27 results on '"Herskovitz J"'
Search Results
2. A High Threshold of Biotherapeutic Aggregate Numbers is Needed to Induce an Immunogenic Response In Vitro, In Vivo, and in the Clinic.
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Cohen JR, Brych SR, Prabhu S, Bi V, Elbaradei A, Tokuda JM, Xiang C, Hokom M, Cui X, Ly C, Amos N, Sun J, Calamba D, Herskovitz J, Capili A, Nourbakhsh K, Merlo A, Carreon J, Wypych J, Narhi LO, Jawa V, and Joubert MK
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- Humans, Mice, Animals, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Antibody Formation
- Abstract
Background and Purpose: There is concern that subvisible aggregates in biotherapeutic drug products pose a risk to patient safety. We investigated the threshold of biotherapeutic aggregates needed to induce immunogenic responses., Methods and Results: Highly aggregated samples were tested in cell-based assays and induced cellular responses in a manner that depended on the number of particles. The threshold of immune activation varied by disease state (cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy), concomitant therapies, and particle number. Compared to healthy donors, disease state patients showed an equal or lower response at the late phase (7 days), suggesting they may not have a higher risk of responding to aggregates. Xeno-het mice were used to assess the threshold of immune activation in vivo. Although highly aggregated samples (~ 1,600,000 particles/mL) induced a weak and transient immunogenic response in mice, a 100-fold dilution of this sample (~ 16,000 particles/mL) did not induce immunogenicity. To confirm this result, subvisible particles (up to ~ 18,000 particles/mL, containing aggregates and silicone oil droplets) produced under representative administration practices (created upon infusion of a drug product through an IV catheter) did not induce a response in cell-based assays or appear to increase the rate of adverse events or immunogenicity during phase 3 clinical trials., Conclusion: The ability of biotherapeutic aggregates to elicit an immune response in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinic depends on high numbers of particles. This suggests that there is a high threshold for aggregates to induce an immunogenic response which is well beyond that seen in standard biotherapeutic drug products., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2024
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3. Demographic representation among speakers at the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) spring conferences.
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Wiley Z, Kalu IC, Lyden E, Cichon CJ, Abdul-Mutakabbir JC, Herskovitz J, and Marcelin JR
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- Humans, Male, Female, United States, Retrospective Studies, Societies, Medical, Ethnicity, Delivery of Health Care
- Abstract
Background: The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) is a leading medical society for infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship. This descriptive study evaluated speaker demographics at the annual SHEA Spring conferences from 2019 to 2022., Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive analysis of the demographic composition of speakers at the annual SHEA Spring conferences between 2019 and 2022, excluding the cancelled 2020 conference. Self-reported demographics were available for gender, race, ethnicity, age, primary practice setting, and professional degrees in speaker and membership categories., Results: In total, 447 speaker slots were filled by 305 unique speakers over 3 years. Average annual membership included 55.2% female, 44.8% male, 69.3% White, 21.4% Asian, 6.0% Hispanic/Latino, 2.9% Black, and 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (AIAN/NHPI); 48.9% did not report a race or ethnicity. Speakers during the same period were 63.5% female, 36.5% male, 68.2% White, 13.3% Asian, 3.8% Black, 3.4% Hispanic/Latino, 0.8% AIAN/NHPI; 13.4% did not report race or ethnicity. In 2021, pharmacists represented 11.6% of speakers (and 2.9% of members) and members with nondoctoral degrees represented 11.6% of speakers (and 21.5% of members) ( P < .0001). In each year, we detected underrepresentation of community and private-practice speakers relative to membership (eg, in 2022, 4.3% of speakers vs 15.7% of members; P < .05)., Conclusions: The SHEA Spring conferences demonstrated an increase in pharmacist speakers over time, but speakers from community hospitals and with nondoctoral degrees remain underrepresented relative to membership. Racial and ethnic minoritized individuals remain underrepresented as members and speakers. Intentional interventions are needed to consistently achieve equitable speaker representation across multiple demographic groups.
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- 2024
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4. Pathways Toward a Functional HIV-1 Cure: Balancing Promise and Perils of CRISPR Therapy.
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Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Patel M, Kevadiya BD, and Gendelman HE
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- CRISPR-Cas Systems genetics, Gene Editing, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems genetics, Virus Latency, HIV Infections, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
First identified as a viral defense mechanism, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) has been transformed into a gene-editing tool. It now affords promise in the treatment and potential eradication of a range of divergent genetic, cancer, infectious, and degenerative diseases. Adapting CRISPR-Cas into a programmable endonuclease directed guide RNA (gRNA) has attracted international attention. It was recently awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The limitations of this technology have also been identified and work has been made in providing potential remedies. For treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1), in particular, a CRISPR-Cas9 approach was adapted to target then eliminate latent proviral DNA. To this end, we reviewed the promise and perils of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing strategies for HIV-1 elimination. Obstacles include precise delivery to reservoir tissue and cell sites of latent HIV-1 as well as assay sensitivity and specificity. The detection and consequent excision of common viral strain sequences and the avoidance of off-target activity will serve to facilitate a final goal of HIV-1 DNA elimination and accelerate testing in infected animals ultimately for use in man., (© 2022. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
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- 2022
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5. The Immunopathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
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Patel M, Shahjin F, Cohen JD, Hasan M, Machhi J, Chugh H, Singh S, Das S, Kulkarni TA, Herskovitz J, Meigs DD, Chandra R, Hettie KS, Mosley RL, Kevadiya BD, and Gendelman HE
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- Adaptive Immunity, Humans, Immunity, Innate, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
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Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Virus-specific immunity controls infection, transmission and disease severity. With respect to disease severity, a spectrum of clinical outcomes occur associated with age, genetics, comorbidities and immune responses in an infected person. Dysfunctions in innate and adaptive immunity commonly follow viral infection. These are heralded by altered innate mononuclear phagocyte differentiation, activation, intracellular killing and adaptive memory, effector, and regulatory T cell responses. All of such affect viral clearance and the progression of end-organ disease. Failures to produce effective controlled antiviral immunity leads to life-threatening end-organ disease that is typified by the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most effective means to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection is by vaccination. While an arsenal of immunomodulators were developed for control of viral infection and subsequent COVID-19 disease, further research is required to enable therapeutic implementation., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)
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- 2021
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6. CD4+ effector T cells accelerate Alzheimer's disease in mice.
