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Identifying and describing fossil thrips (Thysanoptera) sometimes touches the limits of feasibility. Complications handling these tiny fossils are not only caused by their size, their position or fragmentary nature, but also by the state and condition of the matrices surrounding them. Due to poor preservation in some matrices (such as lime, potash and lignite) their identification often remains uncertain (Ulitzka 2015a). Amber, however, considered as a window on times past (Gröhn et al. 2015), presents a wide range of insect inclusions in excellent condition. Nevertheless, many problems can impede our visibility through this ‘window’. Fissures, opacity or clouding in the fossil resin, as well as inclusions or bubbles of air, can cover specific characteristics of an included specimen. Curvature of the amber surface results in optical distortions that can impede a reliable assessment of certain features, and the deeper an inclusion is in the amber the greater are the problems. For these reasons cutting or grinding the amber as close as possible to a specimen is essential. In the future, synchrotron X-ray microtomography may be an alternative (Henderickx et al. 2012; van de Kamp et al. 2014), but at present is too complex and expensive.

This study was conducted in 3 different counties (Tepic, Xalisco and San Blas) of the avocado growing area of Nayarit. For identification of species, thrips collections were conducted during 2008 using knockdown and net sweeping techniques. A total of 72 species were captured, 10 of which were phytophagous of which the most prevalent was Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) (13.42%); 16 were predaceous of which the most prevalent was Franklinothrips vespiformis (D. L. Crawford) (8.26%) and 46 species (26.83%) were considered occasional visitors. Species registered for the first time in Mexico were as follows: Heterothrips xolismae Hood 1936; H. pubescens Hood 1934; Frankliniella ramirezi Mound & Marullo 1996; F. sandovalensis Retana 1998 and Macrophthalmothrips heinzei Mound 1972.

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thrips are tiny insects responsible for the reduction of strawberry fruit quality. The work aimed to record and quantify the thysanopterofauna present in two strawberry production systems, low tunnel and semi-hydroponic. Leaves, flowers and fruits were collected weekly, from July 2005 to December 2006 in Caxias do Sul and Bom Princípio municipalities, RS. A total of 664 individuals were collected, representing two families, four genus and 10 species: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. rodeos Moulton, 1933, F. simplex (Priesner, 1924), F. williamsi (Hood, 1915), F. gemina (Bagnall, 1919), Frankliniella sp., Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande 1895) from Thripidae and Heterothrips sp. from Heterothripidae. Frankliniella occidentalis represented 89.7% of the samples with 95.8% of the species collected in flowers, 3.9% in fruits and 0.8% in leaves. The results show that flowers are the most important food resource for these insects on strawberry plants. Frankliniella rodeos, F. simplex, F. williamsi, C. fasciatus, and Heterothrips sp. are new records on strawberry for Brazil.Espécies de tripes (Insecta, Thysanoptera) associadas à cultura do morangueiro em dois sistemas de produção no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Tripes são insetos diminutos responsáveis pela redução da qualidade dos frutos do morangueiro. O trabalho objetivou registrar e quantificar a tisanopterofauna presente em dois sistemas de produção de morangueiro, túnel baixo e semihidropônico. Folhas, flores e frutos foram coletados semanalmente, de julho de 2005 a dezembro de 2006 em Caxias do Sul e Bom Princípio, RS. Foram coletados 664 indivíduos pertencentes a duas famílias, quatro gêneros e 10 espécies: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. rodeos (Moulton, 1933), F. simplex (Priesner, 1924), F. williamsi (Hood, 1915), F. gemina (Bagnall, 1919), Frankliniella sp., Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888) e Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande, 1895) pertencentes a Thripidae, e Heterothrips sp. pertencente a Heterothripidae. Com 593 ocorrências, F. occidentalis representou 89,3% dos insetos coletados, com 87,9% dos indivíduos nas flores, 8,4% nas folhas e 3,7% nos frutos. Os resultados sugerem que as flores do morangueiro representam o recurso preferido pelos tripes. Frankliniella rodeos, F. simplex, F. williamsi, C. fasciatus e Heterothrips sp. são novos registros na cultura para o Brasil.

Heterothrips decoratus Hood, 1954 This species is characterized by the largely pale body (Fig. 108), including legs, with a dark median area on abdominal tergites III���VI (Fig. 109). Males have antennal segments I���IV yellow and transverse pore plates on abdominal sternites VII���VIII. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teut��nia, 04.ii. 1949, on Luehea sp. and dry undetermined branches (F. Plaumann) (USNM). Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male, collected with holotype (USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 195 - 214."]}

Heterothrips Hood Heterothrips Hood, 1908. Type-species H. arisaemae Hood. Diagnosis. Antennae 9 -segmented, segments III���IV with circumpolar sensoria at apex, with one or more rows of sensorial pores; III with two basal constrictions. Head wider than long, without long setae; ocellar setae I present or absent. Pronotum with no long setae (Fig. 14); metanotum covered with microtrichia, usually with concentric sculpture but sometimes almost forming a triangle medially (Fig. 12). Fore wing slender, wider at base, both veins with complete rows of setae (Fig. 20). Abdominal tergites laterally covered with microtrichia, with posteromarginal fringe of independent microtrichia (Fig. 1), or with craspedate lobes bearing microtrichia; II���VIII with median pair of setae well developed, arising close together (Figs 2, 17, 19); sternites sometimes bearing few discal setae. Male usually with oval or transverse pore plates on abdominal sternites (Figs 54, 67); some species with a pair of dorsolateral finger-like projections on tergite IX (Figs 81, 107)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1908) New genera and species of Illinois Thysanoptera. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 8, 361 - 379."]}

Heterothrips pedicellatus sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 11); femora brown; tibiae brown with pale apex; tarsi pale; antennal segments I��� II and IV���IX brown, III pale (Fig. 16); fore wing brown with a pale band near the base (Fig. 20). Head wider than long, with no long setae; ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III arising on anterior margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. 13); interantennal projection with widely separated arms. Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III long with an elongate pedicel and two constrictions, one at the union between the pedicel and segment, the other near the base of segment; segment IV entire and shorter than III (Figs 15���16), both with two rows of sensorial pores. Pronotum reticulate-striate with no long setae (Fig. 14); mesonotum reticulate-striate; metanotum with concentric sculpture around basal midpoint, covered with microtrichia (Fig. 12). Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous brown setae (Fig. 20). Abdominal tergites I���VII with sparse microtrichia on lateral thirds and posterior margin with craspedal lobes laterally, each rectangular lobe bearing a fringe of fine, irregular microtrichia (Figs 17, 19). Tergites II���V posterior margin with few microtrichia medially, VI���VII with a complete feinge of microtrichial medially, with no gap between this and the lobes. Tergite VIII with continuous posteromarginal microtrichia. Sternites II���VI posterior margins with well-developed craspedal lobes bearing microtrichia (Fig. 18) and with 7 pairs of posteromarginal setae; few discal setae present. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1430 (distended). Head, length 120; width 165. Pronotum, length 137; width 210. Fore wing length 730; median width 43. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 72 and 82, respectively. Antennal segments III���IX length (width), 83 (30), 47 (27), 22 (17), 27 (15), 15 (12), 15 (10), 21 (8). Male winged. Similar to female in coloration but smaller; abdominal tergites II���VI with craspedum interrupted medially, with long and fine teeth; lateral thirds of tergites I���VIII covered with numerous irregular rows of microtrichia. Intermediate abdominal sternites without discal setae, sternites III���VIII with large transverse pore plates. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 1030 (distended). Head, length 100; width 155. Pronotum, length 137; width 220. Fore wing length 600; median width 37; Abdominal segments IX + X length 107; width 132. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Mogi-Gua��u, 30.ix. 2011, on Diplopterys pubipetala flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 11 females, 3 males collected with holotype; Bahia, Ibicoara, iv. 2002, 1 female on ���native plants��� (O. Feiler); S��o Paulo, Campinas, 26.III. 2010, 3 females on Niedenzuella glabra flowers (A. Cavalleri). Comments. This new species has been collected with paulistarum from two species of Malpighiaceae. The elongated pedicel on antennal segment III is similar to that found in prosopidis, but the segment is much wider at the apex than the base, unlike in prosopidis. The abdominal tergites have similar lateral craspedal lobes, but the microtrichia are smaller in pedicellatus than in prosopidis. The general coloration is similar in these two species, as well as the form of the terminal abdominal segment. The metanotal sculpture of pedicellatus is similar to that found in flavicornis with a central triangular area, although they feature different reticulation patterns. Like the other Brazilian species obscurus, pedicellatus presents lateral craspedal lobes on the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites, although these two species differ in the antennal coloration and the length of antennal segment III pedicel (which is remarkably longer in pedicellatus). Moreover, the microtrichia on abdominal craspedum are slightly smaller in pedicellatus than in obscurus., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips bicolor Hood, 1954 Heterothrips semiflavus De Santis, 1972: 431. syn.n. This species has previously been known only from the holotype female from Southern Brazil, but has now been collected in large numbers in Rio Grande do Sul. It is remarkable in having the body sharply bicolored (Fig. 102), with all tibiae and abdominal segments III���VII yellow. Antennal segments I���II are yellow (Fig. 104), and the fore wings are mostly pale, with a median brown area medially. The male is similar in coloration to the female (Fig. 103). Males have large transverse pore plates on sternites VII���VIII, and short dorsolateral processes on tergite IX (Fig. 107). No differences in reticulation pattern, wing color and abdominal microtrichia distribution could be found between this species and the single female from which semiflavus was described. This is a damaged specimen, without antennae, and the differences in leg and abdomen coloration are possibly because it is teneral, and thus paler than a mature adult. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teut��nia, 26.xi. 1949, (F. Plaumann) (USNM); Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (30 ��04���09���S, 51 ��07��� 12 ���W), 27.i. 2011, 15 females, 1 male on Trema micrantha flowers (Ulmaceae) (A. Cavalleri); 1 female with similar data but on Eugenia uniflora; S��o Paulo, Mogi-Gua��u, 17.v. 2010, 1 female on Alchornea triplinervia flowers. Holotype female of H. semiflavus, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Barueri, 21.v. 1967, in nest of Camponotus rufipes (L. De Santis) (MLP)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 195 - 214.","De Santis, L. (1972) Descripcion preliminar de una nueva especie de Heterothrips del Brasil (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae). Studia Entomologica, 15, 431 - 432."]}

