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Regional and global biodiversity may be underestimated due to the presence of cryptic species: species that are morphologically similar, but genetically distinct. Here, we focus on two cryptic duckweed species, Lemna minor L. and Lemna turionifera Landolt, which have overlapping geographic ranges and are easily mistaken for one another. We developed species-specific primers based on DNA barcoding sequences to facilitate the rapid identification of these two monomorphic duckweeds, allowing us to investigate their presence and distribution in Alberta, Canada. While current reports indicate the presence of L. turionifera (and the morphologically distinct Lemna trisulca L.) in Alberta, our data indicate that L. minor is also present, predominantly in the southern part of the province. Thus, this paper (i) contributes to the accuracy and completeness of a regional flora, and (ii) provides useful and flexible tools for the rapid molecular identification of cryptic Lemna species, which are of wide interest in diverse fields such as biotechnology, toxicology, bioremediation, and ecology.

PurposeThe aim of this study is to assess the impact of personality traits and sense of coherence (SOC) on concealing information needs out of shame. The study also investigates the link between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information for psychological wellbeing.Design/methodology/approachA Partial Least Square ‐ Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is used to assess and analyse the proposed conceptual model, which is based on the responses of 412 upper secondary school students.FindingsThe findings reveal that personality traits not only have direct significant effects on concealing information needs but that their effects are also mediated by SOC. The positive relationship between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information is confirmed in the study.Originality/valueThis study is the first to show that personality and SOC influence concealing information needs. Two pathways are found. Firstly, negative emotionality and a low SOC lead to a heightened sense of shame. Secondly, introversion induces a more guarded behaviour. The study, moreover, quantitatively demonstrates a link between concealed information needs and the use of experiential information for psychological wellbeing.

In two studies, we investigate how users choose virtual backgrounds and how these backgrounds influence viewers' impressions. In Study 1, we created a web prototype allowing users to apply different virtual backgrounds to their camera views and asked users to select backgrounds that they believed would change viewers' perceptions of their personality traits. In Study 2, we then applied virtual backgrounds picked by participants in Study 1 to a subset of videos drawn from the First Impression Dataset. We then ran a series of three online experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to compare participants' personality trait ratings for subjects (1) with the selected virtual backgrounds, (2) with the original video backgrounds, and (3) with a gray screen as a background. The selected virtual backgrounds did not change the personality trait ratings in the intended direction. Instead, virtual background use of any kind results in a consistent "muting effect" that mitigates very high or low ratings (i.e., compressing ratings to the mean level) compared to the ratings of the video with the original background.

It’s a problem as old as the industry itself. The initial oil rush in the late 1800s spread like wildfire through Pennsylvania, and by 1891 the state’s annual crude output had hit 31 million barrels, or 58% of the nation’s total oil production for that year. However, by the turn of the century the bloom was off the rose. Pennsylvania’s once-robust oil allure had been eclipsed by finds in Texas, California, and Oklahoma, each spawning its own regional oil booms. So why the history lesson? Because it’s important to understand the potential volume and impact of orphan wells in the US. In the infancy of the industry, plugging-and-abandonment (P&A) techniques were crude at best, if anyone even went to the trouble. Worse still was the overall record keeping at the time. With oil booms around the country setting off races to harness as much black gold as possible, wells were being drilled at breakneck pace. Once these earliest wells were tapped of their commercial usefulness, operators moved on to the next. There was little-to-no over-sight. No regulations. No standards. The result? Thousands, if not more, of scattered, undocumented wells. “Back in the day, you have people drilling wells, and nobody’s keeping track of where the wells are drilled and who owns the wells,” said Daniel Raimi, fellow with Resource for the Future, an independent institution that conducts environmental, energy, and natural resource research. “The government’s not keeping track and has little to no regulation in place to ensure that operators safely decommission their assets at the end of their lives. As a result, you have wells that maybe produce for a couple of years, and then the owners walk away. Multiply that by a couple of hundred thousand and now you’ve got a problem.” Today, there is plenty of oversight and regulation for the industry to leave abandoned wells in much better shape than those earliest probes. However, orphan wells are still a problem. To paint the clearest picture, it would be prudent to define what an orphan well is. This is where we run into our first problem. Definitions can vary wildly from state to state and organization to organization. Some lump all abandoned, unplugged wells into their counts as orphan wells. Others count all idle wells. However, for the sake of clarity we will define orphan wells as those nonproducing, idle wells whose ownership is unknown. By that definition it is safe to say that many of the nation’s earliest wells fit that criteria. In more modern times, orphans result from idle wells whose owner goes belly-up prior to any P&A work. In most of these cases, bonds are employed to help offset the cost of plugging these wells. However, while they vary state to state, most bonding minimums do not cover the full cost of abandonment and remediation, if needed. According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, there are about 2 million unplugged, abandoned oil and gas wells scattered across the US. Other experts place the number higher; some believe it is lower. Some researchers believe as many as half of those could be orphan wells. A survey by the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission in 2018 put the range of orphaned and idle wells at around 560,000 to 1.1 million. Again, abandoned doesn’t always mean orphaned. One fact that can be extrapolated from the data gathered to date is that no one knows for sure just how many orphaned wells are out there. But that is changing.

Cet article analyse la résistance culturelle dans les Caraïbes autour de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Se basant sur les écrits de Suzanne Roussi Césaire pour la revue Tropiques (1941–1945), sous le régime de Vichy en Martinique, mais s’inspirant aussi de son travail pour la revue, tel l’obtention du papier nécessaire pour l’imprimer, cet article propose de reconnaître ses pratiques comme une forme de marronnage. En reconnaissant la part du marronnage dans ses tactiques, on peut mieux apprécier les liens étroits entre les Œuvres de Suzanne Roussi Césaire, et les activités d’autres femmes caribéennes tout au long de la première moitié du XXe siècle. En effet, ses pratiques de marronnage rejoignent celles de Suzanne Lacascade, des sŒurs Paulette et Jane Nardal, ou encore d’Annie Desroy. Ensemble, elles produisent au fil de plusieurs décennies une conscience de race genrée, une mosaïque faite des histoires et mémoires de l’esclavage, de la colonisation et de la dissidence, et qui cumulera dans la décolonisation d’après-guerre.

This paper classifies Algorithmic Traders (ATs) as Proprietary Algorithmic Traders (PATs) and Buy-side Algorithmic Traders (BATs) and examines their dynamic relationship with market quality, using ...

Purpose of review Virtually all viruses have evolved molecular instruments to circumvent cell mechanisms that may hamper their replication, dissemination, or persistence. Among these is p53, a key gatekeeper for cell division and survival that also regulates innate immune responses. This review summarizes the strategies used by different viruses and discusses the mechanisms deployed by SARS-CoV to target p53 activities. Recent findings We propose a typology for the strategies used by different viruses to address p53 functions: hit and run (e.g. IAV, ZIKV), hide and seek (e.g. HIV1), kidnap and exploit (e.g. EBV, HSV1), dominate and suppress (e.g. HR HPV). We discuss the mechanisms by which SARS nsp3 protein targets p53 for degradation and we speculate on the significance for Covid-19 pathogenesis and risk of cancer. Summary p53 may operate as an intracellular antiviral defense mechanism. To circumvent it, SARS viruses adopt a kidnap and exploit strategy also shared by several viruses with transforming potential. This raises the question of whether SARS infections may make cells permissive to oncogenic DNA damage.

Niniejsza analiza koncentruje się na kilku kluczowych zagadnieniach dotyczących przypadku ks. bpa Edwarda Janiaka, rozważanych w kontekście filmu Marka i Tomasza Sekielskich pt. „Zabawa w chowanego”. Punkt wyjścia stanowi określenie obowiązków hierarchy, zgodnie z obowiązującymi przepisami prawa polskiego i prawa kanonicznego, w związku z powzięciem przez niego informacji o przypadkach pedofilii podległych mu duchownych. Kolejne fragmenty analizy odnoszą się odpowiednio do rzetelności warstwy faktograficznej filmu, dokonanych w nim naruszeń obowiązujących przepisów i możliwości ochrony prawnej bpa Janiaka, a także pozaprawnych aspektów podjęcia przez niego aktywnej obrony. Przeprowadzone rozważania prowadzą do wniosku, że w omawianym filmie zafałszowano nie tylko chronologię zdarzeń, ale i rzeczywistość prawną. Natomiast wybór bpa Janiaka na negatywnego bohatera „Zabawy w chowanego” wynikał nie tyle z racji merytorycznych, ile raczej z faktu dysponowania nagraniami jego wypowiedzi, które można było w filmie wykorzystać.

Saliva is a complex secretion consisting of 99% of water and remaining 1% of organic and inorganic molecules. Sucrose and starches are the predominant dietary carbohydrates in modern societies. Among all the foods consumed by children, chocolates and biscuits are the most common. Therefore this present in vivo study was conducted to assess the acidogenic effect of commercially available biscuits on salivary pH among 10 to 15 years old children. Study Design used in the study was In Vivo clinical study (Pilot Trail). The population collected in the survey was children between the age group of 10 - 15 years old children. 4 Groups were considered and 10 in each group. Group 1: Hide and Seek, Group 2: Good Day, Group 3: Dream and Cream, Group 4: Oreo. Sampling method used in the study was conducted as simple random sampling. Ethical approval of the study was obtained from Saveetha Institutional Review Board. Informed consent of the children were obtained from the parents. Descriptive statistics were expressed by means of mean and standard deviation. Shapiro Wilks test used to test the normality of the data set. Kruskal Wallis test was used to find the difference in mean Salivary pH between the groups and within the groups at Baseline, Immediate and after 15 min, 30 mins. A statistically significant difference in mean Salivary pH was observed between the groups at Immediate and after 30 mins (p

A brincadeira é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento infantil na medida em que a criança pode transformar e produzir novos significados. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento das brincadeiras que são realizadas pelas crianças nas praças da cidade de Patos-PB, assim como verificar se elas são de caráter tradicional. É uma pesquisa de campo, tendo como objetivo compreender e explicar o problema do estudo. Durante a coleta dos dados, foram observadas as seguintes brincadeiras: o futebol (travinha, dois toques), esconde-esconde, pega-pega, toca-ajuda, bola de gude e taco, onde o futebol foi a que mais se repetiu. Crianças do sexo masculino foram as mais encontradas nas brincadeiras. Pode-se concluir que se tem realizado brincadeiras tradicionais, sendo estas catalogadas, também se percebe que elas preferem os finais de semana para brincar nas praças e no horário noturno.

In order to disentangle the currently confused interpretations and nomenclature ofMerodon aureusandM. aeneus, we have reviewed all existing type material and species names known to us as assigned synonyms of these taxa. We resolveM. aeneusas being a junior synonym ofM. aureus. We designate a lectotype forM. aureusand a neotype forM. aeneus.Additionally, we provide evidence thatM. aureus, together with two newly discovered taxa (M. calidussp. nov.andM. ortussp. nov.), represent a complex of cryptic species named theM. aureusspecies complex. This complex, together with theM. unicolorspecies complex and the speciesM. pumilus, is part of theM. aureussubgroup. TheM. unicolorspecies complex comprises two cryptic species:M. unicolorandM. albidussp. nov. The new species are described by applying an integrative taxonomic approach using several data types (COIand 28S rRNA genes, geometric morphometry of the wings, ecological and distributional data). Based on theCOIgene sequence analysis and distributional data, the pupa previously described as an immature stage of the speciesM. aureusis redefined as an immature stage of the new speciesM. calidus. Speciation within theM. aureussubgroup is discussed in the context of the phylogeographic history in the studied region.

Although visual search studies have primarily focused on search behavior, concealment behavior is also important in the real world. However, previous studies in this regard are limited in that their findings about search and concealment strategies are restricted to the spatial (two-dimensional) domain. Thus, this study evaluated strategies during three-dimensional and temporal (i.e., spatiotemporal) search and concealment to determine whether participants would indicate where they would hide or find a target in a temporal sequence of items. The items were stacked in an upward (Experiments 1-3) or downward (Experiment 4) direction and three factors were manipulated: scenario (hide vs. seek), partner type (friend vs. foe), and oddball (unique item in the sequence; present vs. absent). Participants in both the hide and seek scenarios frequently selected the oddball for friends but not foes, which suggests that they applied common strategies because the oddball automatically attracts attention and can be readily discovered by friends. Additionally, a principle unique to the spatiotemporal domain was revealed, i.e., when the oddball was absent, participants in both scenarios frequently selected the topmost item of the stacked layer for friends, regardless of temporal order, whereas they selected the first item in the sequence for foes, regardless of the stacked direction. These principles were not affected by visual masking or number of items in the sequence. Taken together, these results suggest that finding and hiding positions in the spatiotemporal domain rely on the presence of salient items and physical accessibility or temporal remoteness, according to partner type.

This research aims to identify the traditional games exist, factors influencing the existence of and describe the attendance at the traditional games in Maumere. This research took place in RT 23, Kelurahan Kota Baru, Kecamatan Alok Timur, Maumere. The subjects of this research were 5-6 years old children, their parents and some officials of RT 23. The data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation during the research. The results indicated that segong (hopscotch), inggo (hide and seek), ban (rolling wheel) and tali merdeka (jump rope) and several seasonal games still existed as children played the games every day. The presence of people who could teach children the traditional games, the no replacement of modern games, the safety aspects of the game from parents’ perspective and the strong family-tied social life contributed to the survival of traditional games. On the other hand, the decreasing availability of land to play contributed to the extinction of traditional games among children in Maumere.

In this work, we investigate whether malware understands the analysis environment. This analysis is carried out by executing a set of real malicious programs and benign samples on virtual and native machines. The result of execution is API sequence collected independently from virtual machines and host systems. In order to enhance the detection rate and accuracy, we have introduced four feature selection techniques. Thus, identified that feature reduction methods enhance the detection rate to a considerable extent. The experimental study depicted that while classifying malware and benign samples in virtual machines, most of the samples have misclassified, giving a clear indication that many malware samples remain dormant on identifying sandbox environment.

Adverse environmental effects of international trade are emphasized in the literature frequently. Nevertheless, following a theoretical trade logic, the production of goods in regions with higher resource efficiency may lead to reduced global resource use. In this article, major drivers of food-related material footprint (MF) are analyzed at the global, regional, and country levels. Changes in consumption, the supply chain's efficiency, and participation in international trade are considered drivers of MF. An index decomposition analysis was conducted to assess the contribution of these factors to the variation of the MF in time. Our results partially prove that the optimization regarding natural resource use may contribute to a lower MF of food consumption. Regions and countries with increasing food imports reinforce their efficiency improvement with the lower resource intensity of imported goods, and the international trade counteracted the effects on additional resource requirements of increasing consumption throughout the analyzed period (1990-2013). Furthermore, the impact of international trade on capital stock is discussed. In line with the descending flow-type material intensity by approximately 5%, the material composition of the footprint has shifted toward stock building materials. Additionally, the intensity of the trade was found to be negatively correlated with domestic efficiency improvements.

This research aims to analyze the main characters in Hide and Seek movie as the characters who have psychopathic problem and Dissociative Identity Disorder. In relation to which, the writer studied Hide and Seek movie as the unit of analysis. Psychopathic problems viewed from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis concepts are used for the review of related literature theories or concepts of the research. Therefore, the method of the research is descriptive qualitative, which tries to explain about the intrinsic elements of the movie; such as characterization and the scenes of the movie, then followed by analyzing them through Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis. Through observations of the scenes and the behavior of the main characters the writer reveals David and Emily have been identified to have psychopathic characters such as manipulative, parasitical, deceitful, power hungry, less empathy, often lie, shallow affect and poor behavioral control. In addition, the causes of such character are trauma and stress viewed from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis theory

We consider the dynamic process by which people cognitively activate their social networks during ethical decision making. We compare actors’ goals during anticipatory and ex-post phases of ethical decision making, and propose that they trigger hide-and-seek patterns of network activation. Experiment 1 links cognitively activated network structures with self-report ethical behavior. Consistent with “hiding goals,” actors randomly assigned to anticipate behaving unethically (versus honestly or in the control condition), activated sparser networks that could better hide unethicality (Experiment 2). Consistent with “seeking” goals, participants randomly assigned to unethical (versus honest) conditions mentally activated dense networks, seeking out social support to uphold their sense of self (Experiment 3a). This network activation process is mitigated when participants affirm themselves (Experiment 3b). Experiment 4 replicates these hide and seek patterns of social network activation in a single study that captures both the anticipatory and ex-post phases of ethical decision making.

Drawing from two data sets – one focused on students in high school actively engaged in the process of college choice, the other centering the perspectives of college graduates and their parents re...