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Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Lu Y, Foster E, Chikhale R, Herskovitz J, Namminga KL, Olson KE, Abdelmoaty MM, Gao J, Quadros RM, Kiyota T, Jingjing L, Kevadiya BD, Wang X, Liu Y, Poluektova LY, Gurumurthy CB, Mosley RL, and Gendelman HE
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- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor genetics, Amyloidosis pathology, Animals, Cognition Disorders pathology, Cognition Disorders psychology, Inflammation genetics, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology, Th1 Cells immunology, Th1 Cells pathology, Th17 Cells immunology, Th17 Cells pathology, Alzheimer Disease pathology, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes pathology, Presenilin-1 genetics
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Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pathological deposition of misfolded self-protein amyloid beta (Aβ) which in kind facilitates tau aggregation and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is accepted as a key disease driver caused by innate microglia activation. Recently, adaptive immune alterations have been uncovered that begin early and persist throughout the disease. How these occur and whether they can be harnessed to halt disease progress is unclear. We propose that self-antigens would induct autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) that drive pro-inflammatory and neurodestructive immunity leading to cognitive impairments. Here, we investigated the role of effector immunity and how it could affect cellular-level disease pathobiology in an AD animal model., Methods: In this report, we developed and characterized cloned lines of amyloid beta (Aβ) reactive type 1 T helper (Th1) and type 17 Th (Th17) cells to study their role in AD pathogenesis. The cellular phenotype and antigen-specificity of Aβ-specific Th1 and Th17 clones were confirmed using flow cytometry, immunoblot staining and Aβ T cell epitope loaded haplotype-matched major histocompatibility complex II IA
b (MHCII-IAb -KLVFFAEDVGSNKGA) tetramer binding. Aβ-Th1 and Aβ-Th17 clones were adoptively transferred into APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice expressing chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1, and the mice were assessed for memory impairments. Finally, blood, spleen, lymph nodes and brain were harvested for immunological, biochemical, and histological analyses., Results: The propagated Aβ-Th1 and Aβ-Th17 clones were confirmed stable and long-lived. Treatment of APP/PS1 mice with Aβ reactive Teffs accelerated memory impairment and systemic inflammation, increased amyloid burden, elevated microglia activation, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. Both Th1 and Th17 Aβ-reactive Teffs progressed AD pathology by downregulating anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) as recorded in the periphery and within the central nervous system., Conclusions: These results underscore an important pathological role for CD4+ Teffs in AD progression. We posit that aberrant disease-associated effector T cell immune responses can be controlled. One solution is by Aβ reactive Tregs., (© 2021. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2021
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7. CRISPR-Cas9 Mediated Exonic Disruption for HIV-1 Elimination.
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Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Patel M, Blomberg WR, Cohen JD, Machhi J, Shahjin F, Mosley RL, McMillan J, Kevadiya BD, and Gendelman HE
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- Cell Line, Conserved Sequence, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Targeting, Genes, Reporter, Genetic Therapy, Genetic Vectors administration & dosage, Genetic Vectors genetics, Genome, Viral, Humans, Liposomes, Macrophages metabolism, Macrophages virology, Nanoparticles, Proviruses genetics, RNA Interference, RNA, Messenger administration & dosage, RNA, Messenger genetics, rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus genetics, tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus genetics, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Exons, Gene Editing, HIV Infections therapy, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Background: A barrier to HIV-1 cure rests in the persistence of proviral DNA in infected CD4+ leukocytes. The high HIV-1 mutation rate leads to viral diversity, immune evasion, and consequent antiretroviral drug resistance. While CRISPR-spCas9 can eliminate latent proviral DNA, its efficacy is limited by HIV strain diversity and precision target cell delivery., Methods: A library of guide RNAs (gRNAs) designed to disrupt five HIV-1 exons (tat
1-2 /rev1-2 /gp41) was constructed. The gRNAs were derived from a conseensus sequence of the transcriptional regulator tat from 4004 HIV-1 strains. Efficacy was affirmed by gRNA cell entry through transfection, electroporation, or by lentivirus or lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery. Treated cells were evaluated for viral excision by monitoring HIV-1 DNA, RNA, protein, and progeny virus levels., Findings: Virus was reduced in all transmitted founder strains by 82 and 94% after CRISPR TatDE transfection or lentivirus treatments, respectively. No recorded off-target cleavages were detected. Electroporation of TatDE ribonucleoprotein and delivery of LNP TatDE gRNA and spCas9 mRNA to latently infected cells resulted in up to 100% viral excision. Protection against HIV-1-challenge or induction of virus during latent infection, in primary or transformed CD4+ T cells or monocytes was achieved. We propose that multi-exon gRNA TatDE disruption delivered by LNPs enables translation for animal and human testing., Interpretation: These results provide "proof of concept' for CRISPR gRNA treatments for HIV-1 elimination. The absence of full-length viral DNA by LNP delivery paired with undetectable off-target affirms the importance of payload delivery for effective viral gene editing., Funding: The work was supported by the University of Nebraska Foundation, including donations from the Carol Swarts, M.D. Emerging Neuroscience Research Laboratory, the Margaret R. Larson Professorship, and individual donor support from the Frances and Louie Blumkin Foundation and from Harriet Singer. The research received support from National Institutes of Health grants T32 NS105594, 5R01MH121402, 1R01Al158160, R01 DA054535, PO1 DA028555, R01 NS126089, R01 NS36126, PO1 MH64570, P30 MH062261, and 2R01 NS034239., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest J.H., M.H., and H.E.G. are named inventors on provisional patents for the CRISPR therapy described in this report (62/985,392; 62/986,216). J.H., M.H., B.K., and H.E.G hold a patent on a virus-like particle-based delivery for HIV-1 CRISPR therapeutics (Docket No. 19040PCT; Serial No. PCT/US2020/016126; International Publication No. WO 2020/160418 A1). H.E.G is a member of the scientific advisory board at Longevity Biotech and a co-founder of Exavir Therapeutics, Inc., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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8. A Role for Extracellular Vesicles in SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics and Prevention.
