37- Basal bulb always cylindrical; PUS/VBW = 1.1–1.8; tail terminus finely rounded............................ N. boroki - Basal bulb mostly pyriform or slightly overlapping (four similar species)........................................ 38 38- Uterus length/VBW = 3–4, basal bulb slightly overlapping........................................... N. tuberosus - Uterus length/VBW usually ˂ 3; basal bulb mostly pyriform and offset......................................... 39 39- Head high, stylet knobs sloping posteriorly........................................................ N. geraerti - Head low, stylet knobs rounded......................................................................... 40 40- Stylet length = 8–9 µm, PUS/VBW = 1.1–1.3, tail not thick............................................. N. affinis - Stylet length = 6.5–8 µm, PUS/VBW = 1.3–2.6, tail thick............................................. N. medians, Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2020, New and known species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Iran with an updated list of species, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 4729 (4) on pages 491-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4729.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3752014, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1986) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, Slough, 645 pp.","Siddiqi, M. R. (2000) Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 833 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851992020.0000","Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary, II (Nematoda errantia). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, 496 pp.","Thorne, G. (1941) Some nematodes of the family Tylenchidae which do not possess a valvular median esophageal bulb. Great Basin Naturalist, 2, 37 - 85.","Mathur, V. K., Khan, E. & Prasad, S. K. (1966) Boleodoroides oryzae n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Boleodorinae) from Bihar, India. Nematologica, 12, 448 - 452. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 X 00950","Khera, S. (1970) Nematodes from the banks of still and running waters. 8. Order Tylenchida. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 23, 53 - 65.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN), Warszawa, 396 pp.","Sturhan, D. & Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. In: Nickle, W. R. (Ed.), Manual of Agricultural Nematology. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, pp. 423 - 464.","Khan, S. H. (1965) Nothotylenchus acutus n. sp. and N. basiri n. sp. (Nematoda: Nothotylenchinae) from North India. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 32, 90 - 93.","Khan, A. M. & Siddiqi, M. R. (1968) Three new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae) from north India. Nematologica, 14, 369 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00048","Fotedar, D. N & Mahajan, R. (1974) Two new nematode species (Nothotylenchidae) from Kashmir. Indian Journal of Nematology, 2 (1972), 169 - 172.","Saxena, P. K., Chhabra, H. K. & Joshi, R. (1973) Nothotylenchus indicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Nothotylenchinae) from rhizosphere of peach trees in the Punjab (India). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 190, 140 - 142.","Gagarin, V. G. (1974) Two new species of the genus Nothotylenchus (Nothotylenchidae: Nematoda) and description of males of Tylocephalus auriculatus and Chronogaster typicus. Trudy Gelan, 24, 30 - 35. [in Russian]","Sykes, G. B. (1980) A new species of Nothotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from England. Systematic Parasitology, 1, 237 - 239. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00009848","Jalalinasab, P., Nassaj Hosseini, M. & Heydari, R. (2018) Nothotylenchus andrassy n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Northern Iran. Journal of Nematology, 50, 219 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2018 - 025","Andrassy, I. (1961) Zur Taxonomie der Neotylenchiden. Nematologica, 6, 25 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529261 X 00243","Mulvey, R. H. (1969) Nematodes of the family Neotylenchidae (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from the Canadian high Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 1261 - 1268. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 198","Tikyani, M. G. & Khera, S. (1969) Nothotylenchus bhatnagari n. sp. from the rhizosphere of great millet (Sorghum vulgare Pers). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 182, 87 - 91.","Das, D. & Bajaj, H. K. (2005) New and known species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 from Haryana, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 35, 11 - 23.","Gagarin, V. G. (1999) [Nematode fauna in rotten wood of birch, aspen, and pine in Borok (Yaroslavl' district, Central Russia)]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 78, 146 - 157. [in Russian]","Varaprasad, K. S., Khan, E. & Lal, M. (1981) Paurodontus solani n. sp. and P. citri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) with a key to the species of Paurodontus Thorne, 1941. Indian Journal of Nematology, 10, 182 - 188.","Dhanachand, C. & Gambhir, R. K. (1991) One new and two known species of Tylenchida from Manipur, India. Current Nematology, 2, 33 - 38.","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Three new species of neotylenchid nematodes from north India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 4, 81 - 87.","Andrassy, I. (1960) Beitrage zur kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden Chinas. Annales Musei Historico-naturalis Hungarici, 52, 201 - 216.","Ruhm, W. (1956) Die Nematoden der Ipiden. Parasitologische Schriftenreihe. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 437 pp.","Mahajan, R. (1977) Scutellonema petersi n. sp. and Nothotylenchus fotedari n. sp., two new nematodes from India. Rivista di Parassitologia, 38, 334 - 337.","Kheiri, A. (1971) Two new species of Nothotylenchus Thorne, 1941 from Iran and a redescription of N. affinis Thorne, 1941 (Nematoda, Neotylenchidae) with a key to the species of the genus. Nematologica, 16 (1970), 591 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529270 X 00810","Maqbool, M. A. (1982) Three new species of the superfamily Neotylenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Pakistan. Journal of Nematology, 14, 317 - 323.","Andrassy, I. (1959) Freilebende nematoden aus Rumanien. Annales Universitatis Scientarum Budapestensis de Rolando Eotvos Nominate, Sectio Biologica, 2, 3 - 27.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Esmaeili, M., Heydari, R., Castillo, P. & Palomares-Rius, J. E. (2016) Nothotylenchus persicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) from Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematology, 18, 29 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00002940","Massey, C. L. (1974) Biology and taxonomy of nematode parasites and associates of bark beetles in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 446. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 233 pp.","Esmaeili, M., Heydari, R. & Ye, W. (2017) Description of a new anguinid nematode, Nothotylenchus phoenixae n. sp. (Nematoda: Anguinidae) associated with palm date trees and its phylogenetic relations within the family Anguinidae. Journal of Nematology, 49, 268 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2017 - 072","Das, V. M. & Shivaswamy, V. (1980) Paurodontus brassicae n. sp. and Nothotylenchus singhi n. sp. from south India. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Parasitology, 1, 62 - 65.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Erd-und Susswassernematoden aus Bulgarien Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 4, 1 - 88.","Eliashvili, T. S. & Vacheishvili, L. A. (1980) [A new species of the nematode Nothotylenchus truncatus sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from Eastern Georgia]. Soobshcheniia Akademii nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, 98, 177 - 180. [in Russian]","Yokoo, T. (1968) Nematological studies on the yellow patch of green grass of the golf link: II. On the nemic-fauna in the green grass of International Golf Link of Isahaya, Nagasaki Prefecture, with descriptions on new species of Neotylenchus (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae). Agricultural Bulletin, Saga University, 26, 9 - 19.","Truskova, G. M. & Eroshenko, A. S. (1977) [The nematode fauna of herbaceous and ligneous plants in the pine plantations of the Primor'yal]. Trudy Biologicheskogo Instituta Novosibirsk Seriya, 47, 35 - 49. [in Russian]","Kumar, P. (1983) Nothotylenchus websteri n. sp. (Nematoda: Neotylenchoidea) from Lucknow. Indian Journal of Parasitology, 7, 105 - 107.","Khera, S. & Chaturvedi, Y. (1977) Nematodes from tea plantations of Dhera Dun, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 72, 125 - 152.","Das, V. M. (1960) Studies on the nematode parasites of plants in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India). Zeitschrift fur Parasiten- kunde, 19, 553 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260158","Husain, S. I. & Khan, A. M. (1968) Paurodontella n. gen. and three new species of nematodes from North India (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae). Nematologica, 13 (1967), 493 - 500. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529267 X 00274","Massey, C. L. (1969) New species of tylenchs associated with bark beetles in New Mexico and Colorado. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 36, 43 - 52.","Izatullaeva, R. I. (1967) [The helminth fauna of certain flower crops in Kazakhstan]. Materialy Nauchnoy Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov, 5 (1966), 175 - 179. [in Russian]","Kapoor, M. (1982) Taxonomic studies on nematodes of some medicinal and aromatic plants of North India. Thesis, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 418 pp."]}

4. Ditylenchus equalis Heyns, 1964 8 females: L = 749 (602–861) µm; stylet = 7.4 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 118 (98–145) µm; tail = 73.5 (51–91) µm; a = 44.8 (35.6–57.5); b = 6.4 (5.4–8.2); c = 10.4 (9.1–12.3); c′ = 6.6 (4.2–8.5); V = 80.6 (78.9–82.6); V′ = 89.3 (88.1– 90.5); PUS / VBW = 1.2 (1.0–1.4; in one specimen = 2.1); PUS /V-A = 30.6 (20.9–58.4) %; V-A/T = 1.0 (0.8–1.2). 4 males: L = 537 (494–565) µm; stylet = 7.3 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 116 (104–134) µm; tail = 51.2 (50–53) µm; a = 44.1 (39.1–48.7); b = 4.6 (4.2–4.9); c = 10.5 (9.7–11.1); c′ = 5.1 (4.6–5.5); spicules = 14.9 (14–16) µm. Diagnosis. D. equalis is characterised by four lateral field incisures, unstriated head, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, basal pharyngeal bulb pyriform to elongate and usually offset, sometimes with a slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, short post-vulval uterine sac, tail tip usually pointed and sometimes rounded, and short spicules. D. equalis is similar to D. deiridus Thorne & Malek, 1968, D. emus Khan, Chawla & Prasad, 1969, D. exilis Brzeski, 1984, D. filimus Anderson, 1983, D. parvus and D. terricolus. It differs from D. deiridus by having PUS (vs. PUS absent), and from D. emus and D. exilis by different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. rounded). It can be distinguished from D. filimus by shorter spicules (14–16 vs. 29 μm) and lower V index (78.9–82.6 vs. 81–85), from D. parvus and D. terricolus by greater V index (78.9–82.6 vs. 71–77) and lower PUS/VBW ratio (1.0–1.4 vs. 1.8–4.3 and 2.1–3.2, respectively)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Heyns, J. (1964) Aphelenchoides helicus n. sp. and Ditylenchus equalis n. sp., two new soil inhabiting nematodes. South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 7, 147 - 150.