Since the publication in 1960 of Philippe Ariès’s foundational, if problematic, Centuries of Childhood, the history of childhood has developed into a rich and varied field. At the annual conference of the Western Society for French History in 2018, a call for panelists for a roundtable on the history of childhood expanded into two separate panels ranging from the medieval era through the thirty glorious postwar years. The panelists and the audience grappled with questions about the social construction of age, the ages of childhood, and the challenges of finding sources for a group that left few “ego documents.” Although children per se never exercised political or global power, attention to children clarifies how critical children were to political and international systems. Material generated by children themselves can be difficult to locate, but adults generated plenty of material about children. The intersectionality of the history of childhood with fields like labor history, urban history, the history of the welfare state, and the history of psychology parallels the intersectionality of children themselves, who come from every race, social class, and gender. All humans, it turns out, start out as children.

Security researchers recently found a botnet that remains live and working, even after a device has been reset. 1 This malware has been named ‘Hide and Seek’ (HnS) and appears to be the world's first to survive a reboot, making it very persistent and extremely dangerous.

Gopal and Rao’s editorial made me reflect on five important UK reports published in the past year, generating controversy about institutional and structural racism.1 The UK government commissioned Public Health England (PHE) to report on inequalities in covid-19, including ethnicity.2 The report was criticised for having no recommendations and no reference to extensive public consultations by PHE. A second report including the consultations with more than …

typhus epidemic that broke out in the Giado concentration camp in Libya in December 1942 constituted the major cause of death among the hundreds of Jewish detainees. Seeking to prevent its spread, the camp guards shaved the heads of those who had lice in their hair. In interviews conducted between 2009 and 2017 with survivors of the camp who were children at that time, only the women mention the shaving of heads and their desperate attempt to evade this fate. This chapter relates the story of three women who, as children, were incarcerated in the camp. Their narratives, which move fluidly between their perceptions as children and their adult recollections, point to a gender-related phenomenon pertaining to the dread of being caught and subjected to a head-shaving, and the trauma associated with a girl’s being shorn of her hair.

To understand why an animal might gain by playing dead, or more precisely, exhibit post-contact immobility (PCI), we consider the context in which this behaviour occurs. Is it, for example, a method by which a potential victim encourages a predator to direct its attention elsewhere? We investigate this possibility by using the marginal value theorem to analyse predator behaviour in the context of this defence strategy by potential prey. We consider two models. In the first, (random revisiting) the predator may return to sites it has already depleted within the patch. In the second, (systematic search) the predator goes only to new sites within the patch. The results of the two models are qualitatively extremely similar. We show that when prey occur in patches, PCI favours prey survival. Indeed, certain antlion larvae have PCI durations characterized by very long half-lives. These appear to be of such long durations that further increases would convey no substantial benefits in redirecting potential predators to other antlions within the patch and subsequently to other patches.

We present an interactive eye-tracking study that explores the strategic use of gaze. We analyze gaze behavior in an experiment with four simple games. The game can either be a competitive (hide & seek) game in which players want to be unpredictable, or a game of common interest in which players want to be predictable. Gaze is transmitted either in real time to another subject, or it is not transmitted and therefore non-strategic. We find that subjects are able to interpret non-strategic gaze, obtaining substantially higher payoffs than subjects who do not see gaze. If gaze is transmitted in real time, gaze becomes more informative in the common interest games and players predominantly succeed to coordinate on efficient outcomes. In contrast, gaze becomes less informative in the competitive game.

We discuss a simple logic to describe one of our favourite games from childhood, hide and seek, and show how a simple addition of an equality constant to describe the winning condition of the seeker makes our logic undecidable. There are certain decidable fragments of first-order logic which behave in a similar fashion and we add a new modal variant to that class of logics. We also discuss the relative expressive power of the proposed logic in comparison to the standard modal counterparts.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common malignancy of the skin after basal cell carcinoma and mainly found in sun-exposed areas such as the face. This mostly locally destructive malignancy may show invasive growth and insidious mechanisms of dissemination such as perineural invasion. Periorbital squamous cell carcinoma is associated with perineural invasion in up to 14 % of cases. Specifically in this region, the proximity to cranial nerves and therefore the associated risk of progression to the central nervous system are associated with poor prognosis. The clinically concealed character of this entity often leads to a delay in diagnosis and consequently makes complete resection and reconstruction demanding. Careful clinical evaluation often hints at perineural invasion before obtaining histology. Aside from presenting five challenging cases, this work analyzes risk factors, clinical as well as histological features, and treatment options for periorbital squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion.