Heterothrips australis sp. n. Female winged. Body brown, head darker (Fig. 40); femora largely brown; tibiae brown with pale apex; tarsi paler; antennal segment I���II and V���IX brown, III���IV pale brown (Fig. 42); fore wing brown but somewhat paler subbasally (Fig. 40). Head wider than long, with no long setae (Fig. 49); ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III inside ocellar triangle, ocellar area broadly reticulated. Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III slightly longer than IV, with two constrictions, one at the union between the short pedicel and the segment, the other near the base of the segment (Figs 42���43); III���IV each one with one single row of small sensorial pores. Pronotum broadly reticulate (Fig. 49) with about 30 long setae; mesonotum with transversely elongate reticles; metanotum with concentric lines of sculpture, not forming a triangle, covered with microtrichia (Fig. 46). Fore wing with two rows of minute brown setae. Abdominal tergites II���VII with broad and continuous posterior craspedum, bearing a fringe of fine microtrichia. Abdominal tergites I���VIII with few lines of medial sculptures, bearing small microtrichia; lateral thirds of tergites I���VIII covered with fine microtrichia (Figs 44, 47). Sternites II���VI with a well developed posterior craspedum bearing microtrichia; with about six pairs of posteromarginal setae, and no discal setae (Fig. 48). Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1120 (distended). Head, length 92; width 125. Pronotum, length 115; width 177. Fore wing length 560; median width 32. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 77, 70. Antennal segments I���IX length (width), 23 (27), 33 (25), 45 (22), 35 (22), 28 (20), 27 (20), 17 (12), 17 (10), 17 (5). Male winged. Smaller and paler than female; sternites III (or IV)���VIII each one with a small oval pore plate at antecostal ridge. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 840 (distended). Head, length 80; width 105. Pronotum, length 102; width 150. Fore wing length 450; median width 28. Abdominal segments IX + X length 118; width 80. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, (30 ��03��� 59 ���S, 51 ��07��� 15 ���W), 26.x. 2011, on Borreria vertillata flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 17 females, 1 male collected with holotype; 1 female with similar data but 14.ii. 2011; Rio Grande do Sul, Viam��o, 21.xi. 1999 and 21.xi. 2003, 10 females, 3 males on Borreria vertillata flowers (S.M. Pinent & A. Cavalleri); Viam��o, 13.ii. 2001, 4 females on Eryngium nudicaule flowers (A. Cavalleri); Goi��s, Alto Para��so de Goi��s, 27.i. 2011, 2 females on Borreria flowers (F.S. de Melo). Comments. Larvae and adults are very abundant in Borreria inflorescences (Rubiaceae) and seem to co-exist with Haplothrips spp. This species is possibly related to savanicus which also breeds in flowers of herbaceous Rubiaceae. The shape of the antennal segments, as well the single row of minute sensorial pores on antennal segments III���IV, is quite similar between these species. However, differences can be observed in antennal coloration and the presence of continuous craspedal lobes on the posterior margin of the abdominal tergites, contrasting with the lateral entire craspeda of savanicus. The other Brazilian species with continuous craspedal lobes is marginatus, and differences between these two species include coloration and differences in the median area of the abdominal tergites: for australis it is reticulate with few microtrichia, whereas for marginatus there is no reticulation or microtrichia (Fig. 45)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips condei Moulton, 1932 Described from an unknown host, this dark brown species (Fig. 89) has antennae with segment III pale with dark apex, IV dark or pale with dark apex and V yellow in basal third (Fig. 90). The pronotum and mesonotum have fine and closely spaced striate lines (Fig. 91) and the fore wing bears a sub-basal pale area. Females have sternal discal setae (Fig. 92), and males lack pore plates on abdominal sternites. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Santa Theresa, 09.xi. 1923, on indeterminate vegetation (O. Conde) (CAS). Paratypes: 3 females, 2 males collected with holotype (CAS and USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484."]}

Heterothrips savanicus sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 21); fore legs pale brown washed with dark brown at base of femur and tibia, mid and hind femora and tibiae brown with pale apex; tarsi pale; antennal segment I���II and V���IX brown, III pale brown, IV pale brown at base, brown at apex; fore wing uniformly brown. Head wider than long, with no long setae; ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III on anterior margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. 27). Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III apparently divided into three parts, IV entire and shorter than III, both segments with one row of small sensorial pores (Figs 25���26). Pronotum broadly reticulate with no long setae (Fig. 28); mesonotum reticulate-striate; metanotum with concentric lines of sculpture, covered with microtrichia and not forming a triangle (Fig. 24). Fore wing with two rows of minute brown setae. Abdominal tergites I���VIII laterally with several rows of microtrichia and with an entire craspedum bearing a fringe of small microtrichia on posterolateral margin; craspeda absent medially but with a fringe of microtrichia posteromedially (Fig. 22). Sternites II���VI posterior margins with well-developed entire craspedum bearing microtrichia, with about 6 pairs of posteromarginal setae and no discal setae present (Fig. 23). Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1140 (distended). Head, length 80; width 137. Pronotum, length 125; width 215. Fore wing length 720; median width 32. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 72 and 62, respectively. Antennal segments III���IX length (width), 55 (22), 40 (22), 32 (18), 32 (15), 20 (12), 20 (10), 20 (8). Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Itirapina (22 �� 16 ��� 11 ���S, 47 �� 49 ��� 37 ���W), 14.iii. 2010, on Psyllocarpus ? phyllocephalus flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 14 females collected with holotype. Comments. This new species has undivided tergal craspeda while most of the described Brazilian species have a comb of microtrichia or craspedal lobes on the posterolateral margins of the tergites. Abdominal tergite VIII has a lateral craspeda and microtrichia posteromedially, rather than the usual independent regular row of microtrichia. Apparently related to australis, this species was found living in the small flowers of an herbaceous Rubiaceae together with Haplothrips gowdeyi., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips flavitibia Moulton, 1932 This dark brown species (Fig. 50) is characterized by having antennal segments I���V largely pale (Fig. 51), and abdominal tergite VI with marginal fringe widely interrupted (Fig. 52). The pronotum has weakly defined reticulation, and the fore femur is well-developed. De Santis (1963) recorded this species from Argentina, but a re-examination of the Argentinean specimens by De Borb��n (2010) suggested that these possibly represent an undescribed species. Material examined. Paratype female, Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Santa Theresa, 22.vii. 1928, on Serjania or Paullinia sp. (O. Conde) (CAS); Minas Gerais, 1 female, 06.iv. 1933 (Hambleton) (CAS)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484.","De Santis, L. (1963) Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Tisanopteros III. Notas de Comision de Investigacion Cientifica, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1, 1 - 14.","De Borbon, C. (2010) The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae). Zootaxa, 2562, 45 - 56."]}

