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Background As China's Traditional medicine is included in the ICD-11 code, the rational allocation of basic TCM medical resources is the guarantee to promote the integration of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine and the universal coverage of high-quality medical resources. The uneven layout and service capabilities of grassroots medical institutions have led to a widespread imbalance in the supply and demand of medical resources in urban and rural areas. Objective Understand the development status of traditional Chinese medicine services in rural areas of China, scientifically evaluate the coverage and accessibility of grassroots traditional Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment, provide new ideas for optimizing the spatial resource allocation of grassroots traditional Chinese medicine services, and propose optimization strategies accordingly. Methods Based on the seventh national population census data and path planning data, the concept of medical service radius is introduced to calculate the diagnosis and treatment scope of different levels of traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions under walking mode. Using methods such as spatial kernel density index and spatial standard deviation ellipse to reveal the spatial fairness of the supply and demand capacity of traditional Chinese medicine medical services. Based on the above results, propose types and measures for optimizing the layout of traditional Chinese medicine medical resources. Results As of 2022, there are a total of 699 medical institutions in Zengcheng District, including 18 traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions with beds. There were significant differences in the distribution of beds in traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions in different townships and streets. Meanwhile, the number of beds per thousand population in Zhongtan Town was 14.31, ranking first among all streets. The number of beds per thousand people in Yongning Street ranks last, with only 0.89 beds. Traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions in Zengcheng District had shown a clear dual center pattern, with weak accessibility to traditional Chinese medicine services for residents in the central part of Zhongxin Town, the northern part of Paitan Town, and the southwestern part of Shitan Town. The supply capacity of traditional Chinese medicine services varies greatly among different townships. There was still a certain degree of inconsistency between the spatial distribution of traditional Chinese medicine medical institutions and the overall spatial clustering of urban residents. There were differences in the radius of traditional Chinese medicine services between different townships. Conclusion Since the implementation of the development strategy of traditional Chinese medicine, China's Traditional medicine has been protected and developed. We should adopt a more scientific strategy to closely integrate traditional Chinese medicine services with the development of the city and the needs of residents. We should actively adopt a differentiated strategy of increasing facility points, combining resource transfer and sinking, and integrating traditional Chinese medicine information technology for diagnosis and treatment across regions, gradually achieving a true strategy of full coverage and equal emphasis on traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

Burden of disease measurement based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) codes have been widely used worldwide. However, most of the current studies are based on Western medical codes of ICD. As the internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) , the inclusion of TCM codes in ICD-11 will facilitate the improvement of TCM disease diagnosis, the calculation of prevalence, survival, medication use, and treatment levels of TCM disease, which can further evaluate the disease burden of TCM diseases, promote medical decision making and rational allocation of health resources, thus further promoting the internationalization of TCM. However, the imperfection of TCM codes in ICD-11 and inadequate mapping between it and Western medicine codes, our national standards for TCM has also brought new challenges to the measurement of TCM disease burden. Based on the coding system of disease burden, this paper reviewed the deficiencies in the current research on the calculation of disease burden of TCM, and the impact of ICD-11 inclusion of TCM codes on the calculation of disease burden of TCM, made a preliminary comparison among the TCM codes and Western medical codes in ICD-11 and new national standard codes in China, to provide reference for the improvement of the calculation and coding of TCM disease burden. It is proposed that in the future, big data technologies can be used to facilitate the mapping between standardized TCM terms and ICD-11 TCM codes, ICD-11 TCM codes and Western medical codes, thus facilitating research on the burden of disease in TCM.

