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The existing methods for sentiment classification normally ignore that the past experiences retrieved by users under particular situations would affect their sentiment expressions. Furthermore, related research may underutilize user personality to personalize the analysis of storage and retrieval of past experiences. Inspired by the cognition process of human memory, we propose a Personality-Driven Experience Storage and Retrieval (PDESR) model for sentiment classification. Concretely, we first selectively store the user's past experiences in her/his experience bank via personalized input and forget gates. We then adopt personalized output gate to retrieve past experiences from the experience bank. Finally, we integrate the current experience with the retrieved past experiences to classify user sentiment. Specifically, personality is used to personalize the control of which past experiences should be stored in experience bank and which past experiences should be retrieved from experience bank. The experimental results show that PDESR model outperforms the related models in accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe developments in understanding of the porphyrias associated with each step in the haem biosynthesis pathway and the role of individuals whose contributions led to major advances over the past 150 years. The first case of erythropoietic porphyria was reported in 1870, and the first with acute porphyria in 1889. Photosensitisation by porphyrin was confirmed by Meyer‐Betz, who self‐injected haematoporphyrin. Günther classified porphyrias into haematoporphyria acuta, acuta toxica, congenita and chronica. This was revised by Waldenström into porphyria congenita, acuta and cutanea tarda, with the latter describing those with late‐onset skin lesions. Waldenström was the first to recognise porphobilinogen's association with acute porphyria, although its structure was not solved until 1953. Hans Fischer was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930 for solving the structure of porphyrins and the synthesis of haemin. After 1945, research by several groups elucidated the pathway of haem biosynthesis and its negative feedback regulation by haem. By 1961, following the work of Watson, Schmid, Rimington, Goldberg, Dean, Magnus and others, aided by the availability of modern techniques of porphyrin separation, six of the porphyrias were identified and classified as erythropoietic or hepatic. The seventh, 5‐aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency porphyria, was described by Doss in 1979. The discovery of increased hepatic 5‐aminolaevulinate synthase activity in acute porphyria led to development of haematin as a treatment for acute attacks. By 2000, all the haem biosynthesis genes were cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosomes and disease‐specific mutations identified in all inherited porphyrias. These advances have allowed definitive family studies and development of new treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to make a historical review of leadership theories and, on this basis, to derive their approximate systematization. The article emphasizes the importance of the phenomenon of leadership as a major factor in the management of human resources and security in human societies. The exposition goes through the various leadership theories that have existed to date. The research methodology includes etymological analysis, historical analysis, content analysis, the methods of induction and deduction, reveals logical connections and dependencies between related and similar concepts and phenomena.

Numerous studies have explored the connection between lumbar osteophytes, their pathophysiology, and instability since Macnab's 1971 report on traction spurs as an indicator of lumbar instability. This study provides a narrative historical overview of traction spurs, a classic finding that suggests lumbar instability. It summarizes the causes of anterior lumbar vertebral osteophytes, the relationship between traction spurs and lumbar spinal instability, and the clinical significance of traction spurs. Vertebral osteophytes are grouped into two categories, namely, traction spurs or claw spurs, which represent different stages of the same pathological process. Traction spurs are indicative of instability and occur in the early stage of disc degeneration, characterized by temporary dysfunction or instability. Traction spur formation following fusion surgery can predict union or nonunion, and it serves as an indicator of preoperative and postoperative segmental instability. The relationship between traction spurs and radiographic instability, as well as their association with imaging findings such as CT and MRI, has been clarified. Additionally, finite element analysis and mechanical testing have been used to investigate the significance of traction spurs. However, further research is needed to verify that traction spurs are an accurate indicator of pre- and postoperative lumbar instability.

William Osler is one of the most honored and influential physicians in the English medicine late 19th early 20th century, who has made a great contribution on development of medical science and it’s teaching. The scope of his multifaceted personality goes far beyond the characteristics of an outstanding doctor and scientist. The historical essay presents various aspects of the Osler’s personality, highlighting his uniqueness as a doctor, teacher and philosopher.