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Machhi J, Shahjin F, Das S, Patel M, Abdelmoaty MM, Cohen JD, Singh PA, Baldi A, Bajwa N, Kumar R, Vora LK, Patel TA, Oleynikov MD, Soni D, Yeapuri P, Mukadam I, Chakraborty R, Saksena CG, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oupicky D, Das S, Donnelly RF, Hettie KS, Chang L, Gendelman HE, and Kevadiya BD
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- Animals, Antiviral Agents administration & dosage, Antiviral Agents metabolism, COVID-19 immunology, COVID-19 metabolism, Drug Delivery Systems methods, Humans, Immunity, Cellular drug effects, Immunity, Cellular physiology, Immunologic Factors administration & dosage, Immunologic Factors metabolism, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, SARS-CoV-2 metabolism, Drug Delivery Systems trends, Extracellular Vesicles immunology, Extracellular Vesicles metabolism, SARS-CoV-2 drug effects, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are the common designation for ectosomes, microparticles and microvesicles serving dominant roles in intercellular communication. Both viable and dying cells release EVs to the extracellular environment for transfer of cell, immune and infectious materials. Defined morphologically as lipid bi-layered structures EVs show molecular, biochemical, distribution, and entry mechanisms similar to viruses within cells and tissues. In recent years their functional capacities have been harnessed to deliver biomolecules and drugs and immunological agents to specific cells and organs of interest or disease. Interest in EVs as putative vaccines or drug delivery vehicles are substantial. The vesicles have properties of receptors nanoassembly on their surface. EVs can interact with specific immunocytes that include antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and other mononuclear phagocytes) to elicit immune responses or affect tissue and cellular homeostasis or disease. Due to potential advantages like biocompatibility, biodegradation and efficient immune activation, EVs have gained attraction for the development of treatment or a vaccine system against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection. In this review efforts to use EVs to contain SARS CoV-2 and affect the current viral pandemic are discussed. An emphasis is made on mesenchymal stem cell derived EVs' as a vaccine candidate delivery system.
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- 2021
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9. Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Kevadiya BD, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Bajwa N, Soni D, Das S, Hasan M, Patel M, Senan AM, Gorantla S, McMillan J, Edagwa B, Eisenberg R, Gurumurthy CB, Reid SPM, Punyadeera C, Chang L, and Gendelman HE
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- Antibodies, Viral blood, Antigens, Viral analysis, Brain diagnostic imaging, COVID-19 diagnostic imaging, COVID-19 virology, COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing methods, COVID-19 Serological Testing methods, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods, Humans, Lung diagnostic imaging, Metagenomics methods, Nanostructures, Nanotechnology, Pandemics, Viral Load, Virus Shedding, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 Testing methods, SARS-CoV-2 genetics, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification
- Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every corner of the globe, causing societal instability. The resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to fever, sore throat, cough, chest and muscle pain, dyspnoea, confusion, anosmia, ageusia and headache. These can progress to life-threatening respiratory insufficiency, also affecting the heart, kidney, liver and nervous systems. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is often confused with that of influenza and seasonal upper respiratory tract viral infections. Due to available treatment strategies and required containments, rapid diagnosis is mandated. This Review brings clarity to the rapidly growing body of available and in-development diagnostic tests, including nanomaterial-based tools. It serves as a resource guide for scientists, physicians, students and the public at large.
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- 2021
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10. Europium sulfide nanoprobes predict antiretroviral drug delivery into HIV-1 cell and tissue reservoirs.