Background The disease burden of esophageal cancer is high in China, more and more studies have shown that tobacco has a greater adverse effect on the development of esophageal cancer. Objective To understand trends in esophageal cancer deaths and burden of disease attributable to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019, and provide data to inform the development of public health policies and interventions. Methods Global burden of disease 2019 (GBD 2019) data were used to extract the age-specific and sex-specific data on esophageal cancer deaths attributable to tobacco in China from 1990 to 2019. Mortality, disability adjusted life years (DALYs) , years of life lost (YLLs) , and disability adjusted life years (YLDs) were used to assess the disease burden of esophageal cancer attributable to tobacco in China. Joinpoint regression software and age-period-cohort modeling methods were applied to analyze the trends of disease burden and mortality with age, period and cohort. the Bayesian-period-cohort analysis (BAPC) was applied to predict the mortality rate of esophageal cancer attributable to tobacco in China from 2020 to 2030. Results From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths caused by esophageal cancer attributable to tobacco among Chinese residents rose from 76 400 to 123 900, with an increase of 62.17%, and the standardized mortality rate declined from 9.30/100 000 to 6.20/100 000, with a decrease of 33.33%; the DALYs rose from 1 972 500 person-years to 2 822 600 person-years, with an increase of 43.10%, and the DALYs rate decreased from 220.50/100 000 to 134.47/100 000, with a decrease of 39.02%. In terms of gender, the disease burden of esophageal cancer attributable to tobacco was mainly caused by males, with 117 700 deaths and a standardized mortality rate of 12.82/100 000 in 2019 due to tobacco-attributable esophageal cancer in males, compared to 0.62 million deaths number and a standardized mortality rate of 0.63/100 000 in females. In 2019, the number of esophageal cancer deaths attributable to tobacco among Chinese residents peaked in the age group of >69-74 years, while DALYs peaked in the age group of >64-69 years, at 23 000 and 510 300 cases, respectively. The mortality rate continued to increase with age, especially after 50 years of age. The results of Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the average annual percent change (AAPC) of esophageal cancer mortality attributable to tobacco was -1.4%〔95%CI (-1.6%, -1.2%) 〕 in China from 1990 to 2019, with -3.3%〔95%CI (-3.6%, -2.9%) 〕 for females, and -1.3%〔95%CI (-1.4%, -1.1%) 〕 for males; the AAPC for DALYs rate was -1.7%〔95%CI (-1.9%, -1.5%) 〕, with -3.7%〔95%CI (-4.0%, -3.4%) 〕 for females and -1.5%〔95%CI (-1.7%, -1.3%) 〕 for males. Analysis of the age-period-cohort model of mortality from esophageal cancer attributable to tobacco showed a negative net offset of -1.690%〔95%CI (-2.024%, -1.354%) 〕. It is expected that the number of deaths and mortality rate from tobacco-attributable esophageal cancer among Chinese residents will be relatively stable with a small decrease from 2020 to 2030, with mortality rates declining from 12.64/100 000 in 2020 to 12.63/100 000 in 2030 for males, and from 0.6/100 000 in 2020 to 0.46/100 000 for females. Conclusion Mortality rate and DALYs rate due to tobacco-attributable esophageal cancer among Chinese residents increased and then declined from 1990 to 2019. The burden of disease due to tobacco-attributable esophageal cancer is mainly caused by males in term of gender, by middle-aged and elderly people by age, which should be given sufficient attention. It is expected that the number of deaths and mortality rates from tobacco-attributable esophageal cancer will be stable and slightly decreasing from 2020 to 2030.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has the highest disease burden among all skin diseases. However, reports on AD prevalence trends in China are limited. This study aimed to investigate the time trends of AD prevalence in China from 1990 to 2021 and to explore the age and sex differences. Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 2021. We analyzed the annual percentage change in the crude prevalence rate and age‐standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of AD from 1990 to 2021 using the Joinpoint model. We predicted the future prevalence of AD from 2022 to 2030 using the Bayesian age–period–cohort model. Results: The total ASPR decreased slightly from 1990 (1357.93 per 100,000) to 2021 (1347.11 per 100,000). The ASPR of females (1457.64 per 100,000) was higher than that of males (1247.04 per 100,000) in 2021. The prevalence rate of AD was highest in the under 5 years old age group (3455.56 per 100,000) and the 5–9 years old age group (3360.31 per 100,000). By 2030, the predicted ASPR of AD will be 1394.36 (per 100,000) in males and 1603.69 in females (per 100,000). The predicted prevalence rate in the under 5 years old (3996.14 per 100,000 in males and 3990.68 per 100,000 in females) and 5–9 years old (3714.61 per 100,000 in males and 3963.96 per 100,000 in females) age groups will be higher than those in other age groups. Conclusion: Despite a slight decrease from 1990 to 2021, there has been an increasing trend since 2015 in the total AD burden. Given the increasing burden of AD on Chinese children and females, healthcare practitioners should enhance community education, improve disease management abilities of patients and caregivers, and reduce the burden and healthcare costs of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muriel