The vast area of the Himalayas has historically been an important region for multiethnic cultural interaction and exchanges. Due to multiple factors such as history and politics, the overall integrity of this region is always overlooked. This region has always had a special position and unique influence in academic circles both at home and abroad. This article searched for literature on relevant academic websites such as CNKI and Springer, and used research methods such as literature research and Delphi to examine the research achievements of the Himalayan ethnic culture in both the East and the West. Research concerning Himalayan national culture in both the East and the West has facilitated many important academic achievements. By examining research results pertaining to Himalayan national culture from both the East and the West, this paper highlights the fact that Western Himalayan research has undergone enlightenment in terms of rapid development and in-depth research. For instance, the digital age has led to a diversified and multitopic academic process. However, in China, cross-regional national research on culture focused initially on the Tibetan Yi Corridor, the Ancient Tea-Horse Road and the Southern Silk Road in the beginning and subsequently emphasized multiethnic cultural exchanges across the Himalayan region. In recent years, an increasing number of research results have shown that attention to the process by which Himalayan social and cultural integrity research develops has gradually increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canberra was built in harmony with its landscape setting, creating a legacy of urban form well-connected to the natural environment. Its urban design and planning not only amplified the surrounding natural landscape such as forested hills and mountains but also created a human-made green urban character. However, plans for future development as a compact city pose a challenge to conserving the city's green spaces. A green infrastructure plan is necessary to consider the city's green space design heritage and the linked socio-ecological values while minimising the urban footprint. The paper employs a historical literature review to understand the factors and characteristics that shaped Canberra's green character and the socio-ecological values of its green spaces. The research found the influence of historical and modern design and planning concepts in consolidating green infrastructure and creating ecological corridors and social infrastructure. One of the essential conditions for maintaining the unique character of Canberra is the preservation of the socio-ecological values of its existing green spaces. A trade-off study must be conducted to balance green infrastructure planning while considering these values, in light of development changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To understand the role of a single laryngologist, Andrew Heermance Smith, in elucidating the mechanisms of Caisson Disease and controlling it effects on bridge workers. Data Sources: Scientific and lay publications, letters and records of the Roebling family, obituaries and internet sources. Review Methods: Historical review. Results: AH Smith combined physiological observations and experiments in the Brooklyn Bridge caissons with a review of the existing engineering and medical literature to describe the Caisson Disease and to devise strategies to ameliorate its effects. Conclusion: Despite an incorrect conclusion about the pathophysiology of decompression sickness, Smith's stringent standards and timely interventions allow completion of the masonry towers of the Brooklyn Bridge. Level of Evidence: NA Laryngoscope, 134:3044–3048, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drivers of the HIV epidemic, the viruses, the opportunistic infections, the attitudes and the resources allocated to the fight against HIV/AIDS, vary substantially across countries. French Guiana, at the crossroads between Amazonian South America and the Caribbean, constitutes a singular context with poor populations and rich country health funding, which has allowed researchers to gather lots of information on the particulars of our epidemic. We aimed to focus on the little known story of forty years of HIV research in French Guiana and emphasize how local research intertwined with public health action has yielded continuous progress, despite the difficult social conditions of the affected population. We searched Web of Science and associated local experts who worked through much of the epidemic in selecting the most meaningful products of local research for clinical and public health outcomes in French Guiana. Research tools and facilities included, from 1991 onwards, the HIV hospital cohort and the HIV-histoplasmosis cohort. Ad hoc studies funded by the ANRS or the European Regional Development fund shed light on vulnerable groups. The cumulative impact of prospective routine collection and focused efforts has yielded a breadth of knowledge, allowing for informed decisions and the adaptation of prevention, testing and care in French Guiana. After this overview, we emphasize that the close integration of research and public health was crucial in adapting interventions to the singular context of French Guiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African scholarship plays an important role in asserting the value of African epistemologies and those of the global South in the knowledge economy. This is pertinent to higher education in postcolonial Africa, whose indigenous knowledge systems and intellectual legacies have played peripheral roles because of coloniality and the global neoliberal trends. This paper presents a historical review of a generation of African scholarship that spans from the last half of the twentieth century to date. It does so with the view of exploring the developments, challenges and prospects experienced by African scholars in their pursuit of African knowledges and the decolonisation discourse in the higher education sector. The first part of the paper provides a backdrop through an analysis of some selected major research on the nature of African scholarship published in the last half of the twentieth century, and its contributions to the decolonisation discourse on the continent. The second part examines the nature of contribution of African scholarship to knowledge production in the twenty-first century. That section critically analyses the challenges and opportunities which have been encountered in reshaping the discourses of knowledge production and decolonisation in theory and practice. It is concluded that in its distinctiveness in asserting African and marginalised knowledge systems as valid and relevant, and operating in spaces of struggle, the African scholarship should continue to contribute to the interrogation of the objectivity of Eurocentric, neoliberal thought. The paper recommends the promotion of African scholarship in shaping the decolonisation of knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e-Education Research is the property of Northwest Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose is to make reflections from a historical, conceptual and comparative review on goodwill in one hundred years of accounting theory, still considered a difficult topic with the theoretical and normative evolution. Methodology: Theoretical