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Khan, E., Chawla, M. L. & Prasad, S. K. (1969) Tylenchus (Aglenchus) indiens n. sp. and Ditylenchus emus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from India. Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 7 B, 311 - 314.","Brzeski, M. W. (1984) Three new species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936, and comments on Basiroides longimatricalis Kazachenko, 1975 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Nematologica, 29, 380 - 389. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529283 X 00267","Anderson, R. V. (1983) An emended description of Ditylenchus valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968 and description of D. filimus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from mushroom compost in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61, 2319 - 2323. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 83 - 306"]}

7. Ditylenchus myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 348 females: L = 734 (481–1108) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6–9) µm; pharynx = 119 (87–162) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 127 (87–187) µm; tail = 56.0 (33–85) µm; a = 38.1 (22.8–56.0); b = 6.2 (4.3–8.8); c = 13.2 (8.5–18.9); c′ = 4.6 (2.8–7.2); V = 80.8 (73.9–85.3); V′ = 87.6 (82.1–92.5); PUS / VBW = 2.1 (0.8–3.7); PUS /V-A = 45.5 (17.3–69.6) %; V-A/T = 1.5 (0.8–2.4). 201 males: L = 701 (426–939) µm; stylet = 7.7 (6.5–9) µm; pharynx = 120 (86.5–168) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 126 (92–168) µm; tail = 52.8 (39.5–76) µm; a = 40.6 (27.8–56.7); b = 5.9 (3.7–8.4); c = 13.4 (8.6–18.7); c′ = 4.5 (3.2–6.5); spicules = 18.9 (14.5–23.5) µm. Diagnosis. D. myceliophagus is distinctive because of its thin to stout body, six lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), refractive, short crescentic cephalic skeleton, delicate, short stylet with rounded or posteriorly sloping knobs, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform, cylindrical or elongate), basal pharyngeal bulb offset or with slight to long overlap, up to 66 µm, variable vuvla position and length of postvulval uterine sac, a usually thick tail that suddenly narrows from about half to the last two thirds, with a usually rounded, sometimes dull, tip, and variable spicule length. Unlike the original description of D. myceliophagus (Goodey 1958), the head of different populations in this study was striated. The general shape of tail in the Iranian populations was more diverse than the Brzeski populations (1998) (usually thick and sometimes narrow vs. always thick). The Iranian populations of D. myceliophagus are close to D. acutatus, D. anchilisposomus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens, D. triformis and D. valveus. D. myceliophagus can be distinguished from all of these species by its crescentic and refractive cephalic skeleton. In addition, it differs from D. acutatus with a lower PUS / VBW ratio (2.1 (0.8–3.7) vs. 3.5 (2.8–4.1)) and different tail shape (usually thick, with rounded tip vs. thick, with pointed tip), from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (0.8–3.7 vs. 0.2–0.4) and different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate and offset or with overlap vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. elegans by its shorter body (481–1108 vs. 1030–1370), shorter tail (33–85 vs. 111–149 μm), relatively greater V (73.9–85.3 vs. 71–77), lower PUS / VBW ratio (0.8–3.7 vs. 3.2) and different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with pointed tip), from D. medicaginis to some extent by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often pointed to dull tip), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated head (vs. smooth) and different tail tip (usually rounded vs. sharply pointed), from D. triformis by longer spicules (14.5–23.5 vs. 13–15 µm) and six incisures vs. four at anus region, and from D. valveus, to some extent, by tail shape (usually thick with rounded tip vs. narrow with often dull to rounded terminus). In the case of individuals with offset basal pharyngeal bulb or slight overlap over intestine, the basal plate of the cephalic skeleton is the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. dauniae and D. geraerti, also if there are individuals with long basal bulb overlap over intestine, this feature is again the only difference between D. myceliophagus and D. anchilisposomus., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on pages 94-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Goodey, J. B. (1958) Ditylenchus myceliophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 3, 91 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529258 X 00166"]}