Key to females of Heterothrips species from Brazil 1. Abdominal tergites, at least laterally, with posteromarginal craspeda bearing a fringe of microtrichia (Figs 2, 17, 19)....... 2 -. Abdominal tergites without craspeda, but with a fringe of independent posteromarginal microtrichia (Fig. 1)............. 6 2. Abdominal tergal craspeda lobed and interrupted medially on II���VI, but with independent microtrichia medially (Figs 17, 19).................................................................................................... 3 -. Abdominal tergal craspeda entire and continuous across II���VI (Figs 44���45)....................................... 5 3. Antennal segment III with pedicel elongate, about 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 15���16); abdominal sternites III���VII with 2 or 3 pairs of discal setae (Fig. 18).............................................................. pedicellatus sp.n. -. Antennal segment III with pedicel less than 2.0 times longer than wide; abdominal sternites III���VII without discal setae.... 4 4. Fore wing uniformly brown or strongly shaded (Fig. 21); posteromarginal craspeda not lobed nor bearing short teeth (Figs 22��� 23); all femora extensively pale.............................................................. savanicus sp.n. -. Fore wing brown but with a sub-basal pale area (Fig. 29); posteromarginal craspeda with irregular lobes bearing short teeth (Figs 31���32); all femora largely brown.......................................................... obscurus sp.n. 5. Median area of abdominal tergites with few lines of reticulation bearing sparse and fine microtrichia (Figs 44, 47); mid and hind tibiae mostly dark...................................................................... australis sp.n. -. Median area of abdominal tergites without reticulation or microtrichia (Fig. 45); mid and hind tibiae pale (Fig. 41) marginatus 6. Abdominal tergite VI posteromarginal fringe of microtrichia widely interrupted (Fig. 52)....................... flavitibia -. Abdominal tergite VI posteromarginal fringe continuous....................................................... 7 7. Body uniformly brown, abdomen sometimes paler in teneral specimens; antennal segment I brown; ocellar setae I absent or present.............................................................................................. 8 -. Body coloration different, largely yellow or sharply bicolored; antennal segment I pale or slightly shaded brown; ocellar setae I always absent...................................................................................... 17 8. Antennal segment III basal stem divided into 5 or 6 parts (Fig. 53); head about as wide as long............... angusticeps -. Antennal segment III basal stem not so divided; head at least 1.3 times as wide as long.............................. 9 9. Fore wing largely pale, usually with a small dark area at extreme apex........................................... 10 -. Fore wing largely dark or strongly shaded, usually with a sub-basal pale area..................................... 11 10. Antennal segments III���IV with two rows of sensorial pores (Fig. 57); metapleura with several rows of fine microtrichia................................................................................................... peixotoa -. Antennal segments III���IV with a single row of sensorial pores (Figs 62���63); metapleura without rows of microtrichia....... ........................................................................................ albipennis sp.n. 11. Fore wing uniformly dark (Fig. 70); postocular setal pair III longer than posterior ocellus (Fig. 69); antennal segments III���IV pale (Fig. 72)................................................................................... spinosus -. Fore wing with a sub-basal pale area; postocular setal pair III not longer than posterior ocellus; antennal segments III���IV color different, IV slightly shaded............................................................................ 12 12. Abdominal sternites III���VII without discal setae (Fig. 79); ocellar setae I absent...................... paulistarum sp.n. -. Abdominal sternites III���VII with about 3 pairs of discal setae; ocellar setae I present............................... 13 13. Pronotum smooth, without conspicuous sculpture (Fig. 85); abdominal tergite IX about 1.5 times as long as X (Fig. 82)................................................................................................... varitibia -. Pronotum clearly sculptured; abdominal tergites IX and X subequal in length..................................... 14 14. Antennal segment IV less than 1.5 times as long as wide; pronotum with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 87) sanctaecatharinae sp.n. -. Antennal segment IV more than 1.8 times as long as wide; pronotum closely striate................................ 15 15. Antennal segment III about 2.5 times as long as wide; antennal segment V yellow in basal third (Fig. 90)............ condei -. Antennal segment III more than 2.7 times as long as wide; antennal segment V uniformly brown..................... 16 16. Antennal segment IV extensively brown (Fig. 94); mid and hind tibiae largely brown with base and apical third yellow or only apical third yellow (Fig. 93); abdominal sternites III���VI with discal setae arising in a continuous row across median area................................................................................................... striatus -. Antennal segment III���IV pale with dark apex (Fig. 98); mid and hind tibiae extensively yellow, slightly shaded medially; abdominal sternites III���VI with discal setae present only on lateral thirds................................. brasiliensis 17. Fore wing not white basally; body mostly pale; antennal segment III less than 2.0 times as long as wide............ flavidus -. Fore wing clearly paler sub-basally; body bicolored; antennal segment III 2.5 or more times as long as wide............. 18 18. Body sharply bicolored (Fig. 102), abdominal tergites III���VIII yellow; pronotum brown, without conspicuous reticulation (Fig. 105)....................................................................................... bicolor -. Body extensively yellow (Fig. 108); abdominal tergites III���VI yellow laterally with brown markings medially (Fig. 109); pro- notum yellow, with cross-striate reticulation......................................................... decoratus, Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips paulistarum sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 73); femur brown; tibia pale with a brown band in the middle; tarsi pale; antennal segments I and IV���IX brown, II pale, III pale with brown apex (Figs 75���76); fore wing brown with pale band near the base including half of clavus. Head wider than long, with no long setae (Fig. 77); ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III inside the ocellar triangle. Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III long with two constrictions, one at union between the pedicel and segment, the other near the base of the segment, IV entire and shorter than III (Figs 75���76), both segments with two rows of circumpolar sensorial pores at apex. Pronotum reticulate-striate with no long setae (Fig. 78); mesonotum striate; metanotum covered with microtrichia and with concentric lines of sculpture, almost forming a triangle (Fig. 80); metapleura covered with several rows of minute microtrichia. Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous brown setae. Abdominal tergites I���VIII with microtrichia laterally; I���V with lateral posteromarginal microtrichia; II���V with few median teeth. Tergites VI���VIII with continuous fringe of microtrichia (Fig. 1). Sternites II���VII with continuous row of marginal microtrichia; and about 7 pairs of posteromarginal setae; no discal setae on abdominal sternites (Fig. 79). Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1500 (distended). Head, length 122; width 162. Pronotum, length 170; width 242. Fore wing length 840; median width 38. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 98 and 105, respectively. Antennal segments I���IX length (width), 17 (32), 35 (27), 90 (30), 52 (27), 37 (17), 32 (15), 17 (10), 12 (7), 17 (5). Male winged. Smaller than female; body sharply bicolored, abdominal segments III���VII clear yellow (Fig. 74). Tergite IX with a pair of stout dorsolateral finger-like projections (Fig. 81). Sternites VII���VIII with large transverse pore plates. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 1130 (distended). Head, length 120; width 140. Pronotum, length 152; width 210. Fore wing length 690; median width 37. Abdominal segments IX + X length (including anterior margin of sternite IX) 220; width 150. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Mogi-Gua��u, 30.ix. 2011, on Diplopterys pubipetala flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 1 female, 4 males collected with holotype; S��o Paulo, Campinas, iii. 2010, 16 females, 4 males on Niedenzuella glabra flowers (A. Cavalleri). Comments. Collected from two different members of the Malpighiaceae, this species shows variation in antennal segment II coloration, ranging from pale to light brown. As in peixotoa, this species lacks ocellar setae I on the head and antennal segments III���IV bear two rows of well-developed sensorial pores. Both species also have an independent fringe of microtrichia on the posterior margin of the abdominal tergites, and the metapleura are covered with fine and delicate microtrichia. However, paulistarum has the fore wings extensively brown, with a distinct sub-basal pale area. Males are similar to bicolor in coloration and structure, but the paired dorsal processes on abdominal tergite IX are more developed, as in the North American species analis and vitis. These finger-like projections are presumably associated with copulatory behavior., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 14-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips albipennis sp. n. Female winged. Body brown; femora extensively brown (Fig. 66); fore tibia largely yellow with light brown markings, mid & hind tibia brown medially and yellow at base and apex; tarsi pale; antennal segment I���II and V���IX brown, II paler apically; III yellowish; IV shaded brown (Fig. 62); fore wing pale but weakly shaded brown apically (Fig. 64). Head wider than long, with no long setae, ocellar region with only two pairs of setae (Fig. 59). Antennae 9 - segmented, segment III composed of four parts, segment IV entire and shorter than III (Figs 62���63), both segments with one row of aligned sensoria at apex. Pronotum broadly reticulate, with no long setae and bearing about 25 discal setae (Fig. 60); mesonotum with transversely elongate reticles; metanotum with concentric lines of sculpture, not forming a triangle and covered with microtrichia (Fig. 61). Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous and hyaline setae. Abdominal tergites I���VIII with independent fringe of microtrichia posteriorly; well developed laterally on I���V but bearing only few teeth medially; lateral thirds covered with irregular lines of sculpture bearing fine microtrichia (Fig. 65). Sternites without craspeda, with 8 pairs of posteromarginal setae; discal setae absent on I���VI. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1450 (distended). Head, length 102; width 167. Pronotum, length 140; width 232. Fore wing length 750; median width 47; Abdominal tergites IX and X length 85, 83. Antennal segments I���IX length (width), 13 (30), 35 (25), 67 (25), 40 (22), 35 (20), 35 (18), 22 (12), 12 (10), 12 (8). Male winged. Similar to female in coloration but smaller; sternites VII���VIII each with a large transverse pore plate at antecostal ridge (Fig. 67); VI sometimes with a very small circular pore plate. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 1130 (distended). Head, length 100; width 150. Pronotum, length 137; width 215. Fore wing length 660; median width 45; Abdominal segments IX + X length 188; width 165. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Viam��o, (30 �� 21 ��� 45 ���S, 51 ��01��� 55 ���W), 17.ix. 2004, on Croton gnaphalii flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 5 females, 11 males collected with holotype; 1 female with similar data but 20.vi. 2003. Comments. This species is closely related to peixotoa in having fore wings largely pale and lacking ocellar setae I on head. However, it can be distinguished easily by the single row of sensorial pores on antennal segments III���IV. Moreover, albipennis metapleura contrasts with peixotoa in lacking dense rows of microtrichia. This new species is commonly found in female flowers of Croton gnaphalii (Euphorbiaceae) during warm seasons., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 5, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips brasiliensis Moulton, 1932 Known only from the type series, this species was described from specimens collected on Beginia sp. [sic], possibly a typographic mistake for Begonia sp. This dark brown thrips (Figs 97���100) is unusual in having a very long antennal segment III, about 3.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 98). Antennal segments III���IV are pale with the apex dark (Fig. 98), and the tibiae are extensively pale. Moreover, the discal setae on abdominal sternites III���VI are placed only laterally and males lack sternal pore plates. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Santa Theresa, 22.vii. 1928, on Beginia sp. (O. Conde) (CAS). Paratypes: 5 females, 3 males collected with holotype on indeterminate vegetation (CAS and USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484."]}