essay produced from an integrative qualitative literature review. It presents the theoretical evolution and challenges observed by theorists and regulators since the seminal study "Accounting Theory" by William Paton (1922). Results: The relevance attributed to goodwill goes far beyond the concepts and criteria for recognition and measurement. Its interpretation and processing are influenced by cognitive aspects, economic interests, and in a moment of economic crisis, debates on the topic are intensified, motivated by stakeholders' concerns, regulators and theorists, the same in one hundred years of evolution. So, the future of goodwill is undefined. Contributions of the Study: The historical and comparative analysis, limited in the choice of the references on the subject, contributes to confirm the subjectivity and absence of conceptual, normative and practical consensus for goodwill, thus there aren't right or wrong among theorists and regulators. The scenario of high volatility in the capital markets during Covid-19 pandemic, for example, arose new theoretical discussions about the quantum and multidisciplinary dimension and the possible return of Accounting practices used in the past. Therefore, the relevance of goodwill requires that not only regulators establish rules, but that theoretical and practical ethically contribute to the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose is cause reflections from a historical, conceptual and comparative review on goodwill in one hundred years of accounting theory, considered a difficult topic yet with the theoretical and normative evolution. Methodology: Essay theoretical produced from an integrative qualitative review of the literature. It presents the theoretical evolution and challenges observed by theorists and regulators since the seminal study "Accounting Theory" by William Paton (1922). Results: The relevance attributed to goodwill goes far beyond the concepts and criteria for recognition and measurement. Its interpretation and processing are influenced by cognitive aspects, economic interests, and in moment of economic crises, debates on the topic are intensified, motivated by concerneds of stakeholders, regulators and theorists same in one hundred years of evolution. So, the future of goodwill is undefined. Contributions of the Study: The historical and comparative analysis, limited in the choice of the references on the subject, contributes to confirm the subjectivity and absence of conceptual, normative and practical consensus for goodwill, thus there aren't right or wrong between theorists and regulators, in this sense. The scenario of high volatility in the capital markets during to the Covid-19 pandemic, for example, arise new theoretical discussions about the quantum and multidisciplinary dimension and the possible return of accounting practices used in the past. Therefore, the relevance of goodwill requires that not only regulators establish rules, but that theoretical and practical ethically contribute to the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Terminology is the property of China Terminology Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While both Crohn' disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are known to predispose patients to certain intestinal malignancies, the exact mechanism of carcinogenesis remains unknown and optimal screening guidelines have not been established. This article will explore the history of our understanding of intestinal malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To contextualize the medical community's difficulty in linking each condition to cancer, the first section will review the discovery of CD and UC. Next, we discuss early attempts to define IBD's relationship with small bowel adenocarcinoma and colorectal cancer. The article concludes with a review of each disease's surgical history and the ways in which certain procedures produced poor oncologic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Management Academy is the property of Uluslararasi Yonetim Akademisi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dams and reservoirs have always been of interest to human beings, playing a crucial role given the importance of securing water for sanitary use, irrigation, navigation, flood control and energy generation, among others. The main focus of this article is to perform a historical review of dam safety practices. For this purpose, the historical periods are divided into homogeneous periods in terms of dam safety paradigms and, following the narrative of this evolution, the paper considers the fundamentals of the two most important conceptual frameworks applied nowadays: the standard-based approach and the risk-informed one. As a matter of fact, after more than 90 years of experience in the application of dam safety assessment techniques and more than 50 years of recognising and studying the implications of human activity for the environment, today, the industry may have sufficient information and knowledge to take dam safety practice to another stage, being this the core of the discussion that follows the historical review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Practically every facet of the most common odontogenic tumor, odontoma, has been covered by an extensive volume of literature. However, uncertainty about its precise history has persisted. Materials and Methods: The historical evolution of odontoma was traced with reference to the original illustrations that accompanied European and American reports published at the beginning of the 19th century and also at the turn of the century. Results: The prevailing views regarding the first description of odontoma by Oudet of Paris in 1809 and the original designation "odontome" by Broca of Paris in 1867 are not entirely accurate. Before Broca's suggested term, "exostose dentaire" (dental exostosis) and "tumeur dentaire" (dental tumor) proposed by Oudet and Forget of Paris, respectively, were popular terms adopted in France, while in Briatin the terms "warty tooth" and "supernumerary teeth" proposed by Salter and Tomes of London, respectively, were widely coined. The original illustrations of complex odontoma were published by Wedl of Vienna in 1851, and in 1862 Tomes published the first drawing of compound odontoma denticles. Before the advent of diagnostic radiography in the early 1900s, spontaneous exposure or eruption of odontoma followed by secondary infection was very common. In 1887–1888, Bland Sutton of London criticized Broca's monumental research and formulated the first modern classification which, in essence, remains valid today. At that time, large osteomas of the maxilla were inappropriately classified as odontomas by many pathologists because of Bland Sutton's influential view. Interestingly, the first radiographic evidence of odontoma was published by the American oral surgeon Gilmer in 1899. Conclusion: In view of their fundamental achievements, the names of Wedl, Salter, Broca and Bland Sutton have been closely associated with the true history of odontoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to present a brief historical perspective of the clinical development of swallowing since ancient times. It also highlights the discovery of the functional meaning of the oropharyngeal organs. These historical developments are enriched with some anecdotal details.

