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Background: Chronic heart failure (CHF) poses a significant burden on both patients and their family caregivers (FCs), as it is associated with psychological distress and impaired quality of life (QOL). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) supports QOL by focusing on value living and facilitates acceptance of psychological difficulties by cultivating psychological flexibility. A protocol is presented that evaluates the effectiveness of a dyad ACT-based intervention delivered via smartphone on QOL and other related health outcomes compared with CHF education only. Methods: This is a single-center, two-armed, single-blinded (rater), randomized controlled trial (RCT). One hundred and sixty dyads of CHF patients and their primary FCs will be recruited from the Cardiology Department of a hospital in China. The dyads will be stratified block randomized to either the intervention group experiencing the ACT-based intervention or the control group receiving CHF education only. Both groups will meet two hours per week for four consecutive weeks in videoconferencing sessions over smartphone. The primary outcomes are the QOL of patients and their FCs. Secondary outcomes include psychological flexibility, psychological symptoms, self-care behavior, and other related outcomes. All outcomes will be measured by blinded outcome assessors at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at the three-month follow-up. Multilevel modeling will be conducted to assess the effects of the intervention. Discussion: This study is the first to adopt an ACT-based intervention for CHF patient-caregiver dyads delivered in groups via smartphone. If effective and feasible, the intervention strategy and deliverable approach could be incorporated into clinical policies and guidelines to support families with CHF without geographic and time constraints. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04917159. Registered on 08 June 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symptom structure of ICD‐11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) and the validity of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) are yet to be tested among civilians in an active war zone. The present investigation examined the factor structure of the ITQ, the internal consistency of observed scores, and their associations with demographic characteristics and war‐related experiences using a nationwide sample of 2,004 adults from the general population of Ukraine approximately 6 months after the full‐scale Russian invasion in 2022. Overall, rates of endorsement across all symptom clusters were high. The mean total number of war‐related stressors reported was 9.07 (SD = 4.35, range: 1–26). Internal reliability was good for all six ITQ subscales, Cronbach's αs =.73–.88, and the correlated six‐factor model was found to provide the best representation of the latent structure of the ITQ in the present sample based on fit indices. There was evidence of a dose–response relationship, with increasing scores on all symptom clusters associated with higher total reported war‐related stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review summarizes and consolidates the parenting goals for young children captured in existing parent‐report measures, and the characteristics of studies that employed them. Five electronic databases were systematically searched to identify original studies that used a self‐report measure for parenting goals during the child's first 5 years. Characteristics of the parenting goals measures and the studies that employed them were extracted and synthesized. A deductive approach was used to reduce the parenting goals items across instruments into representative domains. Fourteen original parenting goals measures and their modifications (i.e., 24 unique measures in total) were identified in 44 research articles from 41 original studies. Items from these measures were synthesized into 33 representative domains. Findings will inform the direction of future research and the development of a comprehensive measure of parenting goals for parents with young children that can be applied across cultures, economic backgrounds, informants, and parenting contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home‐visiting mental health professionals (HMHPs) have an important role in identifying suspected child maltreatment in the community. However, it is unclear how professionals in Hong Kong differentiate acceptable discipline behaviours from reportable forms of abuse, and how their characteristics may influence their view. This study examined HMHPs' views on acceptable versus unacceptable parent discipline behaviours. Using Q‐methodology, 50 HMHPs in Hong Kong sorted 52 statements on parent discipline behaviours along a continuum ranging from 'Most Unacceptable' to 'Most Acceptable'. By‐person factor analysis was conducted to uncover prevailing views based on their sorts. Three unique viewpoints in differentiating discipline behaviours from abuse were uncovered, which varied based on how HMHPs prioritised children's physical safety, mental wellness and parental intention. Different views were supported by professionals with different characteristics and occupational backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies found robust associations between psychosis and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but few have examined the relationships between psychosis and recently formulated ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD). Further, no known study has examined the effects of different traumatic life events on CPTSD and psychotic-like symptoms in a manner that permits gender-specific effects to be identified. Using a nationally representative sample of 1,020 Irish adults, we examined gender-differences in (a) psychotic-like symptoms, CPTSD, and exposure to 21 different traumatic life events, and (b) the unique associations between different traumas with CPTSD and Psychosis. Bivariate analyses and structural equation modelling were performed. Consistent with the literature, no gender differences were observed in psychotic-like symptoms. Females reported slightly higher levels of CPTSD and were more likely to be exposed to sexual and emotional abuse, whereas men reported greater exposure to physical violence, accidents, and disasters. Psychosis symptoms were explained by trauma exposure to a considerate degree and at a level similar to CPTSD; a moderate correlation was also found between CPTSD and Psychosis. Physical/emotional neglect was the only traumatic life event that significantly and most strongly predicted both conditions. Two gender-specific associations between different traumatic life events and CPTSD and Psychosis were identified out of the 42 possible effects modelled. The present investigation provides initial evidence that psychotic-like symptoms and CPTSD are moderately correlated constructs in the general population. Results also highlight the importance of conducting a detailed assessment of trauma history for all clients presenting with symptoms of CPTSD, psychosis, or both. Structural equation modelling of data from 1,020 Irish adults showed symptoms of psychosis and complex posttraumatic stress disorder moderately correlate. Physical emotional neglect was the only traumatic life event that significantly and most strongly predicted both conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the opportunities for developing transit tourism by examining the reasons why transit passengers participate or not in such tourism while in-transiting. The findings suggest that transit passengers need to be made aware of the opportunities for transit tourism prior to arrival at the transit destination; and availability of customised airport transit tours at the transit destination should be ensured to facilitate transit. The study concludes that transit tourism is an opportunity missed; destination marketing organisations (DMOs), airport authorities, and airline operators should devise a common communication strategy to tap into this emerging but still under-developed transit passenger segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Adjustment Disorder – New Module 20 (ADNM-20) was developed for the assessment of adjustment disorder symptoms. The aim of the present study was to translate and conduct psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the ADNM-20. The English version was translated into traditional Chinese in an iterative process with an expert panel of mental health professionals. A total of 433 university students in Hong Kong between ages 18–24 years completed the Chinese ADNM-20 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale via an online survey; 32 were retested after two weeks. The content validity indices were excellent for most of the items. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional first-order structure with excellent composite reliability. The test–retest reliability of the Chinese version was below satisfactory for the individual items; the intra-class correlation for the overall scale was moderate. The Chinese version of the ADNM-20 also indicated a moderate positive correlation with anxiety and depression symptoms. Initial results support the content, factorial, and discriminant validity of the translated scale. More research is needed to assess its reliability in this cultural context. The ADNM-20 can be quickly employed for the assessment of adjustment disorder as proposed for ICD-11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) constitute a significant global mental health burden. Prior studies typically investigated the impact of ACEs on mental health using a cumulative risk approach; most ACEs studies were also conducted in Western settings.Purpose: This study aimed to examine ACEs using a pattern-based approach and assess their associations with mental health outcomes by early adulthood in East Asia.Methods: The present study included measures of exposure to 13 categories of ACEs, depression, anxiety, maladjustment, and posttraumatic stress in a sample of 1346 university students from Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, and Japan.Results: Latent class analysis indicated three distinct patterns of ACE exposure: Class 1: Low ACEs (76.0%); Class 2: Household Violence (20.6%); and Class 3: Household Dysfunction (3.4%). Those representing Class 3 had significantly more ACEs compared with those in Classes 1 or 2. Controlling for age and sex, those in Class 2 reported significantly higher depression and maladjustment symptoms compared with those in Class 1; both Classes 2 and 3 had significantly higher anxiety symptoms and odds for meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorders compared with those in Class 1.Conclusions: Study findings suggest that young adults' mental health, at least under certain contexts, is more closely linked with the nature and pattern of ACE co-occurrence, rather than the number of ACEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors perform one of the first empirical tests of the moral virtue theory of status attainment (MVT), a conceptual framework for showing that morality leads to status. Studies 1a to 1d are devoted to developing and validating a 15-item status attainment scale (SAS) to measure how virtue leads to admiration (virtue–admiration), how dominance leads to fear (dominance–fear), and how competence leads to respect (competence–respect). Studies 2a and 2b are an exploration of the nomological network and discriminant validity to show that peer-reported virtue–admiration is positively related to moral character and perceptions such as perceived warmth and unrelated to amoral constructs such as neuroticism. In addition, virtue–admiration mediates the positive effect of several self-reported moral character traits, such as moral identity-internalization, on status conferral. Study 3 supports the external validity of the virtue route to status in a sample of fulltime managers from China. In Study 4, a preregistered experiment, virtue evokes superior status while selfishness evokes inferior status. Perceivers who are high in moral character show stronger perceptions of superior status. Finally, Study 5, another preregistered experiment, shows that virtue leads to higher status through inducing virtue–admiration rather than competence–respect, even for incompetent actors. The findings provide initial support for MVT arguing that virtue is a distinct, third route to status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ICD-11 classifies posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as two distinct diagnoses. Few studies have tested the validity of ICD-11 CPTSD in non-Western settings, particularly in Asia. Objective: This study assessed the factorial, concurrent, and discriminant validity of CPTSD symptoms with four samples of young adults from mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Taiwan. Method: Young adults aged 18–24 years were recruited by convenience sampling and provided their data anonymously online. Study measures included the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) to measure PTSD and CPTSD, and measures of childhood adversity, depression, anxiety, age, and sex. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed for each sample to evaluate the validity of two CPTSD measurement models. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to determine the multivariate associations between study variables for the full sample. Results: A total of 1,346 young adults completed the survey. CFA showed both models of CPTSD examined fit the data well across all four samples. SEM findings showed that number of childhood adversities significantly associated with both PTSD and CPTSD factors; depression significantly associated with CPTSD factors but not PTSD, whereas anxiety significantly associated with both. Conclusions: Study findings provide evidence for PTSD and CPTSD as separate and valid diagnoses in Asia. More cross-cultural comparisons are needed to understand whether risks for either condition differ by geographical or sociocultural norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health stigma has serious ramifications on people with a severe mental illness (SMI). Stigma damages self‐esteem, recovery outcomes, family relationships, socialization abilities, access to housing, and career prospects. The cultural tendencies of Chinese people have been shown to be associated with particularly high levels of stigmatization. These cultural tenets can result in high levels of self‐stigma due to experiencing shame and a perceived need to keep mental illness a secret. Although there is a lack of existing evidence, it is possible that such experiences present unique challenges to Chinese mothers diagnosed with SMI when they parent their children. Therefore, this qualitative study explored the experiences of parenting and self‐stigmatization of Chinese mothers with SMI. Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 15 mothers who were direct carers of their children aged under 18 and who were receiving community‐based care in Hong Kong. Manual inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the interview data. Three main themes related to self‐stigmatization emerged from the interviews: (i) distancing and being distanced; (ii) doubting myself; and (iii) struggling for control. The experiences of self‐stigmatization appeared to damage these mothers' self‐efficacy, which may negatively affect their parenting self‐esteem, tendency to seek professional help, and ability to manage their own mental health. Strategies to improve self‐efficacy, including psychoeducation, and additional childcare support/resources are required for mothers with SMI so they can better manage and balance the demands of motherhood and their mental healthcare needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ample evidence supports significant and enduring associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and negative outcomes later in life. Subsets of ACEs (e.g. childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction) have been examined in Chinese populations, but no known study has comprehensively examined the full constellation of different types of ACEs or patterns of ACE exposure in Chinese samples. As a direct response to the call to establish a global ACEs surveillance framework, this study provides the first translation and validation of the World Health Organization ACE – International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Further, patterns of ACE exposure were identified through latent class analysis. The 29-item ACE-IQ was translated and back-translated from English to traditional Chinese to measure exposure to 13 categories of ACEs. The Chinese ACE-IQ demonstrated good content validity; the ACE-IQ domain subscales also showed satisfactory test-retest reliability and semantic equivalence. In a sample of 433 Chinese young adults, three patterns of ACE exposure were uncovered: Low ACEs (65.82%), Household Violence (24.94%), and Multiple ACEs (9.24%). Concurrent exposure to physical abuse, domestic violence, and emotional abuse (i.e. Household Violence) was a novel pattern found in this study sample, and suggests there may be traditional Chinese norms that potentiate risks for violent household environments in the absence of other household risk factors. Findings underscore the importance of examining ACE exposure within local contexts, as children's adverse experiences may be idiosyncratic to geographic, social, and cultural norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two stress-related disorders have been proposed for inclusion in the revised ICD-11: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a bespoke measure of PTSD and CPTSD and has been widely used in English-speaking countries. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to develop a Chinese version of the ITQ and assess its content, construct, and concurrent validity. Methods: Six mental health practitioners and experts rated the Chinese translated and back-translated items to assess content validity. A sample of 423 Chinese young adults completed the ITQ, the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Among them, 31 participants also completed the English and Chinese versions of the ITQ administered in random order at retest. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested using data from participants who reported at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE; N = 314). Results: The Chinese ITQ received excellent ratings on relevance and appropriateness. Test–retest reliability and semantic equivalence across English and Chinese versions were acceptable. The correlated first-order six-factor model and a second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) both provided an acceptable model fit. The six ITQ symptoms clusters were all significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, and the number of ACEs. Conclusions: The Chinese ITQ generates scores with acceptable psychometric properties and provides evidence for including PTSD and CPTSD as separate diagnoses in ICD-11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Depression literacy refers to the ability to recognize depression and make informed decisions about its treatment. To date, relatively little research has been done to examine depression literacy in the Western Pacific region. Given the pervasiveness of depression and the need to enhance mental health care in this region, it is important to gain a better understanding of depression literacy and health-seeking behaviors in this part of the world.Methods: This mixed-methods study utilized a convergent parallel design to examine depression literacy and the associated health-seeking attitudes among urban adults from three countries-Cambodia, Philippines, and Fiji. A total of 455 adults completed a quantitative survey on depression knowledge, attitudes, and professional help seeking. Separately, 56 interviewees from 6 focus groups provided qualitative data on their impression and knowledge of depression and mental illness within the context of their local communities.Results: Overall, results showed that depression knowledge was comparatively lower in this region. Controlling for differences across countries, higher knowledge was significantly associated with more positive attitudes towards mental illness (B = - 0.28, p = 0.025) and professional help seeking (B = 0.20, p < 0.001). Financial stability, such as employment, was also a salient factor for help seeking.Conclusions: This study was the first to provide a baseline understanding on depression literacy and highlights the need to increase public knowledge on depression in the Western Pacific. Culturally congruent recommendations on enhancing depression literacy in this region, such as anti-stigma campaigns, use of financial incentives, and family-based approach in health education, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of N2(A 3Σ+u) with H atoms and OH radicals have been studied by the discharge-flow technique. The concentrations of the radicals were measured by resonance fluorescence and N2(A) was monitored by (A-X) emission. The rate constant of the N2(A)+H reaction was measured as (2.1±0.3)×10-10 cm3 s-1. Chemical reaction to NH+N was shown to be unimportant. The total rate constant for quenching of N2(A) by OH was measured as (1.1±0.4)×10-10 cm3 s-1. The channel leading to OH(2Σ+) has a rate constant of (1.0±0.3)×10-10 cm3 s-1. Approximately 16% of the OH(A) is formed in v’=1. The mechanisms of these two very rapid reactions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: To examine perceptions of what mothers of young children (birth to 5 years old) need to be a “good parent” while their military spouse is deployed. Design: Q methodology was used to uncover different views on military spouses’ parenting needs. Methods: In Phase 1, 18 statements related to military spouses’ parenting needs were elicited based on review of existing literature and seven supplementary qualitative interviews. In Phase 2, 143 military‐connected mothers completed an anonymous online Q‐sort to rank the importance of the 17 statements from least to most important for being a good parent during deployment. Written comments explaining rankings were also collected. Findings: Across respondents, the most important needs during deployment were making sure their children were happy and healthy, keeping themselves and their children connected with the deployed parent, and being financially stable. Three unique views were uncovered, which differed by mothers’ reliance on their family versus the military community for support, and the importance of self‐care. Conclusions: Results highlighted the extent to which mothers of young children enter “survival mode” during their spouse's deployment, and differences were found in what was most important for being a good parent during this stressful period. Clinical Relevance: Findings underscore the complexity of creating programs to support military parents whose different backgrounds, experiences, and expectations are likely to affect service uptake and benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study qualitatively and quantitatively characterized photoresist outgassing upon irradiation with 193 nm (DUV), 103.3 nm (VUV), 13.5 nm (EUV), and 6.7 nm (BEUV) synchrotron light. The photoresist samples used were polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), poly(4-hydroxystyrene-co-tertbutylacrylate) (HS-TBA) and an EUV model resist denoted as HS-TBA-H (HS-TBA with TPS-Nf, a photoacid generator (PAG), added). The distribution of outgassed species from the resist samples was characterized and found to exhibit a negligible dependence on the film thickness in the 50–125 nm range. Outgassed species from the main-chain scission of PMMA comprised 62% of the overall amount of outgassing upon DUV/VUV irradiation, while outgassing from the methoxycarbonyl side chain were summed up to 83% of outgassing upon EUV/BEUV irradiation. On the other hand, about 68% of outgassing resulting from the ester elimination reaction, and 15–20% of that from the Norrish type I reaction, from the TBA unit of HS-TBA had no observable energy dependence; nevertheless, the distribution gravity shifted toward dehydrogenated species, from DUV/VUV to EUV/BEUV. Benzene outgassing was significant from TPS-Nf in HS-TBA-H at all wavelengths, with 0.13 “PAG reactions” per EUV photon absorbed per 1 wt% TPS-Nf added. A quantitative assessment of the absolute outgassing rates from these photoresist films upon EUV irradiation suggests an escape length of neutral outgassing detected herein on the order of 60–80 nm, and PMMA, HS-TBA-H, and the TBA-H moieties would require ∼11 eV/outgassing, 22.4 eV/outgassing, and 9.4 eV/outgassing following EUV and BEUV photoabsorption, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to compare and discuss the use of Likert-type scales and Q-methodology to examine perceptions and attitudes in nursing research. This article provides a brief review of each approach, and how they have been used to advance our knowledge in health-related perceptions and attitudes. Although Likert-type scales are economical, efficient, and easy to analyze, the results can be difficult to interpret or translate into meaningful practice. In contrast, Q-methodology yields holistic and in-depth information on what the prevailing perceptions and attitudes are, but its conduct is logistically challenging and the results’ generalizability can be limited. The appropriate uses of either or both approaches to answer different research questions will be discussed. Nurse scientists are called upon to continue our exploration, utilization, and expansion of unique methodologies that directly speak to a meaningful examination of these important constructs in nursing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To examine the relationships between universal mandatory reporting (UMR), child physical abuse reporting, and the moderating effect of UMR on physical abuse report outcomes by report source. Methods. We used a national data set of 204 414 children reported for physical abuse in 2013 to compare rates of total and confirmed reports by states or territories with and without UMR. We estimated odds and predicted probabilities of confirming a physical abuse