Key to females of Heterothrips species from Brazil 1. Abdominal tergites, at least laterally, with posteromarginal craspeda bearing a fringe of microtrichia (Figs 2, 17, 19)....... 2 -. Abdominal tergites without craspeda, but with a fringe of independent posteromarginal microtrichia (Fig. 1)............. 6 2. Abdominal tergal craspeda lobed and interrupted medially on II–VI, but with independent microtrichia medially (Figs 17, 19).................................................................................................... 3 -. Abdominal tergal craspeda entire and continuous across II–VI (Figs 44–45)....................................... 5 3. Antennal segment III with pedicel elongate, about 2.5 times as long as wide (Fig. 15–16); abdominal sternites III–VII with 2 or 3 pairs of discal setae (Fig. 18).............................................................. pedicellatus sp.n. -. Antennal segment III with pedicel less than 2.0 times longer than wide; abdominal sternites III–VII without discal setae.... 4 4. Fore wing uniformly brown or strongly shaded (Fig. 21); posteromarginal craspeda not lobed nor bearing short teeth (Figs 22– 23); all femora extensively pale.............................................................. savanicus sp.n. -. Fore wing brown but with a sub-basal pale area (Fig. 29); posteromarginal craspeda with irregular lobes bearing short teeth (Figs 31–32); all femora largely brown.......................................................... obscurus sp.n. 5. Median area of abdominal tergites with few lines of reticulation bearing sparse and fine microtrichia (Figs 44, 47); mid and hind tibiae mostly dark...................................................................... australis sp.n. -. Median area of abdominal tergites without reticulation or microtrichia (Fig. 45); mid and hind tibiae pale (Fig. 41) marginatus 6. Abdominal tergite VI posteromarginal fringe of microtrichia widely interrupted (Fig. 52)....................... flavitibia -. Abdominal tergite VI posteromarginal fringe continuous....................................................... 7 7. Body uniformly brown, abdomen sometimes paler in teneral specimens; antennal segment I brown; ocellar setae I absent or present.............................................................................................. 8 -. Body coloration different, largely yellow or sharply bicolored; antennal segment I pale or slightly shaded brown; ocellar setae I always absent...................................................................................... 17 8. Antennal segment III basal stem divided into 5 or 6 parts (Fig. 53); head about as wide as long............... angusticeps -. Antennal segment III basal stem not so divided; head at least 1.3 times as wide as long.............................. 9 9. Fore wing largely pale, usually with a small dark area at extreme apex........................................... 10 -. Fore wing largely dark or strongly shaded, usually with a sub-basal pale area..................................... 11 10. Antennal segments III–IV with two rows of sensorial pores (Fig. 57); metapleura with several rows of fine microtrichia................................................................................................... peixotoa -. Antennal segments III–IV with a single row of sensorial pores (Figs 62–63); metapleura without rows of microtrichia....... ........................................................................................ albipennis sp.n. 11. Fore wing uniformly dark (Fig. 70); postocular setal pair III longer than posterior ocellus (Fig. 69); antennal segments III–IV pale (Fig. 72)................................................................................... spinosus -. Fore wing with a sub-basal pale area; postocular setal pair III not longer than posterior ocellus; antennal segments III–IV color different, IV slightly shaded............................................................................ 12 12. Abdominal sternites III–VII without discal setae (Fig. 79); ocellar setae I absent...................... paulistarum sp.n. -. Abdominal sternites III–VII with about 3 pairs of discal setae; ocellar setae I present............................... 13 13. Pronotum smooth, without conspicuous sculpture (Fig. 85); abdominal tergite IX about 1.5 times as long as X (Fig. 82)................................................................................................... varitibia -. Pronotum clearly sculptured; abdominal tergites IX and X subequal in length..................................... 14 14. Antennal segment IV less than 1.5 times as long as wide; pronotum with reticulate sculpture (Fig. 87) sanctaecatharinae sp.n. -. Antennal segment IV more than 1.8 times as long as wide; pronotum closely striate................................ 15 15. Antennal segment III about 2.5 times as long as wide; antennal segment V yellow in basal third (Fig. 90)............ condei -. Antennal segment III more than 2.7 times as long as wide; antennal segment V uniformly brown..................... 16 16. Antennal segment IV extensively brown (Fig. 94); mid and hind tibiae largely brown with base and apical third yellow or only apical third yellow (Fig. 93); abdominal sternites III–VI with discal setae arising in a continuous row across median area................................................................................................... striatus -. Antennal segment III–IV pale with dark apex (Fig. 98); mid and hind tibiae extensively yellow, slightly shaded medially; abdominal sternites III–VI with discal setae present only on lateral thirds................................. brasiliensis 17. Fore wing not white basally; body mostly pale; antennal segment III less than 2.0 times as long as wide............ flavidus -. Fore wing clearly paler sub-basally; body bicolored; antennal segment III 2.5 or more times as long as wide............. 18 18. Body sharply bicolored (Fig. 102), abdominal tergites III–VIII yellow; pronotum brown, without conspicuous reticulation (Fig. 105)....................................................................................... bicolor -. Body extensively yellow (Fig. 108); abdominal tergites III–VI yellow laterally with brown markings medially (Fig. 109); pro- notum yellow, with cross-striate reticulation......................................................... decoratus

Heterothrips sanctaecatharinae sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 83); fore and mid femora largely brown, washed with yellow at tips; hind femur uniformly brown; tibiae yellow but with a small shaded area medially on mid and hind tibiae; tarsi pale; antennal segment I���II and VI���IX uniformly brown, III pale, IV uniformly shaded brown, V brown at apical fourth. Fore wings largely brown but pale sub-basally (Fig. 83). Head wider than long, with no long setae; ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III close to anterior margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. 86). Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III subdivided into three parts (Fig. 88); IV entire and unusually short, about 1.4 times as long as wide, both segments with one row of small sensorial pores. Pronotum with few and widely separated lines of sculpture, with about 20 discal setae (Fig. 87); mesonotum reticulatestriate; metanotum with concentric sculpture lines medially, covered with microtrichia and not forming a triangle (Fig. 84). Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous brown setae. Abdominal tergites I���VIII with several lateral rows of microtrichia, without craspeda but bearing an independent fringe of fine small posteromarginal microtrichia, interrupted medially on II���V. Sternites II���VI posterior margins with well developed and entire craspeda bearing microtrichia; 5 pairs of posteromarginal setae and discal setae present. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1170 (distended). Head, length 107; width 135. Pronotum, length 112; width 167. Fore wing length 670; median width 37. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 68 and 80, respectively. Antennal segments III���IX length (width), 55 (23), 35 (25), 27 (20), 30 (18), 15 (12), 16 (10), 15 (10). Male winged. Smaller than female; body brown, mid and hind tibiae more extensively brown. Intermediate abdominal sternites without discal setae, pore plates absent. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 920 (distended). Head, length 83; width 130. Pronotum, length 107; width 165. Fore wing length 600; median width 37; Abdominal segments IX + X (including anterior margin of sternite IX) length 110; width 163. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (30 ��04���09���S, 51 ��07��� 12 ���W), 26.x. 2011, on Solanum sanctaecatharinae flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 3 females, 5 males collected with holotype; 1 female, 2 males with similar data but 20.x. 2011; 4 females, 2 males with similar data but 19.x. 2011. Comments. This new species is similar to striatus and brasiliensis in having bicolored fore wings, discal setae on abdominal sternites, and no sternal pore plates in males. However, sanctaecatharinae has an unusually short antennal segment IV and pronotum bears reticulate sculpture, rather than striate. The mesonotum is also not so closely striate, and the metanotal sculpture does not form a triangle. The adults are common inside flowers of S. sanctaecatharinae, beneath the large yellow stamens., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips marginatus Hood, 1954 This species is remarkable in having a well-developed craspedum on abdominal tergites II���VIII. The posterior margins of the craspedum have a row of small microtrichia (Fig. 45). The fore wing are uniformly dark (Fig. 41), and abdominal sternites lack of discal setae. Males have small transverse pore plates on abdominal sternites III��� VIII. This species is also recorded from La Pampa, Argentina by De Santis (1959). Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Par��, Bel��m, 24.vii. 1951, on Andropogon sp. (J.D. Hood) (USNM). Paratypes: 2 females, 1 male, collected with holotype (USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 195 - 214.","De Santis, L. (1959) Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Tisanopteros II. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 17, 87 - 93."]}