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Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Machhi J, Mukadam I, Ottemann BM, Hilaire JR, Woldstad C, McMillan J, Liu Y, Seravalli J, Sarella A, Gendelman HE, and Kevadiya BD
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- Animals, Cell Line, Delayed-Action Preparations chemistry, Delayed-Action Preparations pharmacokinetics, Delayed-Action Preparations pharmacology, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Anti-HIV Agents chemistry, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacokinetics, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Drug Carriers chemistry, Drug Carriers pharmacokinetics, Drug Carriers pharmacology, Europium chemistry, Europium pharmacokinetics, Europium pharmacology, HIV Infections diagnostic imaging, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections metabolism, HIV Infections pathology, HIV-1 metabolism, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nanoparticles chemistry, Nanoparticles therapeutic use, Rilpivirine chemistry, Rilpivirine pharmacokinetics, Rilpivirine pharmacology, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography, Sulfides chemistry, Sulfides pharmacokinetics, Sulfides pharmacology
- Abstract
Background: Delivery of long-acting nanoformulated antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to human immunodeficiency virus type one cell and tissue reservoirs underlies next generation antiretroviral therapeutics. Nanotheranostics, comprised of trackable nanoparticle adjuncts, can facilitate ARV delivery through real-time drug tracking made possible through bioimaging platforms. Methods: To model HIV-1 therapeutic delivery, europium sulfide (EuS) nanoprobes were developed, characterized and then deployed to cells, tissues, and rodents. Tests were performed with nanoformulated rilpivirine (NRPV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used clinically to suppress or prevent HIV-1 infection. First , CD4+ T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages were EuS-treated with and without endocytic blockers to identify nanoprobe uptake into cells. Second , Balb/c mice were co-dosed with NRPV and EuS or lutetium
177 -doped EuS (177 LuEuS) theranostic nanoparticles to assess NRPV biodistribution via mass spectrometry. Third , single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) bioimaging were used to determine nanotheranostic and NRPV anatomic redistribution over time. Results: EuS nanoprobes and NRPV entered cells through dynamin-dependent pathways. SPECT-CT and MRI identified biodistribution patterns within the reticuloendothelial system for EuS that was coordinate with NRPV trafficking. Conclusions: EuS nanoprobes parallel the uptake and biodistribution of NRPV. These data support their use in modeling NRPV delivery to improve treatment strategies., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: H.E.G is a member of the scientific advisory board at Longevity Biotech and a co-founder of Exavir Therapeutics, Inc., (© The author(s).)- Published
- 2021
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11. Nanocarrier vaccines for SARS-CoV-2.
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Machhi J, Shahjin F, Das S, Patel M, Abdelmoaty MM, Cohen JD, Singh PA, Baldi A, Bajwa N, Kumar R, Vora LK, Patel TA, Oleynikov MD, Soni D, Yeapuri P, Mukadam I, Chakraborty R, Saksena CG, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oupicky D, Das S, Donnelly RF, Hettie KS, Chang L, Gendelman HE, and Kevadiya BD
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- Animals, COVID-19 immunology, COVID-19 Vaccines immunology, Drug Delivery Systems methods, Drug Delivery Systems trends, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 immunology, Viral Vaccines administration & dosage, Viral Vaccines immunology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 Vaccines administration & dosage, Drug Carriers administration & dosage, Nanocapsules administration & dosage, SARS-CoV-2 drug effects
- Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 global pandemic has seen rapid spread, disease morbidities and death associated with substantive social, economic and societal impacts. Treatments rely on re-purposed antivirals and immune modulatory agents focusing on attenuating the acute respiratory distress syndrome. No curative therapies exist. Vaccines remain the best hope for disease control and the principal global effort to end the pandemic. Herein, we summarize those developments with a focus on the role played by nanocarrier delivery., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Crown Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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12. Pharmacotherapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.
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Kevadiya BD, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Bajwa N, Soni D, Das S, Hasan M, Patel M, Senan AM, Gorantla S, McMillan J, Edagwa B, Eisenberg R, Gurumurthy CB, Reid SPM, Punyadeera C, Chang L, and Gendelman HE
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- Antibodies, Viral therapeutic use, Antiviral Agents pharmacology, COVID-19 prevention & control, COVID-19 transmission, COVID-19 Vaccines, Drug Repositioning, Humans, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected more than 38 million people world-wide by person to person transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therapeutic and preventative strategies for SARS-CoV-2 remains a significant challenge. Within the past several months, effective treatment options have emerged and now include repurposed antivirals, corticosteroids and virus-specific antibodies. The latter has included convalescence plasma and monoclonal antibodies. Complete viral eradication will be achieved through an effective, safe and preventative vaccine. To now provide a comprehensive summary for each of the pharmacotherapeutics and preventative strategies being offered or soon to be developed for SARS-CoV-2.
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- 2021
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13. The Natural History, Pathobiology, and Clinical Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.
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Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Senan AM, Dutta D, Nath B, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Meigs DD, Hasan M, Patel M, Kline P, Chang RC, Chang L, Gendelman HE, and Kevadiya BD
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- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology, Coronavirus Infections physiopathology, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral epidemiology, Pneumonia, Viral physiopathology
- Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with epithelial cell and respiratory system proclivity. Like its predecessor, SARS-CoV, COVID-19 can lead to life-threatening disease. Due to wide geographic impact affecting an extremely high proportion of the world population it was defined by the World Health Organization as a global public health pandemic. The infection is known to readily spread from person-to-person. This occurs through liquid droplets by cough, sneeze, hand-to-mouth-to-eye contact and through contaminated hard surfaces. Close human proximity accelerates SARS-CoV-2 spread. COVID-19 is a systemic disease that can move beyond the lungs by blood-based dissemination to affect multiple organs. These organs include the kidney, liver, muscles, nervous system, and spleen. The primary cause of SARS-CoV-2 mortality is acute respiratory distress syndrome initiated by epithelial infection and alveolar macrophage activation in the lungs. The early cell-based portal for viral entry is through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Viral origins are zoonotic with genomic linkages to the bat coronaviruses but without an identifiable intermediate animal reservoir. There are currently few therapeutic options, and while many are being tested, although none are effective in curtailing the death rates. There is no available vaccine yet. Intense global efforts have targeted research into a better understanding of the epidemiology, molecular biology, pharmacology, and pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2. These fields of study will provide the insights directed to curtailing this disease outbreak with intense international impact. Graphical Abstract.