Research focuses on the problem of incompleteness and unreliability of the existing scientific vision of the formation and development of a market economy in Russia. In the current vision, the boundaries of the stages of formation and development of a market economy in Russia are blurred, the transition to a market path of economic development has an ambiguous interpretation in the scientific literature and is mainly associated with the 1990s. The lack of a clear understanding of the essence, sequence and continuity of the stages of formation and development of a market economy in Russia causes the uncertainty of the current stage of this process. The purpose of this research is to develop a systematic scientific vision of the process of evolution of a market economy in Russia. The study provides a historical review of the formation and development of a market economy in Russia based on the works of Doctor of Economics, prof. L.S. Shakhovskaya, who stood at the origins of the formation of the scientific concept of the market economy of Russia and in her works reflected in detail the essence and features of each stage of its evolution. This article is dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Professor L.S. Shakhovskaya, was written by her students who are developing the scientific school founded by her. The proposed new scientific vision of the process of evolution of the market economy in Russia, which clearly determined the three stages of its evolution. The first stage (1991-1999) was associated with the transition from a planned to an open industrial market economy through privatization and deregulation. The second stage: (2000-2013) was the integration of Russia into the world economic system to form an open post-industrial market economy. The third (modern) stage (2014-2031) involves the strengthening of strategic academic and technological leadership for the transition to a neo-industrial market economy 4.0 through ensuring technological sovereignty. Research contributes to the development of scientific and economic thought through the formation of a systematic scientific vision of the process of evolution of the market economy in Russia, which rethought and clarified the history of the market economy in Russia, and also clarified the meaning of its current stage by reflecting its continuity and patterns of occurrence. The scientific novelty of the system vision is that it proved for the first time that the transition period is a whole set of periods involving the transformation of market relations with various targets and management measures.

Purpose – Research studies related to sustainability and green building have made monumental contributions to the concept of sustainable construction (SC) in Nigeria. This paper therefore aims to present a historical review of the development of SC in Nigeria over a 10 year period. The review also provides constructive perspective on the benefits of SC and the present state of enforcement of green building in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – A historical review strategy was applied to the study. Using secondary data sources, 47 influential journals from emerald, scopus and science direct database focusing on “SC”, “sustainability” and “green building” in Nigeria between 2012 and 2022 were used for the analysis. Findings – The analysis deduced that the development of SC in Nigeria have undergone a triple period of development: the inception period (2012–2016), the transition period (2016–2020) and the advancement period (2020–present). The review juxtaposes the three timeline to show rapid growth in the awareness of SC, but revealed moderate levels of implementation in some major cities in Nigeria. Therefore, the author finds and argues that the advancement of SC in Nigeria can be achieved through the synergy, commitment and active roles of researchers, academics, practitioners, policy makers and the government in enforcing existing green policies. Originality/value – The study is the first academic paper to undertake a decade long historical review of SC in Nigeria. This review provides an up-to-date understanding of the developments, changing dynamics and future progressions in the field of SC in Nigeria.

Abstract Background Hydropower is a mature energy technology and one that could play a more important role in providing clean and reliable energy. In small-scale contexts, hydropower is useful for providing electricity access, balancing intermittent resources, and as a potential source of energy storage. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the development of the small hydropower (SHP) sector in Indonesia, the world’s fourth most populous country. Methods Two research methods were employed: secondary data analysis through a desk review of relevant literature and primary data collection through site visits and expert and stakeholder interviews. Two case studies of micro-hydro applications in community-based rural electrification were analyzed. The paper explores how SHP projects were initiated, lessons learned, and policy recommendations of relevance to further development of distributed small-scale renewable energy in Indonesia. Results The sector commenced during the Dutch Era and now centers on both community-based rural electrification projects and commercial schemes under the independent power producer (IPP) approach. Since the late 1980s, initiatives to implement SHP for rural electrification have flourished through various programs. Key regulatory, economic, and technical barriers include inconsistent and unclear supporting regulations, especially regarding electricity prices; artificially low retail electricity prices; capital and borrowing constraints; advantages provided to fossil fuels; limited technical experience and capabilities of project developers and project sponsors; risks from floods, earthquakes, and landslides; constraints on supporting infrastructure; and limited grid links. The most successful and sustainable SHP projects are ones that provide local economic benefits and for which local communities are empowered with ownership and have responsibility for maintenance. Conclusions SHP will remain small from a macro perspective but could still play a key role in further improving energy access and equity in remote areas. Key initiatives to facilitate this development could include local-level capacity building and project participation and the adequate pricing of negative externalities from fossil fuel projects. Indonesia’s long experience with SHP carries lessons for other developing countries.

Health poverty alleviation is an effective tool for improving the living quality and developmental conditions of impoverished populations. Since 1978, China has been actively implementing health poverty alleviation projects, resulting in a more robust rural healthcare service network and increased convenience for the local population to access medical treatment. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that China still faces a complex situation with the simultaneous existence of multiple disease threats and the interweaving of various health influencing factors. Ongoing risks of emerging infectious diseases persist, and some previously controlled or eliminated infectious diseases are at risk of resurgence. The incidence of chronic diseases is on the rise and exhibits a trend toward affecting younger populations. Therefore, examining the successful experiences of China's health poverty alleviation over the past 40 years becomes a critically important issue. The study focuses on China's health poverty alleviation policies, employing historical institutionalism as a theoretical perspective to analyze the historical changes and evolutionary logic of health poverty alleviation policies. A historical institutionalist analytical framework for health poverty alleviation policies is constructed. The research findings reveal that China's health poverty alleviation policy has undergone three distinct periods since 1978: the initial phase (1978–2000), the exploratory phase (2000–2012), and the stable development phase (2013–present). At the macro level, the political, economic, and social contexts of different periods have influenced the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. On the meso level, coordination effects and adaptive expectations have had an impact on China's health poverty alleviation policy. At the micro level, various actors, including the central government, local governments at different levels, social forces, and impoverished communities, interact during the evolution of health poverty alleviation policies. This paper summarizes the theoretical aspects of China's health poverty alleviation policy experience. The research conclusions, viewed through the lens of historical institutionalism, offer practical insights into the evolution of government policies. This provides directional guidance for enhancing health poverty alleviation projects.

According to the dictionary of prosthetic terms, a non-removable prosthetic construction should be designed to enhance aesthetics, stability, and function for a limited period of time. Afterward, it should be replaced with a final dental prosthetic construction. The clinical stage of preliminary prosthesis is important for the dental practitioner due to its periodontal-prophylactic and caries-prophylactic significance. Besides these advantages, preliminary prosthesis has a wide range of benefits in satisfying the three medical-biological indicators – prophylaxis, function, and aesthetics. The aim of the present study is to present contemporary concepts for preliminary non-removable prosthesis based on a brief historical overview of the development of non-removable prosthetic constructions. For the period from 2019 to 2023, 180 literary sources were critically analyzed, of which 25 in Cyrillic and 155 in Latin, with a total of 73 from the last 10 years. The search was conducted using keywords in Bulgarian – "временни конструкции", "предварителни конструкции", "неснемаеми протезни конструкции", "неснемаемо протезиране", "предварително протезиране"; in English - "temporary constructions", "preliminary constructions", "non-removable prosthetic constructions", "non-removable prosthetics", "preliminary prosthetics"; in Russian - "временные конструкции", "предварительные конструкции", "несъемные протезные конструкции", "несъемное протезирование", "предварительное протезирование"; in Spanish - "construcciones temporales", "construcciones preliminares", "construcciones protésicas fijas", "prótesis fijas", "prótesis preliminares"; in Italian - "costruzioni temporanee", "costruzioni preliminari", "costruzioni protesiche fisse", "protesi fisse", "protesi preliminare"; in French - "constructions temporaires", "constructions préliminaires", "constructions prothétiques non amovibles", "prothèse non amovible", "prothèse préliminaire"; in German - "Temporäre Konstruktionen", "Vorläufige Konstruktionen", "Nichtentfernbare prothetische Konstruktionen", "Nichtentfernbare Prothetik", "Vorläufige Prothetik", "Kronen und Brückenprotetik", "Provisorische Kronen". The critical analysis of the data obtained allowed the summarization of current concepts for the application of preliminary non-removable prosthesis. The study examined the necessity of treatment with non-removable preliminary constructions. Based on a historical overview of non-removable prosthesis, the importance of optimal final restoration in successful dental practice today was derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial activity, its emergence, and development are considered important for the well-being of nations, especially for those in transition from one economic system or industrial setting into another. A crucial question is, why countries with similar basic resources develop differently regarding entrepreneurial activities over time? This study delivers new insights on ecosystems developing during different historical eras, and why some ecosystem factors have an impact not only during one point in time but also in the long term. The paper focuses on Azerbaijan, a country with a turbulent history, and volatile formal institutions, endowed with natural resources, and now heavily dependent on the export of oil and gas. To transform the economy and overcome this resource dependency, entrepreneurial activities could provide one solution; however, the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economic development and growth remains low. This paper provides an analysis of why the promise of entrepreneurship remains quite elusive in Azerbaijan. The study contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship by drawing on archival data to gain insights on how the historical role of entrepreneurship and the underlying ecosystem have imprinted their long-term development of current entrepreneurial activities. It proposes a framework for a systematic and long-term analysis of the factors and mechanisms comprising the ecosystem approach and shaping entrepreneurial outcomes across a broad spectrum of historical and contemporary contexts. Plain English Summary: Innovative insights on ecosystems over time. The historical analysis of the volatile entrepreneurial ecosystem and formal institutions in Azerbaijan throughout history delivers new insights for research and policy makers on how deeply this affects entrepreneurship evolvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, both Pakistan and China were in a critical period of economic reform. The two friendly neighbors have not only strengthened high-level political exchanges, but also assisted each other in the economic reform process, laying a foundation for the development of bilateral relations. This article reviews the economic reforms and the growth of foreign trade between the two countries in the ten years from 1978 to 1988, and concludes that the success of economic reforms has also expanded the relationship between the two countries from political friendship to economic integration and development, and then concludes that China The conclusion that Pakistan-Pakistan relations have begun to undergo qualitative changes has paved the way for the realization of "all-weather friendly and comprehensive cooperative relations" between China and Pakistan, the current "China-Pakistan all-weather strategic cooperative partnership", and the formation of a "community of destiny" in the development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to present a brief historical perspective of the clinical development of swallowing since ancient times. It also highlights the discovery of the functional meaning of the oropharyngeal organs. These historical developments are enriched with some anecdotal details. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid factor became the first laboratory marker of rheumatoid arthritis and one of the first serological markers used to recognize the major autoimmune diseases. Details of the discovery with special regard to contribution of E. Waaler and H. Rose are presented in this historical review. Same assays used to exam the rheumatoid factor, its frequency and modern view on diagnostic significance in different diseases are described in this article.

Background: Hydropower is a mature energy technology and one that could play a more important role in providing clean and reliable energy. In small-scale contexts, hydropower is useful for providing electricity access, balancing intermittent resources, and as a potential source of energy storage. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the development of the small hydropower (SHP) sector in Indonesia, the world's fourth most populous country. Methods: Two research methods were employed: secondary data analysis through a desk review of relevant literature and primary data collection through site visits and expert and stakeholder interviews. Two case studies of micro-hydro applications in community-based rural electrification were analyzed. The paper explores how SHP projects were initiated, lessons learned, and policy recommendations of relevance to further development of distributed small-scale renewable energy in Indonesia. Results: The sector commenced during the Dutch Era and now centers on both community-based rural electrification projects and commercial schemes under the independent power producer (IPP) approach. Since the late 1980s, initiatives to implement SHP for rural electrification have flourished through various programs. Key regulatory, economic, and technical barriers include inconsistent and unclear supporting regulations, especially regarding electricity prices; artificially low retail electricity prices; capital and borrowing constraints; advantages provided to fossil fuels; limited technical experience and capabilities of project developers and project sponsors; risks from floods, earthquakes, and landslides; constraints on supporting infrastructure; and limited grid links. The most successful and sustainable SHP projects are ones that provide local economic benefits and for which local communities are empowered with ownership and have responsibility for maintenance. Conclusions: SHP will remain small from a macro perspective but could still play a key role in further improving energy access and equity in remote areas. Key initiatives to facilitate this development could include local-level capacity building and project participation and the adequate pricing of negative externalities from fossil fuel projects. Indonesia's long experience with SHP carries lessons for other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Los Alamos Plutonium Fast Reactor, Clementine, provided the first fast neutron spectrum using a metallic plutonium fuel system and liquid mercury coolant. Clementine is often mentioned in the history of fast, metal-fueled, or metal-cooled designs, with little public information regarding the specifications or timeline. This paper contains a synopsis of each report regarding the development, operation, experimental results, failures, and subsequent disassembly of Clementine to explore this unique reactor within the context of modern advanced reactor development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to present an historical review of the ecosystem services provided by anadromous fish (i.e., species that migrate from the sea to the river to spawn) throughout Human time, as well as of the main related threats, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula region. Anadromous fish provide important provision, cultural, regulatory and supporting ecosystem services across their distribution range and have been extensively exploited by humans since prehistoric times. In the Iberian Peninsula, sea lamprey, allis and twaite shads, sea trout, Atlantic salmon and European sturgeon were once abundantly present in several river basins covering what is now Portuguese and Spanish territory. These species have suffered a severe decline across their distribution range, mainly due to habitat loss and overexploitation. Considered regal delicacies, these fishes were once a statement on the tables of the highest social classes, a much appreciated bounty for the poorer population and are still an important part of the local gastronomy and economy. Such high economic and cultural interest encouraged intensive fishing. Currently, management efforts are being implemented, pairing habitat rehabilitation (e.g., construction of fish passes in obstacles to migration such as weirs and dams) with sustainable fisheries. Considering the present climate change scenario, these species are bound to endure increased pressures, demanding novel management approaches to ensure population numbers that are able to secure their sustainable exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative learning and cooperative learning are two separate approaches developed independently by two groups of scholars around the same period of time in the 1960 and 1970 s. Due to their different origins and intertwined paths of development, they have their own distinct features while sharing many similarities. The relationship between collaborative learning and cooperative learning can be confusing. Therefore, this paper provides a brief historical review of collaborative learning and cooperative learning to identify the origins of each, where they diverge from each other, and where they are aligned. This paper examines the definitions of the two terms and compares their characteristics. This is followed by a discussion of their historical development in the last fifty years: early development between the 1960 and 1970 s; maturation in the 1980 and 1990 s; convergence in the mid-1990s; and the emergence of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) in the late 1980s. Finally, this paper summarizes the four paradigms of mainstream research on collaborative and cooperative learning, namely, the "effect" paradigm, the "conditions" paradigm, the "interaction" paradigm, and the "design" paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the construction of physical chemistry textbooks after the founding of the People's Republic of China was reviewed according to the 40-year experience of the author in building physical chemistry textbooks. It is suggested that we need to understand well the relationship between teaching materials and lectures, and manage properly the relationship between teaching materials and scientific research. Teaching material construction should keep up the pace with the time, and strive to achieve the diversification and three-dimensional construction of teaching materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of the construction for organic chemistry textbooks by Peking University is reviewed. The main content and characteristics of Basic Organic Chemistry (4th edition) are introduced. The construction of textbooks should keep up with the pace of times, and bring forth the new through the old, to improve the cultivation of creative talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Theory & Practice in Education (JTPE) / Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama is the property of Journal of Theory & Practice in Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Educational Studies (1673-1298) is the property of Journal of Educational Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Service Industries Journal is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gout (podagra) is one of the most ancient articular diseases. Its accurate mechanisms and causes were delineated only during the last century. Major historical investigatory steps are described in relation to causality and pathogenesis of the disease from Hippocrates ages till the modern time. The newest genetic and epidemiologic aspects of the disease are presented in this article.