Heterothrips varitibia Moulton, 1932 This poorly studied species is known only from few specimens collected in S��o Paulo (Fig. 82). The pronotal sculpture is weak (Fig. 85), and abdominal tergite IX is remarkably longer than X (Fig. 82). Males are similar to females in coloration and lack pore plates on abdominal sternites. Material examined. Paratypes: 1 female, 4 males, Brazil, S��o Paulo, viii. 1929, on ���jurubeba��� (herbaceous Solanaceae) (J.P. da Fonseca) (CAS and USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on pages 20-21, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484."]}

Heterothrips flavidus Hood, 1954 Known only from two females, this species is unusual in having the body extensively pale but the fore wings uniformly brown. The antenna is relatively short (Fig. 101), and the pronotum is moderately closely striate with pale lines. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teut��nia, 26.vi. 1949, on unidentified vegetation (F. Plaumann) (USNM). Paratype female collected with holotype (USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 195 - 214."]}

Seven new species of Heterothrips are described from Brazil, and a key presented to the 20 species now known from thiscountry. Heterothrips semiflavus De Santis is synonymized with H. bicolor Hood. The new species are illustrated and notes on their biology included.

Heterothrips striatus Moulton, 1932 This dark brown species (Fig. 93) has the antennae and mid & hind tibiae extensively dark, and the mesonotum closely striate (Fig. 95). It is similar to brasiliensis in having antennal segment III relatively long (Fig. 94) and sternal discal setae on abdomen. The males lack sternal pore plates and are similar to females in coloration. Material examined. Paratypes: 3 females, 5 males, Brazil, Esp��rito Santo, Santa Theresa, 9.xi. 1928 (O. Conde) (CAS and USNM); Rio Grande do Sul, 30.x. 2011, 30 females, 15 males on Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Myrtaceae) (A. Cavalleri); 7 females with similar data but on Stachytarpheta cayennensis flowers (Verbenaceae)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484."]}

Heterothrips pedicellatus sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 11); femora brown; tibiae brown with pale apex; tarsi pale; antennal segments I– II and IV–IX brown, III pale (Fig. 16); fore wing brown with a pale band near the base (Fig. 20). Head wider than long, with no long setae; ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III arising on anterior margin of ocellar triangle (Fig. 13); interantennal projection with widely separated arms. Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III long with an elongate pedicel and two constrictions, one at the union between the pedicel and segment, the other near the base of segment; segment IV entire and shorter than III (Figs 15–16), both with two rows of sensorial pores. Pronotum reticulate-striate with no long setae (Fig. 14); mesonotum reticulate-striate; metanotum with concentric sculpture around basal midpoint, covered with microtrichia (Fig. 12). Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous brown setae (Fig. 20). Abdominal tergites I–VII with sparse microtrichia on lateral thirds and posterior margin with craspedal lobes laterally, each rectangular lobe bearing a fringe of fine, irregular microtrichia (Figs 17, 19). Tergites II–V posterior margin with few microtrichia medially, VI–VII with a complete feinge of microtrichial medially, with no gap between this and the lobes. Tergite VIII with continuous posteromarginal microtrichia. Sternites II–VI posterior margins with well-developed craspedal lobes bearing microtrichia (Fig. 18) and with 7 pairs of posteromarginal setae; few discal setae present. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1430 (distended). Head, length 120; width 165. Pronotum, length 137; width 210. Fore wing length 730; median width 43. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 72 and 82, respectively. Antennal segments III–IX length (width), 83 (30), 47 (27), 22 (17), 27 (15), 15 (12), 15 (10), 21 (8). Male winged. Similar to female in coloration but smaller; abdominal tergites II–VI with craspedum interrupted medially, with long and fine teeth; lateral thirds of tergites I–VIII covered with numerous irregular rows of microtrichia. Intermediate abdominal sternites without discal setae, sternites III–VIII with large transverse pore plates. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 1030 (distended). Head, length 100; width 155. Pronotum, length 137; width 220. Fore wing length 600; median width 37; Abdominal segments IX + X length 107; width 132. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, São Paulo, Mogi-Guaçu, 30.ix. 2011, on Diplopterys pubipetala flowers (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 11 females, 3 males collected with holotype; Bahia, Ibicoara, iv. 2002, 1 female on “native plants” (O. Feiler); São Paulo, Campinas, 26.III. 2010, 3 females on Niedenzuella glabra flowers (A. Cavalleri). Comments. This new species has been collected with paulistarum from two species of Malpighiaceae. The elongated pedicel on antennal segment III is similar to that found in prosopidis, but the segment is much wider at the apex than the base, unlike in prosopidis. The abdominal tergites have similar lateral craspedal lobes, but the microtrichia are smaller in pedicellatus than in prosopidis. The general coloration is similar in these two species, as well as the form of the terminal abdominal segment. The metanotal sculpture of pedicellatus is similar to that found in flavicornis with a central triangular area, although they feature different reticulation patterns. Like the other Brazilian species obscurus, pedicellatus presents lateral craspedal lobes on the posterior margins of the abdominal tergites, although these two species differ in the antennal coloration and the length of antennal segment III pedicel (which is remarkably longer in pedicellatus). Moreover, the microtrichia on abdominal craspedum are slightly smaller in pedicellatus than in obscurus.

Heterothrips obscurus sp. n. Female winged. Body brown (Fig. 29); femora brown; fore tibia largely pale, slightly washed with brown basally, mid and hind tibia brown at base but pale apically; tarsi pale; antennal segment I���II and V���IX brown, III pale, IV brown at apical third (Fig. 38); fore wing brown with a large pale band near the base (Fig. 29). Head wider than long, with no long setae (Fig. 34); ocellar region with three pairs of setae, pair III at anterior margin of ocellar triangle; interantennal projection with widely separated arms (Fig. 35). Antennae 9 -segmented, segment III apparently divided into three parts, IV entire and shorter than segment III (Figs 37���38). Both segments with one unaligned row of conspicuous sensorial pores dorsally; segment IX unusually long and narrow basally (Figs 38). Pronotum reticulate-striate with no long setae (Fig. 36); mesonotum reticulate-striate, with sculpture lines not closely spaced medially; metanotum with sculpture forming concentric lines medially, covered with microtrichia and almost forming a triangle (Fig. 30). Fore wing with two rows of conspicuous brown setae. Abdominal tergites I���VII with fine and sparse microtrichia laterally, posterolateral margins with irregular craspedal lobes each bearing short and pointed teeth; II���V with few marginal microtrichia medially (Fig. 31); VI���VII with complete fringe of microtrichia medially; VIII with complete posteromarginal comb (Fig. 32). Sternites with 6 pairs of posteromarginal setae, I���VII without discal setae (Fig. 33). Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1110 (distended). Head, length 71; width 131. Pronotum, length 204; width 169. Fore wing length 570; median width 32. Abdominal tergites IX and X length 77, 72. Antennal segments I���IX length (width), 20 (30), 35 (25), 68 (27), 45 (25), 23 (15), 23 (12), 15 (10), 15 (7), 23 (5). Male winged. Smaller but similar in coloration (Fig. 39); abdominal segments II���VI with craspedum interrupted medially, with long and fine teeth; lateral thirds of I���VIII covered with numerous and irregular rows of microtrichia; intermediate abdominal sternites without discal setae, III���VIII with large transverse pore plates. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 900 (distended). Head, length 88; width 127. Pronotum, length 120; width 180. Fore wing length 510; median width 28; Abdominal segments IX + X length 117; width 90. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, S��o Paulo, Campinas, Sincontron, (22 �� 48 ��� 10 ���S, 47 ��03��� 14 ���W), 18.iii. 2010, on Byrsonima intermedia flowers (Malpighiaceae) (A. Cavalleri). Paratypes: 1 female, 1 male, collected with holotype. Comments. Despite the short pedicel on antennal segment III and the absence of discal setae on the abdominal sternites, this species is very similar to pedicellatus. The unusual shape of the interantennal projection and the medially interrupted craspedum on abdominal tergites reinforces the relationship between these two taxa., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411

Heterothrips peixotoa Del-Claro, Marullo & Mound, 1997 This species is unusual in having largely pale fore wings (Fig. 58), with a small but distinctive brown area at the extreme apex (Fig. 55). The head lacks ocellar setae pair I (Fig. 56) and the abdominal tergites are covered with fine microtrichia laterally and bear a fringe of independent long microtrichia posteriorly. The males have large transverse pore plates on abdominal sternites VII���VIII. This species is found commonly on several Malpighiaceae species, and is widespread in the Brazilian savannah. Material examined. Paratype female, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Uberl��ndia, 14.vii. 1995, on Peixotoa tomentosa flowers (K. Del-Claro); Bahia, Ibicoara, iv. 2002, 8 females, 11 males on ���native plants��� (O. Feiler); S��o Paulo, Mogi-Gua��u, 25.ix. 2007, 1 female, 1 male on Peixotoa flowers (A. Cavalleri); 2 females with similar data but 14.v. 2010; Mogi-Gua��u, 1.vi. 2010, 1 female on Banisteriopsis flowers; same locality, 22.ix. 2007, 1 female on Cochlospermum regium flowers; same locality, 30.ix. 2011, 5 females on Diplopterys pubipetala flower., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Del Claro, K., Marullo, R. & Mound, L. A. (1997) A new Brazilian species of Heterothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera), coexisting with ants in the flowers of Peixotoa tomentosa (Malpighiaceae). Journal of Natural History, 31, 1307 - 1312."]}

Heterothrips angusticeps Hood, 1954 This species is remarkable in having the pale basal half of antennal segment III subdivided into several parts (Fig. 53). The sensoria on antennal segments III���IV consist of a single row of pores, and the fore wings are pale basally. The male is similar to the female in color, but abdominal sternites VII���VIII have transverse pore plates (Fig. 54). No information about the host plant is available, neither in the original description nor on the slide labels of the specimens studied. Material examined. Holotype female, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Nova Teut��nia, 17-18.xi. 1949, (F. Plaumann) (USNM). Paratypes: 4 females, 1 male, collected with holotype (USNM)., Published as part of Pereyra, Veronica & Cavalleri, Adriano, 2012, The genus Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) in Brazil, with an identification key and seven new species, pp. 1-23 in Zootaxa 3237 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280411, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1954) Brasilian Thysanoptera V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 67, 195 - 214."]}

Key of species of Heterothrips from Argentina [Excluding H. pastranai because no material was available] 1. Posterior margin of abdominal tergites with microtrichia arising from craspeda (Figs 24���25).................................. 2 -. Posterior margin of abdominal tergites with independent microtrichia, without craspeda (Figs 4, 8, 9, 15, 19, 20)... 3 2. Craspedum entire across tergites, margin not lobed (Fig. 24)..................................................................... marginatus -. Craspedum with short discontinuous lobes, bearing microtrichia (Fig. 25)..................................................... moestus 3. Sternites with stout discal setae (Fig. 27); antennal segments III and IV with broad sensorial band, apparently with three rows of pores (Fig. 28)................................................................................................................................. c acti -. Sternites without discal setae (Fig. 26); antennal segments III and IV with narrow sensorial band, apparently with only one or two rows of small pores (Figs 29���30)...................................................................................................... 4 4. Antennal segments III and IV apparently with double row of sensorial pores (Fig. 29); males yellow to light brown ............................................................................................................................................................... myrceugenellae -. Antennal segments III and IV apparently with one row of sensorial pores (Fig. 30); males often as brown as female..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Mid and hind tibiae yellowish, paler than femora; basal quarter of forewing with a clear band in contrast to the brown of rest of wing (Fig. 37) ......................................................................................................................? flavitibia -. Mid and hind tibiae as dark brown as femor............................................................................................................... 6 6. Forewing greyish brown with diffuse pale area in basal 2 / 5 (Fig. 31); tergites II���V with microtrichia at middle of posterior margin (Fig. 8), tergites IX and X sub-equal in length (Fig 11���12); males with pore plates on sternites III��� VIII (Fig. 6).............................................................................................................................................. pilarae sp.n. -. Forewing uniformly brown except a subasal small white fleck (Fig. 32); tergites II���V without microtrichia at middle of posterior margin (Figs 19���20); tergite X much shorter than tergite IX (Figs 22���23); males with pore plates only on sternites VI���VIII (Fig. 17)......................................................................................................................... stellae sp.n., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145

Heterothrips stellae sp. n. Female macropterous (Fig. 35): Color: Body uniformly brown, fore tibiae and all tarsi yellowish, antennal segment I and II and V–IX brown, III yellowish brown and IV light brown (Fig. 14); forewing brown with small sub-basal white fleck (Fig. 32). FIGURES 18–23. H. stellae: 18 Sternite V; 19 Tergite V; 20 Tergite VI; 21 Tergite VIII; 22 Tergite IX; 23 Tergite X. Structure: Head (Fig. 13) wider than long and broader at base, with three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arising between the lines that connect fore and hind ocelli; with six pairs of equidistant postocular setae. Antennal segment III 4 -partite with short pedicel, sensorial band on III and IV apparently with one row of pores. Pronotum with transverse sculpture lines, about 30 discal setae and two pairs of rather prominent posteroangular setae. Mesonotum with transverse lines, one pair of more developed setae at posterior third of sclerite. Metanotum with concentric lines bearing many microtrichia on posterior third, with two pairs of setae, external pair at anterior margin inner pair at posterior margin, campaniform sensilla present. Tergites (Figs 15, 16, 19–23) II–VII with one pair of well developed setae medially, with microtrichia at middle but more abundant on lateral thirds, with several discal setae. Tergites I–VIII with posteromarginal comb of microtrichia, complete medially only on tergites VII–VIII; tergites VIII–X with discal microtrichia. Sternites (Fig. 18) with weak reticulation bearing microtrichia, I with minute setae at anterior ridge, II–VI with microtrichia on posterior margin, VII with few short microtrichia on posterior margin. Pleurites II–VII with posteromaginal microtrichia. Measurements in microns Holotype female: Length 1500. Head length (width) 90 (159). Pronotum length (width) 117 (234). Forewing length 770. Tergite lengths, IX 98, X 61. Antennal segments I–IX length (width), 24 (27), 37 (24), 61 (22), 44 (22), 34 (20), 34 (18), 22 (12), 15 (12), 12 (7). Male macropterous (Fig. 36): Similar to female in colour and structure, but smaller and more slender. Sternites VI–VIII with irregular pore plate medially on anterior third (Fig. 17). Measurements in microns Paratype male: Length 1160. Head length (width) 122 (144). Forewing length 690. Sternite VIII pore plate width 59. Material examined. Female holotype, ARGENTINA, Gustavo André, Mendoza (S 32 37.766 W 68 20.200), 5.xi. 2009, on flowers of Prosopis alpataco (Fabaceae), collected by de Borbón, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata. Paratypes, collected with holotype ARGENTINA, Gustavo André, Mendoza, on flowers of Prosopis alpataco, collected by de Borbón, 5.xi. 2009 (S 32 34.303 W 68 14.648), 44 females and 2 males. A second series collected 10,8 km distant from the first series (S 32 37.766 W 68 20.200), 16 females and 2 males in Museo de La Plata and Laboratorio de Fitovirología EEA Mendoza INTA. Comments. H. stellae differs from the other species of Group I, that is, the species without craspeda on the posterior margin of the abdominal tergites, because it has tergite X much shorter than tergite IX. Despite this, it is similar in several characters to H. spinosus Moulton, H. pithecolobiumaffinis Johansen and H. auracaniae Berzosa & Maroto. In contrast to H. prosopidis Crawford that also occurs on Prosopis (Hoddle et al., 2008), stellae does not have tergal craspeda.

Heterothrips flavitibia Moulton 1932 Described from Brazil, this species was recorded from Argentina by De Santis (1963). Re-examination of these Argentinean specimens indicated that although they share many characters with flavitibia they differ in the colour of antennal segments I���V. According to the original description of flavitibia these segments should be clear, but in the specimens identified as flavitibia by De Santis only segment III is clear. Although, colour might vary between samples of the same species, it seems more likely that the De Santis specimens belong to an undescribed species. Considering that there is no host information and insufficient material for an appropriate description of this species, it is included in the key above as? flavitibia. Material examined. ARGENTINA, Cuesta de Chancani, C��rdoba to 1000 m, 8.xi. 1961, 1 female collected by Mallo, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, identified by De Santis., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1932) The Thysanoptera of South America I. Revista de Entomologia, 2, 451 - 484.","De Santis, L. (1963) Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Tisanopteros III. Notas de Comision de Investigacion Cientifica, Provincia de Buenos Aires, 1 (6), 1 - 14."]}

Heterothrips stellae sp. n. Female macropterous (Fig. 35): Color: Body uniformly brown, fore tibiae and all tarsi yellowish, antennal segment I and II and V���IX brown, III yellowish brown and IV light brown (Fig. 14); forewing brown with small sub-basal white fleck (Fig. 32). FIGURES 18���23. H. stellae: 18 Sternite V; 19 Tergite V; 20 Tergite VI; 21 Tergite VIII; 22 Tergite IX; 23 Tergite X. Structure: Head (Fig. 13) wider than long and broader at base, with three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arising between the lines that connect fore and hind ocelli; with six pairs of equidistant postocular setae. Antennal segment III 4 -partite with short pedicel, sensorial band on III and IV apparently with one row of pores. Pronotum with transverse sculpture lines, about 30 discal setae and two pairs of rather prominent posteroangular setae. Mesonotum with transverse lines, one pair of more developed setae at posterior third of sclerite. Metanotum with concentric lines bearing many microtrichia on posterior third, with two pairs of setae, external pair at anterior margin inner pair at posterior margin, campaniform sensilla present. Tergites (Figs 15, 16, 19���23) II���VII with one pair of well developed setae medially, with microtrichia at middle but more abundant on lateral thirds, with several discal setae. Tergites I���VIII with posteromarginal comb of microtrichia, complete medially only on tergites VII���VIII; tergites VIII���X with discal microtrichia. Sternites (Fig. 18) with weak reticulation bearing microtrichia, I with minute setae at anterior ridge, II���VI with microtrichia on posterior margin, VII with few short microtrichia on posterior margin. Pleurites II���VII with posteromaginal microtrichia. Measurements in microns Holotype female: Length 1500. Head length (width) 90 (159). Pronotum length (width) 117 (234). Forewing length 770. Tergite lengths, IX 98, X 61. Antennal segments I���IX length (width), 24 (27), 37 (24), 61 (22), 44 (22), 34 (20), 34 (18), 22 (12), 15 (12), 12 (7). Male macropterous (Fig. 36): Similar to female in colour and structure, but smaller and more slender. Sternites VI���VIII with irregular pore plate medially on anterior third (Fig. 17). Measurements in microns Paratype male: Length 1160. Head length (width) 122 (144). Forewing length 690. Sternite VIII pore plate width 59. Material examined. Female holotype, ARGENTINA, Gustavo Andr��, Mendoza (S 32 37.766 W 68 20.200), 5.xi. 2009, on flowers of Prosopis alpataco (Fabaceae), collected by de Borb��n, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata. Paratypes, collected with holotype ARGENTINA, Gustavo Andr��, Mendoza, on flowers of Prosopis alpataco, collected by de Borb��n, 5.xi. 2009 (S 32 34.303 W 68 14.648), 44 females and 2 males. A second series collected 10,8 km distant from the first series (S 32 37.766 W 68 20.200), 16 females and 2 males in Museo de La Plata and Laboratorio de Fitovirolog��a EEA Mendoza INTA. Comments. H. stellae differs from the other species of Group I, that is, the species without craspeda on the posterior margin of the abdominal tergites, because it has tergite X much shorter than tergite IX. Despite this, it is similar in several characters to H. spinosus Moulton, H. pithecolobiumaffinis Johansen and H. auracaniae Berzosa & Maroto. In contrast to H. prosopidis Crawford that also occurs on Prosopis (Hoddle et al., 2008), stellae does not have tergal craspeda., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on pages 50-56, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["Hoddle, M. S., Mound, L. A & Paris, D. (2008) Thrips of California. University of California. http: // keys. lucidcentral. org / keys / v 3 / thrips _ of _ california / Thrips _ of _ California. html [accessed 2. iii. 2010]"]}

Two new species of Heterothrips are described from Mendoza, Argentina: H. pilarae from flowers of Tricomaria usillo (Malpighiaceae), and H. stellae from Prosopis alpataco (Fabaceae). These species share several morphological characters with H. araucaniae and H. johanseni from Chile. A key is provided to species of Heterothrips from Argentina, with notes on the biology of some species.

Heterothrips myrceugenellae Gallego 1973 Described from Argentina on 11 females and 12 males that were collected from Luma apiculata (= Myrceugenella apiculata) (Myrtaceae), a native plant of the southwest forests of Argentina and Chile. It is similar to clusiae from Surinam, and both species are light brown in colour, with ocellar setae III close together behind the first ocellus. Material examined. ARGENTINA, Bariloche, R��o Negro, on flowers of ���array��n���, ii. 1967, 2 female and 2 male paratypes, collected by Arona, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["Gallego, A. E. (1973) Notas taxonomicas y biologica sobre tisanopteros de la Republica Argentina. Neotropica, 19 (58), 43 - 49."]}

Heterothrips Hood Heterothrips Hood, 1908. Type-species H. arisaemae Hood. The species of this genus have nine antennal segments (Fig. 2), with one or more rows of sensory pores around the apex of segments III and IV (Figs 28���30). In the head, the tentorial bridge is not developed, and the head and thorax bear only short setae (Figs 1, 13). The metanotal sculpture consists of concentric lines bearing microtrichia (Fig 3). Moulton (1942) recognised two groups within the genus: group I with free or independent microtrichia on the posterior margins of the abdominal segments, and group II with these microtrichia arising from lobes, plaques or craspeda. These two groups were also recognised in the key to species by Mound & Marullo (1996)., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction.. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488."]}

Heterothrips pilarae sp. n. Female macropterous (Fig. 33): Color: Body uniformly brown., fore tibiae, apex of fore femur and all tarsi yellowish, antennal segments I and II dark brown, apex of II, segment III and IV yellowish brown, V���IX brown (Fig. 2); forewing shaded greyish brown with basal 2 / 5 clearer (Fig. 31). Structure: Head (Fig. 1) wider than long and broader at base, with three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arising between the lines that connect fore and hind ocelli; with five pairs of postocular setae, three arising near to hind ocelli and two near to cheek. Antennal segment III tripartite with short pedicel; segments III and IV with a sensorial band, apparently a simple row of pores at apex (Fig. 2, 30). Pronotum with transverse sculpture lines and about 34 discal setae (Fig. 1). Mesonotum with transverse lines and with pair of more developed setae placed at posterior third of sclerite (Fig. 3). Metanotum with concentric lines of structure covered with microtrichia, with two pairs of setae, the external pair located at anterior margin and the inner pair at posterior margin, campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 3). Tergites (Figs 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) II���VII with one pair of well developed setae medially, with reticulation at middle zone and more strongly on lateral third, with several discal setae laterally. Tergites II���VIII with microtrichia at posterior margin, forming a complete comb on tergites VI���VIII, the rest of these tergites with microtrichia at middle and laterally on posterior margin; tergites VIII���IX with discal microtrichia. Sternites (Figs 7, 26) with weak reticulation, I with minute setae at anterior ridge, II���VI with spaced setae and microtrichia on posterior margin, VII with few short microtrichia arising at posterior margin. Pleurites II���VII with posteromaginal microtrichia. Some specimens presented anomalies, such as the first tergite with only one seta medially; the comb of microtrichia on tergite VI is variable, sometimes incomplete. Measurements in microns Holotype female: Length 1290. Head length (width) 102 (173). Pronotum length (width) 129 (244). Forewing length 650. Tergite lengths, IX 73, X 73. Antennal segments I���IX length (width) 22 (24), 34 (22), 46 (20), 27 (20), 24 (17), 24 (15), 22 (11), 17 (10), 11 (5). Male macropterous (Fig. 34)): Similar to female in colour and structure, but smaller and more slender. Sternites III���VIII with irregular pore plate at centre of anterior third (Fig. 6). Measurements in microns Paratype male: Length 1050. Head length (width) 90 (146). Forewing length 570. Sternite VIII width of pore plate 34. Material examined. Female holotype, ARGENTINA, El Carrizal, Mendoza (S 33 �� 17 ���; W 68 �� 43 ���), 18.xi. 2007, on flowers of Tricomaria usillo (Malpighiaceae), collected by de Borb��n, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata. Paratypes, 13 females, 2 males collected with holotype, 27 females, 6 males with similar data but 11.xi. 2007; 15 females, 1 male with similar data but 14.xi. 2007, collected by de Borb��n, in Museo de La Plata and Laboratorio de Fitovirolog��a EEA Mendoza INTA. Comments. Using the key by Mound & Marullo (1996), several species can be discounted such as all species with craspeda, lobes or plaques, also several species with different colour of body, antennal segments, legs and wings, also presence of discal setae on sternites, sculpture of pronotum absent, length ratio of antennal segments, antennal segment III partitions, length ratio of abdominal segments IX/X. Using the key, this species runs to H. vitis, with which it has several characters in common. Judging from the original description of H. vitis given by Hood (1916), pilarae differs because it has antennal segment III length/width ratio around 2.3 whereas in vitis this ratio is about 2.8. Also it differs in the presence of microtrichia medially on the posterior ridge of tergites II���V, whereas in vitis microtrichia are present laterally but absent medially on these tergites. Moreover, vitis is found on native Vitis species in the Eastern United States, whereas pilarae occurs on a Malpighiaceae in South America. H. pilarae has the same disposition of tergal marginal microtrichia that is recorded in H. johanseni Berzosa & Maroto, but pilarae has only one row of sensorial pores on antennal segments III���IV, whereas johanseni has two rows. These two species also differ in forewing colour. Another similar species is H. araucaniae Berzosa et Maroto (1999), collected on Quinchamalium chilense (Santalaceae), but tergites II���V of that species have no microtrichia medially on the posterior ridge. Two further species recorded from Malpighiaceae, H. peixotoa Del Claro et al. (1997) and H. nouragnensis Ulitzka (2004), also have a double row of pores on antennal segments III���IV, in contrast to the single row found in pilarae. FIGURES 7���12. H. pilarae: 7 Sternite V; 8 Tergite V; 9 Tergite VI; 10 Tergite VIII; 11 Tergite IX; 12 Tergite X., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on pages 48-50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction.. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488.","Hood, J. D. (1916) A new species of Heterothrips (Thysanoptera) from eastern United States. Entomological News, 27, 106 - 108.","Berzosa, J. & Maroto, J. F. (1999) Dos especies nuevas del genero Hetreothrips Hood, 1908 y nuevos datos de otras especies de Chile (Insecta, Thysanoptera). Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural (Sec. Biol.), 95 (3 - 4), 59 - 67.","Del Claro, K., Marullo, R. & Mound, L. A. (1997) A new Brazilian species of Heterothrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera), coexisting with ants in the flowers of Peixotoa tomentosa (Malpighiaceae). Journal of Natural History, 31, 1307 - 1312.","Ulitzka, M. R. (2004) A new species of Heterothrips Hood, 1908, from French Guyana (Thysanoptera: Heterothripidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 114 (1), 3 - 5."]}

