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Abstract Parainfluenza virus is an important pathogen threatening the health of animals and human, which brings human many kinds of disease, especially lower respiratory tract infection involving infants and young children. In order to control the virus, it is necessary to fully understand the molecular basis resulting in the genetic diversity of the virus. Homologous recombination is one of mechanisms for the rapid change of genetic diversity. However, as a negative-strand virus, it is unknown whether the recombination can naturally take place in human PIV. In this study, we isolated and identified a mosaic serotype 3 human PIV (HPIV3) from in China, and also provided several putative PIV mosaics from previous reports to reveal that the recombination can naturally occur in the virus. In addition, two swine PIV3 isolates transferred from cattle to pigs were found to have mosaic genomes. These results suggest that homologous recombination can promote the genetic diversity and potentially bring some novel biologic characteristics of HPIV.

The article presents a study which examines the fusion proteins expression of bovine rotavirus VP7 gene and LTB gene through animal model tests.

Objective: To investigate the distribution, classification and reformation of all sluices located in the Dongting Lake region, and found out the relationship between irrigation and Oncomelania snail diffusion., Methods: The information of sluices and their reformation were collected from the local Department of Water Resources and the information of snail conditions collected from the Department of Schistosomiasis Control. The latitude and longitude of each sluice were pinpointed and record with GPSmap76. All the data were analyzed statistically., Results: There were a total of 589 sluices in the Dongting Lake region including 190 Kejinluo sluices (snails might enter through the sluice, 69 were reformed) and 49 Jinluo sluices (snails could enter through the sluice, 8 were reformed). The occurrence rate of snails was higher in water sluice than in drain sluice, and there was a significant difference between them (P < 0.05); the occurrence rate of snails in the sluice was higher when there were snails outside the sluice than when there was no snails outside the sluice, and there was a significant difference between them(P < 0.05)., Conclusions: The main source of snails in the sluice is from the outside of the sluice and irrigation is the main way that snails spread into sluice. The sluices should be reformed effectively, and the snails inside and outside sluice should also be destroyed effectively in order to consolidate the effect of snail control inside the embankment.

This paper discusses the issues and suggestions in the implementation of the new schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on controlling sources of infection in lake and marshland endemic regions in order to accelerate the implementation of the new control strategy.

From the perspective of public administration and epidemiology, on the combination of the governance cases in the central and local government of China, the author explores ten modes of the provision of public goods and services in schistosomiasis control services, discusses seven main government instruments, and points out its pluralism, complexity and the slight changes of government' s preference. This paper also explores the approach to help the relevant government make schistosomiasis control work more practicable in field.

Based on the NSP4 sequence of bovine rotavirus (BRV), the shRNA was designed and synthesized, and a shRNA recombinant lenti-virus vector RNAi-H1-89 was constructed. The recombinant RNAi-H1-89 Lenti-virus was packaged by transfecting the 293T cell with the recombinant vector RNAi-H1-89 and two helper plasmids using lipofectamine, and then used to infect MA104 cells. The MA104 cells were further infected with BRV strain G6 24h post-infection, with the LacZ shRNA recombinant lenti-virus as control. Thirty-six hours later, the CPE of the infected cells was observed under microscope, shRNA of NSP4 gene inhibited CPE in MA104 cell; the shRNA against NSP4 gene also inhibited NSP4 gene expression by RT-PCR, The virus titer in the cell culture supernatant was significant lower compared with the control group. The above results showed that RNAi-H1-89 against NSP4 gene could specifically silence NSP4 gene expression, and inhibit the proliferation of BRV.

Objective: To induce protective effect of co-immunization with S. japonicum triose-phosphate isomerase fused to heat shock protein 70 (SjCTPI-Hsp70) plasmid and interleukin-12 (IL-12) DNA vaccines against Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain) infection in water buffalo., Methods: Forty-five 8-10 months-old water buffalo from a nonendemic area were divided into three treatment groups each with fifteen buffalo: experimental group A (SjCTPI-Hsp70+IL-12, 300 microg), experimental group B (SjCTPI+IL-12, 300 microg), and control group C (pVAX+IL-12, 300 microg). All buffalo were immunized with a series of 3 intramuscular injections administered once every four weeks. Twenty-eight days postvaccination, water buffalo were percutaneously challenged with 1000 S. japonicum cercariae. Fecal examinations were conducted two days prior, one day prior, and on perfusion day, and the number of hatching miracidia and eggs per gram feces were recorded. Fifty-six days post-infection, the buffalo were sacrificed and perfused via the descending aorta. The recovered adult worms and eggs in liver tissue were counted., Results: Groups A and B showed a worm reduction rate of 51.2% and 41.5% (chi2=1.89, P>0.05)), female worm reduction of 48.9% and 44.7% (chi2=0.35,P>0.05), fecal egg reduction of 52.1% and 38.3% (chi2=3.84,P<0.05), a reduction of miracidia-hatching rate by 52.1% and 33.2% (chi2=7.30, P<0.01), and liver egg reduction of 61.5% and 42.0% (chi2=7.61 , P<0.01), respectively., Conclusion: Co-immunization with SjCTPI-Hsp70 and IL-12 DNA vaccines induces protective immunity against S. japonicum in water buffalo.

The degree of periportal fibrosis, hepatic parenchymatous fibrosis and the diameter of portal vein in fishermen from highly endemic area of schistosomiasis japonica in Dongting Lake region were measured. The results showed a significant correlation between the degree of periportal fibrosis and parenchymatous fibrosis and the portal venous diameter with a correlation coefficient of 0.375 and 0.332 respectively. The authors consider that the diameter of the portal vein can be used to assess the hepatic morbidity of patients.