We present a hardware and software framework in which we use the direction of the sound source to interact with the simulation of a snake robot. We present a gamification idea (similar to hide and seek) of how one can use the direction of the sound and develop interactive simulations in robotics and especially use the bio-inspired idea of a snake's reactive locomotion to sound. We use multiple microphones and calculate the direction of sound coming from the sound source in near real-time and make the simulation respond to it. Since a biological snake moves away from a sound source when it senses vibrations, we bio-mimic this behavior in a simulated snake robot. This idea can be used for developing games that are reactive to multiple people interacting with a computer, based on sound direction input. This is a novel interface and first of its kind presented in this paper.

We propose and study a strategic model of hiding in a network, where the network designer chooses the links and his position in the network facing the seeker who inspects and disrupts the network. We characterize optimal networks for the hider, as well as equilibrium hiding and seeking strategies on these networks. We show that optimal networks are either equivalent to cycles or variants of a core-periphery networks where every node in the periphery is connected to a single node in the core., 27 pages

The hide and seek game is a game that implements a multi-agent system so that it will be solved by using multi-agent reinforcement learning. In this research, we examine how to apply policy gradient method, Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) to solve the hide and seek game environment. We also examine the configuration of TRPO algorithm that gives the best performance and its comparison with the Vanilla Policy Gradient (VPG) algorithm. From the results of experiments conducted, we found that in general the VPG algorithm gives a better performance than the TRPO algorithm when tested in the same environment as the training environment. However, on the contrary, the TRPO algorithm gives better performance when tested in a different environment than that in the training environment.

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is an uncommon form of cardiac preexcitation due to an underlying structural accessory pathway, which may lead to potentially lethal arrhythmias. Classic electrocardiogram (ECG) findings of WPW include short PR interval, slurred upstroke of the QRS complex, and prolonged QRS duration. However, in intermittent preexcitation, a rare variant in contrast to continuous preexcitation, these findings are not always present, thus masking a diagnosis of WPW syndrome. Consequently, this may adversely affect or delay the appropriate treatment of short-term tachyarrhythmias and long-term definitive therapies for this syndrome. The emergency physician should promptly obtain an ECG after the termination of any tachyarrhythmia, and maintain a high index of suspicion for intermittent preexcitation with typical WPW ECG findings which were not present on prior studies. The authors present a case of a 17-year-old female diagnosed with an intermittent preexcitation variant of WPW syndrome after a case of successfully treated symptomatic supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).

The system of mandatory reporting was created in response to a growing recognition of devastation that child abuse was causing in the United States. All states designate people in certain professions as “mandated reporters.” This has led to discussion regarding unintended consequences or negative effects of mandatory reporting. What are our obligations toward adult patients who confide that they were abused as a child but are unsure if they want to report this now? Are we still the mandated reporters? How does patient autonomy factor into this? These laws and statutes are complex, and our legal obligations must be weighed against various ethical and practical considerations.

The role of somatic SMAD3 mutations in melorheostosis pathogenesis, In the current issue of JEM, Kang et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191499) describe somatic mutations in the SMAD3 gene causing endosteal melorheostosis. Using osteoblast models, the identified mutations are demonstrated to exert a gain-of-function mechanism, augmenting transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling. These findings provide further insights into the genetic etiology of melorheostosis and consolidate the importance of the TGFβ pathway in skeletal disorders.

Fungal pathogens are major destructive microorganisms for land plants and pose growing challenges to global crop production. Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and also a broadly effective elicitor of plant immunity. Here we review the rapid progress in understanding chitin perception and signaling in plants and highlight similarities and differences of these processes between arabidopsis and rice. We also outline moonlight functions of CERK1, an indispensable chitin coreceptor conserved across the plant kingdom, which imply potential crosstalk between chitin signaling and symbiotic or biotic/abiotic stress signaling in plants via CERK1. Moreover, we summarize current knowledge about fungal counterstrategies for subverting chitin-triggered plant immunity and propose open questions and future directions in this field.