The Historical Institute was founded in 1947 under the auspices of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, with the task of studying the economic, social, political and cultural history of Serbian people, as well as its connections with the South Slavic and other Balkan nations. Until 1961, the Institute of History was a part of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, and then, by the decision of the Government of Serbia, it was separated as an indepedent institution. The Library of the Historical Institute in Belgrade, one of the best-equipped libraries for the history of Serbia and the Balkan Peninsula, celebrates its 75th anniversary. It started working in 1947, shortly after the establishment of the Institute. The main part of the library collection are publications related to the history of the Serbian people in the period from the immigration of the Slavs to the Balkan Peninsula until the beginning of the Second World War. There are also a lot of books and journals from related scientific disciplines: ethnology, archaeology, history of art, philology, history of literature. The beginnings of the library holdings were personal libraries of Jovan Tomić, Stanojе Stanojević, Viljem Bukšek, and Mihailo Ristić. In addition to these purchased libraries, the fund was enlarging by bequests from former associates of the Historical Institute. Today, the Library has a collection of about 68,000 library items. The fund is growing by exchanges with 54 domestic and 64 foreign institutions. The Library has a collection of old and rare books and historical-geographical maps. The Library of the Historical Institute is a special type of library, primarily serving associates of the Historical Institute. Domestic and foreign scientists use it, too, as well as other individuals looking for rare editions that are difficult to find. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages with the field of social work's role in humanitarian and criminal legal responses to sex work in the United States over the last century. Our historical review reveals that, through interdisciplinary collaboration in the criminalization and rehabilitation of sex workers, social workers have contributed to the transformation of "prostitution" from an issue of sex workers' rights to a psychological, criminal legal, and medical phenomenon. This has exacerbated the harm and stigma experienced by sex workers. In exploring social work interventions on sex work from the Progressive Era through the rise of neoliberalism, this article places its modern iteration, prostitution diversion programming, within the context of social work's carceral history with sex workers. We choose these periods not for their chronicity, but rather for the salient themes in these historical interventions that characterize modern diversion programming: power and control, punitive service provision, patriarchal rescue, and carceral feminism. To align with social work's mandate for social justice and client self-determination, this article offers policy and practice implications grounded in the decriminalization of sex work and divestment from the police and courts. Alternative service approaches spearheaded by sex workers are explored and placed within the context of labor, racial, gender, and immigration justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first paper on the fatigue of metallic materials by J. Albert in 1837, tremendous numbers of papers have been published in various journals by many researchers all over the world. Based on such a long history, several papers on the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) in the life‐time longer than 107 cycles had appeared in some journals during the period of 1980's. One characteristic finding in these works is the fact that the metallic material can fail even at the stress level lower than the conventional fatigue limit. This fact means that the conventional fatigue design of mechanical structures cannot give the safety of the practical products in the very high cycle regime. Due to this fact, fatigue properties of structural materials in very long life regime has become an important subject; and a lot of studies have been carried out, and many important results have been accumulated until now. Typical aspects on VHCF property are summarized as follows: (1) the fatigue crack tends to occur around the interior inclusion, (2) fine granular area (FGA) is formed around such an inclusion, and (3) duplex S–N characteristics appear in the VHCF regime. In this paper, a brief historical review together with the future prospect on the very high cycle fatigue of metallic materials is attempted for the sake of reference to facilitate the research in this area. Highlights: Historical review and future prospect for researches on metal fatigue.Progress of researches on very high cycle fatigue of metallic materials.Review of interior crack initiation and growth mechanisms around inclusion.Quantitative formulation of interior crack growth around inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dams and reservoirs have always been of interest to human beings, playing a crucial role given the importance of securing water for sanitary use, irrigation, navigation, flood control and energy generation, among others. The main focus of this article is to perform a historical review of dam safety practices. For this purpose, the historical periods are divided into homogeneous periods in terms of dam safety paradigms and, following the narrative of this evolution, the paper considers the fundamentals of the two most important conceptual frameworks applied nowadays: the standard-based approach and the risk-informed one. As a matter of fact, after more than 90 years of experience in the application of dam safety assessment techniques and more than 50 years of recognising and studying the implications of human activity for the environment, today, the industry may have sufficient information and knowledge to take dam safety practice to another stage, being this the core of the discussion that follows the historical review.

