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Phylogenetic relationships among species of the family Mustelidae were examined using the combined nucleotide sequences of the three mitochondrial genetic loci (cytochrome b (MT-CYB; 1140 bp), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (MT- ND2; 1044 bp), and displacement loop (MT-DLOOP; 540 bp)), with special emphasis on the phylogenetic history of four Taiwanese mustelid species: Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785), Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831), Mustela nivalis L., 1766, and Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the combined sequences of the mitochondrial genetic loci produced a topology largely congruent with that of previous studies at the species level. Analyses of intraspecific genetic variations revealed two Melogale moschata individuals from Taiwan and Vietnam that showed genetic distances comparable with interspecific variations within the mustelid lineages. Furthermore, Mustela nivalis, recently discovered in Taiwan, was not as genetically differentiated from other continental conspecific individuals as a previous morphological survey suggested. Divergence time estimations for the mustelid lineages of Taiwan and the Eurasian continent by the Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach suggested multiple colonization of Taiwan by mustelids from the continent during the Pleistocene, creating a hierarchical pattern of endemism based on the differential isolation history of the mustelid species in Taiwan. Nous examinons les relations phylogenetiques au sein des especes de la famille des Mustelidae a l'etude des sequences combinees de nucleotides des trois locus genetiques des mitochondries, le cytochrome b (MT-CYB; 1140 pb), la sous-unite 2 de la NADH-deshydrogenase (MT-ND2; 1044 pb) et la boucle de deplacement (MT-DLOOP; 540 pb), avec un interet particulier pour l' histoire phylogenetique des quatre especes de mustelides de Taiwan, Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785), Melogale moschata (Gray, 1831), Mustela nivalis L., 1766 et Mustela sibirica Pallas, 1773. Une analyse phylogenetique de vraisemblance maximale des sequences combinees des locus genetiques des mitochondries produit une typologie qui est en grande partie congruente avec les etudes anterieures au niveau de l' espece. Des analyses des variations genetiques intraspecifiques revele l'existence de deux individus de Melogale moschata de Taiwan et du Vietnam qui possedent des distances genetiques comparables aux variations interspecifiques dans les lignees de mustelides. De plus, Mustela nivalis, decouvert recemment a Taiwan, n' est pas aussi differencie genetiquement des autres individus continentaux de meme espece que le laissait entendre un inventaire morphologique anterieur. Les estimations des dates de divergence des lignees de mustelides de Taiwan et du continent eurasien par la methode de l'horloge moleculaire relaxee bayesienne laisse croire qu'il y a eu de multiples colonisations de Taiwan par les mustelides a partir du continent durant le pleistocene, ce qui a cree un patron hierarchique d'endemisme base sur l'histoire d'isolement differentiel des especes de mustelides a Taiwan. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Islands are hotspots of biodiversity (Whittaker and Fernandez-Palacios 2007), and the eastern peripheral islands of the Eurasian continent have played an important role in creating novel evolutionary lineages and [...]

Various test patterns are used to analyze the stress migration (SM) behavior in narrow copper (Cu) damascene interconnects, connecting in narrow or wide lines. The results of the analysis shows that the SM phenomenon in such lines is highly affected by the placing of the vias at the edge of the M1 line, which is then used to explain the effect of the via arrangement close to the edge of the lower lines on the SM failure in the interconnects.

This paper presents a numerical analysis of river channel processes with bank erosion. The model can be used for investigating both bed-deformation and bankline shifting in 2D plan form. The basic equations are used in a moving boundary fitted-coordinate system, and a new formulation of nonequilibrium sediment transport is introduced to reproduce the channel processes. The model was applied to examine the morphological behavior of experimental channels. Temporal changes in the plan form in a meandering channel can be classified into two patterns: meander developing and meander straightening. Comparison of the observed and calculated results indicates that the model is applicable to both channel changes under various hydraulic conditions. On the basis of the numerical findings, the paper clarifies the influence of hydraulic variables on the location of bank erosion and bed scouring. The model also was used to investigate the effect of alternate bars on bank erosion and to investigate the development of channel meandering from an initially straight channel.

The fundamental behavior of unsteady flows in an open channel with a rectangular dead zone is investigated experimentally and numerically to clarify the mass-exchange mechanism near an embayment along a river bank. Typical flow features such as generation of a coherent vortex due to shear instability in the mixing layer between two flow regions (main-channel flow and dead zone) and water-surface oscillation (seiche) in the dead zone are shown by the findings of laboratory tests. These flow features can be reproduced numerically by plane two-dimensional (2D) open-channel flow equations in the variable grid system. Model performance was examined in detail by changing the grid size and constants. The calculated values for temporal and spatial variations in velocity and depth are compared with observed values. Examination of the calculated results shows that temporal velocity variations at the interface can be decomposed into two components due to seiche and shear instability; during one seiche, cycle-velocity variations caused by instability are amplified to the large-scale vortex selectively by the interaction between seiche and instability components. This selective amplification process can be detected in a series of photographs of the surface flow pattern as well.