Heterothrips cacti, Hood 1954 Described originally from Argentina, Formosa Province, on an unidentified cactus, this species was subsequently reported from Opuntia sulphurea (Cactaceae) in Mendoza (de Borb��n, 2005). Material examined. ARGENTINA, Potrerillos, Mendoza, 23.ix. 2002, 3 females and 3 males; El Carrizal (S 33 17.194 W 68 43.327), Mendoza, 16 females, 4 males, 21.xi. 2009 on Opuntia sulphurea (de Borb��n), in Laboratorio de virolog��a, EEA, Mendoza., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["de Borbon, C. M. (2005) Los trips del suborden Terebrantia de la Provincia de Mendoza. Ed. Centro Regional Mendoza - San Juan, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 1 - 38."]}

Heterothrips pilarae sp. n. Female macropterous (Fig. 33): Color: Body uniformly brown., fore tibiae, apex of fore femur and all tarsi yellowish, antennal segments I and II dark brown, apex of II, segment III and IV yellowish brown, V–IX brown (Fig. 2); forewing shaded greyish brown with basal 2 / 5 clearer (Fig. 31). Structure: Head (Fig. 1) wider than long and broader at base, with three pairs of ocellar setae, pair III arising between the lines that connect fore and hind ocelli; with five pairs of postocular setae, three arising near to hind ocelli and two near to cheek. Antennal segment III tripartite with short pedicel; segments III and IV with a sensorial band, apparently a simple row of pores at apex (Fig. 2, 30). Pronotum with transverse sculpture lines and about 34 discal setae (Fig. 1). Mesonotum with transverse lines and with pair of more developed setae placed at posterior third of sclerite (Fig. 3). Metanotum with concentric lines of structure covered with microtrichia, with two pairs of setae, the external pair located at anterior margin and the inner pair at posterior margin, campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 3). Tergites (Figs 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12) II–VII with one pair of well developed setae medially, with reticulation at middle zone and more strongly on lateral third, with several discal setae laterally. Tergites II–VIII with microtrichia at posterior margin, forming a complete comb on tergites VI–VIII, the rest of these tergites with microtrichia at middle and laterally on posterior margin; tergites VIII–IX with discal microtrichia. Sternites (Figs 7, 26) with weak reticulation, I with minute setae at anterior ridge, II–VI with spaced setae and microtrichia on posterior margin, VII with few short microtrichia arising at posterior margin. Pleurites II–VII with posteromaginal microtrichia. Some specimens presented anomalies, such as the first tergite with only one seta medially; the comb of microtrichia on tergite VI is variable, sometimes incomplete. Measurements in microns Holotype female: Length 1290. Head length (width) 102 (173). Pronotum length (width) 129 (244). Forewing length 650. Tergite lengths, IX 73, X 73. Antennal segments I–IX length (width) 22 (24), 34 (22), 46 (20), 27 (20), 24 (17), 24 (15), 22 (11), 17 (10), 11 (5). Male macropterous (Fig. 34)): Similar to female in colour and structure, but smaller and more slender. Sternites III–VIII with irregular pore plate at centre of anterior third (Fig. 6). Measurements in microns Paratype male: Length 1050. Head length (width) 90 (146). Forewing length 570. Sternite VIII width of pore plate 34. Material examined. Female holotype, ARGENTINA, El Carrizal, Mendoza (S 33 ° 17 ’; W 68 ° 43 ’), 18.xi. 2007, on flowers of Tricomaria usillo (Malpighiaceae), collected by de Borbón, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata. Paratypes, 13 females, 2 males collected with holotype, 27 females, 6 males with similar data but 11.xi. 2007; 15 females, 1 male with similar data but 14.xi. 2007, collected by de Borbón, in Museo de La Plata and Laboratorio de Fitovirología EEA Mendoza INTA. Comments. Using the key by Mound & Marullo (1996), several species can be discounted such as all species with craspeda, lobes or plaques, also several species with different colour of body, antennal segments, legs and wings, also presence of discal setae on sternites, sculpture of pronotum absent, length ratio of antennal segments, antennal segment III partitions, length ratio of abdominal segments IX/X. Using the key, this species runs to H. vitis, with which it has several characters in common. Judging from the original description of H. vitis given by Hood (1916), pilarae differs because it has antennal segment III length/width ratio around 2.3 whereas in vitis this ratio is about 2.8. Also it differs in the presence of microtrichia medially on the posterior ridge of tergites II–V, whereas in vitis microtrichia are present laterally but absent medially on these tergites. Moreover, vitis is found on native Vitis species in the Eastern United States, whereas pilarae occurs on a Malpighiaceae in South America. H. pilarae has the same disposition of tergal marginal microtrichia that is recorded in H. johanseni Berzosa & Maroto, but pilarae has only one row of sensorial pores on antennal segments III–IV, whereas johanseni has two rows. These two species also differ in forewing colour. Another similar species is H. araucaniae Berzosa et Maroto (1999), collected on Quinchamalium chilense (Santalaceae), but tergites II–V of that species have no microtrichia medially on the posterior ridge. Two further species recorded from Malpighiaceae, H. peixotoa Del Claro et al. (1997) and H. nouragnensis Ulitzka (2004), also have a double row of pores on antennal segments III–IV, in contrast to the single row found in pilarae. FIGURES 7–12. H. pilarae: 7 Sternite V; 8 Tergite V; 9 Tergite VI; 10 Tergite VIII; 11 Tergite IX; 12 Tergite X.

Heterothrips marginatus Hood 1954 Described from Brazil, this species was recorded form Argentina by De Santis (1959). This species is characterized for the presence of a continuous tergal craspedum that bears microtrichia. Material examined. ARGENTINA, Valle de Tigre, La Pampa 1.ii. 1958, 1 female, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, identified by De Santis, Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145, {"references":["De Santis, L. (1959) Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Tisanopteros II. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 17, 87 - 93."]}

Heterothrips moestus De Santis 1966 Described from Argentina on five females and one male collected on an unidentified host, this species was distinguished from quercicola and vernus on forewing colour. Other relevant characters are the small craspedal lobes compared with the length of the microtrichia they bear. Material examined. ARGENTINA, Gualeyguaych��, Entre R��os, 23.ii. 1962, 1 female and 1 male paratypes, collected by Iriart, in Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata., Published as part of Borb��n, Carlos Manuel De, 2010, The Heterothrips species of Argentina, with two new species and biological notes (Thysanoptera, Heterothripidae), pp. 45-56 in Zootaxa 2562 on page 47, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.197145

Since the genus Heterothrips was erected by Hood in 1908 over forty species have been described. Of the presently recorded species about half are North American. In this review we are concerned only with those forms in North America including Mexico.

The thrips described herein was submitted to me by Professor Branca of the Geologisch-Palaeontologisches Museum, Berlin, and is one of a small collection of three examples in Baltic Amber. The genus is curious on account of the abnormal tube-like development of the tenth abdominal segment, which, however, is open ventrally for its entire length. In the form of the antennæ, so far as can be ascertained from the single example and the structure of the wings, Stenurothrips would seem to show affinity with the Neotropical genus Heterothrips, and for the present I regard the genus as falling in the Heterothripidæ.