The aim of this research is to study the development as well as the known cases of military applications of laser technologies – from the first lasers employed in auxiliary systems to modern complex independent laser systems. For better understanding and systematization of knowledge about development of historical applications in the military field, an analysis of publicly known knowledge about their historical applications in the leading world countries was conducted. The study focuses on development that was carried out by the superpowers of the Cold War and the present era, namely the United States, the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China, and were built in metal. Multiple avenues of various applications of laser technology in military applications were studied, namely: military laser rangefinders; ground and aviation target designators; precision ammunition guidance systems; non-lethal anti-personnel systems; systems, designed to disable optoelectronics of military vehicles; as well as strategic and tactical anti-air and missile defense systems. To summarize and compare the results, an analysis of a number of previous works was considered, which considered the historical development, prospects and problems of the laser weaponry development. The issues of ethical use of laser weapons and the risks of their use in armed conflicts, which led to an international consensus in the form of conventions of the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross, were also considered. As a result of the analysis, a systematic approach to the classification of applications of laser technology in military products by three main areas of development was proposed: ancillary applications, non-lethal direct action on the human body and optical devices of military equipment, and anti-aircraft and anti-missile defensive systems. Due to the constant comprehensive modernization of laser technology systems in use, it was decided not to use the periodic classification model, but to indicate important and key events that indicated the main directions of further developmental work. However, it is important to note that the main focus of historical development of laser weapons depended not only on the technological limitations of the time, but also on the military-geopolitical situation in the world.

Among all the families of Quraysh, Banu Hashim and Banu Umayyah had a prominent position in terms of greatness, fame and worldly prestige. This was the reason why Banu Hashim sometimes prevailed and Banu Umayyah sometimes prevailed during the period of Jahiliyyah. Bani Hashim and Bani Umayyad had a dispute over the leadership of Tulaat Kaaba for a period. Finally, with the intervention of influential people, administrative officials were divided between them. The ancestor of this family was Umayyah bin Abd Shams. The position of Quraysh army chief was transferred from Bani Makhzoom to this family, during the period of Jahiliyyah, the position of army commander was held by Harb bin Umayyah from this family and then by Abu Sufyan. Abu Sufyan accepted Islam at the time of the conquest of Makkah and through his son Amir Muawiyah, the rule of the Banu Umayyad was founded, during the time of the Rashidun Caliphs, the Banu Umayyad achieved great achievements, during the reign of Umar Farooq, Amir Muawiya became the governor of Damascus and during the reign of Usman Ghani, he was made the governor of the entire province of Syria. The following research paper will describe the social relations of Banu Umayyah and Banu Hashim. This will help to resolve many disagreements and different ideas and theories and will create new avenues of research for researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its extreme isolation and lack of historical connection to a mainland, the Hawaiian Archipelago is thought to have no native nonvolant terrestrial reptiles. Several squamate species have been introduced to the archipelago, likely starting with early Polynesian contact, and increasing as human traffic in the Pacific has amplified. Of the earlier introductions, one species of skink, Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus , belongs to a genus known for its ability to naturally disperse long distances, even across oceans. The earliest herpetofaunal surveys from Hawai'i describe the skink as widespread and abundant across the archipelago. A recent phylogenetic analysis reveals substantial haplotype divergence between Hawaiian individuals and other known populations in the Pacific, raising the possibility that this species was an early and natural arrival to the archipelago before human contact. Recent surveys suggest that the species has undergone a dramatic reduction in range across the archipelago, possibly due to the invasion of highly competitive species. Given this information, we aim to further assess the origin of C. poecilopleurus in Hawai'i, determine its current range, and suggest specific needs for future work. Here, we review the earliest European voyages in the Pacific that are known to have sampled C. poecilopleurus , review literature and museum specimens to develop an understanding of this species' history in the islands, survey the island of O'ahu to characterize its current range, and provide preliminary genetic analyses to show the relationship of the Hawai'i populations to the rest of the Pacific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From ancient years, both the abuse and murder of children have almost been common practices due to the barbarity of the times, which have become a habit and appear in a number of different forms. Infanticide, as one of these forms, legally became a crime in 318 AD. Sacrifices were often made in the name of a god to infants or even older children, with families often feeling proud that their own child was to be sacrificed for the common good. At around the time of the Renaissance and thereafter, public opinion began to slowly react to the idea of abusing vulnerable children, with the Church taking a more proactive stance, creating shelters in monasteries for abandoned children who were usually unwanted by their families. Later, the first institutions for poor children whose families could not raise them or for orphaned children, appeared in Europe and the USA. However, as the years passed on and there was no care for these institutions, the conditions became unsuitable and the children very often eventually died of hunger, diseases or even abuse. All of this was to take its official place in history with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1989 and has now been signed by 191 countries. The Convention on the Rights of the Child now formally defines child abuse, violence and neglect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]