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1. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater foreshadow dynamics and clinical presentation of new COVID-19 cases

Author

Wu, Fuqing, Xiao, Amy, Zhang, Jianbo, Moniz, Katya, Endo, Noriko, Armas, Federica, Bonneau, Richard, Brown, Megan A., Bushman, Mary, Chai, Peter R., Duvallet, Claire, Erickson, Timothy B., Foppe, Katelyn, Ghaeli, Newsha, Gu, Xiaoqiong, Hanage, William P., Huang, Katherine H., Lee, Wei Lin, Matus, Mariana, McElroy, Kyle A., Nagler, Jonathan, Rhode, Steven F., Santillana, Mauricio, Tucker, Joshua A., Wuertz, Stefan, Zhao, Shijie, Thompson, Janelle, and Alm, Eric J.

Published
2022
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2. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 across 40 U.S. states from February to June 2020

Author

Wu, Fuqing, Xiao, Amy, Zhang, Jianbo, Moniz, Katya, Endo, Noriko, Armas, Federica, Bushman, Mary, Chai, Peter R., Duvallet, Claire, Erickson, Timothy B., Foppe, Katelyn, Ghaeli, Newsha, Gu, Xiaoqiong, Hanage, William P., Huang, Katherine H., Lee, Wei Lin, McElroy, Kyle A., Rhode, Steven F., Matus, Mariana, Wuertz, Stefan, Thompson, Janelle, and Alm, Eric J.

Published
2021
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3. Identifying cis-mediators for trans-eQTLs across many human tissues using genomic mediation analysis

Author

Yang, Fan, Wang, Jiebiao, Consortium, The GTEx, Pierce, Brandon L, Chen, Lin S, Aguet, François, Ardlie, Kristin G, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E, Huang, Katherine H, Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen T, Noble, Michael S, Segrè, Ayellet V, Trowbridge, Casandra A, Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D, Castel, Stephane E, Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F, Cox, Nancy J, Damani, Farhan N, Davis, Joe R, Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T, Engelhardt, Barbara E, Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M, Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Im, Hae Kyung, Jo, Brian, Kang, Eun Yong, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I, McDowell, Ian C, Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W, Nicolae, Dan L, Nobel, Andrew B, Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J, Peterson, Christine B, Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J, Shabalin, Andrey A, Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E, Strober, Benjamin J, Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K, Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, and Wang, Gao

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Databases, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genomics, Humans, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, Selection, Genetic, Tissue Distribution, GTEx Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Bioinformatics
Abstract

The impact of inherited genetic variation on gene expression in humans is well-established. The majority of known expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) impact expression of local genes (cis-eQTLs). More research is needed to identify effects of genetic variation on distant genes (trans-eQTLs) and understand their biological mechanisms. One common trans-eQTLs mechanism is "mediation" by a local (cis) transcript. Thus, mediation analysis can be applied to genome-wide SNP and expression data in order to identify transcripts that are "cis-mediators" of trans-eQTLs, including those "cis-hubs" involved in regulation of many trans-genes. Identifying such mediators helps us understand regulatory networks and suggests biological mechanisms underlying trans-eQTLs, both of which are relevant for understanding susceptibility to complex diseases. The multitissue expression data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) program provides a unique opportunity to study cis-mediation across human tissue types. However, the presence of complex hidden confounding effects in biological systems can make mediation analyses challenging and prone to confounding bias, particularly when conducted among diverse samples. To address this problem, we propose a new method: Genomic Mediation analysis with Adaptive Confounding adjustment (GMAC). It enables the search of a very large pool of variables, and adaptively selects potential confounding variables for each mediation test. Analyses of simulated data and GTEx data demonstrate that the adaptive selection of confounders by GMAC improves the power and precision of mediation analysis. Application of GMAC to GTEx data provides new insights into the observed patterns of cis-hubs and trans-eQTL regulation across tissue types.

Published
2017

4. Co-expression networks reveal the tissue-specific regulation of transcription and splicing

Author

Saha, Ashis, Kim, Yungil, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Jo, Brian, Gao, Chuan, McDowell, Ian C, Consortium, The GTEx, Engelhardt, Barbara E, Battle, Alexis, Aguet, François, Ardlie, Kristin G, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E, Huang, Katherine H, Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen T, Noble, Michael S, Segrè, Ayellet V, Trowbridge, Casandra A, Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Bogu, Gireesh K, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D, Castel, Stephane E, Chen, Lin S, Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F, Cox, Nancy J, Damani, Farhan N, Davis, Joe R, Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T, Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M, Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Im, Hae Kyung, Kang, Eun Yong, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I, Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W, Nicolae, Dan L, Nobel, Andrew B, Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J, Peterson, Christine B, Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J, Shabalin, Andrey A, Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E, Strober, Benjamin J, and Sul, Jae Hoon

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Human Genome, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Generic health relevance, Bayes Theorem, Databases, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Regulatory Networks, Genotyping Techniques, Humans, Organ Specificity, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, RNA Splicing, Sequence Analysis, RNA, GTEx Consortium, Medical and Health Sciences, Bioinformatics
Abstract

Gene co-expression networks capture biologically important patterns in gene expression data, enabling functional analyses of genes, discovery of biomarkers, and interpretation of genetic variants. Most network analyses to date have been limited to assessing correlation between total gene expression levels in a single tissue or small sets of tissues. Here, we built networks that additionally capture the regulation of relative isoform abundance and splicing, along with tissue-specific connections unique to each of a diverse set of tissues. We used the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project v6 RNA sequencing data across 50 tissues and 449 individuals. First, we developed a framework called Transcriptome-Wide Networks (TWNs) for combining total expression and relative isoform levels into a single sparse network, capturing the interplay between the regulation of splicing and transcription. We built TWNs for 16 tissues and found that hubs in these networks were strongly enriched for splicing and RNA binding genes, demonstrating their utility in unraveling regulation of splicing in the human transcriptome. Next, we used a Bayesian biclustering model that identifies network edges unique to a single tissue to reconstruct Tissue-Specific Networks (TSNs) for 26 distinct tissues and 10 groups of related tissues. Finally, we found genetic variants associated with pairs of adjacent nodes in our networks, supporting the estimated network structures and identifying 20 genetic variants with distant regulatory impact on transcription and splicing. Our networks provide an improved understanding of the complex relationships of the human transcriptome across tissues.

Published
2017

5. Dynamic landscape and regulation of RNA editing in mammals

Author

Aguet, François, Ardlie, Kristin G, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E, Huang, Katherine H, Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen T, Noble, Michael S, Segrè, Ayellet V, Trowbridge, Casandra A, Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D, Castel, Stephane E, Chen, Lin S, Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F, Cox, Nancy J, Damani, Farhan N, Davis, Joe R, Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T, Engelhardt, Barbara E, Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M, Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I, McDowell, Ian C, Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W, Nicolae, Dan L, Nobel, Andrew B, Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J, Peterson, Christine B, Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J, Shabalin, Andrey A, Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E, Strober, Benjamin J, Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K, Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A, Xi, Hualin S, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, and Zappala, Zachary

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Adenosine Deaminase, Animals, Female, Genotype, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Male, Mice, Muscles, Nuclear Proteins, Organ Specificity, Primates, Proteolysis, RNA Editing, RNA-Binding Proteins, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Species Specificity, Transcriptome, GTEx Consortium, Laboratory, Data Analysis &Coordinating Center (LDACC)—Analysis Working Group, Statistical Methods groups—Analysis Working Group, Enhancing GTEx (eGTEx) groups, NIH Common Fund, NIH/NCI, NIH/NHGRI, NIH/NIMH, NIH/NIDA, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—NDRI, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—RPCI, Biospecimen Core Resource—VARI, Brain Bank Repository—University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank, Leidos Biomedical—Project Management, ELSI Study, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—EBI, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a conserved post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by ADAR enzymes that diversifies the transcriptome by altering selected nucleotides in RNA molecules. Although many editing sites have recently been discovered, the extent to which most sites are edited and how the editing is regulated in different biological contexts are not fully understood. Here we report dynamic spatiotemporal patterns and new regulators of RNA editing, discovered through an extensive profiling of A-to-I RNA editing in 8,551 human samples (representing 53 body sites from 552 individuals) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and in hundreds of other primate and mouse samples. We show that editing levels in non-repetitive coding regions vary more between tissues than editing levels in repetitive regions. Globally, ADAR1 is the primary editor of repetitive sites and ADAR2 is the primary editor of non-repetitive coding sites, whereas the catalytically inactive ADAR3 predominantly acts as an inhibitor of editing. Cross-species analysis of RNA editing in several tissues revealed that species, rather than tissue type, is the primary determinant of editing levels, suggesting stronger cis-directed regulation of RNA editing for most sites, although the small set of conserved coding sites is under stronger trans-regulation. In addition, we curated an extensive set of ADAR1 and ADAR2 targets and showed that many editing sites display distinct tissue-specific regulation by the ADAR enzymes in vivo. Further analysis of the GTEx data revealed several potential regulators of editing, such as AIMP2, which reduces editing in muscles by enhancing the degradation of the ADAR proteins. Collectively, our work provides insights into the complex cis- and trans-regulation of A-to-I editing.

Published
2017

6. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues

Author

Aguet, François, Ardlie, Kristin G, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E, Huang, Katherine H, Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen T, Noble, Michael S, Segrè, Ayellet V, Trowbridge, Casandra A, Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D, Castel, Stephane E, Chen, Lin S, Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F, Cox, Nancy J, Damani, Farhan N, Davis, Joe R, Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T, Engelhardt, Barbara E, Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M, Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I, McDowell, Ian C, Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W, Nicolae, Dan L, Nobel, Andrew B, Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J, Peterson, Christine B, Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J, Shabalin, Andrey A, Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E, Strober, Benjamin J, Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K, Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A, Xi, Hualin S, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, and Zappala, Zachary

Subjects
Genetics, Clinical Research, Human Genome, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Chromosomes, Human, X, Female, Genes, X-Linked, Genome, Human, Genomics, Humans, Male, Organ Specificity, Phenotype, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Single-Cell Analysis, Transcriptome, X Chromosome Inactivation, GTEx Consortium, Laboratory, Data Analysis &Coordinating Center (LDACC)—Analysis Working Group, Statistical Methods groups—Analysis Working Group, Enhancing GTEx (eGTEx) groups, NIH Common Fund, NIH/NCI, NIH/NHGRI, NIH/NIMH, NIH/NIDA, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—NDRI, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—RPCI, Biospecimen Core Resource—VARI, Brain Bank Repository—University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank, Leidos Biomedical—Project Management, ELSI Study, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—EBI, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, General Science & Technology
Abstract

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, incomplete in humans: up to one-third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of 'escape' from inactivation varying between genes and individuals. The extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized, as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression and phenotypic traits. Here we describe a systematic survey of XCI, integrating over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues from GTEx (v6p release) and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, combined with genomic sequence data. We show that XCI at 683 X-chromosomal genes is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven genes that escape XCI with support from multiple lines of evidence and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, establishing incomplete XCI as a mechanism that is likely to introduce phenotypic diversity. Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues helps to increase our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.

Published
2017

7. The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues

Author

Aguet, François, Ardlie, Kristin G, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E, Huang, Katherine H, Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen T, Noble, Michael S, Segrè, Ayellet V, Trowbridge, Casandra A, Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D, Castel, Stephane E, Chen, Lin S, Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F, Cox, Nancy J, Damani, Farhan N, Davis, Joe R, Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T, Engelhardt, Barbara E, Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M, Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I, McDowell, Ian C, Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W, Nicolae, Dan L, Nobel, Andrew B, Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J, Peterson, Christine B, Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J, Shabalin, Andrey A, Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E, Strober, Benjamin J, Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K, Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A, Xi, Hualin S, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, and Zappala, Zachary

Subjects
Bayes Theorem, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genomics, Genotype, Humans, Male, Models, Genetic, Organ Specificity, Sequence Analysis, RNA, GTEx Consortium, Laboratory, Data Analysis &Coordinating Center (LDACC)—Analysis Working Group, Statistical Methods groups—Analysis Working Group, Enhancing GTEx (eGTEx) groups, NIH Common Fund, NIH/NCI, NIH/NHGRI, NIH/NIMH, NIH/NIDA, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—NDRI, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—RPCI, Biospecimen Core Resource—VARI, Brain Bank Repository—University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank, Leidos Biomedical—Project Management, ELSI Study, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—EBI, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Rare genetic variants are abundant in humans and are expected to contribute to individual disease risk. While genetic association studies have successfully identified common genetic variants associated with susceptibility, these studies are not practical for identifying rare variants. Efforts to distinguish pathogenic variants from benign rare variants have leveraged the genetic code to identify deleterious protein-coding alleles, but no analogous code exists for non-coding variants. Therefore, ascertaining which rare variants have phenotypic effects remains a major challenge. Rare non-coding variants have been associated with extreme gene expression in studies using single tissues, but their effects across tissues are unknown. Here we identify gene expression outliers, or individuals showing extreme expression levels for a particular gene, across 44 human tissues by using combined analyses of whole genomes and multi-tissue RNA-sequencing data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project v6p release. We find that 58% of underexpression and 28% of overexpression outliers have nearby conserved rare variants compared to 8% of non-outliers. Additionally, we developed RIVER (RNA-informed variant effect on regulation), a Bayesian statistical model that incorporates expression data to predict a regulatory effect for rare variants with higher accuracy than models using genomic annotations alone. Overall, we demonstrate that rare variants contribute to large gene expression changes across tissues and provide an integrative method for interpretation of rare variants in individual genomes.

Published
2017

8. Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues

Author

Aguet, François, Brown, Andrew A, Castel, Stephane E, Davis, Joe R, He, Yuan, Jo, Brian, Mohammadi, Pejman, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Segrè, Ayellet V, Strober, Benjamin J, Zappala, Zachary, Cummings, Beryl B, Gelfand, Ellen T, Hadley, Kane, Huang, Katherine H, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, Nedzel, Jared L, Nguyen, Duyen Y, Noble, Michael S, Sullivan, Timothy J, Tukiainen, Taru, MacArthur, Daniel G, Getz, Gad, Addington, Anjene, Guan, Ping, Koester, Susan, Little, A Roger, Lockhart, Nicole C, Moore, Helen M, Rao, Abhi, Struewing, Jeffery P, Volpi, Simona, Brigham, Lori E, Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F, Lonsdale, John T, McDonald, Alisa, Mestichelli, Bernadette, Myer, Kevin, Roe, Bryan, Salvatore, Michael, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A, Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Bridge, Jason, Foster, Barbara A, Gillard, Bryan M, Karasik, Ellen, Kumar, Rachna, Miklos, Mark, Moser, Michael T, Jewell, Scott D, Montroy, Robert G, Rohrer, Daniel C, Valley, Dana, Mash, Deborah C, Davis, David A, Sobin, Leslie, Barcus, Mary E, Branton, Philip A, Abell, Nathan S, Balliu, Brunilda, Delaneau, Olivier, Frésard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel DH, Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J, Han, Buhm, He, Amy Z, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Kang, Eun Yong, McDowell, Ian C, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J, Peterson, Christine B, Quon, Gerald, Ripke, Stephan, Saha, Ashis, Shabalin, Andrey A, Shimko, Tyler C, Sul, Jae Hoon, Teran, Nicole A, Tsang, Emily K, Zhang, Hailei, Zhou, Yi-Hui, Bustamante, Carlos D, Cox, Nancy J, and Guigó, Roderic

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics, Human Genome, Biotechnology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Generic health relevance, Alleles, Chromosomes, Human, Disease, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Genotype, Humans, Male, Organ Specificity, Quantitative Trait Loci, GTEx Consortium, Laboratory, Data Analysis &Coordinating Center (LDACC)—Analysis Working Group, Statistical Methods groups—Analysis Working Group, Enhancing GTEx (eGTEx) groups, NIH Common Fund, NIH/NCI, NIH/NHGRI, NIH/NIMH, NIH/NIDA, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—NDRI, Biospecimen Collection Source Site—RPCI, Biospecimen Core Resource—VARI, Brain Bank Repository—University of Miami Brain Endowment Bank, Leidos Biomedical—Project Management, ELSI Study, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—EBI, Genome Browser Data Integration &Visualization—UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Lead analysts:, Laboratory, Data Analysis &Coordinating Center (LDACC):, NIH program management:, Biospecimen collection:, Pathology:, eQTL manuscript working group:, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Characterization of the molecular function of the human genome and its variation across individuals is essential for identifying the cellular mechanisms that underlie human genetic traits and diseases. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body, many of which are not easily accessible. Here we describe genetic effects on gene expression levels across 44 human tissues. We find that local genetic variation affects gene expression levels for the majority of genes, and we further identify inter-chromosomal genetic effects for 93 genes and 112 loci. On the basis of the identified genetic effects, we characterize patterns of tissue specificity, compare local and distal effects, and evaluate the functional properties of the genetic effects. We also demonstrate that multi-tissue, multi-individual data can be used to identify genes and pathways affected by human disease-associated variation, enabling a mechanistic interpretation of gene regulation and the genetic basis of disease.

Published
2017

9. Population-scale tissue transcriptomics maps long non-coding RNAs to complex disease

Author

Anand, Shankara, Gabriel, Stacey, Getz, Gad A., Graubert, Aaron, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Meier, Samuel R., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen T., Segrè, Ayellet V., Todres, Ellen, Balliu, Brunilda, Bonazzola, Rodrigo, Brown, Andrew, Conrad, Donald F., Cotter, Daniel J., Cox, Nancy, Das, Sayantan, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Einson, Jonah, Engelhardt, Barbara E., Eskin, Eleazar, Flynn, Elise D., Fresard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R., Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gay, Nicole R., Guigó, Roderic, Hamel, Andrew R., He, Yuan, Hoffman, Paul J., Hormozdiari, Farhad, Hou, Lei, Jo, Brian, Kasela, Silva, Kashin, Seva, Kellis, Manolis, Kwong, Alan, Li, Xin, Liang, Yanyu, Mangul, Serghei, Mohammadi, Pejman, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Nobel, Andrew B., Oliva, Meritxell, Park, Yongjin, Parsana, Princy, Reverter, Ferran, Rouhana, John M., Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E., Teran, Nicole A., Viñuela, Ana, Wang, Gao, Wright, Fred, Wucher, Valentin, Zou, Yuxin, Ferreira, Pedro G., Li, Gen, Melé, Marta, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Bradbury, Debra, Krubit, Tanya, McLean, Jeffrey A., Qi, Liqun, Robinson, Karna, Roche, Nancy V., Smith, Anna M., Tabor, David E., Undale, Anita, Bridge, Jason, Brigham, Lori E., Foster, Barbara A., Gillard, Bryan M., Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Karasik, Ellen, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F., McDonald, Alisa, Moser, Michael T., Myer, Kevin, Ramsey, Kimberley D., Roe, Brian, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Jewell, Scott D., Rohrer, Daniel C., Valley, Dana R., Davis, David A., Mash, Deborah C., Barcus, Mary E., Branton, Philip A., Sobin, Leslie, Barker, Laura K., Gardiner, Heather M., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Siminoff, Laura A., Flicek, Paul, Haeussler, Maximilian, Juettemann, Thomas, Kent, W. James, Lee, Christopher M., Powell, Conner C., Rosenbloom, Kate R., Ruffier, Magali, Sheppard, Dan, Taylor, Kieron, Trevanion, Stephen J., Zerbino, Daniel R., Abell, Nathan S., Akey, Joshua, Chen, Lin, Demanelis, Kathryn, Doherty, Jennifer A., Feinberg, Andrew P., Hansen, Kasper D., Hickey, Peter F., Jasmine, Farzana, Jiang, Lihua, Kaul, Rajinder, Kibriya, Muhammad G., Li, Jin Billy, Li, Qin, Lin, Shin, Linder, Sandra E., Pierce, Brandon L., Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Skol, Andrew D., Smith, Kevin S., Snyder, Michael, Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Tang, Hua, Wang, Meng, Carithers, Latarsha J., Guan, Ping, Koester, Susan E., Little, A. Roger, Moore, Helen M., Nierras, Concepcion R., Rao, Abhi K., Vaught, Jimmie B., Volpi, Simona, de Goede, Olivia M., Nachun, Daniel C., Ferraro, Nicole M., Gloudemans, Michael J., Rao, Abhiram S., Smail, Craig, Eulalio, Tiffany Y., Aguet, François, Ng, Bernard, Xu, Jishu, Barbeira, Alvaro N., Castel, Stephane E., Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Park, YoSon, Scott, Alexandra J., Strober, Benjamin J., Brown, Christopher D., Wen, Xiaoquan, Hall, Ira M., Battle, Alexis, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Im, Hae Kyung, Ardlie, Kristin G., Mostafavi, Sara, Quertermous, Thomas, Kirkegaard, Karla, and Montgomery, Stephen B.

Published
2021
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10. A Quantitative Proteome Map of the Human Body

Author

Aguet, François, Anand, Shankara, Ardlie, Kristin G., Gabriel, Stacey, Getz, Gad, Graubert, Aaron, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, MacArthur, Daniel G., Meier, Samuel R., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen Y., Segrè, Ayellet V., Todres, Ellen, Balliu, Brunilda, Barbeira, Alvaro N., Battle, Alexis, Bonazzola, Rodrigo, Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D., Castel, Stephane E., Conrad, Don, Cotter, Daniel J., Cox, Nancy, Das, Sayantan, de Goede, Olivia M., Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Engelhardt, Barbara E., Eskin, Eleazar, Eulalio, Tiffany Y., Ferraro, Nicole M., Flynn, Elise, Fresard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R., Garrido-Martín, Diego, Gay, Nicole R., Guigó, Roderic, Hamel, Andrew R., He, Yuan, Hoffman, Paul J., Hormozdiari, Farhad, Hou, Lei, Im, Hae Kyung, Jo, Brian, Kasela, Silva, Kellis, Manolis, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Kwong, Alan, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Xin, Liang, Yanyu, Mangul, Serghei, Mohammadi, Pejman, Montgomery, Stephen B., Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Nachun, Daniel C., Nobel, Andrew B., Oliva, Meritxell, Park, YoSon, Park, Yongjin, Parsana, Princy, Reverter, Ferran, Rouhana, John M., Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Skol, Andrew D., Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E., Strober, Benjamin J., Teran, Nicole A., Viñuela, Ana, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred, Wucher, Valentin, Zou, Yuxin, Ferreira, Pedro G., Li, Gen, Melé, Marta, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Barcus, Mary E., Bradbury, Debra, Krubit, Tanya, McLean, Jeffrey A., Qi, Liqun, Robinson, Karna, Roche, Nancy V., Smith, Anna M., Sobin, Leslie, Tabor, David E., Undale, Anita, Bridge, Jason, Brigham, Lori E., Foster, Barbara A., Gillard, Bryan M., Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Karasik, Ellen, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F., McDonald, Alisa, Moser, Michael T., Myer, Kevin, Ramsey, Kimberley D., Roe, Brian, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Jewell, Scott D., Rohrer, Daniel C., Valley, Dana R., Davis, David A., Mash, Deborah C., Branton, Philip A., Barker, Laura K., Gardiner, Heather M., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Siminoff, Laura A., Flicek, Paul, Haeussler, Maximilian, Juettemann, Thomas, Kent, W. James, Lee, Christopher M., Powell, Conner C., Rosenbloom, Kate R., Ruffier, Magali, Sheppard, Dan, Taylor, Kieron, Trevanion, Stephen J., Zerbino, Daniel R., Abell, Nathan S., Akey, Joshua, Chen, Lin, Demanelis, Kathryn, Doherty, Jennifer A., Feinberg, Andrew P., Hansen, Kasper D., Hickey, Peter F., Jasmine, Farzana, Kaul, Rajinder, Kibriya, Muhammad G., Li, Jin Billy, Li, Qin, Linder, Sandra E., Pierce, Brandon L., Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Smith, Kevin S., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Tang, Hua, Carithers, Latarsha J., Guan, Ping, Koester, Susan E., Little, A. Roger, Moore, Helen M., Nierras, Concepcion R., Rao, Abhi K., Vaught, Jimmie B., Volpi, Simona, Jiang, Lihua, Wang, Meng, Lin, Shin, Jian, Ruiqi, Li, Xiao, Chan, Joanne, Dong, Guanlan, Fang, Huaying, Robinson, Aaron E., and Snyder, Michael P.

Published
2020
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12. Large Lineage-Specific Gene Expansions are Driven by Moble Genetic Elements

Author

Huang, Katherine H.

Subjects
Basic biological sciences, Lineage?specific expansion (LSE), prokaryotes, phylogenetic trees, mobile genetic elements (MGE), phage integration, intergenomic
Abstract

Lineage-specific expansion (LSE) plays a vital role in how prokaryotes gain new genefunctions and adapt to their environments. To uncover the mechanisms behind LSE, we identify genes that arise from LSE by constructing phylogenetic trees of protein families across 400+ bacterial genomes. We found that LSE genes tend to cluster on the chromosomes and form hyper LSE regions. Such regions could not be explained solely by operon duplication. The locations of these hyper LSE regions are often remarkably conserved among closely related strains, even though the gene content may not be conserved. Furthermore, these hyper LSE regions frequently overlap with clusters of mobile genetic elements (MGE) and strain?specific genomic islands. We hypothesize that the majority of large strain-specific gene duplications are mediated by MGE and are concentrated in regions prone to site-specific MGE-driven recombinations. And for the same reasons, these regions are more susceptible to phage integration and to intergenomic information exchange.

Published
2009

14. Nitrate stress response in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough: Whole-Genome Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses

Author

He, Qiang, He, Zhili, Chen, Wenqiong, Yang, Zamin, Alm, Eric J., Huang, Katherine H., Yen, Huei-Che, Joyner, Dominque C., Keller, Martin, Arkin, Adam P., Hazen, Terry C., Wall, Judy D., and Zhou, Jizhong

Abstract

Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are of interest for bioremediation with their ability to reduce and immobilize heavy metals. Nitrate, a common co-contaminant in DOE sites, is suggested to inhibit SRB via nitrite. Previous results indicate that nittite is indeed inhibitory to the growth of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. However, growth inhibition by nitrate alone was also observed. In this study, growth and expression responses to various concentrations of nitrate were investigated using the Omnilog phenotype arrays and whole-genome DNA microarrays. Changes in the proteome were examined with 3D-LC followed by MS-MS analysis.Microarray analysis found 5, 50, 115, and 149 genes significantly up-regulated and 36, 113, 205, and 149 down-regulated at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min, respectively. Both transcriptomic and proteomic profiles shared little similarities with those of salt stress, indicating a specific inhibitory mechanism beyond osmotic stress. Many of the genes (-50% at certain time points) with altered expression level were of unknown functions; however, the increasing number of ribosomal protein genes down-regulated with tinle could provide a direct explanation to the growth inhibition effect of nitrate. Further, several lines of evidence suggested that the downregulationof genes coding the ribosomal proteins could be the result of the changes in the energy flow upon nitrate exposure: 1) The down-regulation of genes for the ATPase subunits indicated reduced level of energy generation; 2) the up-regulation of phage shock protein genes (pspA and pspC) might indicate a reduced proton motive force; although damages to the cell envelope could also contribute to this outcome; 3) the gene for the hybrid cluster protein, a redox protein with roles in nitrogen metabolism, was highly up-regulated 120 and 240 min following nitrate stress at both transcriptomic and proteomic level, suggesting that nitrate was being actively reduced, shifting reducing equivalents away from normal energy production; 4) genes in the methionine biosynthesis pathway were among the most highly up-regulated genes throughout the experiment, potentially providing a convenient rnechanism for the simultaneous disposal of excess sulfur (from sulfate reduction) and nitrogen (from nitrate reduction); 5) One gene cluster consistently among the most up-regulated genes consisted of genes encoding two TRAP dicarboxylate family transpollers, a folmate acetyltransferase, and a pyruvate formate-lyase activating enzyme, which might be regulated to provide an increased carbon flow to keep pace with demand from amino acids biosynthesis. These observations indicated that the growth inhibition effect of nitrate might be due to energy limitation. Similar to the observations made during salt stress, the glycine/betaine transporter gene was among genes highly up-regulated, suggesting that NaN03 also constituted osmotic stress which was relieved by the mechanism of osmoprotectant accumulation. Osmoprotectant accumulation as the major resistance mechanism was further validated by the partial relief of growth inhibition by glycine betaine. It is also noted that, similar to nitrite stress, the ferric iron transporter genes were up-regulated during nitrate stress, suggesting an increased demand for iron. Unlike nitrite stress, however, no other genes in the Fur regulon were co-regulated during nitrate stress, pointing to a yet-to-known regulatory signal.In conclusion, excess NaN03 resulted in both osmotic stress and nitrate stress. D. vulgaris shifted nitrogen metabolism and energy production in response to nitrate stress. Resistance to osmotic stress was achieved primarily by the transport of osmoprotectant.

Published
2007

15. Operon Formation is Driven by Co-Regulation and Not by Horizontal Gene Transfer

Author

Price, Morgan N., Huang, Katherine H., Arkin, Adam P., and Alm, Eric J.

Subjects
Basic biological sciences
Abstract

Although operons are often subject to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), non-HGT genes are particularly likely to be in operons. To resolve this apparent discrepancy and to determine whether HGT is involved in operon formation, we examined the evolutionary history of the genes and operons in Escherichia coli K12. We show that genes that have homologs in distantly related bacteria but not in close relatives of E. coli (indicating HGTi) form new operons at about the same rates as native genes. Furthermore, genes in new operons are no more likely than other genes to have phylogenetic trees that are inconsistent with the species tree. In contrast, essential genes and ubiquitous geneswithout paralogs (genes believed to undergo HGT rarely) often form new operons. We conclude that HGT is not associated with operon formation, but instead promotes the prevalence of pre-existing operons. To explain operon formation, we propose that new operons reduce the amount of regulatory information required to specify optimal expression patterns. Consistent with this hypothesis, operons have greater amounts of conserved regulatory sequences than do individually transcribed genes.

Published
2005

17. A Novel Method for Accurate Operon Predictions in All Sequenced Prokaryotes

Author

Price, Morgan N., Huang, Katherine H., Alm, Eric J., and Arkin, Adam P.

Subjects
Basic biological sciences, Operons Comparative Genomics
Abstract

We combine comparative genomic measures and the distance separating adjacent genes to predict operons in 124 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes. Our method automatically tailors itself to each genome using sequence information alone, and thus can be applied to any prokaryote. For Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis, our method is 85 and 83 percent accurate, respectively, which is similar to the accuracy of methods that use the same features but are trained on experimentally characterized transcripts. In Halobacterium NRC-1 and in Helicobacter pylori, our method correctly infers that genes in operons are separated by shorter distances than they are in E.coli, and its predictions using distance alone are more accurate than distance-only predictions trained on a database of E.coli transcripts. We use microarray data from six phylogenetically diverse prokaryotes to show that combining intergenic distance with comparative genomic measures further improves accuracy and that our method is broadly effective. Finally, we survey operon structure across 124 genomes, and find several surprises: H.pylori has many operons, contrary to previous reports; Bacillus anthracis has an unusual number of pseudogenes within conserved operons; and Synechocystis PCC 6803 has many operons even though it has unusually wide spacings between conserved adjacent genes.

Published
2004

18. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater foreshadow dynamics and clinical presentation of new COVID-19 cases

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Wu, Fuqing, Xiao, Amy, Zhang, Jianbo, Moniz, Katya, Endo, Noriko, Armas, Federica, Bonneau, Richard, Brown, Megan A, Bushman, Mary, Chai, Peter R, Duvallet, Claire, Erickson, Timothy B, Foppe, Katelyn, Ghaeli, Newsha, Gu, Xiaoqiong, Hanage, William P, Huang, Katherine H, Lee, Wei Lin, Matus, Mariana, McElroy, Kyle A, Nagler, Jonathan, Rhode, Steven F, Santillana, Mauricio, Tucker, Joshua A, Wuertz, Stefan, Zhao, Shijie, Thompson, Janelle, Alm, Eric J, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Wu, Fuqing, Xiao, Amy, Zhang, Jianbo, Moniz, Katya, Endo, Noriko, Armas, Federica, Bonneau, Richard, Brown, Megan A, Bushman, Mary, Chai, Peter R, Duvallet, Claire, Erickson, Timothy B, Foppe, Katelyn, Ghaeli, Newsha, Gu, Xiaoqiong, Hanage, William P, Huang, Katherine H, Lee, Wei Lin, Matus, Mariana, McElroy, Kyle A, Nagler, Jonathan, Rhode, Steven F, Santillana, Mauricio, Tucker, Joshua A, Wuertz, Stefan, Zhao, Shijie, Thompson, Janelle, and Alm, Eric J

Abstract

Current estimates of COVID-19 prevalence are largely based on symptomatic, clinically diagnosed cases. The existence of a large number of undiagnosed infections hampers population-wide investigation of viral circulation. Here, we quantify the SARS-CoV-2 concentration and track its dynamics in wastewater at a major urban wastewater treatment facility in Massachusetts, between early January and May 2020. SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in wastewater on March 3. SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in wastewater correlated with clinically diagnosed new COVID-19 cases, with the trends appearing 4-10 days earlier in wastewater than in clinical data. We inferred viral shedding dynamics by modeling wastewater viral load as a convolution of back-dated new clinical cases with the average population-level viral shedding function. The inferred viral shedding function showed an early peak, likely before symptom onset and clinical diagnosis, consistent with emerging clinical and experimental evidence. This finding suggests that SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater may be primarily driven by viral shedding early in infection. This work shows that longitudinal wastewater analysis can be used to identify trends in disease transmission in advance of clinical case reporting, and infer early viral shedding dynamics for newly infected individuals, which are difficult to capture in clinical investigations.

Published
2023

19. The impact of rare variation on gene expression across tissues

Author

Li, Xin, Kim, Yungil, Tsang, Emily K., Davis, Joe R., Damani, Farhan N., Chiang, Colby, Hess, Gaelen T., Zappala, Zachary, Strober, Benjamin J., Scott, Alexandra J., Li, Amy, Ganna, Andrea, Bassik, Michael C., Merker, Jason D., Aguet, Franois, Ardlie, Kristin G., Cummings, Beryl B., Gelfand, Ellen T., Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J., Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen T., Noble, Michael S., Segr, Ayellet V., Trowbridge, Casandra A., Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S., Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K., Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D., Castel, Stephane E., Chen, Lin S., Conrad, Donald F., Cox, Nancy J., Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Engelhardt, Barbara E., Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G., Frsard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R., Garrido-Martn, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel D.H., Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J., Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M., Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I., McDowell, Ian C., Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B., Muoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W., Nicolae, Dan L., Nobel, Andrew B., Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J., Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J., Peterson, Christine B., Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Shabalin, Andrey A., Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E., Sul, Jae Hoon, Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A., Xi, Hualin S., Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Zaugg, Judith B., Zhou, Yi-Hui, Akey, Joshua M., Bates, Daniel, Chan, Joanne, Claussnitzer, Melina, Demanelis, Kathryn, Diegel, Morgan, Doherty, Jennifer A., Feinberg, Andrew P., Fernando, Marian S., Halow, Jessica, Hansen, Kasper D., Haugen, Eric, Hickey, Peter F., Hou, Lei, Jasmine, Farzana, Jian, Ruiqi, Jiang, Lihua, Johnson, Audra, Kaul, Rajinder, Kellis, Manolis, Kibriya, Muhammad G., Lee, Kristen, Billy Li, Jin, Li, Qin, Lin, Jessica, Lin, Shin, Linder, Sandra, Linke, Caroline, Liu, Yaping, Maurano, Matthew T., Molinie, Benoit, Nelson, Jemma, Neri, Fidencio J., Park, Yongjin, Pierce, Brandon L., Rinaldi, Nicola J., Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Sandstrom, Richard, Skol, Andrew, Smith, Kevin S., Snyder, Michael P., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Tang, Hua, Wang, Li, Wang, Meng, Van Wittenberghe, Nicholas, Wu, Fan, Zhang, Rui, Nierras, Concepcion R., Branton, Philip A., Carithers, Latarsha J., Guan, Ping, Moore, Helen M., Rao, Abhi, Vaught, Jimmie B., Gould, Sarah E., Lockart, Nicole C., Martin, Casey, Struewing, Jeffery P., Volpi, Simona, Addington, Anjene M., Koester, Susan E., Little, A. Roger, Brigham, Lori E., Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F., Lonsdale, John T., McDonald, Alisa, Mestichelli, Bernadette, Myer, Kevin, Roe, Brian, Salvatore, Michael, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Bridge, Jason, Foster, Barbara A., Gillard, Bryan M., Karasik, Ellen, Kumar, Rachna, Miklos, Mark, Moser, Michael T., Jewell, Scott D., Montroy, Robert G., Rohrer, Daniel C., Valley, Dana R., Davis, David A., Mash, Deborah C., Undale, Anita H., Smith, Anna M., Tabor, David E., Roche, Nancy V., McLean, Jeffrey A., Vatanian, Negin, Robinson, Karna L., Sobin, Leslie, Barcus, Mary E., Valentino, Kimberly M., Qi, Liqun, Hunter, Steven, Hariharan, Pushpa, Singh, Shilpi, Um, Ki Sung, Matose, Takunda, Tomaszewski, Maria M., Barker, Laura K., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Siminoff, Laura A., Traino, Heather M., Flicek, Paul, Juettemann, Thomas, Ruffier, Magali, Sheppard, Dan, Taylor, Kieron, Trevanion, Stephen J., Zerbino, Daniel R., Craft, Brian, Goldman, Mary, Haeussler, Maximilian, Kent, W. James, Lee, Christopher M., Paten, Benedict, Rosenbloom, Kate R., Vivian, John, and Zhu, Jingchun

Subjects
Observations, Genetic aspects, Disease susceptibility -- Genetic aspects, Genetic variation -- Observations, Gene expression -- Observations
Abstract

Author(s): Xin Li [1]; Yungil Kim [2]; Emily K. Tsang [1, 3]; Joe R. Davis [1, 4]; Farhan N. Damani [2]; Colby Chiang [5]; Gaelen T. Hess [4]; Zachary Zappala [...]

Published
2017
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20. Dynamic landscape and regulation of RNA editing in mammals

Author

Tan, Meng How, Li, Qin, Shanmugam, Raghuvaran, Piskol, Robert, Kohler, Jennefer, Young, Amy N., Liu, Kaiwen Ivy, Zhang, Rui, Ramaswami, Gokul, Ariyoshi, Kentaro, Gupte, Ankita, Keegan, Liam P., George, Cyril X., Ramu, Avinash, Huang, Ni, Pollina, Elizabeth A., Leeman, Dena S., Rustighi, Alessandra, Goh, Y. P. Sharon, Aguet, Franois, Ardlie, Kristin G., Cummings, Beryl B., Gelfand, Ellen T., Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Karczewski, Konrad J., Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen T., Noble, Michael S., Segr, Ayellet V., Trowbridge, Casandra A., Tukiainen, Taru, Abell, Nathan S., Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K., Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D., Castel, Stephane E., Chen, Lin S., Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F., Cox, Nancy J., Damani, Farhan N., Davis, Joe R., Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Engelhardt, Barbara E., Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G., Frsard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R., Garrido-Martn, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel D. H., Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J., Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M., Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I., McDowell, Ian C., Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B., Muoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W., Nicolae, Dan L., Nobel, Andrew B., Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J., Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J., Peterson, Christine B., Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J., Shabalin, Andrey A., Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E., Strober, Benjamin J., Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K., Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A., Xi, Hualin S., Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Zappala, Zachary, Zaugg, Judith B., Zhou, Yi-Hui, Akey, Joshua M., Bates, Daniel, Chan, Joanne, Claussnitzer, Melina, Demanelis, Kathryn, Diegel, Morgan, Doherty, Jennifer A., Feinberg, Andrew P., Fernando, Marian S., Halow, Jessica, Hansen, Kasper D., Haugen, Eric, Hickey, Peter F., Hou, Lei, Jasmine, Farzana, Jian, Ruiqi, Jiang, Lihua, Johnson, Audra, Kaul, Rajinder, Kellis, Manolis, Kibriya, Muhammad G., Lee, Kristen, Li, Jin Billy, Lin, Jessica, Lin, Shin, Linder, Sandra, Linke, Caroline, Liu, Yaping, Maurano, Matthew T., Molinie, Benoit, Nelson, Jemma, Neri, Fidencio J., Park, Yongjin, Pierce, Brandon L., Rinaldi, Nicola J., Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Sandstrom, Richard, Skol, Andrew, Smith, Kevin S., Snyder, Michael P., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Tang, Hua, Wang, Li, Wang, Meng, Van Wittenberghe, Nicholas, Wu, Fan, Nierras, Concepcion R., Branton, Philip A., Carithers, Latarsha J., Guan, Ping, Moore, Helen M., Rao, Abhi, Vaught, Jimmie B., Gould, Sarah E., Lockart, Nicole C., Martin, Casey, Struewing, Jeffery P., Volpi, Simona, Addington, Anjene M., Koester, Susan E., Little, A. Roger, Brigham, Lori E., Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F., Lonsdale, John T., McDonald, Alisa, Mestichelli, Bernadette, Myer, Kevin, Roe, Brian, Salvatore, Michael, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Bridge, Jason, Foster, Barbara A., Gillard, Bryan M., Karasik, Ellen, Kumar, Rachna, Miklos, Mark, Moser, Michael T., Jewell, Scott D., Montroy, Robert G., Rohrer, Daniel C., Valley, Dana R., Davis, David A., Mash, Deborah C., Undale, Anita H., Smith, Anna M., Tabor, David E., Roche, Nancy V., McLean, Jeffrey A., Vatanian, Negin, Robinson, Karna L., Sobin, Leslie, Barcus, Mary E., Valentino, Kimberly M., Qi, Liqun, Hunter, Steven, Hariharan, Pushpa, Singh, Shilpi, Um, Ki Sung, Matose, Takunda, Tomaszewski, Maria M., Barker, Laura K., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Siminoff, Laura A., Traino, Heather M., Flicek, Paul, Juettemann, Thomas, Ruffier, Magali, Sheppard, Dan, Taylor, Kieron, Trevanion, Stephen J., Zerbino, Daniel R., Craft, Brian, Goldman, Mary, Haeussler, Maximilian, Kent, W. James, Lee, Christopher M., Paten, Benedict, Rosenbloom, Kate R., Vivian, John, Zhu, Jingchun, Chawla, Ajay, Del Sal, Giannino, Peltz, Gary, Brunet, Anne, Samuel, Charles E., OConnell, Mary A., Walkley, Carl R., and Nishikura, Kazuko

Subjects
Genetic aspects, Research, Genetic research, Mammals -- Genetic aspects, RNA processing -- Research, Genetic regulation
Abstract

Author(s): Meng How Tan (corresponding author) [1, 2, 3]; Qin Li [1]; Raghuvaran Shanmugam [2, 3]; Robert Piskol [1]; Jennefer Kohler [1]; Amy N. Young [1]; Kaiwen Ivy Liu [3]; [...]

Published
2017
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21. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues

Author

Tukiainen, Taru, Villani, Alexandra-Chlo, Yen, Angela, Rivas, Manuel A., Marshall, Jamie L., Satija, Rahul, Aguirre, Matt, Gauthier, Laura, Fleharty, Mark, Kirby, Andrew, Cummings, Beryl B., Castel, Stephane E., Karczewski, Konrad J., Aguet, Franois, Byrnes, Andrea, Ardlie, Kristin G., Gelfand, Ellen T., Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen T., Noble, Michael S., Segr, Ayellet V., Trowbridge, Casandra A., Abell, Nathan S., Balliu, Brunilda, Barshir, Ruth, Basha, Omer, Battle, Alexis, Bogu, Gireesh K., Brown, Andrew, Brown, Christopher D., Chen, Lin S., Chiang, Colby, Conrad, Donald F., Cox, Nancy J., Damani, Farhan N., Davis, Joe R., Delaneau, Olivier, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Engelhardt, Barbara E., Eskin, Eleazar, Ferreira, Pedro G., Frsard, Laure, Gamazon, Eric R., Garrido-Martn, Diego, Gewirtz, Ariel D. H., Gliner, Genna, Gloudemans, Michael J., Guigo, Roderic, Hall, Ira M., Han, Buhm, He, Yuan, Hormozdiari, Farhad, Howald, Cedric, Kyung Im, Hae, Jo, Brian, Yong Kang, Eun, Kim, Yungil, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Gen, Li, Xin, Liu, Boxiang, Mangul, Serghei, McCarthy, Mark I., McDowell, Ian C., Mohammadi, Pejman, Monlong, Jean, Montgomery, Stephen B., Muoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Ndungu, Anne W., Nicolae, Dan L., Nobel, Andrew B., Oliva, Meritxell, Ongen, Halit, Palowitch, John J., Panousis, Nikolaos, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Park, YoSon, Parsana, Princy, Payne, Anthony J., Peterson, Christine B., Quan, Jie, Reverter, Ferran, Sabatti, Chiara, Saha, Ashis, Sammeth, Michael, Scott, Alexandra J., Shabalin, Andrey A., Sodaei, Reza, Stephens, Matthew, Stranger, Barbara E., Strober, Benjamin J., Sul, Jae Hoon, Tsang, Emily K., Urbut, Sarah, van de Bunt, Martijn, Wang, Gao, Wen, Xiaoquan, Wright, Fred A., Xi, Hualin S., Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Zappala, Zachary, Zaugg, Judith B., Zhou, Yi-Hui, Akey, Joshua M., Bates, Daniel, Chan, Joanne, Claussnitzer, Melina, Demanelis, Kathryn, Diegel, Morgan, Doherty, Jennifer A., Feinberg, Andrew P., Fernando, Marian S., Halow, Jessica, Hansen, Kasper D., Haugen, Eric, Hickey, Peter F., Hou, Lei, Jasmine, Farzana, Jian, Ruiqi, Jiang, Lihua, Johnson, Audra, Kaul, Rajinder, Kellis, Manolis, Kibriya, Muhammad G., Lee, Kristen, Li, Jin Billy, Li, Qin, Lin, Jessica, Lin, Shin, Linder, Sandra, Linke, Caroline, Liu, Yaping, Maurano, Matthew T., Molinie, Benoit, Nelson, Jemma, Neri, Fidencio J., Park, Yongjin, Pierce, Brandon L., Rinaldi, Nicola J., Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Sandstrom, Richard, Skol, Andrew, Smith, Kevin S., Snyder, Michael P., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Tang, Hua, Wang, Li, Wang, Meng, Van Wittenberghe, Nicholas, Wu, Fan, Zhang, Rui, Nierras, Concepcion R., Branton, Philip A., Carithers, Latarsha J., Guan, Ping, Moore, Helen M., Rao, Abhi, Vaught, Jimmie B., Gould, Sarah E., Lockart, Nicole C., Martin, Casey, Struewing, Jeffery P., Volpi, Simona, Addington, Anjene M., Koester, Susan E., Little, A. Roger, Brigham, Lori E., Hasz, Richard, Hunter, Marcus, Johns, Christopher, Johnson, Mark, Kopen, Gene, Leinweber, William F., Lonsdale, John T., McDonald, Alisa, Mestichelli, Bernadette, Myer, Kevin, Roe, Brian, Salvatore, Michael, Shad, Saboor, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Walters, Gary, Washington, Michael, Wheeler, Joseph, Bridge, Jason, Foster, Barbara A., Gillard, Bryan M., Karasik, Ellen, Kumar, Rachna, Miklos, Mark, Moser, Michael T., Jewell, Scott D., Montroy, Robert G., Rohrer, Daniel C., Valley, Dana R., Davis, David A., Mash, Deborah C., Undale, Anita H., Smith, Anna M., Tabor, David E., Roche, Nancy V., McLean, Jeffrey A., Vatanian, Negin, Robinson, Karna L., Sobin, Leslie, Barcus, Mary E., Valentino, Kimberly M., Qi, Liqun, Hunter, Steven, Hariharan, Pushpa, Singh, Shilpi, Um, Ki Sung, Matose, Takunda, Tomaszewski, Maria M., Barker, Laura K., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Siminoff, Laura A., Traino, Heather M., Flicek, Paul, Juettemann, Thomas, Ruffier, Magali, Sheppard, Dan, Taylor, Kieron, Trevanion, Stephen J., Zerbino, Daniel R., Craft, Brian, Goldman, Mary, Haeussler, Maximilian, Kent, W. James, Lee, Christopher M., Paten, Benedict, Rosenbloom, Kate R., Vivian, John, Zhu, Jingchun, Regev, Aviv, and Hacohen, Nir

Subjects
Physiological aspects, Chromosomes -- Physiological aspects
Abstract

Author(s): Taru Tukiainen (corresponding author) [1, 2]; Alexandra-Chlo Villani [2, 3]; Angela Yen [2, 4]; Manuel A. Rivas [1, 2, 5]; Jamie L. Marshall [1, 2]; Rahul Satija [2, 6, [...]

Published
2017
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23. Additional file 2 of Design and user experience testing of a polygenic score report: a qualitative study of prospective users

Author

Brockman, Deanna G., Petronio, Lia, Dron, Jacqueline S., Kwon, Bum Chul, Vosburg, Trish, Nip, Lisa, Tang, Andrew, O’Reilly, Mary, Lennon, Niall, Wong, Bang, Ng, Kenney, Huang, Katherine H., Fahed, Akl C., and Khera, Amit V.

Abstract

Additional file 2: Revised polygenic score reports for coronary artery disease. A. Page one of ‘significantly increased risk’ report. B. Page one of ‘average risk’ report. C. Page one of ‘significantly decreased risk’ report. D. Page two of all reports. All reports consist of five sections: (1) Participant information, (2) Participant score, (3) ‘What is a polygenic score?’ (4) ‘What is coronary artery disease?’ and (5) ‘How can I reduce my risk of coronary artery disease?’

Published
2021
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25. Energetic consequences of nitrite stress in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, inferred from global transcriptional analysis

Author

Qiang He, Huang, Katherine H., Zhili He, Alm, Eric J., Fields, Matthew W., Hazen, Terry C., Arkin, Adam P., and Wall, Judy D.

Subjects
Nitrites -- Chemical properties, Sulfur bacteria -- Genetic aspects, Microbial metabolism -- Research, Genetic transcription -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough was used as a model organism to study stress response to nitrite, an important intermediate in nitrogen cycle in order to understand the metabolism of microorganisms under adverse environmental conditions for improved bioremediation efforts. Global trnscription profiling with whole-genome microarays revealed coordinated cascades of responses to nitrite in pathways of energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, oxidative stress response and iron homeostasis.

Published
2006

26. Population-scale tissue transcriptomics maps long non-coding RNAs to complex disease

Author

de Goede, Olivia M., primary, Nachun, Daniel C., additional, Ferraro, Nicole M., additional, Gloudemans, Michael J., additional, Rao, Abhiram S., additional, Smail, Craig, additional, Eulalio, Tiffany Y., additional, Aguet, François, additional, Ng, Bernard, additional, Xu, Jishu, additional, Barbeira, Alvaro N., additional, Castel, Stephane E., additional, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, additional, Park, YoSon, additional, Scott, Alexandra J., additional, Strober, Benjamin J., additional, Brown, Christopher D., additional, Wen, Xiaoquan, additional, Hall, Ira M., additional, Battle, Alexis, additional, Lappalainen, Tuuli, additional, Im, Hae Kyung, additional, Ardlie, Kristin G., additional, Mostafavi, Sara, additional, Quertermous, Thomas, additional, Kirkegaard, Karla, additional, Montgomery, Stephen B., additional, Anand, Shankara, additional, Gabriel, Stacey, additional, Getz, Gad A., additional, Graubert, Aaron, additional, Hadley, Kane, additional, Handsaker, Robert E., additional, Huang, Katherine H., additional, Li, Xiao, additional, MacArthur, Daniel G., additional, Meier, Samuel R., additional, Nedzel, Jared L., additional, Nguyen, Duyen T., additional, Segrè, Ayellet V., additional, Todres, Ellen, additional, Balliu, Brunilda, additional, Bonazzola, Rodrigo, additional, Brown, Andrew, additional, Conrad, Donald F., additional, Cotter, Daniel J., additional, Cox, Nancy, additional, Das, Sayantan, additional, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., additional, Einson, Jonah, additional, Engelhardt, Barbara E., additional, Eskin, Eleazar, additional, Flynn, Elise D., additional, Fresard, Laure, additional, Gamazon, Eric R., additional, Garrido-Martín, Diego, additional, Gay, Nicole R., additional, Guigó, Roderic, additional, Hamel, Andrew R., additional, He, Yuan, additional, Hoffman, Paul J., additional, Hormozdiari, Farhad, additional, Hou, Lei, additional, Jo, Brian, additional, Kasela, Silva, additional, Kashin, Seva, additional, Kellis, Manolis, additional, Kwong, Alan, additional, Li, Xin, additional, Liang, Yanyu, additional, Mangul, Serghei, additional, Mohammadi, Pejman, additional, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, additional, Nobel, Andrew B., additional, Oliva, Meritxell, additional, Park, Yongjin, additional, Parsana, Princy, additional, Reverter, Ferran, additional, Rouhana, John M., additional, Sabatti, Chiara, additional, Saha, Ashis, additional, Stephens, Matthew, additional, Stranger, Barbara E., additional, Teran, Nicole A., additional, Viñuela, Ana, additional, Wang, Gao, additional, Wright, Fred, additional, Wucher, Valentin, additional, Zou, Yuxin, additional, Ferreira, Pedro G., additional, Li, Gen, additional, Melé, Marta, additional, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, additional, Bradbury, Debra, additional, Krubit, Tanya, additional, McLean, Jeffrey A., additional, Qi, Liqun, additional, Robinson, Karna, additional, Roche, Nancy V., additional, Smith, Anna M., additional, Tabor, David E., additional, Undale, Anita, additional, Bridge, Jason, additional, Brigham, Lori E., additional, Foster, Barbara A., additional, Gillard, Bryan M., additional, Hasz, Richard, additional, Hunter, Marcus, additional, Johns, Christopher, additional, Johnson, Mark, additional, Karasik, Ellen, additional, Kopen, Gene, additional, Leinweber, William F., additional, McDonald, Alisa, additional, Moser, Michael T., additional, Myer, Kevin, additional, Ramsey, Kimberley D., additional, Roe, Brian, additional, Shad, Saboor, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey A., additional, Walters, Gary, additional, Washington, Michael, additional, Wheeler, Joseph, additional, Jewell, Scott D., additional, Rohrer, Daniel C., additional, Valley, Dana R., additional, Davis, David A., additional, Mash, Deborah C., additional, Barcus, Mary E., additional, Branton, Philip A., additional, Sobin, Leslie, additional, Barker, Laura K., additional, Gardiner, Heather M., additional, Mosavel, Maghboeba, additional, Siminoff, Laura A., additional, Flicek, Paul, additional, Haeussler, Maximilian, additional, Juettemann, Thomas, additional, Kent, W. James, additional, Lee, Christopher M., additional, Powell, Conner C., additional, Rosenbloom, Kate R., additional, Ruffier, Magali, additional, Sheppard, Dan, additional, Taylor, Kieron, additional, Trevanion, Stephen J., additional, Zerbino, Daniel R., additional, Abell, Nathan S., additional, Akey, Joshua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Demanelis, Kathryn, additional, Doherty, Jennifer A., additional, Feinberg, Andrew P., additional, Hansen, Kasper D., additional, Hickey, Peter F., additional, Jasmine, Farzana, additional, Jiang, Lihua, additional, Kaul, Rajinder, additional, Kibriya, Muhammad G., additional, Li, Jin Billy, additional, Li, Qin, additional, Lin, Shin, additional, Linder, Sandra E., additional, Pierce, Brandon L., additional, Rizzardi, Lindsay F., additional, Skol, Andrew D., additional, Smith, Kevin S., additional, Snyder, Michael, additional, Stamatoyannopoulos, John, additional, Tang, Hua, additional, Wang, Meng, additional, Carithers, Latarsha J., additional, Guan, Ping, additional, Koester, Susan E., additional, Little, A. Roger, additional, Moore, Helen M., additional, Nierras, Concepcion R., additional, Rao, Abhi K., additional, Vaught, Jimmie B., additional, and Volpi, Simona, additional

Published
2021
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27. Design and user experience testing of a polygenic score report: a qualitative study of prospective users

Author

Brockman, Deanna G., primary, Petronio, Lia, additional, Dron, Jacqueline S., additional, Kwon, Bum Chul, additional, Vosburg, Trish, additional, Nip, Lisa, additional, Tang, Andrew, additional, O’Reilly, Mary, additional, Lennon, Niall, additional, Wong, Bang, additional, Ng, Kenney, additional, Huang, Katherine H., additional, Fahed, Akl C., additional, and Khera, Amit V., additional

Published
2021
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28. A framework for human microbiome research

Author

Methé, Barbara A., Nelson, Karen E., Pop, Mihai, Creasy, Heather H., Giglio, Michelle G., Huttenhower, Curtis, Gevers, Dirk, Petrosino, Joseph F., Abubucker, Sahar, Badger, Jonathan H., Chinwalla, Asif T., Earl, Ashlee M., FitzGerald, Michael G., Fulton, Robert S., Hallsworth-Pepin, Kymberlie, Lobos, Elizabeth A., Madupu, Ramana, Magrini, Vincent, Martin, John C., Mitreva, Makedonka, Muzny, Donna M., Sodergren, Erica J., Versalovic, James, Wollam, Aye M., Worley, Kim C., Wortman, Jennifer R., Young, Sarah K., Zeng, Qiandong, Aagaard, Kjersti M., Abolude, Olukemi O., Allen-Vercoe, Emma, Alm, Eric J., Alvarado, Lucia, Andersen, Gary L., Anderson, Scott, Appelbaum, Elizabeth, Arachchi, Harindra M., Armitage, Gary, Arze, Cesar A., Ayvaz, Tulin, Baker, Carl C., Begg, Lisa, Belachew, Tsegahiwot, Bhonagiri, Veena, Bihan, Monika, Blaser, Martin J., Bloom, Toby, Bonazzi, Vivien R., Brooks, Paul, Buck, Gregory A., Buhay, Christian J., Busam, Dana A., Campbell, Joseph L., Canon, Shane R., Cantarel, Brandi L., Chain, Patrick S., Chen, I-Min A., Chen, Lei, Chhibba, Shaila, Chu, Ken, Ciulla, Dawn M., Clemente, Jose C., Clifton, Sandra W., Conlan, Sean, Crabtree, Jonathan, Cutting, Mary A., Davidovics, Noam J., Davis, Catherine C., DeSantis, Todd Z., Deal, Carolyn, Delehaunty, Kimberley D., Dewhirst, Floyd E., Deych, Elena, Ding, Yan, Dooling, David J., Dugan, Shannon P., Dunne, Michael W., Jr, Durkin, Scott A., Edgar, Robert C., Erlich, Rachel L., Farmer, Candace N., Farrell, Ruth M., Faust, Karoline, Feldgarden, Michael, Felix, Victor M., Fisher, Sheila, Fodor, Anthony A., Forney, Larry, Foster, Leslie, Di Francesco, Valentina, Friedman, Jonathan, Friedrich, Dennis C., Fronick, Catrina C., Fulton, Lucinda L., Gao, Hongyu, Garcia, Nathalia, Giannoukos, Georgia, Giblin, Christina, Giovanni, Maria Y., Goldberg, Jonathan M., Goll, Johannes, Gonzalez, Antonio, Griggs, Allison, Gujja, Sharvari, Haas, Brian J., Hamilton, Holli A., Harris, Emily L., Hepburn, Theresa A., Herter, Brandi, Hoffmann, Diane E., Holder, Michael E., Howarth, Clinton, Huang, Katherine H., Huse, Susan M., Izard, Jacques, Jansson, Janet K., Jiang, Huaiyang, Jordan, Catherine, Joshi, Vandita, Katancik, James A., Keitel, Wendy A., Kelley, Scott T., Kells, Cristyn, Kinder-Haake, Susan, King, Nicholas B., Knight, Rob, Knights, Dan, Kong, Heidi H., Koren, Omry, Koren, Sergey, Kota, Karthik C., Kovar, Christie L., Kyrpides, Nikos C., La Rosa, Patricio S., Lee, Sandra L., Lemon, Katherine P., Lennon, Niall, Lewis, Cecil M., Lewis, Lora, Ley, Ruth E., Li, Kelvin, Liolios, Konstantinos, Liu, Bo, Liu, Yue, Lo, Chien-Chi, Lozupone, Catherine A., Lunsford, Dwayne R., Madden, Tessa, Mahurkar, Anup A., Mannon, Peter J., Mardis, Elaine R., Markowitz, Victor M., Mavrommatis, Konstantinos, McCorrison, Jamison M., McDonald, Daniel, McEwen, Jean, McGuire, Amy L., McInnes, Pamela, Mehta, Teena, Mihindukulasuriya, Kathie A., Miller, Jason R., Minx, Patrick J., Newsham, Irene, Nusbaum, Chad, O’Laughlin, Michelle, Orvis, Joshua, Pagani, Ioanna, Palaniappan, Krishna, Patel, Shital M., Pearson, Matthew, Peterson, Jane, Podar, Mircea, Pohl, Craig, Pollard, Katherine S., Priest, Margaret E., Proctor, Lita M., Qin, Xiang, Raes, Jeroen, Ravel, Jacques, Reid, Jeffrey G., Rho, Mina, Rhodes, Rosamond, Riehle, Kevin P., Rivera, Maria C., Rodriguez-Mueller, Beltran, Rogers, Yu-Hui, Ross, Matthew C., Russ, Carsten, Sanka, Ravi K., Sankar, Pamela, Sathirapongsasuti, Fah J., Schloss, Jeffery A., Schloss, Patrick D., Schmidt, Thomas M., Scholz, Matthew, Schriml, Lynn, Schubert, Alyxandria M., Segata, Nicola, Segre, Julia A., Shannon, William D., Sharp, Richard R., Sharpton, Thomas J., Shenoy, Narmada, Sheth, Nihar U., Simone, Gina A., Singh, Indresh, Smillie, Chris S., Sobel, Jack D., Sommer, Daniel D., Spicer, Paul, Sutton, Granger G., Sykes, Sean M., Tabbaa, Diana G., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Tomlinson, Chad M., Torralba, Manolito, Treangen, Todd J., Truty, Rebecca M., Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A., Walker, Jason, Wang, Lu, Wang, Zhengyuan, Ward, Doyle V., Warren, Wesley, Watson, Mark A., Wellington, Christopher, Wetterstrand, Kris A., White, James R., Wilczek-Boney, Katarzyna, Wu, Yuan Qing, Wylie, Kristine M., Wylie, Todd, Yandava, Chandri, Ye, Liang, Ye, Yuzhen, Yooseph, Shibu, Youmans, Bonnie P., Zhang, Lan, Zhou, Yanjiao, Zhu, Yiming, Zoloth, Laurie, Zucker, Jeremy D., Birren, Bruce W., Gibbs, Richard A., Highlander, Sarah K., Weinstock, George M., Wilson, Richard K., and White, Owen

Published
2012
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29. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome

Author

Huttenhower, Curtis, Gevers, Dirk, Knight, Rob, Abubucker, Sahar, Badger, Jonathan H., Chinwalla, Asif T., Creasy, Heather H., Earl, Ashlee M., FitzGerald, Michael G., Fulton, Robert S., Giglio, Michelle G., Hallsworth-Pepin, Kymberlie, Lobos, Elizabeth A., Madupu, Ramana, Magrini, Vincent, Martin, John C., Mitreva, Makedonka, Muzny, Donna M., Sodergren, Erica J., Versalovic, James, Wollam, Aye M., Worley, Kim C., Wortman, Jennifer R., Young, Sarah K., Zeng, Qiandong, Aagaard, Kjersti M., Abolude, Olukemi O., Allen-Vercoe, Emma, Alm, Eric J., Alvarado, Lucia, Andersen, Gary L., Anderson, Scott, Appelbaum, Elizabeth, Arachchi, Harindra M., Armitage, Gary, Arze, Cesar A., Ayvaz, Tulin, Baker, Carl C., Begg, Lisa, Belachew, Tsegahiwot, Bhonagiri, Veena, Bihan, Monika, Blaser, Martin J., Bloom, Toby, Bonazzi, Vivien, Brooks, Paul J., Buck, Gregory A., Buhay, Christian J., Busam, Dana A., Campbell, Joseph L., Canon, Shane R., Cantarel, Brandi L., Chain, Patrick S. G., Chen, I-Min A., Chen, Lei, Chhibba, Shaila, Chu, Ken, Ciulla, Dawn M., Clemente, Jose C., Clifton, Sandra W., Conlan, Sean, Crabtree, Jonathan, Cutting, Mary A., Davidovics, Noam J., Davis, Catherine C., DeSantis, Todd Z., Deal, Carolyn, Delehaunty, Kimberley D., Dewhirst, Floyd E., Deych, Elena, Ding, Yan, Dooling, David J., Dugan, Shannon P., Dunne, Wm Michael, Durkin, Scott A., Edgar, Robert C., Erlich, Rachel L., Farmer, Candace N., Farrell, Ruth M., Faust, Karoline, Feldgarden, Michael, Felix, Victor M., Fisher, Sheila, Fodor, Anthony A., Forney, Larry J., Foster, Leslie, Di Francesco, Valentina, Friedman, Jonathan, Friedrich, Dennis C., Fronick, Catrina C., Fulton, Lucinda L., Gao, Hongyu, Garcia, Nathalia, Giannoukos, Georgia, Giblin, Christina, Giovanni, Maria Y., Goldberg, Jonathan M., Goll, Johannes, Gonzalez, Antonio, Griggs, Allison, Gujja, Sharvari, Haake, Susan Kinder, Haas, Brian J., Hamilton, Holli A., Harris, Emily L., Hepburn, Theresa A., Herter, Brandi, Hoffmann, Diane E., Holder, Michael E., Howarth, Clinton, Huang, Katherine H., Huse, Susan M., Izard, Jacques, Jansson, Janet K., Jiang, Huaiyang, Jordan, Catherine, Joshi, Vandita, Katancik, James A., Keitel, Wendy A., Kelley, Scott T., Kells, Cristyn, King, Nicholas B., Knights, Dan, Kong, Heidi H., Koren, Omry, Koren, Sergey, Kota, Karthik C., Kovar, Christie L., Kyrpides, Nikos C., La Rosa, Patricio S., Lee, Sandra L., Lemon, Katherine P., Lennon, Niall, Lewis, Cecil M., Lewis, Lora, Ley, Ruth E., Li, Kelvin, Liolios, Konstantinos, Liu, Bo, Liu, Yue, Lo, Chien-Chi, Lozupone, Catherine A., Lunsford, Dwayne R., Madden, Tessa, Mahurkar, Anup A., Mannon, Peter J., Mardis, Elaine R., Markowitz, Victor M., Mavromatis, Konstantinos, McCorrison, Jamison M., McDonald, Daniel, McEwen, Jean, McGuire, Amy L., McInnes, Pamela, Mehta, Teena, Mihindukulasuriya, Kathie A., Miller, Jason R., Minx, Patrick J., Newsham, Irene, Nusbaum, Chad, O’Laughlin, Michelle, Orvis, Joshua, Pagani, Ioanna, Palaniappan, Krishna, Patel, Shital M., Pearson, Matthew, Peterson, Jane, Podar, Mircea, Pohl, Craig, Pollard, Katherine S., Pop, Mihai, Priest, Margaret E., Proctor, Lita M., Qin, Xiang, Raes, Jeroen, Ravel, Jacques, Reid, Jeffrey G., Rho, Mina, Rhodes, Rosamond, Riehle, Kevin P., Rivera, Maria C., Rodriguez-Mueller, Beltran, Rogers, Yu-Hui, Ross, Matthew C., Russ, Carsten, Sanka, Ravi K., Sankar, Pamela, Sathirapongsasuti, Fah J., Schloss, Jeffery A., Schloss, Patrick D., Schmidt, Thomas M., Scholz, Matthew, Schriml, Lynn, Schubert, Alyxandria M., Segata, Nicola, Segre, Julia A., Shannon, William D., Sharp, Richard R., Sharpton, Thomas J., Shenoy, Narmada, Sheth, Nihar U., Simone, Gina A., Singh, Indresh, Smillie, Christopher S., Sobel, Jack D., Sommer, Daniel D., Spicer, Paul, Sutton, Granger G., Sykes, Sean M., Tabbaa, Diana G., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Tomlinson, Chad M., Torralba, Manolito, Treangen, Todd J., Truty, Rebecca M., Vishnivetskaya, Tatiana A., Walker, Jason, Wang, Lu, Wang, Zhengyuan, Ward, Doyle V., Warren, Wesley, Watson, Mark A., Wellington, Christopher, Wetterstrand, Kris A., White, James R., Wilczek-Boney, Katarzyna, Wu, YuanQing, Wylie, Kristine M., Wylie, Todd, Yandava, Chandri, Ye, Liang, Ye, Yuzhen, Yooseph, Shibu, Youmans, Bonnie P., Zhang, Lan, Zhou, Yanjiao, Zhu, Yiming, Zoloth, Laurie, Zucker, Jeremy D., Birren, Bruce W., Gibbs, Richard A., Highlander, Sarah K., Methé, Barbara A., Nelson, Karen E., Petrosino, Joseph F., Weinstock, George M., Wilson, Richard K., and White, Owen

Published
2012
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31. Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 across 40 U.S. states

Author

Wu, Fuqing, primary, Xiao, Amy, additional, Zhang, Jianbo, additional, Moniz, Katya, additional, Endo, Noriko, additional, Armas, Federica, additional, Bushman, Mary, additional, Chai, Peter R, additional, Duvallet, Claire, additional, Erickson, Timothy B, additional, Foppe, Katelyn, additional, Ghaeli, Newsha, additional, Gu, Xiaoqiong, additional, Hanage, William P, additional, Huang, Katherine H, additional, Lee, Wei Lin, additional, Matus, Mariana, additional, McElroy, Kyle A, additional, Rhode, Steven F, additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Thompson, Janelle, additional, and Alm, Eric J, additional

Published
2021
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32. A Quantitative Proteome Map of the Human Body

Author

Jiang, Lihua, primary, Wang, Meng, additional, Lin, Shin, additional, Jian, Ruiqi, additional, Li, Xiao, additional, Chan, Joanne, additional, Dong, Guanlan, additional, Fang, Huaying, additional, Robinson, Aaron E., additional, Snyder, Michael P., additional, Aguet, François, additional, Anand, Shankara, additional, Ardlie, Kristin G., additional, Gabriel, Stacey, additional, Getz, Gad, additional, Graubert, Aaron, additional, Hadley, Kane, additional, Handsaker, Robert E., additional, Huang, Katherine H., additional, Kashin, Seva, additional, MacArthur, Daniel G., additional, Meier, Samuel R., additional, Nedzel, Jared L., additional, Nguyen, Duyen Y., additional, Segrè, Ayellet V., additional, Todres, Ellen, additional, Balliu, Brunilda, additional, Barbeira, Alvaro N., additional, Battle, Alexis, additional, Bonazzola, Rodrigo, additional, Brown, Andrew, additional, Brown, Christopher D., additional, Castel, Stephane E., additional, Conrad, Don, additional, Cotter, Daniel J., additional, Cox, Nancy, additional, Das, Sayantan, additional, de Goede, Olivia M., additional, Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., additional, Engelhardt, Barbara E., additional, Eskin, Eleazar, additional, Eulalio, Tiffany Y., additional, Ferraro, Nicole M., additional, Flynn, Elise, additional, Fresard, Laure, additional, Gamazon, Eric R., additional, Garrido-Martín, Diego, additional, Gay, Nicole R., additional, Guigó, Roderic, additional, Hamel, Andrew R., additional, He, Yuan, additional, Hoffman, Paul J., additional, Hormozdiari, Farhad, additional, Hou, Lei, additional, Im, Hae Kyung, additional, Jo, Brian, additional, Kasela, Silva, additional, Kellis, Manolis, additional, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, additional, Kwong, Alan, additional, Lappalainen, Tuuli, additional, Li, Xin, additional, Liang, Yanyu, additional, Mangul, Serghei, additional, Mohammadi, Pejman, additional, Montgomery, Stephen B., additional, Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, additional, Nachun, Daniel C., additional, Nobel, Andrew B., additional, Oliva, Meritxell, additional, Park, YoSon, additional, Park, Yongjin, additional, Parsana, Princy, additional, Reverter, Ferran, additional, Rouhana, John M., additional, Sabatti, Chiara, additional, Saha, Ashis, additional, Skol, Andrew D., additional, Stephens, Matthew, additional, Stranger, Barbara E., additional, Strober, Benjamin J., additional, Teran, Nicole A., additional, Viñuela, Ana, additional, Wang, Gao, additional, Wen, Xiaoquan, additional, Wright, Fred, additional, Wucher, Valentin, additional, Zou, Yuxin, additional, Ferreira, Pedro G., additional, Li, Gen, additional, Melé, Marta, additional, Yeger-Lotem, Esti, additional, Barcus, Mary E., additional, Bradbury, Debra, additional, Krubit, Tanya, additional, McLean, Jeffrey A., additional, Qi, Liqun, additional, Robinson, Karna, additional, Roche, Nancy V., additional, Smith, Anna M., additional, Sobin, Leslie, additional, Tabor, David E., additional, Undale, Anita, additional, Bridge, Jason, additional, Brigham, Lori E., additional, Foster, Barbara A., additional, Gillard, Bryan M., additional, Hasz, Richard, additional, Hunter, Marcus, additional, Johns, Christopher, additional, Johnson, Mark, additional, Karasik, Ellen, additional, Kopen, Gene, additional, Leinweber, William F., additional, McDonald, Alisa, additional, Moser, Michael T., additional, Myer, Kevin, additional, Ramsey, Kimberley D., additional, Roe, Brian, additional, Shad, Saboor, additional, Thomas, Jeffrey A., additional, Walters, Gary, additional, Washington, Michael, additional, Wheeler, Joseph, additional, Jewell, Scott D., additional, Rohrer, Daniel C., additional, Valley, Dana R., additional, Davis, David A., additional, Mash, Deborah C., additional, Branton, Philip A., additional, Barker, Laura K., additional, Gardiner, Heather M., additional, Mosavel, Maghboeba, additional, Siminoff, Laura A., additional, Flicek, Paul, additional, Haeussler, Maximilian, additional, Juettemann, Thomas, additional, Kent, W. James, additional, Lee, Christopher M., additional, Powell, Conner C., additional, Rosenbloom, Kate R., additional, Ruffier, Magali, additional, Sheppard, Dan, additional, Taylor, Kieron, additional, Trevanion, Stephen J., additional, Zerbino, Daniel R., additional, Abell, Nathan S., additional, Akey, Joshua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Demanelis, Kathryn, additional, Doherty, Jennifer A., additional, Feinberg, Andrew P., additional, Hansen, Kasper D., additional, Hickey, Peter F., additional, Jasmine, Farzana, additional, Kaul, Rajinder, additional, Kibriya, Muhammad G., additional, Li, Jin Billy, additional, Li, Qin, additional, Linder, Sandra E., additional, Pierce, Brandon L., additional, Rizzardi, Lindsay F., additional, Smith, Kevin S., additional, Stamatoyannopoulos, John, additional, Tang, Hua, additional, Carithers, Latarsha J., additional, Guan, Ping, additional, Koester, Susan E., additional, Little, A. Roger, additional, Moore, Helen M., additional, Nierras, Concepcion R., additional, Rao, Abhi K., additional, Vaught, Jimmie B., additional, and Volpi, Simona, additional

Published
2020
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33. SARS-CoV-2 titers in wastewater foreshadow dynamics and clinical presentation of new COVID-19 cases

Author

Wu, Fuqing, primary, Xiao, Amy, additional, Zhang, Jianbo, additional, Moniz, Katya, additional, Endo, Noriko, additional, Armas, Federica, additional, Bonneau, Richard, additional, Brown, Megan A, additional, Bushman, Mary, additional, Chai, Peter R, additional, Duvallet, Claire, additional, Erickson, Timothy B, additional, Foppe, Katelyn, additional, Ghaeli, Newsha, additional, Gu, Xiaoqiong, additional, Hanage, William P, additional, Huang, Katherine H, additional, Lee, Wei Lin, additional, Matus, Mariana, additional, McElroy, Kyle A, additional, Nagler, Jonathan, additional, Rhode, Steven F, additional, Santillana, Mauricio, additional, Tucker, Joshua A, additional, Wuertz, Stefan, additional, Zhao, Shijie, additional, Thompson, Janelle, additional, and Alm, Eric J, additional

Published
2020
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34. Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4-like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments

Author

Sullivan, Matthew B., Huang, Katherine H., Ignacio-Espinoza, Julio C., Berlin, Aaron M., Kelly, Libusha, Weigele, Peter R., DeFrancesco, Alicia S., Kern, Suzanne E., Thompson, Luke R., Young, Sarah, Yandava, Chandri, Fu, Ross, Krastins, Bryan, Chase, Michael, Sarracino, David, Osburne, Marcia S., Henn, Matthew R., and Chisholm, Sallie W.

Published
2010
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37. A vast resource of allelic expression data spanning human tissues.

Author

Castel, Stephane E., Aguet, François, Mohammadi, Pejman, GTEx Consortium, Anand, Shankara, Ardlie, Kristin G., Gabriel, Stacey, Getz, Gad A., Graubert, Aaron, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Meier, Samuel R., Nedzel, Jared L., Nguyen, Duyen T., Segrè, Ayellet V., and Todres, Ellen

Published
2020
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38. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Yen, Angela, Regev, Aviv, Tukiainen, Taru, Villani, Alexandra-Chloé, Rivas, Manuel A., Marshall, Jamie L., Satija, Rahul, Aguirre, Matt, Gauthier, Laura, Fleharty, Mark, Kirby, Andrew, Cummings, Beryl B., Castel, Stephane E., Karczewski, Konrad J., Aguet, François, Byrnes, Andrea, Ardlie, Kristin G., Gelfand, Ellen T., Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, MacArthur, Daniel G., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Yen, Angela, Regev, Aviv, Tukiainen, Taru, Villani, Alexandra-Chloé, Rivas, Manuel A., Marshall, Jamie L., Satija, Rahul, Aguirre, Matt, Gauthier, Laura, Fleharty, Mark, Kirby, Andrew, Cummings, Beryl B., Castel, Stephane E., Karczewski, Konrad J., Aguet, François, Byrnes, Andrea, Ardlie, Kristin G., Gelfand, Ellen T., Getz, Gad, Hadley, Kane, Handsaker, Robert E., Huang, Katherine H., Kashin, Seva, Lek, Monkol, Li, Xiao, and MacArthur, Daniel G.

Abstract

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, incomplete in humans: up to one-third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of 'escape' from inactivation varying between genes and individuals1,2. The extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized3,4, as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression5 and phenotypic traits6. Here we describe a systematic survey of XCI, integrating over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues from GTEx (v6p release) and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, combined with genomic sequence data. We show that XCI at 683 X-chromosomal genes is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven genes that escape XCI with support from multiple lines of evidence and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, establishing incomplete XCI as a mechanism that is likely to introduce phenotypic diversity6,7. Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues helps to increase our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.

Published
2018

39. Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues

Author

Haugen, Eric, He, Yuan, Chen, Lin S., Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T., Branton, Philip A., Nobel, Andrew B., Park, YoSon, McLean, Jeffrey A., Neri, Fidencio J., Tabor, David E., Saha, Ashis, Sobin, Leslie, Doherty, Jennifer A., Rosenbloom, Kate R., Quan, Jie, Strober, Benjamin J., Liu, Yaping, Valley, Dana, Basha, Omer, Barshir, Ruth, Trowbridge, Casandra A., Segrè, Ayellet V., Skol, Andrew, Karasik, Ellen, Bridge, Jason, Kent, W. James, Chiang, Colby, Damani, Farhan N., Karczewski, Konrad J., Barcus, Mary E., Oliva, Meritxell, Papasaikas, Panagiotis, Nelson, Jemma, Linke, Caroline, Paten, Benedict, Gelfand, Ellen T., Zhu, Jingchun, Wright, Fred A., Smith, Kevin S., Halow, Jessica, Kim-Hellmuth, Sarah, Salvatore, Michael, Hunter, Steven, Noble, Michael S., Goldman, Mary, Nguyen, Duyen Y., Singh, Shilpi, Rohrer, Daniel C., Cox, Nancy J., Hickey, Peter F., Battle, Alexis, Claussnitzer, Melina, Molinie, Benoit, Aguet, François, Balliu, Brunilda, Thomas, Jeffrey A., Hormozdiari, Farhad, Hou, Lei, Kaul, Rajinder, Peterson, Christine B., Lin, Jessica, Barker, Laura K., Brown, Christopher D., Guan, Ping, Lee, Kristen, Gloudemans, Michael J., Ripke, Stephan, Moser, Michael T., Muñoz-Aguirre, Manuel, Haeussler, Maximilian, Vatanian, Negin, Gewirtz, Ariel D.H., Castel, Stephane E., Monlong, Jean, Scott, Alexandra J., Stamatoyannopoulos, John, Ruffier, Magali, Zappala, Zachary, Li, Xiao, Ferreira, Pedro G., Nierras, Concepcion R., Yeger-Lotem, Esti, Wen, Xiaoquan, Struewing, Jeffery P., Delaneau, Olivier, Tukiainen, Taru, Tomaszewski, Maria M., Jo, Brian, Park, Yongjin, Martin, Casey, Bogu, Gireesh K., Pierce, Brandon L., Zhou, Yi-Hui, Eskin, Eleazar, Reverter, Ferran, Guigó, Roderic, Teran, Nicole A., Lek, Monkol, Leinweber, William F., Ardlie, Kristin G., Kopen, Gene, Ongen, Halit, Lonsdale, John T., Hall, Ira M., Bustamante, Carlos D., Quon, Gerald, Han, Buhm, Mohammadi, Pejman, Nicolae, Dan L., Kellis, Manolis, Vivian, John, Robinson, Karna L., Davis, David A., Washington, Michael, Montroy, Robert G., Craft, Brian, Wang, Gao, Garrido-Martín, Diego, Taylor, Kieron, Linder, Sandra, Hadley, Kane, Addington, Anjene M., Davis, Joe R., Siminoff, Laura A., Miklos, Mark, Tsang, Emily K., Diegel, Morgan, Mash, Deborah C., McDowell, Ian C., Lockhart, Nicole C., Payne, Anthony J., Abell, Nathan S., Cummings, Beryl B., Wheeler, Joseph, Matose, Takunda, Demanelis, Kathryn, Gliner, Genna, Stephens, Matthew, McDonald, Alisa, Rao, Abhi, Foster, Barbara A., Frésard, Laure, Brown, Andrew A., Zhang, Rui, Rinaldi, Nicola J., Gillard, Bryan M., Zerbino, Daniel R., Sabatti, Chiara, Moore, Helen M., Hasz, Richard, Brigham, Lori E., Zaugg, Judith B., Jian, Ruiqi, Conrad, Donald F., Snyder, Michael P., Im, Hae Kyung, Wu, Fan, MacArthur, Daniel G., Liu, Boxiang, Gamazon, Eric R., Jiang, Lihua, Sammeth, Michael, Johns, Christopher, Maurano, Matthew T., Hansen, Kasper D., Kang, Eun Yong, Myer, Kevin, Tang, Hua, Johnson, Mark, Fernando, Marian S., Smith, Anna M., Urbut, Sarah, Gould, Sarah E., Van Wittenberghe, Nicholas, Lee, Christopher M., Engelhardt, Barbara E., Panousis, Nikolaos, Palowitch, John J., Kibriya, Muhammad G., Sheppard, Dan, McCarthy, Mark I., Ndungu, Anne W., Valentino, Kimberly M., Sodaei, Reza, Sandstrom, Richard, Parsana, Princy, Kim, Yungil, Kumar, Rachna, Chan, Joanne, Little, A. Roger, Shimko, Tyler C., Volpi, Simona, Li, Qin, Akey, Joshua M., Walters, Gary, Roe, Bryan, Undale, Anita H., Van De Bunt, Martijn, Getz, Gad, Li, Jin Billy, Mangul, Serghei, Feinberg, Andrew P., Sul, Jae Hoon, Rizzardi, Lindsay F., Nguyen, Duyen T., Stranger, Barbara E., Um, Ki Sung, Flicek, Paul, Trevanion, Stephen J., Vaught, Jimmie B., Lockart, Nicole C., Nedzel, Jared L., Handsaker, Robert E., Hunter, Marcus, Xi, Hualin S., Bates, Daniel, Howald, Cedric, Roche, Nancy V., Koester, Susan, Huang, Katherine H., Sullivan, Timothy J., Wang, Meng, Shabalin, Andrey A., Shad, Saboor, Hariharan, Pushpa, He, Amy Z., Qi, Liqun, Lappalainen, Tuuli, Li, Xin, Carithers, Latarsha J., Mestichelli, Bernadette, Kashin, Seva, Li, Gen, Jasmine, Farzana, Juettemann, Thomas, Montgomery, Stephen B., Zhang, Hailei, Traino, Heather M., Mosavel, Maghboeba, Koester, Susan E., Lin, Shin, Jewell, Scott D., Johnson, Audra, and Wang, Li

Abstract

Characterization of the molecular function of the human genome and its variation across individuals is essential for identifying the cellular mechanisms that underlie human genetic traits and diseases. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project aims to characterize variation in gene expression levels across individuals and diverse tissues of the human body, many of which are not easily accessible. Here we describe genetic effects on gene expression levels across 44 human tissues. We find that local genetic variation affects gene expression levels for the majority of genes, and we further identify inter-chromosomal genetic effects for 93 genes and 112 loci. On the basis of the identified genetic effects, we characterize patterns of tissue specificity, compare local and distal effects, and evaluate the functional properties of the genetic effects. We also demonstrate that multi-tissue, multi-individual data can be used to identify genes and pathways affected by human disease-associated variation, enabling a mechanistic interpretation of gene regulation and the genetic basis of disease.

Published
2017
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40. Analysis of a ferric uptake regulator (Fur) mutant of Desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough

Author

Bender, Kelly S., Huei-Che Bill Yen, Hemme, Christopher L., Zamin Yang, Zhili He, Qiang He, Huang, Katherine H., Alm, Eric J., Hazen, Terry C., Arkin, Adam P., and Wall, Judy D.

Subjects
Corrosion and anti-corrosives -- Research, Iron bacteria -- Genetic aspects, Iron bacteria -- Research, Nitrites -- Research, