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1. Observation of disorder-free localization and efficient disorder averaging on a quantum processor

Author

Gyawali, Gaurav, Cochran, Tyler, Lensky, Yuri, Rosenberg, Eliott, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Berndtsson, Julia, Westerhout, Tom, Asfaw, Abraham, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Beni, Laleh Aghababaie, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Das, Sayan, Debroy, Dripto M., De Lorenzo, Laura, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Gasca, Robert, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Hill, Gordon, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Kobrin, Bryce, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Maloney, Ashley, Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Steven, Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Oliver, William D., Ottosson, Kristoffer, Pizzuto, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smith, W. Clarke, Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Suchard, Jordan, Szalay, Marco, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifré, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Boixo, Sergio, Kelly, Julian, Lucero, Erik, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Neven, Hartmut, Kovrizhin, Dmitry, Knolle, Johannes, Halimeh, Jad C., Aleiner, Igor, Moessner, Roderich, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

One of the most challenging problems in the computational study of localization in quantum manybody systems is to capture the effects of rare events, which requires sampling over exponentially many disorder realizations. We implement an efficient procedure on a quantum processor, leveraging quantum parallelism, to efficiently sample over all disorder realizations. We observe localization without disorder in quantum many-body dynamics in one and two dimensions: perturbations do not diffuse even though both the generator of evolution and the initial states are fully translationally invariant. The disorder strength as well as its density can be readily tuned using the initial state. Furthermore, we demonstrate the versatility of our platform by measuring Renyi entropies. Our method could also be extended to higher moments of the physical observables and disorder learning.

Published
2024

2. Visualizing Dynamics of Charges and Strings in (2+1)D Lattice Gauge Theories

Author

Cochran, Tyler A., Jobst, Bernhard, Rosenberg, Eliott, Lensky, Yuri D., Gyawali, Gaurav, Eassa, Norhan, Will, Melissa, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Beni, Laleh Aghababaie, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Das, Sayan, Demura, Sean, De Lorenzo, Laura, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Gasca, Robert, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Higgott, Oscar, Hilton, Jeremy, Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Kobrin, Bryce, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Lau, Kim-Ming, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Guevel, Loïck Le, Li, Wing Yan, Lill, Alexander T., Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Maloney, Ashley, Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Miao, Kevin C., Molavi, Reza, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Movassagh, Ramis, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Oliver, William D., Ottosson, Kristoffer, Pizzuto, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Quintana, Chris, Ramachandran, Ganesh, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Small, Spencer, Smith, W. Clarke, Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Suchard, Jordan, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vargas, Justin, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifre, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., Ware, Brayden, White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobris, Nicholas, Boixo, Sergio, Kelly, Julian, Lucero, Erik, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Neven, Hartmut, Gammon-Smith, Adam, Pollmann, Frank, Knap, Michael, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

Lattice gauge theories (LGTs) can be employed to understand a wide range of phenomena, from elementary particle scattering in high-energy physics to effective descriptions of many-body interactions in materials. Studying dynamical properties of emergent phases can be challenging as it requires solving many-body problems that are generally beyond perturbative limits. We investigate the dynamics of local excitations in a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ LGT using a two-dimensional lattice of superconducting qubits. We first construct a simple variational circuit which prepares low-energy states that have a large overlap with the ground state; then we create particles with local gates and simulate their quantum dynamics via a discretized time evolution. As the effective magnetic field is increased, our measurements show signatures of transitioning from deconfined to confined dynamics. For confined excitations, the magnetic field induces a tension in the string connecting them. Our method allows us to experimentally image string dynamics in a (2+1)D LGT from which we uncover two distinct regimes inside the confining phase: for weak confinement the string fluctuates strongly in the transverse direction, while for strong confinement transverse fluctuations are effectively frozen. In addition, we demonstrate a resonance condition at which dynamical string breaking is facilitated. Our LGT implementation on a quantum processor presents a novel set of techniques for investigating emergent particle and string dynamics.

Published
2024

3. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold

Author

Acharya, Rajeev, Aghababaie-Beni, Laleh, Aleiner, Igor, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bausch, Johannes, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Blackwell, Sam, Boixo, Sergio, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Das, Sayan, Davies, Alex, De Lorenzo, Laura, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Devoret, Michel, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Edlich, Thomas, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Garcia, Gonzalo, Gasca, Robert, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hall, John, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heras, Francisco J. H., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Higgott, Oscar, Hill, Gordon, Hilton, Jeremy, Holland, George, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Kobrin, Bryce, Kohli, Pushmeet, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kothari, Robin, Kozlovskii, Borislav, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Lacroix, Nathan, Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Kenny, Lensky, Yuri D., Leon, Shannon, Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Li, Yin, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Malone, Fionn D., Maloney, Ashley, Mandrá, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Steven, Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molavi, Reza, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, O'Brien, Thomas E., Oliver, William D., Opremcak, Alex, Ottosson, Kristoffer, Petukhov, Andre, Pizzuto, Alex, Platt, John, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Ramachandran, Ganesh, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rosenberg, Eliott, Rosenfeld, Emma, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Senior, Andrew W., Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Singh, Shraddha, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando D., Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Suchard, Jordan, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vargas, Justin, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., Ware, Brayden, Weber, Kate, White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, and Zobrist, Nicholas

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of $\Lambda$ = 2.14 $\pm$ 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% $\pm$ 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit's lifetime by a factor of 2.4 $\pm$ 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 $\mu$s at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 $\mu$s. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 $\times$ 10$^9$ cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary Information

Published
2024

4. Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator

Author

Andersen, Trond I., Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Karamlou, Amir H., Berndtsson, Julia, Motruk, Johannes, Szasz, Aaron, Gross, Jonathan A., Schuckert, Alexander, Westerhout, Tom, Zhang, Yaxing, Forati, Ebrahim, Rossi, Dario, Kobrin, Bryce, Di Paolo, Agustin, Klots, Andrey R., Drozdov, Ilya, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Petukhov, Andre, Ioffe, Lev B., Elben, Andreas, Rath, Aniket, Vitale, Vittorio, Vermersch, Benoit, Acharya, Rajeev, Beni, Laleh Aghababaie, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Das, Sayan, Debroy, Dripto M., De Lorenzo, Laura, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Donohoe, Paul, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Gasca, Robert, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Hill, Gordon, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Maloney, Ashley, Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Orion, Martin, Steven, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Oliver, William D., Ottosson, Kristoffer, Pizzuto, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rocque, Charles, Rosenberg, Eliott, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smith, W. Clarke, Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Suchard, Jordan, Szalay, Marco, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vdovichev, Sergey, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Babbush, Ryan, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Vidal, Guifre, Roushan, Pedram, Lauchli, Andreas M., Abanin, Dmitry A., and Mi, Xiao

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics.

Published
2024

5. Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain

Author

Rosenberg, Eliott, Andersen, Trond, Samajdar, Rhine, Petukhov, Andre, Hoke, Jesse, Abanin, Dmitry, Bengtsson, Andreas, Drozdov, Ilya, Erickson, Catherine, Klimov, Paul, Mi, Xiao, Morvan, Alexis, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Acharya, Rajeev, Allen, Richard, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph, Bilmes, A., Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David, Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Chik, Desmond, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander, Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Agustin, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Farhi, E., Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius, Flores, Leslie, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan, Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael, Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew, Harrington, Sean, Heu, Paula, Hill, Gordon, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William, Ioffe, Lev, Isakov, Sergei, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, D., Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klots, Andrey, Korotkov, Alexander, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenneth, Lensky, Yuri, Lester, Brian, Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, A., Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Orion, Martin, Steven, McClean, Jarrod, McEwen, Matthew, Meeks, Seneca, Miao, Kevin, Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, M., O'Brien, Thomas, Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid, Quintana, Chris, Rhodes, David, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, N., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin, Schurkus, Henry, Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael, Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, Clarke, Somma, Rolando, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan, Xing, Cheng, Yao, Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Khemani, Vedika, Gopalakrishnan, Sarang, Prosen, Tomaž, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the 1D Heisenberg model were conjectured to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we study the probability distribution, $P(\mathcal{M})$, of the magnetization transferred across the chain's center. The first two moments of $P(\mathcal{M})$ show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments rule out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide key insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.

Published
2023
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6. Measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author

Hoke, Jesse C., Ippoliti, Matteo, Rosenberg, Eliott, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Augustin, Drozdov, Ilya K., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny W., Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun H., Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Tom E., Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vlad, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando D., Sterling, George, Strain, Douglas, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Ted, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie., Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Harmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Mi, Xiao, Khemani, Vedika, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. On present-day NISQ processors, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping, to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases -- from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation -- in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.

Published
2023
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7. Overcoming leakage in scalable quantum error correction

Author

Miao, Kevin C., McEwen, Matt, Atalaya, Juan, Kafri, Dvir, Pryadko, Leonid P., Bengtsson, Andreas, Opremcak, Alex, Satzinger, Kevin J., Chen, Zijun, Klimov, Paul V., Quintana, Chris, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Petukhov, Andre, Korotkov, Alexander N., Sank, Daniel, and Chen, Yu

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

Leakage of quantum information out of computational states into higher energy states represents a major challenge in the pursuit of quantum error correction (QEC). In a QEC circuit, leakage builds over time and spreads through multi-qubit interactions. This leads to correlated errors that degrade the exponential suppression of logical error with scale, challenging the feasibility of QEC as a path towards fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here, we demonstrate the execution of a distance-3 surface code and distance-21 bit-flip code on a Sycamore quantum processor where leakage is removed from all qubits in each cycle. This shortens the lifetime of leakage and curtails its ability to spread and induce correlated errors. We report a ten-fold reduction in steady-state leakage population on the data qubits encoding the logical state and an average leakage population of less than $1 \times 10^{-3}$ throughout the entire device. The leakage removal process itself efficiently returns leakage population back to the computational basis, and adding it to a code circuit prevents leakage from inducing correlated error across cycles, restoring a fundamental assumption of QEC. With this demonstration that leakage can be contained, we resolve a key challenge for practical QEC at scale., Comment: Main text: 7 pages, 5 figures

Published
2022
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8. Surpassing the Standard Quantum Limit using an Optical Spring

Author

Cullen, Torrey, Aronson, Scott, Pagano, Ron, Cripe, Jonathan, Sharifi, Safura, Lollie, Michelle, Cain, Henry, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D, Aggarwal, Nancy, and Corbitt, Thomas

Subjects
Quantum Physics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

Quantum mechanics places noise limits and sensitivity restrictions on physical measurements. The balance between unwanted backaction and the precision of optical measurements impose a standard quantum limit (SQL) on interferometric systems. In order to realize a sensitivity below the SQL, it is necessary to leverage a back-action evading measurement technique, or else exploit cancellations of any excess noise contributions at the detector. %Many proof of principle experiments have been performed, but only recently has an experiment achieved sensitivity below the SQL. In this work, we extend that initial demonstration and realize sub-SQL measurement sensitivity nearly two times better than previous measurements, and with architecture applicable to interferometric gravitational wave detectors. In fact, this technique is directly applicable to Advanced LIGO, which could observe similar effects with a detuned signal recycling cavity. By exploiting quantum correlations created by an optical spring, we measure a total sensitivity below the SQL by $\textbf{2.8}$ dB, corresponding to a reduction in the noise power by $\textbf{72}\pm\textbf{5.1}$ \% below the quantum limit. Through the use of a detuned optical spring, this noise reduction is tunable, allowing us to choose the desired range of frequencies that fall below the SQL. This result demonstrates access to sensitivities well below the SQL at frequencies ranges applicable to LIGO, with the potential to extend the reach of gravitational wave detectors further into the universe., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

Published
2022

9. Non-Abelian braiding of graph vertices in a superconducting processor

Author

Andersen, Trond I., Lensky, Yuri D., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Drozdov, Ilya, Bengtsson, Andreas, Hong, Sabrina, Morvan, Alexis, Mi, Xiao, Opremcak, Alex, Acharya, Rajeev, Allen, Richard, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Malone, Fionn D., Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mount, Emily, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Omonije, Seun, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Kim, Eun-Ah, Aleiner, Igor, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract

Indistinguishability of particles is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. For all elementary and quasiparticles observed to date - including fermions, bosons, and Abelian anyons - this principle guarantees that the braiding of identical particles leaves the system unchanged. However, in two spatial dimensions, an intriguing possibility exists: braiding of non-Abelian anyons causes rotations in a space of topologically degenerate wavefunctions. Hence, it can change the observables of the system without violating the principle of indistinguishability. Despite the well developed mathematical description of non-Abelian anyons and numerous theoretical proposals, the experimental observation of their exchange statistics has remained elusive for decades. Controllable many-body quantum states generated on quantum processors offer another path for exploring these fundamental phenomena. While efforts on conventional solid-state platforms typically involve Hamiltonian dynamics of quasi-particles, superconducting quantum processors allow for directly manipulating the many-body wavefunction via unitary gates. Building on predictions that stabilizer codes can host projective non-Abelian Ising anyons, we implement a generalized stabilizer code and unitary protocol to create and braid them. This allows us to experimentally verify the fusion rules of the anyons and braid them to realize their statistics. We then study the prospect of employing the anyons for quantum computation and utilize braiding to create an entangled state of anyons encoding three logical qubits. Our work provides new insights about non-Abelian braiding and - through the future inclusion of error correction to achieve topological protection - could open a path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.

Published
2022

10. Overcoming leakage in quantum error correction

Author

Miao, Kevin C., McEwen, Matt, Atalaya, Juan, Kafri, Dvir, Pryadko, Leonid P., Bengtsson, Andreas, Opremcak, Alex, Satzinger, Kevin J., Chen, Zijun, Klimov, Paul V., Quintana, Chris, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Petukhov, Andre, Korotkov, Alexander N., Sank, Daniel, and Chen, Yu

Published
2023
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11. Near-Infrared Scanning Cavity Ringdown for Optical Loss Characterization of Supermirrors

Author

Truong, Gar-Wing, Winkler, Georg, Zederbauer, Tobias, Bachmann, Dominic, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, White, Mark, Heckl, Oliver, and Cole, Garrett

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

A cavity ringdown system for probing the spatial variation of optical loss across high-reflectivity mirrors is described. This system is employed to examine substrate-transferred crystalline supermirrors and quantify the effect of manufacturing process imperfections. Excellent agreement is observed between the ringdown-generated spatial measurements and differential interference contrast microscopy images. A 2 mm diameter ringdown scan in the center of a crystalline supermirror reveals highly uniform coating properties with excess loss variations below 1 ppm.

Published
2019
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12. Quantum back action cancellation in the audio band

Author

Cripe, Jonathan, Cullen, Torrey, Chen, Yanbei, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D., and Corbitt, Thomas

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We report on the cancellation of quantum back action noise in an optomechanical cavity. We perform two measurements of the displacement of the microresonator, one in reflection of the cavity, and one in transmission of the cavity. We show that measuring the amplitude quadrature of the light in transmission of the optomechanical cavity allows us to cancel the back action noise between 1 kHz and 50 kHz, and obtain a more sensitive measurement of the microresonator's position. To confirm that the back action is eliminated, we measure the noise in the transmission signal as a function of circulating power. By splitting the transmitted light onto two photodetectors and cross correlating the two signals, we remove the contributon from shot noise and measure a quantum noise free thermal noise spectrum. Eliminating the effects of back action in this frequency regime is an important demonstration of a technique that could be used to mitigate the effects of back action in interferometric gravitational wave detectors such as Advanced LIGO.

Published
2018
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13. Room temperature optomechanical squeezing

Author

Aggarwal, Nancy, Cullen, Torrey, Cripe, Jonathan, Cole, Garrett D., Lanza, Robert, Libson, Adam, Follman, David, Heu, Paula, Corbitt, Thomas, and Mavalvala, Nergis

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

The radiation-pressure driven interaction of a coherent light field with a mechanical oscillator induces correlations between the amplitude and phase quadratures of the light. These correlations result in squeezed light -- light with quantum noise lower than shot noise in some quadratures, and higher in others. Due to this lower quantum uncertainty, squeezed light can be used to improve the sensitivity of precision measurements. In particular, squeezed light sources based on nonlinear optical crystals are being used to improve the sensitivity of gravitational wave (GW) detectors. For optomechanical squeezers, thermally driven fluctuations of the mechanical oscillator's position makes it difficult to observe the quantum correlations at room temperature, and at low frequencies. Here we present a measurement of optomechanically (OM) squeezed light, performed at room-temperature, in a broad band near audio-frequency regions relevant to GW detectors. We observe sub-poissonian quantum noise in a frequency band of 30 kHz to 70 kHz with a maximum reduction of 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1 dB below shot noise at 45 kHz. We present two independent methods of measuring this squeezing, one of which does not rely on calibration of shot noise., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures in main text. 4 pages, 5 figures in supplemental information

Published
2018

14. Broadband reduction of quantum radiation pressure noise via squeezed light injection

Author

Yap, Min Jet, Cripe, Jonathan, Mansell, Georgia L., McRae, Terry G., Ward, Robert L., Slagmolen, Bram J. J., Shaddock, Daniel A., Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D., McClelland, David E., and Corbitt, Thomas

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present the reduction and manipulation of quantum radiation pressure noise (QRPN) in an optomechanical cavity with the injection of squeezed light. The optomechanical system consists of a high-reflectivity single-crystal microresonator which serves as one mirror of a Fabry-Perot cavity. The experiment is performed at room temperature and is QRPN dominated between 10 kHz and 50 kHz, frequencies relevant to gravitational wave observatories. We observed a reduction of 1.2 dB in the measurement noise floor with the injection of amplitude squeezed light generated from a below-threshold degenerate optical parametric oscillator. This experiment is a crucial step in realizing the reduction of QRPN for future interferometric gravitational wave detectors and improving their sensitivity.

Published
2018

15. Mechanical Ringdown Studies of Large-Area Substrate-Transferred GaAs/AlGaAs Crystalline Coatings

Author

Penn, Steven D., Kinley-Hanlon, Maya M., MacMillan, Ian A. O., Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Deutsch, Christoph, Cole, Garrett D., and Harry, Gregory M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

We investigated elastic loss in GaAs/AlGaAs multilayers to help determine the suitability of these coatings for future gravitational wave detectors. We measured large ($\approx 70$-mm diameter) substrate-transferred crystalline coating samples with an improved substrate polish and bonding method. The elastic loss, when decomposed into bulk and shear contributions, was shown to arise entirely from the bulk loss, $\phi_{\mathrm{Bulk}} = (5.33 \pm 0.03)\times 10^{-4}$, with $\phi_{\mathrm{Shear}} = (0.0 \pm 5.2) \times 10^{-7}$. These results predict the coating loss of an 8-mm diameter coating in a 35-mm long cavity with a 250-$\mu$m spot size (radius) to be $\phi_{\mathrm{coating}} = (4.78 \pm 0.05) \times 10^{-5}$, in agreement with the published result from direct thermal noise measurement of $\phi_{\mathrm{coating}} = (4 \pm 4) \times 10^{-5}$. Bonding defects were shown to have little impact on the overall elastic loss., Comment: Submitted to Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Feature: Fluctuation-Induced Phenomena in Photonic Systems

Published
2018
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16. Observation of a room-temperature oscillator's motion dominated by quantum fluctuations over a broad audio-frequency band

Author

Cripe, Jonathan, Aggarwal, Nancy, Lanza, Robert, Libson, Adam, Singh, Robinjeet, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D., Mavalvala, Nergis, and Corbitt, Thomas

Subjects
Quantum Physics
Abstract

We report on the broadband measurement of quantum radiation pressure noise (QRPN) in an optomechanical cavity at room temperature over a broad range of frequencies relevant to gravitational-wave detectors. We show that QRPN drives the motion of a high-reflectivity single-crystal microresonator, which serves as one mirror of a Fabry-Perot cavity. In our measurements QRPN dominates over all other noise between 10 kHz and 50 kHz and scales as expected with the circulating power inside the cavity. The thermal noise of the microresonator, the largest noise source next to the QRPN, is measured and shown to agree with a structural damping model from 200 Hz to 30 kHz. By observing the effects of QRPN in the audio-band, we now have a testbed for studying techniques to mitigate back-action, such as variational readout and squeezed light injection, that could be used to improve the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors.

Published
2018

17. Direct Frequency Comb Measurement of OD + CO -> DOCO Kinetics

Author

Bjork, Bryce J., Bui, Thinh Q., Heckl, Oliver H., Changala, P. Bryan, Spaun, Ben, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Deutsch, Christoph, Cole, Garrett D., Aspelmeyer, Markus, Okumura, Mitchio, and Ye, Jun

Subjects
Physics - Atomic Physics, Physics - Chemical Physics, Physics - Optics
Abstract

The kinetics of the OH + CO reaction, fundamental to both atmospheric and combustion chemistry, are complex due to the formation of the HOCO intermediate. Despite extensive studies on this reaction, HOCO has not been observed at thermal reaction conditions. Exploiting the sensitive, broadband, and high-resolution capabilities of time-resolved cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy, we observe OD + CO reaction kinetics with the detection of stabilized trans-DOCO, the deuterated analogue of trans-HOCO, and its yield. By simultaneously measuring the time-dependent concentrations of both trans-DOCO and OD species, we observe unambiguous low-pressure termolecular dependence on the reaction rate coefficients for both N2 and CO bath gases. These results confirm the HOCO formation mechanism and quantify its yield., Comment: 39 pages, 14 figures

Published
2016
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18. High-performance near- and mid-infrared crystalline coatings

Author

Cole, Garrett D., Zhang, Wei, Bjork, Bryce J., Follman, David, Heu, Paula, Deutsch, Christoph, Sonderhouse, Lindsay, Robinson, John, Franz, Chris, Alexandrovski, Alexei, Notcutt, Mark, Heckl, Oliver H., Ye, Jun, and Aspelmeyer, Markus

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Substrate-transferred crystalline coatings have recently emerged as a groundbreaking new concept in optical interference coatings. Building upon our initial demonstration of this technology, we have now realized significant improvements in the limiting optical performance of these novel single-crystal $GaAs/Al_{x}Ga_{1-x}As$ multilayers. In the near-infrared (NIR), for coating center wavelengths spanning 1064 to 1560 nm, we have reduced the excess optical losses (scatter + absorption) to levels as low as 3 parts per million, enabling the realization of a cavity finesse exceeding $3\times 10^{5}$ at the telecom-relevant wavelength range near 1550 nm. Moreover, we demonstrate the direct measurement of sub-ppm optical absorption at 1064 nm. Concurrently, we investigate the mid-IR (MIR) properties of these coatings and observe exceptional performance for first attempts in this important wavelength region. Specifically, we verify excess losses at the hundred ppm level for wavelengths of 3300 and 3700 nm. Taken together, our NIR optical losses are now fully competitive with ion beam sputtered multilayer coatings, while our first prototype MIR optics have already reached state-of-the-art performance levels for reflectors covering this portion of the fingerprint region for optical gas sensing. Mirrors fabricated with our crystalline coating technique exhibit the lowest mechanical loss, and thus the lowest Brownian noise, the highest thermal conductivity, and, potentially, the widest spectral coverage of any "supermirror" technology in a single material platform. Looking ahead, we see a bright future for crystalline coatings in applications requiring the ultimate levels of optical, thermal, and optomechanical performance, Comment: 8 pages and 7 figures

Published
2016

21. Measurement of quantum back action in the audio band at room temperature

Author

Cripe, Jonathan, Aggarwal, Nancy, Lanza, Robert, Libson, Adam, Singh, Robinjeet, Heu, Paula, and Follman, David

Subjects
Broadband -- Research, Quantum mechanics -- Analysis, Electromagnetic noise -- Measurement, Radiation (Physics), Detection equipment, Gravitational waves, Broadband Internet, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Quantum mechanics places a fundamental limit on the precision of continuous measurements. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that as the precision of a measurement of an observable (for example, position) increases, back action creates increased uncertainty in the conjugate variable (for example, momentum). In interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, higher laser powers reduce the position uncertainty created by shot noise (the photon-counting error caused by the quantum nature of the laser) but necessarily do so at the expense of back action in the form of quantum radiation pressure noise (QRPN).sup.1. Once at design sensitivity, the gravitational-wave detectors Advanced LIGO.sup.2, VIRGO.sup.3 and KAGRA.sup.4 will be limited by QRPN at frequencies between 10 hertz and 100 hertz. There exist several proposals to improve the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors by mitigating QRPN.sup.5-10, but until now no platform has allowed for experimental tests of these ideas. Here we present a broadband measurement of QRPN at room temperature at frequencies relevant to gravitational-wave detectors. The noise spectrum obtained shows effects due to QRPN between about 2 kilohertz and 100 kilohertz, and the measured magnitude of QRPN agrees with our model. We now have a testbed for studying techniques with which to mitigate quantum back action, such as variational readout and squeezed light injection.sup.7, with the aim of improving the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors. Future gravitational-wave detectors are expected to be limited by quantum back action, which is now found in the audio band in a low-loss optomechanical system., Author(s): Jonathan Cripe [sup.1] , Nancy Aggarwal [sup.2] , Robert Lanza [sup.2] , Adam Libson [sup.2] , Robinjeet Singh [sup.1] , Paula Heu [sup.3] [sup.4] , David Follman [sup.3] [sup.4] [...]

Published
2019
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22. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author

Hoke, Jesse, primary, Ippoliti, Matteo, additional, Abanin, Dmitry, additional, Acharya, Rajeev, additional, Ansmann, Markus, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Asfaw, Abraham, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, Bardin, Joseph, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Bortoli, Gina, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Bovaird, Jenna, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob, additional, Buell, David, additional, Burger, Tim, additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Chik, Desmond, additional, Chou, Charina, additional, Cogan, Josh, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Conner, Paul, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Crook, Alexander, additional, Curtin, Ben, additional, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, additional, Debroy, Dripto, additional, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Paolo, Augustin Di, additional, Drozdov, Ilya, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Faoro, Lara, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fatemi, Reza, additional, Ferreira, Vinicius, additional, Burgos, Leslie Flores, additional, Forati, Ebrahim, additional, Fowler, Austin, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Giang, William, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Gilboa, Dar, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Gosula, Raja, additional, Gross, Jonathan, additional, Habegger, Steve, additional, Hamilton, Michael, additional, Hansen, Monica, additional, Harrigan, Matthew, additional, Harrington, Sean, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Huggins, William, additional, Isakov, Sergei, additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, E., additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Juhas, Pavol, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Khattar, Tanuj, additional, Khezri, Mostafa, additional, Kieferova, Marika, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Kitaev, Alexei, additional, Klimov, Paul, additional, Klots, Andrey, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Kreikebaum, John Mark, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lau, Kim-Ming, additional, Laws, Lily, additional, Lee, Joonho, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Lensky, Yuri, additional, Lester, Brian, additional, Lill, Alexander, additional, Liu, Wayne, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Malone, Fionn, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, McClean, Jarrod, additional, McEwen, Matt, additional, Miao, Kevin, additional, Mieszala, Amanda, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Morvan, Alexis, additional, Movassagh, Ramis, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Nersisyan, Ani, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Ng, Jiun How, additional, Nguyen, Anthony, additional, Nguyen, Murray, additional, Niu, Murphy, additional, O'Brien, Thomas, additional, Omonije, Seun, additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Potter, Rebecca, additional, Pryadko, Leonid, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Rocque, Charles, additional, Rubin, Nicholas, additional, Saei, Negar, additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, additional, Satzinger, Kevin, additional, Schurkus, Henry, additional, Schuster, Christopher, additional, Shearn, Michael, additional, Shorter, Aaron, additional, Shutty, Noah, additional, Vladimir, Shvarts, additional, Skruzny, Jindra, additional, Smith, W., additional, Somma, Rolando, additional, Sterling, George, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Torres, Alfredo, additional, Vidal, Guifre, additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Woo, Bryan, additional, Xing, Cheng, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Young, Grayson, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Zhang, Yaxing, additional, Zhu, Ningfeng, additional, Zobrist, Nicholas, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Bacon, Dave, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Khemani, Vedika, additional, and Roushan, Pedram, additional

Published
2023
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23. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author

Hoke, Jesse C., Ippoliti, Matteo, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Augustin, Drozdov, Ilya K., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatem, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffr, Evan, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny W., Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Malone, Fionn D., Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun H., Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Tom E., Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Negar Saei Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vlad, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, Rolando D. Somma George, Strain, Douglas, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Ted, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie., Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Harmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Mi, Xiao, Khemani, Vedika, and Roushan, Pedram

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Quantum Physics, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract

Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. On present-day NISQ processors, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping, to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases -- from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation -- in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.

Published
2023

24. Measurement-Induced State Transitions in a Superconducting Qubit: Within the Rotating Wave Approximation

Author

Khezri, Mostafa, Opremcak, Alex, Chen, Zijun, Bengtsson, Andreas, White, Theodore, Naaman, Ofer, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Sank, Daniel, Korotkov, Alexander, Chen, Yu, and Smelyanskiy, Vadim

Subjects
Quantum Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract

Superconducting qubits typically use a dispersive readout scheme, where a resonator is coupled to a qubit such that its frequency is qubit-state dependent. Measurement is performed by driving the resonator, where the transmitted resonator field yields information about the resonator frequency and thus the qubit state. Ideally, we could use arbitrarily strong resonator drives to achieve a target signal-to-noise ratio in the shortest possible time. However, experiments have shown that when the average resonator photon number exceeds a certain threshold, the qubit is excited out of its computational subspace, which we refer to as a measurement-induced state transition. These transitions degrade readout fidelity, and constitute leakage which precludes further operation of the qubit in, for example, error correction. Here we study these transitions using a transmon qubit by experimentally measuring their dependence on qubit frequency, average photon number, and qubit state, in the regime where the resonator frequency is lower than the qubit frequency. We observe signatures of resonant transitions between levels in the coupled qubit-resonator system that exhibit noisy behavior when measured repeatedly in time. We provide a semi-classical model of these transitions based on the rotating wave approximation and use it to predict the onset of state transitions in our experiments. Our results suggest the transmon is excited to levels near the top of its cosine potential following a state transition, where the charge dispersion of higher transmon levels explains the observed noisy behavior of state transitions. Moreover, occupation in these higher energy levels poses a major challenge for fast qubit reset.

Published
2022

25. Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

Author

O'Brien, Thomas, primary, Anselmetti, Gian-Luca, additional, Gkritsis, Fotios, additional, Elfving, Vincent, additional, Polla, Stefano, additional, Huggins, William, additional, Oumarou, Oumarou, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Abanin, Dmitry, additional, Acharya, Rajeev, additional, Aleiner, Igor, additional, Allen, Richard, additional, Andersen, Trond, additional, Anderson, Kyle, additional, Ansmann, Markus, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Asfaw, Abraham, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Bacon, Dave, additional, Bardin, Joseph, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Bortoli, Gina, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Bovaird, Jenna, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob, additional, Buell, David, additional, Burger, Tim, additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Campero, Juan, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Chik, Desmond, additional, Cogan, Josh, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Conner, Paul, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Crook, Alexander, additional, Curtin, Ben, additional, Debroy, Dripto, additional, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Drozdov, Ilya, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Faoro, Lara, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fatemi, Reza, additional, Ferreira, Vinicius, additional, Burgos, Leslie Flores, additional, Forati, Ebrahim, additional, Fowler, Austin, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Giang, William, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Gilboa, Dar, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Gosula, Raja, additional, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, additional, Gross, Jonathan, additional, Habegger, Steve, additional, Hamilton, Michael, additional, Hansen, Monica, additional, Harrigan, Matthew, additional, Harrington, Sean, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Ioffe, L. B., additional, Isakov, Sergei, additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, E., additional, Jiang, Zhang, additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Juhas, Pavol, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Khattar, Tanuj, additional, Khezri, Mostafa, additional, Kieferova, Marika, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Klimov, Paul, additional, Klots, Andrey, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Kreikebaum, John Mark, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lau, Kim-Ming, additional, Laws, Lily, additional, Lee, Joonho, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Lester, Brian, additional, Lill, Alexander, additional, Liu, Wayne, additional, Livingston, William, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Malone, Fionn, additional, Mandra, Salvatore, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, Martin, Steven, additional, McClean, Jarrod, additional, McCourt, Trevor, additional, McEwen, Matthew, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Miao, Kevin, additional, Mieszala, Amanda, additional, Mohseni, Masoud, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Morvan, Alexis, additional, Movassagh, Ramis, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Naaman, Ofer, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Nersisyan, Ani, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Ng, Jiun How, additional, Nguyen, Anthony, additional, Nguyen, Murray, additional, Niu, Murphy, additional, Omonije, Seun, additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Potter, Rebecca, additional, Pryadko, Leonid, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Rocque, Charles, additional, Roushan, Pedram, additional, Saei, Negar, additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, additional, Satzinger, Kevin, additional, Schurkus, Henry, additional, Shearn, Michael, additional, Shorter, Aaron, additional, Shutty, Noah, additional, Vladimir, Shvarts, additional, Skruzny, Jindra, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Smith, W. Clarke, additional, Somma, Rolando, additional, Sterling, George, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Thor, Douglas, additional, Torres, Alfredo, additional, Vidal, Guifre, additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Woo, Bryan, additional, Xing, Cheng, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Young, Grayson, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Zhang, Yaxing, additional, Zhu, Ningfeng, additional, Zobrist, Nicholas, additional, Gogolin, Christian, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, and Rubin, Nicholas, additional

Published
2022
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26. Observation of a room-temperature oscillator’s motion dominated by quantum fluctuations over a broad audio-frequency band

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Cripe, Jonathan, Aggarwal, Nancy, Lanza, Robert, Libson, Adam, Singh, Robinjeet, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D, Mavalvala, Nergis, Corbitt, Thomas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Cripe, Jonathan, Aggarwal, Nancy, Lanza, Robert, Libson, Adam, Singh, Robinjeet, Heu, Paula, Follman, David, Cole, Garrett D, Mavalvala, Nergis, and Corbitt, Thomas

Abstract

© 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Quantum mechanics places a fundamental limit on the precision of continuous measurements. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that as the precision of a measurement of an observable (for example, position) increases, back action creates increased uncertainty in the conjugate variable (for example, momentum). In interferometric gravitational-wave detectors, higher laser powers reduce the position uncertainty created by shot noise (the photon-counting error caused by the quantum nature of the laser) but necessarily do so at the expense of back action in the form of quantum radiation pressure noise (QRPN)1. Once at design sensitivity, the gravitational-wave detectors Advanced LIGO2, VIRGO3 and KAGRA4 will be limited by QRPN at frequencies between 10 hertz and 100 hertz. There exist several proposals to improve the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors by mitigating QRPN5–10, but until now no platform has allowed for experimental tests of these ideas. Here we present a broadband measurement of QRPN at room temperature at frequencies relevant to gravitational-wave detectors. The noise spectrum obtained shows effects due to QRPN between about 2 kilohertz and 100 kilohertz, and the measured magnitude of QRPN agrees with our model. We now have a testbed for studying techniques with which to mitigate quantum back action, such as variational readout and squeezed light injection7, with the aim of improving the sensitivity of future gravitational-wave detectors.

Published
2022

27. Room-temperature optomechanical squeezing

Author

LIGO (Observatory : Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Lincoln Laboratory, Aggarwal, Nancy, Cullen, Torrey, Cripe, Jonathan, Cole, Garrett D., Lanza Jr, Robert K, Libson, Adam A., Follman, David, Heu, Paula, Corbitt, Thomas, Mavalvala, Nergis, LIGO (Observatory : Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Lincoln Laboratory, Aggarwal, Nancy, Cullen, Torrey, Cripe, Jonathan, Cole, Garrett D., Lanza Jr, Robert K, Libson, Adam A., Follman, David, Heu, Paula, Corbitt, Thomas, and Mavalvala, Nergis

Abstract

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Squeezed light—light with quantum noise lower than shot noise in some quadratures and higher in others—can be used to improve the sensitivity of precision measurements. In particular, squeezed light sources based on nonlinear optical crystals are being used to improve the sensitivity of gravitational wave detectors. In optomechanical squeezers, the radiation-pressure-driven interaction of a coherent light field with a mechanical oscillator induces correlations between the amplitude and phase quadratures of the light, which induce the squeezing. However, thermally driven fluctuations of the mechanical oscillator’s position make it difficult to observe the quantum correlations at room temperature and at low frequencies. Here, we present a measurement of optomechanically squeezed light, performed at room temperature in a broad band near the audio-frequency regions relevant to gravitational wave detectors. We observe sub-Poissonian quantum noise in a frequency band of 30–70 kHz with a maximum reduction of 0.7 ± 0.1 dB below shot noise at 45 kHz. We present two independent methods of measuring this squeezing, one of which does not rely on the calibration of shot noise.

Published
2022

38. Ultrastable lasers based on low thermal noise optical resonators

Author

Legero, Thomas, primary, Matei, Dan, additional, Weyrich, Robin, additional, Hafner, Sebastian, additional, Grebing, Christian, additional, Zhang, Wei, additional, Robinson, John, additional, Sonderhouse, Lindsay, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Follman, David, additional, Deutsch, Christoph, additional, Cole, Garrett D., additional, Aspelmeyer, Markus, additional, Riehle, Fritz, additional, Ye, Jun, additional, and Sterr, Uwe, additional

Published
2017
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41. High-performance near- and mid-infrared crystalline coatings

Author

Cole, Garrett D., primary, Zhang, Wei, additional, Bjork, Bryce J., additional, Follman, David, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Deutsch, Christoph, additional, Sonderhouse, Lindsay, additional, Robinson, John, additional, Franz, Chris, additional, Alexandrovski, Alexei, additional, Notcutt, Mark, additional, Heckl, Oliver H., additional, Ye, Jun, additional, and Aspelmeyer, Markus, additional

Published
2016
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45. Wide-area SWIR arrays and active illuminators

Author

MacDougal, Michael, Hood, Andrew, Geske, Jon, Wang, Chad, Renner, Daniel, Follman, David, and Heu, Paula

Abstract

We describe the factors that go into the component choices for a short wavelength (SWIR) imager, which include the SWIR sensor, the lens, and the illuminator. We have shown the factors for reducing dark current, and shown that we can achieve well below 1.5 nA/cm2for 15 m devices at 7°C. We have mated our InGaAs detector arrays to 640x512 readout integrated integrated circuits (ROICs) to make focal plane arrays (FPAs). In addition, we have fabricated high definition 1920x1080 FPAs for wide field of view imaging. The resulting FPAs are capable of imaging photon fluxes with wavelengths between 1 and 1.6 microns at low light levels. The dark current associated with these FPAs is extremely low, exhibiting a mean dark current density of 0.26 nA/cm2at 0°C. FLIR has also developed a high definition, 1920x1080, 15 um pitch SWIR sensor. In addition, FLIR has developed laser arrays that provide flat illumination in scenes that are normally light-starved. The illuminators have 40% wall-plug efficiency and provide low-speckle illumination, provide artifact-free imagery versus conventional laser illuminators.

Published
2012
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46. Surpassing the Standard Quantum Limit Using an Optical Spring.

Author

Cullen T, Pagano R, Aronson S, Cripe J, Sharif SS, Lollie M, Cain H, Heu P, Follman D, Cole GD, Aggarwal N, and Corbitt T

Abstract

Quantum mechanics places noise limits and sensitivity restrictions on physical measurements. The balance between unwanted backaction and the precision of optical measurements imposes a standard quantum limit (SQL) on interferometric systems. In order to realize a sensitivity below the SQL, it is necessary to leverage a backaction evading measurement technique, reduce thermal noise to below the level of backaction, and exploit cancellations of any excess noise contributions at the detector. Many proof of principle experiments have been performed, but only recently has an experiment achieved sensitivity below the SQL. In this work, we extend that initial demonstration and realize sub-SQL sensitivity nearly two times better than previous measurements, and with an architecture applicable to interferometric gravitational wave detectors. In fact, this technique is directly applicable to Advanced LIGO, which could observe similar effects with a detuned signal recycling cavity. We measure a total sensitivity below the SQL by 2.8 dB, corresponding to a reduction in the noise power by 72±5.1% below the quantum limit. Through the use of a detuned cavity and the optical spring effect, this noise reduction is tunable, allowing us to choose the desired range of frequencies that fall below the SQL. This result demonstrates access to sensitivities well below the SQL at frequencies applicable to LIGO, with the potential to extend the reach of gravitational wave detectors further into the Universe.

Published
2024
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