Spark (1918–2006) travelled from Scotland to Africa and stayed there from 1937 to 1944. Africa is a recurrent presence in her work. Critics focus mainly on her African-themed poems and stories. They pay less attention to depictions of that continent in her other work and tend to gloss over her problematic use of language. This article addresses Spark's representation of the African landscape and her different portrayals of Africans, white settlers, and missionaries. It also explores her deployment of the familiar colonial tropes of cannibalism and 'witch doctors'. It argues that Spark's representations of Africa in her works are at once ironic, comedic, satirical, and wittily arch, yet remain open to charges of being stereotypical and problematic, particularly at a time of public scrutiny and media concern with discriminatory language. These representations reveal that Spark mainly speaks for white missionaries rather than the downtrodden Africans in her writings. This article aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of Scottish involvement in colonialism in the modern period by untangling the connections between race, religion, and literary culture in Spark's writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodetectors based on two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have attracted many research interests owing to their excellent optoelectronic characteristics and application potential for highly integrated applications. However, the unique morphology of 2D materials also restricts the further improvement of the device performance, as the carrier transport is very susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic environment of the materials. Here, we report the highest responsivity (172 A/W) achieved so far for a PbI2-based photodetector at room temperature, which is an order of magnitude higher than previously reported. Thermal scanning probe lithography (t-SPL) was used to pattern electrodes to realize the ultrashort channel (~60 nm) in the device. The shortening of the channel length greatly reduces the probability of the photo-generated carriers being scattered during the transport process, which increases the photocurrent density and thus the responsivity. Our work shows that the combination of emerging processing technologies and 2D materials is an effective route to shrink device size and improve device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The source of macrophages that contribute to human liver disease remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional mechanism of peritoneal macrophages in the development of hepatic immunopathology. By performing the natural infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) and the chemically carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver injured mouse model, we identified the peritoneal cavity as an essential source of hepatic macrophages. Here, we show that a large number of F4/80+ macrophages was accumulated in the peritoneal cavity during liver injury. An unknown source population of macrophages, which highly expressed GATA6 that is specific to peritoneal macrophages, was found to exist in the injured livers. Peritoneal macrophage deletion by injection with clodronate‐containing liposomes led to an attenuated hepatic pathology and the inflammatory microenvironment, while adoptive transfer of macrophages into the abdominal cavity, by contrast, results in restoring liver pathology. Importantly, there are set genes of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, ‐2, and ‐3 that are highly related to recruit GATA6+ macrophages during S. japonicum infection, while administration of bindarit, a selective inhibitor of MCPs synthesis, dramatically decreased the hepatic expression of GATA6+ macrophages and thus attenuated hepatic pathology. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that peritoneal macrophages promote hepatic immunopathology is dependent on the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the liver. Altogether, these data provide the first clear evidence that GATA6+ peritoneal macrophages play critical roles in both the formation of hepatic immunopathology and the accumulation of Tregs cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal phosphorus trichalcogenides (MPX3: M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Mn; X = S or Se) represent a family of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials with an exceptional response to high pressure and a remarkable structural flexibility originating from the weak interlayer coupling. Despite their interest for applications, the knowledge about pressure-driven phase transitions of cadmium compounds is still limited. In this paper, we fill this gap and provide an accurate description of the structural evolution of CdPS3 by combining high-pressure experiments and first-principle calculations. We have performed high-throughput screening of the low-energy stacking configurations and found a phase evolution starting with C 2 / m space group at 12 GPa using the generalized evolutionary metadynamics method. Then, high-pressure experiments have been used to reveal a structural transition from phase-I (C 2 / m) to phase-II (R 3 ¯ ) to phase-III (R 3 ¯ ), which is marked by the appearance and vanishing of the Raman band at approximately 30–250 cm−1 in good agreement with our theoretical predictions. Our study paves the way to the understanding of pressure-induced phase transitions in weak interlayer coupling 2D CdPS3 materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]