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- 2020
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14. Harnessing regulatory T cell neuroprotective activities for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Machhi J, Kevadiya BD, Muhammad IK, Herskovitz J, Olson KE, Mosley RL, and Gendelman HE
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- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis immunology, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis metabolism, Animals, Humans, Inflammation metabolism, Neurodegenerative Diseases immunology, Parkinson Disease immunology, Parkinson Disease metabolism, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis therapy, Neurodegenerative Diseases therapy, Neuroprotection, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology
- Abstract
Emerging evidence demonstrates that adaptive immunity influences the pathobiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Misfolded aggregated self-proteins can break immune tolerance leading to the induction of autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) with associated decreases in anti-inflammatory neuroprotective regulatory T cells (Tregs). An imbalance between Teffs and Tregs leads to microglial activation, inflammation and neuronal injury. The cascade of such a disordered immunity includes the drainage of the aggregated protein antigens into cervical lymph nodes serving to amplify effector immune responses. Both preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate transformation of this altered immunity for therapeutic gain. We posit that the signs and symptoms of common neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and stroke can be attenuated by boosting Treg activities.
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- 2020
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15. Rilpivirine-associated aggregation-induced emission enables cell-based nanoparticle tracking.
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Mukadam IZ, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Hasan M, Oleynikov MD, Blomberg WR, Svechkarev D, Mohs AM, Zhou Y, Dash P, McMillan J, Gorantla S, Garrison J, Gendelman HE, and Kevadiya BD
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- Drug Resistance, Viral, Humans, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Rilpivirine, Tissue Distribution, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1, Nanoparticles
- Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved the quality and duration of life for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, limitations in drug efficacy, emergence of viral mutations and the paucity of cell-tissue targeting remain. We posit that to maximize ART potency and therapeutic outcomes newer drug formulations that reach HIV cellular reservoirs need be created. In a step towards achieving this goal we harnessed the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor rilpivirine (RPV) and used it as a platform for drug cell and subcellular tracking. RPV nanocrystals were created with endogenous AIE properties enabling the visualization of intracellular particles in cell and tissue-based assays. The intact drug crystals were easily detected in CD4
+ T cells and macrophages, the natural viral target cells, by flow cytometry and ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We conclude that AIE can be harnessed to monitor cell biodistribution of selective antiretroviral drug nanocrystals., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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16. Rod-shape theranostic nanoparticles facilitate antiretroviral drug biodistribution and activity in human immunodeficiency virus susceptible cells and tissues.
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Kevadiya BD, Ottemann B, Mukadam IZ, Castellanos L, Sikora K, Hilaire JR, Machhi J, Herskovitz J, Soni D, Hasan M, Zhang W, Anandakumar S, Garrison J, McMillan J, Edagwa B, Mosley RL, Vachet RW, and Gendelman HE
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- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Drug Delivery Systems methods, HIV Infections metabolism, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 isolation & purification, HIV-1 metabolism, Macrophages drug effects, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Nanoparticles chemistry, Radiopharmaceuticals pharmacokinetics, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors pharmacokinetics, Rilpivirine pharmacology, Tissue Distribution, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 drug effects, Lutetium pharmacokinetics, Macrophages metabolism, Nanoparticles administration & dosage, Radioisotopes pharmacokinetics, Rilpivirine pharmacokinetics, Theranostic Nanomedicine methods
- Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus theranostics facilitates the development of long acting (LA) antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) by defining drug-particle cell depots. Optimal drug formulations are made possible based on precise particle composition, structure, shape and size. Through the creation of rod-shaped particles of defined sizes reflective of native LA drugs, theranostic probes can be deployed to measure particle-cell and tissue biodistribution, antiretroviral activities and drug retention. Methods : Herein, we created multimodal rilpivirine (RPV)
177 lutetium labeled bismuth sulfide nanorods (177 LuBSNRs) then evaluated their structure, morphology, configuration, chemical composition, biological responses and adverse reactions. Particle biodistribution was analyzed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging. Results : Nanoformulated RPV and BSNRs-RPV particles showed comparable physicochemical and cell biological properties. Drug-particle pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution in lymphoid tissue macrophages proved equivalent, one with the other. Rapid particle uptake and tissue distribution were observed, without adverse reactions, in primary blood-derived and tissue macrophages. The latter was seen within the marginal zones of spleen. Conclusions : These data, taken together, support the use of177 LuBSNRs as theranostic probes as a rapid assessment tool for PK LA ARV measurements., Competing Interests: Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists., (© The author(s).)- Published
- 2020
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17. A long acting nanoformulated lamivudine ProTide.
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Smith N, Bade AN, Soni D, Gautam N, Alnouti Y, Herskovitz J, Ibrahim IM, Wojtkiewicz MS, Dyavar Shetty BL, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, and Edagwa B
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- Animals, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes drug effects, Cells, Cultured, HIV-1, Humans, Lymph Nodes drug effects, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Mice, Nanomedicine methods, Nanoparticles chemistry, Prodrugs, Rabbits, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Spleen drug effects, Anti-HIV Agents administration & dosage, HIV Infections drug therapy, Lamivudine administration & dosage, Macrophages drug effects, Monocytes drug effects
- Abstract
A long acting (LA) hydrophobic and lipophilic lamivudine (3TC) was created as a phosphoramidate pronucleotide (designated M23TC). M23TC improved intracellular delivery of active triphosphate metabolites and enhanced antiretroviral and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles over the native drug. A single treatment of human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) with nanoformulated M23TC (NM23TC) improved drug uptake, retention, intracellular 3TC triphosphates and antiretroviral activities in MDM and CD4
+ T cells. PK tests of NM23TC administered to Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated sustained prodrug and drug triphosphate levels in blood and tissues for 30 days. The development of NM23TC remains a substantive step forward in producing LA slow effective release antiretrovirals for future clinical translation., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide.