10. Ditylenchus valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968 9 females: L = 739 (638–907) µm; stylet = 7.2 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 123 (106–153) µm; tail = 66.4 (55–92) µm; a = 38.3 (29.3–51.7); b = 6.1 (5.2–8.0); c = 11.5 (9.8–14.4); c′ = 5.5 (4.5–7.4); V = 80.4 (79.0–82.7); V′ = 88.3 (84.9–89.8); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.1–2.6); PUS /V-A = 46.2 (23.5–68.4) %; V-A/T = 1.2 (1.0–1.8). 2 males: L = 625, 816 µm; stylet = 7, 8 µm; pharynx = 122, 128 µm; tail = 59, 74 µm; a = 44.5, 54.1; b = 5.1, 6.4; c = 10.5, 11.1; c′ = 5.4, 6.3; spicules = 18.5, 19 µm. Diagnosis. D. valveus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with round knobs, usually pyriform, but sometimes cylindrical, basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes with slight overlap (up to 2 µm), posterior position of vulva, usually long post-vulval uterine sac, usually dull and rounded, but sometimes mucronate, tail tip, and spicule length. The Iranian population of D. valveus comes close to D. acutatus, D. apus, D. dauniae, D. elegans, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. tenuidens and D. triformis. It can be distinguished from D. acutatus by its lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.1–2.6 vs. 2.8–4.1) and different tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), from D. apus by having greater V and PUS / VBW ratio (79.0–82.7 and 1.1–2.6 vs. 75–76 and 0.2–0.4, respectively) and also by the shape of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform and usually offset vs. elongate with long overlap), from D. dauniae by lower V (79.0–82.7 vs. 83–84) and greater c ′ index (4.5–7.4 vs. 3.2–4.1), from D. elegans by shorter body and tail length (638–907 and 55–92 vs. 1030–1370 and 111–149 µm), greater V (79.0–82.7 vs. 71–77), lower c ′ ratio (4.5–7.4 vs. 7.2–11.3) and different tail tip shape (rounded and dull vs. pointed), from D. geraerti by tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull tip vs. thick with rounded tip) and greater c′ index (4.5–7.4 vs. 3.5–5), from D. myceliophagus by different cephalic skeleton development (moderate vs. crescentic and refractive), from D. silvaticus by different tail shape (narrow with rounded to dull terminus vs. thick with pointed or rounded tip with mucron), from D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head, position of S-E pore (located between posterior half of isthmus and anterior half of basal bulb vs. half of isthmus), shape of basal bulb (pyriform vs. elongate) and tail tip (rounded to dull vs. pointed), and from D. triformis by longer spicules (18.5–19 vs. 13–15 μm) and having six incisures at anus region (vs. four). The closest species to D. valveus is D. medicaginis (see D. medicaginis diagnosis)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111."]}

9. Ditylenchus triformis Hirschmann & Sasser, 1955 (Figure 4) 9 females: L = 621 (493–729) µm; stylet = 7.0 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 118 (97–131) µm; tail = 56.9 (44–66) µm; a = 39.3 (34.7–46.1); b = 5.3 (4.6–6.0); c = 10.9 (9.1–12.7); c′ = 5.4 (4.7–6.6); V = 78.3 (76.2–80.2); V′ = 86.2 (83.3–88.3); PUS / VBW = 1.7 (1.3–2.7); PUS /V-A = 32.6 (22.2–48.2) %; V-A/T = 1.4 (1.1–1.8). 2 males: L = 462, 581 μm; stylet = 6.5, 7 μm; pharynx = 97, 117 µm; tail = 51, 56 µm; a = 42.4, 44.7; b = 4.8, 5.0; c = 9.0, 10.3; c ′ = 6.9, 5.6; spicules = 14, 16 µm. Diagnosis. D. triformis is characterised by six lateral field incisures that reduced to four at anus level, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, elongate basal pharyngeal bulb that is usually offset and sometimes slightly overlapping (up to 6 µm), posterior position of vulva, rather long post-vulval uterine sac, usually rounded, seldom dull or pointed, tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. triformis is close to 11 species, including D. acutatus, D. dauniae, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis, D. myceliophagus, D. silvaticus, D. valveus, D. virtudesae, D. apus, D. elegans and D. tenuidens. It differs from all of these species by the reduction of lateral field incisures at the anus region to four. In addition, it can be distinguished from D. virtudesae by longer spicules (14–16 vs. 11 μm), from D. acutatus and D. elegans by lower PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 2.8–4.1, 3.2, respectively) and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed or dull), and from D. apus by greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.3–2.7 vs. 0.2–0.4) and the nature of the basal pharyngeal bulb (pyriform to elongate, offset or with slight overlap vs. elongated and with long overlap). It differs from D. myceliophagus by different basal plate of cephalic skeleton (weak to moderate vs. refractive and crescentic), from D. silvaticus and D. tenuidens by striated (vs. smooth) head and different tail tip shape (usually rounded vs. pointed), and from D. valveus by shorter spicules (14–16 vs. 16–23 µm). The only difference between D. triformis and the three remaining species is the number of incisures at the anus region., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Hirschmann, H. & Sasser, J. N. (1955) On the occurrence of an intersexual form in Ditylenchus triformis, n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchida). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 22, 115 - 123."]}

1. Ditylenchus anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 7 females: L = 660 (615–708) µm; stylet = 8.4 (7.5–9) µm; pharynx = 117 (107–139) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 144 (114–170) µm; tail = 55.8 (51–66) µm; a = 42.1 (37.3–46.9); b = 5.7 (4.4–6.5); c = 11.9 (10.6–13.2); c′ = 5.3 (4.8–5.7); V = 80.1 (77.5–82.0); V′ = 87.5 (85.3–88.7); PUS / VBW = 2.0 (1.4–2.6); PUS /V-A = 40.4 (29.2– 46.2) %; V-A/T = 1.4 (1.2–1.7). 