report made by professional versus nonprofessional reporters, accounting for the moderating effect of UMR and individual-level characteristics. Results. Rates of total and confirmed physical abuse reports did not differ by UMR status. Nonprofessionals were more likely to make reports in UMR states compared with states without UMR. Probability of making a confirmed report was significantly lower under UMR; this effect almost doubled for nonprofessionals compared with professional reporters. Conclusions. Universal mandatory reporting may not be the answer for strengthening the protection of children victimized by physical abuse. Implementation of child protection policiesmust be exercised according to evidence to exert the fullest impact and benefit of these laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception and use of physical discipline (PD) is culture-based, and the differentiation between PD and abuse is subjective and complex. The purpose of this study was to understand how Chinese American mothers and one group of mandated reporters of child abuse (i.e. pediatric nurses) differentiate PD from abuse. Using Q-methodology, 3 viewpoints on PD and abuse differentiation were uncovered from a sample of 35 Chinese American mothers and 48 pediatric nurses. Although there was wide consensus on the most acceptable and most unacceptable parent discipline behaviors across the 3 views, the acceptability of punishments differed by their potential to inflict injury, pain, or incite fear and uncertainty. This was the first study to examine PD and abuse differentiation based on 5 definable domains of PD (i.e. specific behavior, intention, delivery, outcome, and pattern of use). Findings point to important nuances in how some mothers and nurses differentiate abuse from acceptable discipline, and the potential for using Q-methodology for exploring PD and abuse differentiations across diverse cultural, social, and professional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurse volunteers caring for children after the Haiti earthquake in January 2010. Design and Methods. This descriptive qualitative study using in-depth interviews focuses on the experiences of 10 nurse volunteers. Results. Four themes emerged: hope amid devastation, professional compromises, universality of children, and emotional impact on nurses. Practice Implications. Nurses who volunteer after natural disasters have rich personal and professional experiences, including extremes of sadness and joy. Nurse volunteers will likely need to care for children. Nurses and humanitarian agencies should prepare for the unique challenges of pediatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is commonly reported without a clear understanding of the mechanism. This study aimed to quantify the spatiotemporal change of the newly formed bone mass, bone tunnel diameter, and area along both bone tunnels using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and correlated the result with histology. ACLR was performed in 24 rabbits. At baseline and weeks 2, 6, and 12, the juxta-articular, middle, and exit segments of both tunnels were harvested for μCT and histological evaluation. μCT and histology revealed significant bone tunnel and graft-bone tunnel healing, respectively, only at week 6 after reconstruction. Despite this, the mean tunnel diameter and area remained relatively unchanged with time. The newly formed bone mass [new bone volume/total bone volume (BV/TV) ratio] and its bone mineral density (BMD) were both higher, whereas the mean tunnel diameter and area were significantly smaller at the femoral tunnel compared to those at the tibial tunnel at weeks 6 and 12 and at week 12, respectively. These were consistent with histological findings, which showed inferior graft remodeling and integration at the tibial tunnel at weeks 6 and 12. The BV/TV increased, whereas the mean tunnel diameter and area decreased toward the exit segment of both tunnels. However, whereas better histological healing occurred at the femoral exit segment, poorer graft remodeling and Sharpey’s fiber formation occurred at the tibial exit segment. Poor healing was observed during the initial 6 weeks, particularly that of the tibia, after ACLR. Bone resorption was rapid during healing, resulting in unchanged tunnel diameter and area with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We measured the absolute ionic outgassing yield (AIOY) with a double-ion chamber method, characterized the outgassed ion species, derived the relative extent of outgassing F+, CH3 + and C2H5 + ions, determined the exposure rate constant for the formation of F+ and CH3 + with a quadrupole mass filter, and monitored the relative pressure rise with an ion gauge. These experiments were performed with radiation at wavelength 13.5nm from the synchrotron beamline 08A1BM-LSGM at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. Samples investigated included the round-robin resist, poly(methylmethacrylate), and twelve underlayer materials. The photochemistry in the extreme ultraviolet region of the fourteen samples is described according to the following results. The AIOY values, of order 10−3, are proportional to the absorption coefficients of the samples. The extent of F+ outgassing is related directly to the extent of F photoabsorption by the samples. Outgassing of CH3 + and C2H5 + ions depends strongly on the type of polymer; the CH3 + outgassing and relative pressure rise both depend on a parameter related to photoabsorption at 13.5nm and the polymeric structure of the sample. Dill''s C parameter for CH3 + outgassing is identified to depend on the polymer type, whereas that for F+ outgassing depends on the fluorine-containing moiety. Reaction mechanisms of EUV photochemistry are proposed according to the experimental results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Photoresist outgassing is considered a possible source of contamination of optics in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography at 13.5nm. We measured the relative proportions of ionic outgassing from 18 commercially available photoacid generators (PAG), which is a key component of chemically amplified photoresists, upon irradiation at 13.5nm. These PAG include 17 triarylsulfonium or diaryliodonium salts, which contain or as the anion, and one PAG of molecular type. The overall outgassed ions in the range 10–200u were counted in relative proportions. Outgassing of F+ is found to be dominant, and for most PAG the extent of F+ outgassing shows a satisfactory correlation with the ratio of F atomic photoabsorption to the overall PAG photoabsorption. Outgassed ions F+, CF+, and from PAG containing the anion and additional such as , and from those containing are identified. Triphenylsulfonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate is one PAG to emit the most abundant F+ and total ionic fragments, and a PAG of molecular type (N-hydroxy-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate) also emits abundantly both hydrocarbon ions and F+. Ionic outgassing of PAG cations includes (C6H5)2S+ from R(C6H5)2S+ salts and I+ from diaryliodonium salts. For PAG containing t-C4H9, significantly less F+ outgassing is observed; additional outgassing pathways are proposed. The pressure rise caused by PAG shows no dependence on the anion identity, but is correlated with cation photoabsorption, and ascribed to neutral aryl outgassing. Other minor outgassing species include from sulfonates; and ‘photostable’ PAH cations are identified for the first time and provide evidence of concurrent outgassing from, and polymerization of, PAG upon irradiation at 13.5nm. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) implantation has been shown previously to arrest disc degeneration. This study aims to assess the effect of severity of disc degeneration on the ability of MSCs to arrest the degeneration. Disc degeneration was induced in New Zealand white rabbits at lumbar levels by annular puncture. The degeneration was allowed to progress for 1 month (early group) or 7 months (late group), followed by intradiscal injection of autologous MSCs. For disc levels that received MSCs treatment, 1 × 105 BrdU-labeled MSCs were injected per disc level. For the early group, MSC-injection had no significant effects on disc height or the progression of disc degeneration. For the late group, although the MSC-injected discs displayed lower disc heights than the control discs, they were significantly less degenerated together with near normal level of proteoglycan in localized areas. This is the first pilot study to demonstrate that severity of degeneration can influence the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Future studies of cell-based intervertebral disc regeneration should be carefully controlled in the context of stage of disc degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder is a more severe condition than post-traumatic stress disorder, and recent studies indicate it is more prevalent among military samples. In this study, we tested the psychometric properties of the International Trauma Questionnaire, assessed the relative prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder in the sample population and explored relationships between complex post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder and a range of risk factors. Methods: Survey participants (N = 189) were mental health support-seeking former-serving veterans of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) recruited from primary care. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factorial validity of the International Trauma Questionnaire. Results: The latent structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire was best represented by a two-factor second-order model consistent with the ICD-11 model of complex post-traumatic stress disorder. The International Trauma Questionnaire scale scores demonstrated excellent internal reliability. Overall, 9.1% (95% confidence interval = [4.8%, 13.5%]) met diagnostic requirements for post-traumatic stress disorder and an additional 51.4% (95% confidence interval = [44.0%, 58.9%]) met requirements for complex post-traumatic stress disorder. Those meeting diagnostic requirements for complex post-traumatic stress disorder were more likely to have served in the military for 15 years or longer, had a history of more traumatic life events and had the highest levels of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. Conclusion: The International Trauma Questionnaire can effectively distinguish between post-traumatic stress disorder and complex post-traumatic stress disorder within primary care samples of Australian Defence Force veterans. A significantly greater proportion of Australian Defence Force veterans met criteria for complex post-traumatic stress disorder than post-traumatic stress disorder. Australian military mental health services should adopt the International Trauma Questionnaire to routinely screen for complex post-traumatic stress disorder and develop complex post-traumatic stress disorder specific interventions to promote recovery in Australian Defence Force veterans with complex post-traumatic stress disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ICD-11 reconceptualized Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a narrowly defined fear-based disorder, and introduced Complex PTSD (CPTSD) as a new diagnosis comprised of PTSD symptoms and symptoms of 'Disturbances in Self-Organization' (DSO) that are more reflective of general dysphoria. Previous research suggests that PTSD symptoms mediate the association between childhood trauma and physical health problems, including cardiovascular disease. No study has yet assessed how posttraumatic stress symptoms, as outlined in the ICD-11, influence the association between childhood trauma and somatic problems in adulthood.Objective: This cross-sectional descriptive study examined whether PTSD and DSO symptoms mediated the associations between childhood physical and sexual abuse and childhood emotional abuse and neglect and somatic problems and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) load in adulthood.Methods: General adult population samples from Ireland (N = 1020) and the United Kingdom (N = 1051) completed self-report questionnaires online.Results: Structural equation modelling results indicated that PTSD and DSO symptoms fully mediated the association between both forms of childhood trauma and somatic problems, and that PTSD symptoms but not DSO symptoms fully mediated the association between childhood trauma and CVD load.Conclusion: Psychological interventions that effectively treat CPTSD symptoms may have the added benefit of reducing risk of physical health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Highly selective para selective disproportionation reaction. • Silica vapor deposition method to modify MFI zeolite to enhance para selectivity. • Threshold value of silica amount was determined. • Exponential increases in para selectivity with silica. • Surface modification using TEOS for remedy surface defect of zeolite crystal. Silica chemical vapor deposition (Si-CVD) technique was applied in the silylation of ZSM-5 zeolite to enhance para isomer product selectivity in the disproportionation of toluene (TDP) and ethylbenzene (EBDP). A threshold value in Si-CVD deposition for enhancement in para isomer selectivity in TDP and EBDP was determined. Beyond the threshold value, the para selectivity increased with increasing silica deposition amount. Upon Si-CVD modification, while the micropore size of the MFI zeolite stayed the same with the parent MFI zeolite, the enhancement in para selectivity could be due to the passivation of external active sites. The p -diethylbenzene isomer selectivity of>99 % was demonstrated at EB conversion up to 35 %. Nevertheless, p -xylene isomer product selectivity of around 83 % was obtained only at a reasonable conversion level of 20 %. The difference in selectivation efficiency between TDP and EBTDP reactions could be attributed to the difference in the relative ratio of reaction kinetics rate to the diffusion rate in associated with different reaction temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 72-year-old man with hyperlipidaemia, gout and chronic kidney disease who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Topics covered include the findings of the esophagogastroduodenoscopy and antral biopsy which led to the diagnosis of colchicine gastrotoxicity, the risk factors for colchicine toxicity, and patient outcome following treatment with proton pump inhibitor and iron supplement.

Introduction: Even as children experience adversity, they can become resilient adults, in large part due to their social supports as emerging adults. Objective: Authors examine constructs of social support applied to the concept of resilience among emerging adults having experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACE). Method: Authors conducted a meta-ethnography with six databases between January 1998 and October 2019. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (i) original peer-reviewed qualitative or mixed-method studies, (ii) sampling adults aged 18–35 years, (iii) reporting at least one ACE as defined by the World Health Organization, (iv) focused on resilience, and (v) in English. Data were collected from six electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Studies were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Qualitative Checklist. Analysis drew on Bourdieu's constructs of capital following Noblit and Hare's methods. Results: Thirteen studies of 277 emerging adults, aged 18–35 years old (mean 23 years), from six countries, reported resilience as "self-righting" appraisals. These were interdependent of their social supports and within a culturally determined sense of self-reliance. Self-reliance appeared to be a precursor shaping resilience of emerging adults with ACE. Self-reliance may deter self-compassion and, as a self-righting appraisal/capacity, may inhibit accessing social support. Conclusion: This review emphasizes the life stage of emerging adulthood regarding the development of self-righting appraisal skills, which, when enabled with reliance, others help to transform ACEs and allow resilience to grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous COVID-19 pandemic research has focused on assessing the severity of psychological responses to pandemic-related stressors. Little is understood about (a) resilience as a mental health protective factor during these stressors, and (b) whether families from Eastern and Western cultures cope differently. This study examines how individual resilience and family resilience moderate the associations between pandemic-related stressors and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in two culturally distinct regions.Methods: A total of 1,039 adults (442 from Minnesota, United States, and 597 from Hong Kong) living with at least one family member completed an online survey about COVID-19-related experiences, mental health, individual resilience and family resilience from May 20 to June 30, 2020. Predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms were examined separately using hierarchical regression analyses.Results: In both regions, pandemic-related stressors predicted higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Individual resilience and two domains of family resilience were associated with positive mental health. In Minnesota, higher levels of individual resilience buffered the negative relationship between pandemic-related stressors and depressive symptoms; higher levels of family communication and problem solving also buffered the negative relationship between pandemic-related stressors and stress symptoms. In Hong Kong, higher family-level positive outlook magnified the negative relationship between pandemic-related stressors and anxiety symptoms.Conclusions: Individual and family resilience is protective against the adverse psychological effects of pandemic stressors, but they vary across cultures and as exposure to pandemic-related stressors increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Media coverage on mental health problems has been found to vary by newspaper type, and stigma disproportionately affects people with mental illness by diagnosis. Objective: This study investigated the relationships between types of UK national newspaper (tabloid vs. broadsheet), illness classification (SMI–severe mental illnesses vs. CMD–common mental disorders), and stigmatising coverage of mental disorders, and whether these relationships changed over the course of the Time to Change anti-stigma programmes in England and Wales. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a study of UK newspaper coverage of mental illness was performed. Relevant articles from nine UK national newspapers in 2008–11, 2013, 2016 and 2019 were retrieved. A structured coding framework was used for content analysis. The odds an article was stigmatising in a tabloid compared to a broadsheet, and about SMI compared to CMD, were calculated. Coverage of CMD and SMI by newspaper type was compared using the content elements categorised as stigmatising or anti-stigmatising. Results: 2719 articles were included for analysis. Articles in tabloids had 1.32 times higher odds of being stigmatising than articles in broadsheet newspapers (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.12–1.55). Odds of stigmatising coverage was 1.72 times higher for articles on SMI than CMD (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.39–2.13). Different patterns in reporting were observed when results were stratified by years for all analyses. A few significant associations were observed for the portrays of stigmatising elements between tabloid and broadsheet newspapers regarding SMI or CMD. Conclusions: Tailored interventions are needed for editors and journalists of different newspaper types, to include specific strategies for different diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the original publication of this article, Acknowledgements Section was not included. The Acknowledgements are given below. The original article has been corrected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine levels of knowledge about dementia and attitudes towards dementia in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), identify sources to turn to for help, and explore the relationship between knowledge and attitudes.Methods: This mixed methods study with both quantitative (a cross-sectional survey) and qualitative (focus group interviews) components was conducted in Cambodia, the Philippines, and Fiji in 2017-18. A survey was completed by the citizens of the three countries, and two focus group interviews were conducted in each country to generate a context-specific understanding of dementia literacy within the local LMIC setting. The quantitative component utilized the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale and the Dementia Attitude Scale, while knowledge, attitudes, and views on seeking help for dementia was discussed in the focus group interviews (qualitative component).Results: A total of 476 participants completed the survey. Another 54 participants (39 females and 15 males) were invited to join six focus group interviews to express their views on dementia. Positive attitudes were noted despite the level of dementia knowledge was low. Families and religious figures were viewed as the sources for help. Controlling for demographics, country-specific predictors of positive attitudes towards dementia were found.Conclusions: The involvement of family members and religious leaders in dementia education could enhance the recognition of dementia. Specific kinds of dementia knowledge should be targeted to educate the public in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Large observational studies have demonstrated the real-world effectiveness of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in preventing severe COVID-19 in higher risk individuals, but have provided limited information on other aspects of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir use. Our objective was to evaluate prescribing outcomes such as the prevalence of drug-drug interactions (DDI), adverse drug events (ADE) and treatment adherence in an outpatient community clinic setting. Methods: We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study of adult outpatients prescribed nirmatrelvir–ritonavir in our community COVID-19 assessment clinic in Toronto, Ontario between March 3 and September 20, 2022. We performed a descriptive analysis of the patient population, DDIs, DDI interventions, treatment adherence, ADEs and clinical outcomes of patients prescribed nirmatrelvir–ritonavir. Results: There were 637 individuals prescribed nirmatrelvir–ritonavir during the study period. The median age was 70, the median number of risk factors for severe disease were 2, 45% were immunocompromised and 82% had received 3 or more COVID-19 vaccine doses. 95% (542/572) completed the 5-day course of therapy with 68% (388/572) having complete symptom resolution by 28-day. Eleven percent (60/572) experienced recurrent symptoms following the completion of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir. Over 70% had one or more clinically significant DDIs requiring mitigation and 62% of patients experienced at least one ADE, which was most commonly dysgeusia or gastrointestinal-related. Ninety-five percent (542/572) of patients completed therapy as prescribed. Overall, hospitalization within 28 days was 3.3% with 1.2% attributed to COVID-19 and there were no deaths. Interpretation: Nirmatrelvir–ritonavir was associated with a high prevalence of clinically significant DDIs, which required mitigation strategies and a high frequency of mild ADEs. Collaborative assessment to address medication alterations resulted in high treatment adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate constants and product channels have been determined for the reactions of N2 (A 3Σ+u, v=0–3) with CH3CN and HCN. The discharge–flow technique was employed, with LIF (laser induced fluorescence) detection of N2(A,v) and CN(X,v’) and resonance fluorescence detection of H atoms. For N2(A,v)+HCN, the rate constant increases from (5.8±0.9)×10-12 cm3 s-1 for v=0 to (3.1±0.5)×10-11 cm3 s-1 for v=3, and for N2(A,v)+CH3CN, the rate constant increases from (1.3±0.2)×10-11 (v=0) to (6.0±0.9)×10-11 cm3 s-1 (v=4). A large dependence of the product channels on v is also observed. While cleavage of the C–H bond is the principal channel for reaction of N2 (A, v=0) with both reagents, dissociation of CH3CN to CH3+CN is the major channel for reaction of N2 (A, v>2). The data are discussed in terms of initial attack of N2(A) at the CN bond of the reagent, followed by vibrational energy redistribution within the molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The products of the reactions of metastable N2(A 3Σ+u) with the isoelectronic molecules CH3OH, H2O2, CH3NH2, and N2H4 have been studied using the discharge-flow technique, coupled with atomic resonance fluorescence and laser induced fluorescence detection. In the reaction with H2O2, the weak central bond is broken efficiently, but in the other reactions, scission of the central bond is unimportant compared to that of the stronger terminal X–H bonds. The behavior for all four reagent molecules parallels their UV photochemistry, but contrasts with IR multiphoton dissociation of CH3OH and CH3NH2. The reactions of N2(A) appear to parallel those of the excited metastable noble gases Ar(3P0,2), Kr(3P2), and Xe(3P2), but scaled to the lower energy of N2(A). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social, emotional, and behavioral skills are foundational to learning and long-term success. However, poverty and exposure to adverse childhood experiences reduce the chances of children entering kindergarten socially-behaviorally ready to learn. This study examined the unique impact of 5-year-old children (N = 11,412) entering kindergarten not socially-behaviorally ready on three costly school outcomes by fourth grade in Baltimore City Public Schools: being retained in grade, receiving services and supports through an IEP or 504 plan, and being suspended/expelled. Controlling for all other types of school readiness, students not identified as socially-behaviorally ready for kindergarten were more likely to experience all three school outcomes. Findings underscore the importance of early prevention and intervention strategies targeting parents and social-behavioral readiness skills during the first 5 years of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. ß-lactam allergy skin testing (BLAST) is recommended by antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) guidelines, yet few studies have systematically evaluated its impact when delivered at point of care. Methods. We conducted a pragmatic multicenter prospective evaluation of the use of point-of-care BLAST by ASPs. In staggered 3-month intervals, ASP teams at 3 hospitals received training by allergists to offer BLAST for eligible patients with infectious diseases receiving nonpreferred therapy due to severity of their reported allergy. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients receiving the preferred ß-lactam therapy. Results. Of 827 patients with reported ß-lactam allergy over 15 months, ß-lactam therapy was preferred among 632 (76%). During baseline periods, 50% (124/246) received preferred ß-lactam therapy based on history, compared with 60% (232/386) during the intervention periods (P = .02), which improved further to 81% (313/386) upon provision of BLAST (P < .001) without any increase in incidence of adverse drug reactions (4% vs 3%; P = .4). After adjusting for patient variables and the correlation between hospitals, the intervention period was associated with a 4.5-fold greater odds of receiving preferred ß-lactam therapy (95% confidence interval, 2.4-8.2; P < .0001). Conclusions. The use of BLAST at the point of care across 3 hospital ASPs resulted in greater use of preferred ß-lactam therapy without increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Longer-term studies are needed to better assess the safety and clinical impact of this ASP intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented in war‐affected populations. The prevalence of Complex PTSD (CPTSD) has never been assessed in an active war zone. Here, we provide initial data on war‐related experiences, and prevalence rates of ICD‐11 PTSD and CPTSD in a large sample of adults in Ukraine during the Russian war. We also examined how war‐related stressors, PTSD, and CPTSD were associated with age, sex, and living location in Ukraine. Method: Self‐report data were gathered from a nationwide sample of 2004 adult parents of children under 18 from the general population of Ukraine approximately 6 months after Russia's invasion. Results: All participants were exposed to at least one war‐related stressor, and the mean number of exposures was 9.07 (range = 1–26). Additionally, 25.9% (95% CI = 23.9%, 27.8%) met diagnostic requirements for PTSD and 14.6% (95% CI = 12.9%, 16.0%) met requirements for CPTSD. There was evidence of a strong dose–response relationship between war‐related stressors and meeting criteria for PTSD and CPTSD. Participants who had the highest exposure to war‐related stressors were significantly more likely to meet the requirements for PTSD (OR = 4.20; 95% CI = 2.96–5.95) and CPTSD (OR = 8.12; 95% CI = 5.11–12.91) compared to the least exposed. Conclusions: Humanitarian responses to the mental health needs of the Ukrainian population will need to take account of posttraumatic stress reactions. Education in diagnosing and treating PTSD/CPTSD, especially in the situation of a significant lack of human resources and continuing displacement of the population, is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) diagnoses differ substantially enough to warrant separate diagnostic classifications has been a subject of controversy for years. To contribute to the nomological network of cumulative evidence, the main goal of the present study was to explore, using network analysis, how the symptoms of ICD-11 PTSD and disturbances in self-organization (DSO) are interconnected with BPD in a clinical sample of polytraumatized individuals (N = 330). Participants completed measures of life events, CPTSD, and BPD. Overall, our study suggests that BPD and CPTSD are largely separated. The bridges between BPD and CPTSD symptom clusters were scarce, with "Affective Dysregulation" items being the only items related to BPD. The present study contributes to the growing literature on discriminant validity of CPTSD and supports its distinctiveness from BPD. Implications for treatment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) is a noninvasive transcutaneous continuous wave Doppler method for assessing hemodynamics. There are no published reference ranges for normal values in adults (aged 18-60 years) for this device. This study aimed to (1) measure cardiovascular indices using USCOM in healthy adults aged 18-60 years; (2) combine these data with those for healthy children (aged 0-12), adolescents (aged 12-18), and the elderly (aged over 60) from our previously published studies in order to present normal ranges for all ages, and (3) establish normal ranges of USCOM-derived variables according to both weight and age. This was a population- based cross-sectional observational study of healthy Chinese subjects aged 0.5-89 years in Hong Kong. USCOM scans were performed on all subjects, to produce measurements including stroke volume, cardiac output, and systemic vascular resistance. Data from previously published studies (children, adolescents, and the elderly) were included. Normal ranges were defined as lying between the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. A total of 2218 subjects were studied (mean age = 16.4, range = 0.5-89; 52% male). From previous studies, 1197 children (aged 0-12, 55% male), 590 adolescents (aged 12-18, 49% male), and 77 elderly (aged 60-89, 55% male) were included. New data were collected from 354 adults aged 18-60 (47% male). Normal ranges are presented according to age and weight. We present comprehensive normal ranges for hemodynamic parameters obtained with USCOM in healthy subjects of all ages from infancy to the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: People with severe mental illness (SMI) have high rates of physical illnesses, and carers are core partners in managing their physical health.Qualitative research on carers' views/experiences of physical health care is limited, and there is no published systematic review that synthesizes the current evidence. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: Carers' views from seven articles were synthesised into nine themes and six subthemes describing their perceived facilitators, barriers and roles regarding the physical health care of people with SMI.Carers' voiced similar concerns to those previously identified by professionals and service users, particularly in relation to poor service access/responsiveness and communication difficulties with healthcare professionals. What are the implications for practice?: Mental health nurses should be aware of the risk of diagnostic overshadowing and ensure they are both responsive and sensitive to carers concerns about the physical health of people with SMI.It is essential for mental health nurses to actively involve carers in managing physical health, especially in formulating physical healthcare plans and providing clear practical advice/information. Introduction: People with severe mental illness (SMI) have high rates of physical illnesses. Informal carers are core partners in addressing these issues, however research on their views/experiences is limited and there is no systematic review published on the topic. Aim: This integrative thematic review explored the experiences and views of carers on physical health care in SMI by synthesizing the existing qualitative research findings. Methods: Six databases were searched from 2000 to 2021. Data were extracted and synthesised using thematic integrative analysis. The quality of included studies was assessed with the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Results: Five studies were included. Nine themes were identified conceptualising carers' perceived facilitators, barriers and roles regarding physical health care for people with SMI. Discussion: Carers felt that receiving practical help and a specialised role for mental health nurses would facilitate better physical health care. Lack of coordination/communication and poor service access/responsiveness were common barriers, often compounded by diagnostic overshadowing. Carers are involved in promoting healthy lifestyles, monitoring physical health and supporting access to services. Implications for Practice: Mental health nurses should ensure they are responsive to carers' concerns and proactively support them to promote the physical health of people with SMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor about the sudden infant death syndrome controls.

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: People diagnosed with schizophrenia have poor cardiometabolic health, with elevated 10‐year cardiovascular disease risk (CVD‐R) scores and low quality of life (QOL).There is a lack of understanding about CVD‐R scores in people diagnosed with early psychosis and no studies have quantified CVD‐R using the QRISK®3 calculator in this client group.Establishing potential relationships between modifiable lifestyle behaviours/treatment characteristics with CVD‐R or QOL may identify targets for early intervention. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This is the first study to quantify the individual 10‐year CVD‐R of people diagnosed with early psychosis utilising the QRISK®3 calculator.This is also the first study to investigate relationships between QOL and CVD‐R and lifestyle factors in a cohort of Thai people diagnosed with early psychosis.We observed low levels of physical health‐related QOL and high levels of CVR‐R despite participants reporting relatively positive lifestyle behaviours. What are the implications for practice?: The cardiometabolic health state of this client group warrants as much attention as for those with an enduring severe mental illness; early preventative interventions are warranted.It may be useful to routinely quantify the CVD‐R of people diagnosed with early psychosis using the QRISK®3 calculator, even in the absence of immediate concerns about lifestyle behaviours.Mental health nurses should utilise evidence‐based approaches such as increasing activity levels, dietary counselling and behaviour change interventions to mitigate poor physical health in this client group. Introduction: People diagnosed with schizophrenia have poor cardiometabolic health, with elevated 10‐year cardiovascular disease risk (CVD‐R) scores and poor quality of life (QOL). There is lack of understanding of these issues in early psychosis. Aims: To quantify CVD‐R in people diagnosed with early psychosis and profile their obesity prevalence, lifestyle behaviours and QOL. Secondary aim was to explore associations between lifestyle behaviours/treatment characteristics and CVD‐R/QOL. Method: Baseline data from 81 RCT participants were used to profile cardiometabolic health risks (QRISK®3, BMI and waist circumference). Participants self‐reported lifestyle behaviours and QOL. Relationships between modifiable treatment/lifestyle factors and QOL/CVD‐R were explored. Results: Participants' relative risk for CVD over 10 years was 1.93 times higher than healthy counterparts; 39% also had an obese BMI and physical QOL was poor. No significant associations were observed between CVD‐R or QOL with treatment characteristics and lifestyle factors. Discussion: Despite positive lifestyle behaviours, participants had elevated CVD‐R scores and poor physical health‐related QOL. Quantifying CVD‐R with QRISK®3 may highlight the need for health promotion interventions. Implications for practice: Mental health professionals should be aware that elevated CVD‐R exists in the context of relatively healthy lifestyle behaviours and utilise evidence‐based interventions to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an experiment on the molecular-shape-selectivity behavior of zeolites. A simple gas chromatography setup using a zeolite column was applied on the experiment. It states that the adsorption and temperature programmed desorption test of hydrocarbons can be monitored through flame ion detector (FID) signals of gas chromatography (GC). As a result, the hydrocarbon isomers adsorption on zeolite framework structures can be realized. It also aids students to observe the shape selectivity principle of the mineral through the measurement of hexane isomers sorption behavior.

Recent studies on marine heat waves describe water temperature anomalies causing changes in food web structure, bloom dynamics, biodiversity loss, and increased plant and animal mortality. However, little information is available on how water temperature anomalies impact prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) inhabiting ocean waters. This is a nontrivial omission given their integral roles in driving major biogeochemical fluxes that influence ocean productivity and the climate system. Here we present a time-resolved study on the impact of a large-scale warm water surface anomaly in the northeast subarctic Pacific Ocean, colloquially known as the Blob, on prokaryotic community compositions. Multivariate statistical analyses identified significant depth- and season-dependent trends that were accentuated during the Blob. Moreover, network and indicator analyses identified shifts in specific prokaryotic assemblages from typically particle-associated before the Blob to taxa considered free-living and chemoautotrophic during the Blob, with potential implications for primary production and organic carbon conversion and export. Traving et al. use small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to examine spatial and temporal trends in bacterial and archaeal community structure during a large marine warm water surface anomaly, the Blob. Their findings suggest that community structure shifted during the Blob, with taxa considered free-living and chemoautotrophic prevailing under these unusual conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dimensional models of psychopathology are increasingly common and there is evidence for the existence of a general dimension of psychopathology ('p'). The existing literature presents two ways to model p: as a bifactor or as a higher-order dimension. Bifactor models typically fit sample data better than higher-order models, and are often selected as better fitting alternatives but there are reasons to be cautious of such an approach to model selection. In this study the bifactor and higher-order models of p were compared in relation to associations with established risk variables for mental illness. Methods: A trauma exposed community sample from the United Kingdom (N = 1051) completed self-report measures of 49 symptoms of psychopathology. Results: A higher-order model with four first-order dimensions (Fear, Distress, Externalising and Thought Disorder) and a higher-order p dimension provided satisfactory model fit, and a bifactor representation provided superior model fit. Bifactor p and higher-order p were highly correlated (r = 0.97) indicating that both parametrisations produce near equivalent general dimensions of psychopathology. Latent variable models including predictor variables showed that the risk variables explained more variance in higher-order p than bifactor p. The higher-order model produced more interpretable associations for the first-order/specific dimensions compared to the bifactor model. Conclusions: The higher-order representation of p, as described in the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, appears to be a more appropriate way to conceptualise the general dimension of psychopathology than the bifactor approach. The research and clinical implications of these discrepant ways of modelling p are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with good renal function receiving intermittent-infusion vancomycin (IIV) may require total daily doses ≥4 g to achieve trough concentrations of 15-20 mg/L, increasing the risk of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity. Continuous-infusion vancomycin (CIV) may be associated with a lower risk of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity compared with IIV, but studies comparing safety of both dosing strategies are lacking.Objectives: To compare the risk of nephrotoxicity with CIV versus IIV when target concentration ranges were the same with both dosing modalities.Methods: A retrospective multicentre matched cohort study of admitted patients between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2016 was completed. Adult patients who received ≥48 h of vancomycin with at least one steady-state vancomycin concentration were eligible. The primary outcome was to compare the rates of nephrotoxic risk and renal injury, defined by the RIFLE criteria, between CIV and IIV.Results: Of 2136 patients who received vancomycin during the study period, 146 CIV patients were eligible and matched to 146 IIV patients. After adjustment of potential confounders, CIV was found to have a lower odds of developing nephrotoxic risk (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.98, P = 0.025) and renal injury (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.59, P = 0.004).Conclusions: CIV is associated with a lower odds of nephrotoxicity compared with IIV when targeting the same concentration range and should be an alternative dosing strategy for patients who will receive prolonged therapy or require >4 g/day to achieve therapeutic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]