- Author
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Soni D, Bade AN, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Ibrahim IM, Smith N, Wojtkiewicz MS, Dyavar Shetty BL, Alnouti Y, McMillan J, Gendelman HE, and Edagwa BJ
- Subjects
- Amides chemistry, Animals, Humans, Male, Phosphoric Acids chemistry, Poloxamer chemistry, Polyphosphates chemistry, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Anti-Retroviral Agents chemical synthesis, Anti-Retroviral Agents chemistry, Emtricitabine chemistry, Prodrugs chemical synthesis, Prodrugs chemistry
- Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has revolutionized treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection, regimen adherence, viral mutations, drug toxicities and access stigma and fatigue are treatment limitations. These have led to new opportunities for the development of long acting (LA) ART including implantable devices and chemical drug modifications. Herein, medicinal and formulation chemistry were used to develop LA prodrug nanoformulations of emtricitabine (FTC). A potent lipophilic FTC phosphoramidate prodrug (M2FTC) was synthesized then encapsulated into a poloxamer surfactant (NM2FTC). These modifications extended the biology, apparent drug half-life and antiretroviral activities of the formulations. NM2FTC demonstrated a >30-fold increase in macrophage and CD4+ T cell drug uptake with efficient conversion to triphosphates (FTC-TP). Intracellular FTC-TP protected macrophages against an HIV-1 challenge for 30 days. A single intramuscular injection of NM2FTC, at 45 mg/kg native drug equivalents, into Sprague Dawley rats resulted in sustained prodrug levels in blood, liver, spleen and lymph nodes and FTC-TP in lymph node and spleen cells at one month. In contrast, native FTC-TPs was present for one day. These results are an advance in the transformation of FTC into a LA agent., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Creation of a long-acting rilpivirine prodrug nanoformulation.
- Author
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Hilaire JR, Bade AN, Sillman B, Gautam N, Herskovitz J, Dyavar Shetty BL, Wojtkiewicz MS, Szlachetka A, Lamberty BG, Sravanam S, Fox HS, Alnouti Y, Dash PK, McMillan JM, Edagwa BJ, and Gendelman HE
- Subjects
- Animals, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacokinetics, Delayed-Action Preparations administration & dosage, Delayed-Action Preparations pharmacokinetics, HIV-1 drug effects, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Macrophages metabolism, Male, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Prodrugs pharmacokinetics, Rilpivirine pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, Anti-HIV Agents administration & dosage, Nanoparticles administration & dosage, Prodrugs administration & dosage, Rilpivirine administration & dosage
- Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy requires lifelong daily dosing to attain viral suppression, restore immune function, and improve quality of life. As a treatment alternative, long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals can sustain therapeutic drug concentrations in blood for prolonged time periods. The success of recent clinical trials for LA parenteral cabotegravir and rilpivirine highlight the emergence of these new therapeutic options. Further optimization can improve dosing frequency, lower injection volumes, and facilitate drug-tissue distributions. To this end, we report the synthesis of a library of RPV prodrugs designed to sustain drug plasma concentrations and improved tissue biodistribution. The lead prodrug M3RPV was nanoformulated into the stable LA injectable NM3RPV. NM3RPV treatment led to RPV plasma concentrations above the protein-adjusted 90% inhibitory concentration for 25 weeks with substantial tissue depots after a single intramuscular injection in BALB/cJ mice. NM3RPV elicited 13- and 26-fold increases in the RPV apparent half-life and mean residence time compared to native drug formulation. Taken together, proof-of-concept is provided that nanoformulated RPV prodrugs can extend the apparent drug half-life and improve tissue biodistribution. These results warrant further development for human use., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Impact of Precipitation of Antibody Therapeutics After Subcutaneous Injection on Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity.
- Author
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Kinderman F, Yerby B, Jawa V, Joubert MK, Joh NH, Malella J, Herskovitz J, Xie J, Ferbas J, and McBride HJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal administration & dosage, Antibodies, Monoclonal chemistry, Disease Models, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic, Female, Germinal Center drug effects, Germinal Center immunology, Humans, Injection Site Reaction blood, Injections, Subcutaneous, Male, Mice, Solubility, Subcutaneous Tissue immunology, Tissue Distribution, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Injection Site Reaction immunology, Protein Aggregates immunology, Subcutaneous Tissue drug effects
- Abstract
Antibody therapeutics with poor solubility in the subcutaneous matrix may carry unintended risks when administered to patients. The objective of this work was to estimate the risk of antibodies that precipitate in vitro at neutral pH by determining the impact of poor solubility on distribution of the drug from the injection site as well as immunogenicity in vivo. Using fluorescence imaging in a mouse model, we show that one such precipitation-prone antibody is retained at the injection site in the subcutaneous space longer than a control antibody. In addition, we demonstrate that retention at the injection site through aggregation is concentration-dependent and leads to macrophage association and germinal center localization. Although there was delayed disposition of the aggregated antibody to draining lymph nodes, no overall impact on the immune response in lymph nodes, systemic exposure of the antibody, or enhancement of the anti-drug antibody response was evident. Unexpectedly, retention of the precipitated antibody in the subcutaneous space delayed the onset of the immune response and led to an immune suppressive response. Thus, we conclude that precipitation due to poor solubility of high doses of antibody formulations delivered subcutaneously may not be of special concern in terms of exposure or immunogenicity., (Copyright © 2019 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. HIV and the Macrophage: From Cell Reservoirs to Drug Delivery to Viral Eradication.
- Author
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Herskovitz J and Gendelman HE
- Subjects
- Animals, Drug Delivery Systems, HIV physiology, Humans, Virus Latency physiology, HIV Infections virology, Macrophages metabolism, Macrophages virology
- Abstract
Macrophages serve as host cells, inflammatory disease drivers and drug runners for human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatments. Low-level viral persistence continues in these cells in the absence of macrophage death. However, the cellular microenvironment changes as a consequence of viral infection with aberrant production of pro-inflammatory factors and promotion of oxidative stress. These herald viral spread from macrophages to neighboring CD4
+ T cells and end organ damage. Virus replicates in tissue reservoir sites that include the nervous, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gut, and renal organs. However, each of these events are held in check by antiretroviral therapy. A hidden and often overlooked resource of the macrophage rests in its high cytoplasmic nuclear ratios that allow the cell to sense its environment and rid it of the cellular waste products and microbial pathogens it encounters. These phagocytic and intracellular killing sensing mechanisms can also be used in service as macrophages serve as cellular carriage depots for antiretroviral nanoparticles and are able to deliver medicines to infectious disease sites with improved therapeutic outcomes. These undiscovered cellular functions can lead to reductions in persistent infection and may potentially facilitate the eradication of residual virus to eliminate disease.- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Immune Suppression During Preclinical Drug Development Mitigates Immunogenicity-Mediated Impact on Therapeutic Exposure.
- Author
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Herskovitz J, Ryman J, Thway T, Lee S, Zhou L, Chirmule N, Meibohm B, and Jawa V
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal administration & dosage, Antibodies, Monoclonal pharmacokinetics, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents administration & dosage, Male, Methotrexate administration & dosage, Methotrexate pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sirolimus administration & dosage, Sirolimus pharmacology, Tacrolimus administration & dosage, Tacrolimus pharmacology, Antibodies immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Drug Design, Immunosuppressive Agents pharmacology
- Abstract
In the clinical setting, anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against biotherapeutics can influence patient safety and interfere with product efficacy. High immunogenicity has been addressed in clinic by concomitant immune suppression, such as co-administration of methotrexate with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and combination tacrolimus/sirolimus treatment for prophylaxis against organ transplant rejection. This study investigates the use of such immune suppressants in mitigating ADA responses to a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb1) in preclinical animal studies. Three groups of Sprague Dawley rats (n = 18) were treated with low (0.01 mg/kg), moderate (50 mg/kg), or high (300 mg/kg) doses of mAb1. Experimental groups also received either methotrexate or tacrolimus/sirolimus immune suppressive regimens. ELISA-based methods were utilized to measure and characterize ADA and mAb1 pharmacokinetics (PK). Results demonstrated a stepwise increase in immunogenicity with mAb1 dosage. Methotrexate significantly lowered incidence of anti-variable region antibodies at moderate mAb1 dose (P < 0.05), while tacrolimus/sirolimus did likewise at moderate and high doses (P < 0.01) of mAb1. Except for low-dose mAb1 + methotrexate, all immunosuppressed groups displayed more than a 70-fold decrease in ADA magnitude (P < 0.05). This abrogation in ADA response correlated with more mAb1 in circulation by week 4 for moderate- and high-dosed mAb1 groups. These data provide an approach to mitigate preclinical immunogenicity by the use of immunosuppressant regimens. Such preconditioning can support preclinical drug development of human therapeutics that are antigenic to animals. Similar approaches could be investigated for wider application to novel therapeutics.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Use of In Vitro Assays to Assess Immunogenicity Risk of Antibody-Based Biotherapeutics.
- Author
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Joubert MK, Deshpande M, Yang J, Reynolds H, Bryson C, Fogg M, Baker MP, Herskovitz J, Goletz TJ, Zhou L, Moxness M, Flynn GC, Narhi LO, and Jawa V
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal genetics, Antibodies, Monoclonal metabolism, Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals, Cell Proliferation, Cells, Cultured, Cytokines analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay, Glycosylation, Humans, Interferon-gamma analysis, Interleukin-2 analysis, Leukocytes, Mononuclear cytology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation, Point Mutation, Risk Assessment, T-Lymphocytes cytology, T-Lymphocytes metabolism, Antibodies, Monoclonal immunology, Leukocytes, Mononuclear immunology, T-Lymphocytes immunology
- Abstract
An In Vitro Comparative Immunogenicity Assessment (IVCIA) assay was evaluated as a tool for predicting the potential relative immunogenicity of biotherapeutic attributes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from up to 50 healthy naïve human donors were monitored up to 8 days for T-cell proliferation, the number of IL-2 or IFN-γ secreting cells, and the concentration of a panel of secreted cytokines. The response in the assay to 10 monoclonal antibodies was found to be in agreement with the clinical immunogenicity, suggesting that the assay might be applied to immunogenicity risk assessment of antibody biotherapeutic attributes. However, the response in the assay is a measure of T-cell functional activity and the alignment with clinical immunogenicity depends on several other factors. The assay was sensitive to sequence variants and could differentiate single point mutations of the same biotherapeutic. Nine mAbs that were highly aggregated by stirring induced a higher response in the assay than the original mAbs before stirring stress, in a manner that did not match the relative T-cell response of the original mAbs. In contrast, mAbs that were glycated by different sugars (galactose, glucose, and mannose) showed little to no increase in response in the assay above the response to the original mAbs before glycation treatment. The assay was also used successfully to assess similarity between multiple lots of the same mAb, both from the same manufacturer and from different manufacturers (biosimilars). A strategy for using the IVCIA assay for immunogenicity risk assessment during the entire lifespan development of biopharmaceuticals is proposed.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 in cancer.
- Author
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Pandey P, Sliker B, Peters HL, Tuli A, Herskovitz J, Smits K, Purohit A, Singh RK, Dong J, Batra SK, Coulter DW, and Solheim JC
- Subjects
- Alternative Splicing, Amino Acid Sequence, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor chemistry, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor genetics, Animals, Humans, Neoplasms genetics, Neoplasms pathology, Nerve Tissue Proteins chemistry, Nerve Tissue Proteins genetics, Protein Unfolding, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor metabolism, Cell Movement, Cell Proliferation, Neoplasms metabolism, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its family members amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) are type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins that are highly conserved across species. The transcriptional regulation of APP and APLP2 is similar but not identical, and the cleavage of both proteins is regulated by phosphorylation. APP has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease causation, and in addition to its importance in neurology, APP is deregulated in cancer cells. APLP2 is likewise overexpressed in cancer cells, and APLP2 and APP are linked to increased tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In this present review, we discuss the unfolding account of these APP family members' roles in cancer progression and metastasis.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Type I and Type II Interferon Coordinately Regulate Suppressive Dendritic Cell Fate and Function during Viral Persistence.
- Author
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Cunningham CR, Champhekar A, Tullius MV, Dillon BJ, Zhen A, de la Fuente JR, Herskovitz J, Elsaesser H, Snell LM, Wilson EB, de la Torre JC, Kitchen SG, Horwitz MA, Bensinger SJ, Smale ST, and Brooks DG
- Subjects
- Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, HIV, HIV Infections immunology, Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis immunology, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Neoplasms immunology, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, T-Lymphocytes immunology, Tuberculosis immunology, Dendritic Cells immunology, Immune Tolerance immunology, Interferons immunology, Virus Diseases immunology
- Abstract
Persistent viral infections are simultaneously associated with chronic inflammation and highly potent immunosuppressive programs mediated by IL-10 and PDL1 that attenuate antiviral T cell responses. Inhibiting these suppressive signals enhances T cell function to control persistent infection; yet, the underlying signals and mechanisms that program immunosuppressive cell fates and functions are not well understood. Herein, we use lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection (LCMV) to demonstrate that the induction and functional programming of immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs) during viral persistence are separable mechanisms programmed by factors primarily considered pro-inflammatory. IFNγ first induces the de novo development of naive monocytes into DCs with immunosuppressive potential. Type I interferon (IFN-I) then directly targets these newly generated DCs to program their potent T cell immunosuppressive functions while simultaneously inhibiting conventional DCs with T cell stimulating capacity. These mechanisms of monocyte conversion are constant throughout persistent infection, establishing a system to continuously interpret and shape the immunologic environment. MyD88 signaling was required for the differentiation of suppressive DCs, whereas inhibition of stimulatory DCs was dependent on MAVS signaling, demonstrating a bifurcation in the pathogen recognition pathways that promote distinct elements of IFN-I mediated immunosuppression. Further, a similar suppressive DC origin and differentiation was also observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, HIV infection and cancer. Ultimately, targeting the underlying mechanisms that induce immunosuppression could simultaneously prevent multiple suppressive signals to further restore T cell function and control persistent infections.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Blockade of chronic type I interferon signaling to control persistent LCMV infection.
- Author
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Wilson EB, Yamada DH, Elsaesser H, Herskovitz J, Deng J, Cheng G, Aronow BJ, Karp CL, and Brooks DG
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies immunology, B7-H1 Antigen metabolism, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Cytokines immunology, Cytokines metabolism, Dendritic Cells immunology, Gene Expression Profiling, Immune Tolerance, Interferon Type I genetics, Interferon-gamma immunology, Interferon-gamma metabolism, Interleukin-10 metabolism, Mice, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta antagonists & inhibitors, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta genetics, Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta metabolism, Virus Replication, Arenaviridae Infections immunology, Arenaviridae Infections virology, Interferon Type I immunology, Interferon Type I metabolism, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus immunology, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus physiology, Signal Transduction
- Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are critical for antiviral immunity; however, chronic IFN-I signaling is associated with hyperimmune activation and disease progression in persistent infections. We demonstrated in mice that blockade of IFN-I signaling diminished chronic immune activation and immune suppression, restored lymphoid tissue architecture, and increased immune parameters associated with control of virus replication, ultimately facilitating clearance of the persistent infection. The accelerated control of persistent infection induced by blocking IFN-I signaling required CD4 T cells and was associated with enhanced IFN-γ production. Thus, we demonstrated that interfering with chronic IFN-I signaling during persistent infection redirects the immune environment to enable control of infection.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Learning in the tactile sense.
- Author
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Solomonow M, Herskovitz JS, and Lyman J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Differential Threshold, Electric Stimulation, Female, Humans, Male, Time Factors, Discrimination, Psychological, Learning, Touch
- Published
- 1979
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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