3 males: L = 620 (610–632) µm; stylet = 7.8 (7–8) µm; pharynx = 110 (103–114) µm; anterior end to end of glands = 138 (135–139) µm; tail = 55.4 (50–64) µm; a = 44.5 (41.5–47.3); b = 5.7 (5.4–6.0); c = 11.3 (9.9–12.1); c′ = 5.3 (4.7–6.6); spicules = 15.5 (15–16) µm. Diagnosis. D. anchilisposomus is characterised by six lateral field incisures, head with rounded margins and weak cephalic skeleton, delicate medium-sized stylet with small rounded to posteriorly sloping knobs, usually long (seldom pyriform) basal pharyngeal bulb overlapping intestine and measuring 7–41 µm and seldom pyriform, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, rounded to dull tail tip and short spicules. The Iranian population of D. anchilisposomus is similar to D. dauniae Brzeski & Marinari, 1991, D. geraerti, D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965, D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958, D. silvaticus Brzeski, 1991, D. tenuidens Gritzenko, 1971, D. triformis and D. valveus Thorne & Malek, 1968. It can be distinguished from all of these, except some specimens of D. myceliophagus, by having a long pharyngeal lobe overlapping intestine. The only difference between D. anchilisposomus and D. myceliophagus is the cephalic skeleton (weak to medium and extending two annuli into the body vs. short, crescentic and with refractive margins)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Tarjan, A. C. (1958) A new genus, Pseudhalenchus (Tylenchinae: Nematoda), with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 25, 20 - 25.","Fortuner, R. (1982) On the genus Dilylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revue de Nematologie, 5, 17 - 38.","Wasilewska, L. (1965) Ditylenchus medicaginis n. sp., a new parasitic nematode from Poland (Nematoda, Tylenchidae). Bulletin de l'Academie polonaise des Sciences. Classe II. Serie des Sciences Biologiques, 13, 167 - 170.","Goodey, J. B. (1958) Ditylenchus myceliophagus n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 3, 91 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529258 X 00166","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59.","Gritzenko, V. P. (1971) Ditylenchus tenuidens n. sp. and Aphelenchoides curiolis n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchidae and Aphelenchoididae) from Kirgizia. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 50, 1402 - 1405.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111."]}

3. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 191 females: L = 1140 (878–1510) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9–13) µm; pharynx = 177 (143–221) µm; tail = 77.6 (53–105) µm; a = 46.1 (29.5–62.5; in one specimen = 18.5); b = 6.5 (5.0–8.4); c = 14.8 (11.5–25.7); c′ = 5.4 (3.7–7.7); V = 80.4 (75.8–87.3; in one specimen = 69.6); V ′ = 86.3 (74.1–93.9); PUS / VBW = 2.6 (1.5–3.6); PUS /V-A = 43.4 (25.6–77.8) %; V-A/T = 1.8 (0.8–2.4; in one specimen = 3.9). 134 males: L = 1103 (877–1346) µm; stylet = 10.5 (9.5–12) µm; pharynx = 175 (130–210) μm; tail = 76.5 (58–99) μm; a = 48.4 (33.8–66.5); b = 6.3 (5.2–8.1); c = 14.5 (12.0–18.3); c′ = 5.1 (3.5–7.4); spicules = 23.7 (20–28) µm. Diagnosis. D. dipsaci is distinguished by its long, slender body, four lateral field incisures (sometimes with one to three additional lines), well-developed cephalic skeleton, moderately large stylet with distinct rounded knobs, moderately-developed median bulb with distinct valve, variable shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (usually long and cylindrical, sometimes pyriform and shorter, sometimes with a short stem), basal pharyngeal bulb usually with slight intestinal overlap, averaging 5 µm (seldom up to 29 µm) and sometimes offset, posterior position of vulva, long post-vulval uterine sac, thick tail with usually pointed, but sometimes dull tip, and long spicules. The Iranian populations of D. dipsaci are similar to D. angustus (Butler, 1913) Filipjev, 1936, D. gigas Vovlas, Troccoli, Palomares-Rius, De Luca, Liébanas, Landa, Subbotin & Castillo, 2011, D. laurae Skwiercz, Kornobis, Winiszewska, Przybylska, Obrępalska-Stęplowska, Gawlak & Subbotin, 2017, D. solani, D. sturhani Mirbabaei Karani, Eskandari, Ghaderi, Heydari, & Miraeez, 2017 and D. weischeri Chizhov, Borisov & Subbotin, 2010. They differs from D. angustus by relatively longer spicules (20–28 vs. 16–21 μm), less bursa/tail% (24.8–85.2 vs. approximately 100%), different shape of basal pharyngeal bulb (long and cylindrical vs. clavate). It can be distinguished from D. laurae by shorter body (878–1510 vs. 1523–2095 μm), shorter tail (53–105 vs. 104–127 μm), less a index (18.5–62.5 vs. 72.5–103) and PUS / VBW (1.5–3.6 vs. 4.3–5.6), shorter basal pharyngeal bulb (length/width = 1.9–5.8 vs. approximately 10) and the shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. mucronate), from D. solani by having longer spicules (20–28 vs. 18–20 μm), the shape of basal pharyngeal bulb and tail tip (long and cylindrical and usually pointed vs. pyriform and dull to rounded, respectively), from D. sturhani with longer body 878–1510 vs. 656–865 μm), longer spicules (20–28 vs. 18.5–20.5 μm), greater PUS / VBW (2.6 (1.5–3.6) vs. 1.4 (1.0–1.9)) and different shape of tail tip (usually pointed vs. usually dull), from D. weischeri with greater c′ index (5.4 (3.7–7.7) vs. 3.7 (2.9–4.8)). In the description of D. weischeri, other differences with D. dipsaci such as shorter tail and spicules, greater c index, V-A, V-A/T and PUS length are also noted, that falls within the range of variation of different D. dispaci populations in the present study and are not useful. The closest species to D. dipsaci is D. gigas, which is distinguished only with shorter body length (878–1510 vs. 1270–1932 μm)., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Kuhn, J. (1857) Uber Das Vorkommen von Anguillulen in erkrankten Bluthenkopfen von Dipsacus fullonum L. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 9, 129 - 137.","Filipjev, I. N. (1936) On the classification of the Tylenchinae. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 3, 80 - 82.","Butler, E. J. (1913) Disease of rice: An eelworm disease of rice. Bulletin Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bulletin, 34, 1 - 37.","Vovlas, N., Troccoli, A., Palomares-Rius, J. E., De Luca, F., Liebanas, G., Landa, B. B., Subbotin, S. A. & Castillo, P. (2011) Ditylenchus gigas n. sp. parasitizing broad bean: a new stem nematode singled out from the Ditylenchus dipsaci species complex using a polyphasic approach with molecular phylogeny. Plant Pathology, 60, 762 - 775. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3059.2011.02430. x","Skwiercz, A. T., Kornobis, F. W., Winiszewska, G., Przybylska, A., Obrepalska-Steplowska, A., Gawlak, M. & Subbotin, S. A. (2017) Ditylenchus laurae n. sp. (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) from Poland-a new species of the D. dipsaci complex associated with a water plant, Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Nematology, 19, 197 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685411 - 00003040","Chizhov, V. N., Borisov, B. A. & Subbotin, S. A. (2010) A new stem nematode, Ditylenchus weischeri n. sp. (Nematoda: Tylenchida), a parasite of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in the Central Region of the Non-Chernozem Zone Russia. Russian Journal of Nematology, 18, 95 - 102."]}

8. Ditylenchus parvus Zell, 1988 19 females: L = 690 (541–813) µm; stylet = 7.2 (6.5–8) µm; pharynx = 121 (110–141) µm; tail = 70.6 (53–102); a = 41.5 (35.3–49.6); b = 5.7 (4.8–6.9); c = 9.9 (6.9–11.0); c′ = 6.3 (4.8–7.9); V = 73.5 (70.8–75.2); V′ = 81.9 (80.4– 83.0); PUS / VBW = 2.7 (1.0–3.6); PUS /V-A = 35.6 (17.8–45.8) %; V-A/T = 1.6 (1.1–1.9). 7 males: L = 595 (442–717) µm; stylet = 7.0 (6.5–7.5) µm; pharynx = 111 (95–128) µm; tail = 63.9 (44–87.5) µm; a = 44.7 (34.7–57.8); b = 5.3 (4.4–6.0); c = 9.5 (8.2–10.3); c′ = 6.2 (4.6–8.2); spicules = 14.6 (12–17). Diagnosis. D. parvus is characterised by four lateral field incisures, delicate, short stylet with rounded knobs, pyriform basal pharyngeal bulb that is offset or slightly overlapping (up to 4 µm), position of vulva, variable length of post-vulval uterine sac, usually pointed and sometimes mucronate tail tip, and short spicules. The Iranian populations of D. parvus in this study in comparison to those of Brzeski (1998) have a slightly overlapping basal pharyngeal bulb (vs. offset) and stylet knobs sometimes sloping backwards (vs. rounded). D. parvus is similar to D. emus, D. equalis, D. exilis and D. terricolus. It can be distinguished from D. emus by the lower V value (70.8–75.2 vs. 79–81) and pointed tail tip (vs. rounded), from D. equalis by lower V (70.8–75.2 vs. 77–84) and shorter range of spicule length (12–17 vs. 14–25 μm), and from D. exilis by lower V (70.8–75.2 vs. 77–81) and greater PUS / VBW ratio (1.0–3.6 vs. 0.6–1.0). D. parvus bears the most resemblance to D. terricolus. The differences between these two species are the structure of median and basal pharyngeal bulbs and the shape of the tail tip (Brzeski 1991). The median bulb is more elongated in the second species, although intermediate forms were seen in individuals of some populations in this study. Also, the basal pharyngeal bulb slightly overlaps the intestine in the second species, which was observed in this study’s populations and another Iranian population (Karegar et al. 1995). On the other hand, according to Brzeski (1991), the tail tip in the first species is pointed, and in the second species is variable, with a thick terminus, while in the populations of this study, a wide variety of tail shapes, from rounded to pointed or mucronate, was observed. Since the populations of this study were generally more similar to D. parvus, they are retained under this name until further investigations can be made. It should be noted that two individuals from one population, in the present study have characteristics outside the range of other populations, which include a longer tail (91–102 vs. 53–80 μm), as well as lower PUS/VBW and PUS/V-A ratios (1.0–1.3 and 17.8–23.4 % v s. 1.7–3.6 and 28.7–45.8 %, respectively). In terms of characteristics, these two individuals were more similar to D. equalis, but due to the value of V (70.8–71.6) being similar to D. parvus and the greater stability of this character, they were placed in D. parvus., Published as part of Hashemi, Kobra & Karegar, Akbar, 2019, Description of Ditylenchus paraparvus n. sp. from Iran with an updated list of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), pp. 85-113 in Zootaxa 4651 (1) on page 95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4651.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3359134, {"references":["Zell, H. (1988) Nematodes eines Buchenwaldbodens 11. Die Anguiniden (Nematoda, Anguinoidea). Carolinea, 46, 99 - 114.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii, Polska Akademia Nauk (MiIZ PAN), Warszawa, 396 pp.","Brzeski, M. W. (1991) Review of the genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae). Revue de Nematologie, 14, 9 - 59."]}

Telotylenchus paaloofi Tikyani & Khera, 1970 (Figs 7 & 8) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight to slight ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at midbody. Each lateral field with four incisures near mid-body, not areolated; 30���38 % of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region hemispherical, offset from the body by a distinct constriction, 4���5 ��m high and 7���8 ��m wide at base; with six or seven distinct annuli. Perioral disc slightly raised on lip region and cephalic framework moderately developed. Stylet robust, 2.6���2.8 times the cephalic region diameter at base, conus 10���11 ��m and about half of the stylet; basal knobs directed slightly backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 1���2 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb rounded to slightly oval, 83���91 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to the middle of the isthmus, 117 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid three annuli wide, five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids were not observed. Pharyngeal glands elongated, extending over intestine laterally by 2���3 times of the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted centrally. Intestinal fasciculi inconspicuous. Vulva a transverse slit, cuticle around vulval region with normal thickness; vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter, spermatheca indistinct. Post-anal intestinal sac absent. Tail broadly conical, with rounded and annulated terminus. Phasmids 22 ��m posterior to anus, near middle of tail. Male. Not found. Remarks. The morphological and morphometric characters of our population fit well with those of T. paaloofi from India (Tikyani & Khera, 1970), except for having a slightly shorter tail (46���47 vs. 56 ��m; c' = 2.5���2.8 vs. 3��� 4) and a longer pharynx (134���141 vs. 115 ��m). Our population also shares several characters with T. avaricus Kleynhans, 1975, T. brevicaudatus Mirzoyants, 1996, T. elongatus Sultan, Singh & Sakhuja, 1989, T. flaccidus Baydulova, 1984 and T. ventralis Loof, 1963, but can be separated from these by differences in certain diagnostic characters: our Iranian population differs from T. avaricus in having a longer body (984���1039 vs. 630���740 ��m) and non-areolated lateral field (vs. all three bands areolated). In our population, the tail is broadly conical with annulated terminus and 26���32 ventral annuli, while T. brevicaudatus has a sharply conical tail with smooth terminus and 16���20 ventral annuli. T. elongatus, has a shorter body (720���750 ��m), fewer head annuli (5���6) and smooth tail terminus. In T. flaccidus, the stylet is slightly shorter (17.5���19 vs. 20���21 ��m), the tail has more ventral annuli (42���57 vs. 26���32), and the cuticle is thickened around vulva (vs. undifferentiated). Our population can be distinguished from T. ventralis by its annulated (vs. smooth) tail terminus and 26���32 tail annuli (vs. 48���52). Also, the stylet is slightly shorter (16���19 ��m) and the lateral field is areolated in T. ventralis. This population was collected many years ago by the well-known nematologist, Dr. Dieter Sturhan, from the rhizosphere of an unknown plant in Ahvaz county, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Sturhan (1974) listed 26 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, including Telotylenchus, from Iran, but identification to species level was not undertaken in that survey. The present study reports the first species of the genus Telotylenchus from Iran., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 583-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Tikyani, M. G. & Khera, S. (1970) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 8 B, 27 - 29.","Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1975) Some Tylenchoidea (Nematoda) from South Africa. Phytophylactica, 7, 97 - 104.","Mirzoyants, S. N. (1996) Telotylenchus brevicaudatus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Telotylenchinae) a new species of nematodes in the South Karakum. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenistana Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 4, 67 - 69. [in Russian]","Sultan, M. S., Singh, I. & Sakhuja, P. K. (1989) Plant parasitic nematodes of Punjab, India V. Merlinius communica n. sp. with key to species of the genus and Telotylenchus elongatus n. sp. Indian Journal of Nematology, 18 (1988), 44 - 48.","Baydulova, L. A. (1984) Tylenchorhynchus flaccidus. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Series Biology, 5, 34 - 36.","Loof, P. A. A. (1963) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 9, 76 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00151","Sturhan, D. (1974) Nematodes and nematode problems of Iran. Second Plant Medicine Congress of Iran, Tabriz, 1974, 1 - 2."]}

Key to genera of Merliniidae [List of genera according to Sturhan (2012) and Siddiqi & Sturhan (2014)] 1. Deirids absent........................................................................................2 - Deirids present........................................................................................3 2. Lateral field with four incisures; caudal cuticle of females and juveniles without refractive inner layer; cuticle without longitu- dinal striae................................................................................. Telomerlinius - Lateral field with six incisures; caudal cuticle of females and juveniles with refractive inner layer; cuticle mostly with longitu- dinal striae................................................................................. Geocenamus 3. Cephalic framework slightly sclerotized (Fig. 2 G���N)......................................................... 4 - Cephalic framework heavily sclerotized (Fig. 2 A���F).........................................................5 4. Cephalic radial grooves present; female tail pointed to subcylindrical, with refractive inner cuticle layer at terminus, but with- out distinct hyaline portion; four lateral incisures in J4................................................. Merlinius - Cephalic radial grooves absent; female tail elongate-conoid to pointed, without refractive inner cuticle layer at terminus, but with distinct hyaline portion; six lateral incisures in J4.................................................. Nagelus 5. Female tail with refractive inner cuticle layer..................................................... Paramerlinius - Female tail without refractive inner cuticle layer.............................................................6 6. Female stylet very long, more than 90 ��m...................................................... Macrotylenchus - Female stylet shorter, less than 50 ��m.....................................................................7 7. Pharyngeal glands mostly overlapping intestine; head usually with 2���5 transverse annuli; female tail pointed to cylindrical; four lateral incisures in J4................................................................... Pratylenchoides - Pharyngeal glands offset from intestine; head with 5���10 transverse annuli; female tail cylindrical; six lateral incisures in J4........................................................................................... Amplimerlinius, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on page 584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Sturhan, D. (2012) Contribution to a revision of the family Merliniidae Ryss, 1998, with proposal of Pratylenchoidinae subfam. n., Paramerlinius gen. n., Macrotylenchus gen. n. and description of M. hylophilus sp. n. (Tylenchida). Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics, 15, 127 - 147.","Siddiqi, M. R. & Sturhan, D. (2014) A remarkable new nematode genus Telomerlinius gen. n. (Tylenchida: Merliniidae), with descriptions of two new species. International Journal of Nematology, 24, 40 - 48."]}

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil, Hashemi, Kobra (2017): Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera. Zootaxa 4300 (4): 571-588, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Pratylenchoides leiocauda Sher, 1970 (Figs 5 & 6) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight with slight ventral curvature after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral field usually with six (rarely four) incisures near mid-body, the two inner ones obscure at the level of deirids and at the posterior end. Outer bands incompletely areolated on some parts of the body, typically on the tail. Labial region continuous with the body contour, anteriorly flattened, 5���6 ��m high and 9���11 ��m wide at base, with three or four distinct annuli. Cephalic framework well developed, with posterior margin extending over two annuli. Stylet robust, twice as long as cephalic region diameter at base, conus 8���10 ��m and slightly shorter than half of the stylet (m = 45���48), basal knobs directed laterally or slightly sloping backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 2���4 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb oval with distinct valve apparatus, 63���69 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to mid-isthmus, 76���85 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid two annuli wide, two to three annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids present within the four lateral lines, two to five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, 2���4 times the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted ventrally. The dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus and one of the subventral gland nuclei level with or slightly anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve; the second subventral gland nucleus posterior to the valve. Intestinal fasciculi indistinct. Vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter. Spermathecae round, axial, with irregular rounded to spindle-shaped sperm. Tail cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, with rounded terminus, mostly smooth, or occasionally coarsely annulated. Tail with distinct hyaline region, but without refractive inner cuticular layer. Phasmids 15���26 ��m posterior to anus, usually near middle of tail. Male. Body almost straight after heat fixation. Cephalic region truncate-conoid, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly shorter and more slender than in female, with smaller basal knobs. Median bulb and pharyngeal glands weakly-developed, nuclei obscure. Caudal alae with crenate margins, arising at level of spicules and extending to tail terminus. Spicules slightly curved ventrad, gubernaculum simple. Tail tapers gradually to a conoid terminus. Remarks. Our population fits with the original description of P. leiocauda (Sher 1970), except that the pharyngeal glands overlap a longer portion of the intestine (2���4 vs. 1���2 times the corresponding body diameter), tail is slightly longer (c = 12���17 vs. 17���22), having more annuli (21���26 vs. 16���21). The Iranian population also comes close to P. crenicauda, but has a longer overlap of the pharyngeal glands over the intestine and has a usually smooth tail terminus. Ghaderi & Karegar (2014b) mentioned that the prviously-reported population from Iran appears to be P. crenicauda; that population has a short pharyngeal gland overlap of the intestine (less than half of corresponding body diameter), 27 tail annuli and a striated tail terminus. Therefore, the present study can be considered the first report of P. leiocauda from Iran. This population was collected from the rhizosphere of apple trees in Gorgan county (Golestan province), northern Iran. range); measurements are in ��m). Character\Species Pratylenchoides leiocauda Telotylenchus paaloofi, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 578-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Sher, S. A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154 - 165."]}

Key to species of Nagelus 1. Female stylet length 10���14 ��m.................................................................... N. gerriae - Female stylet length 18���19 ��m................................................................... N. exacutus, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278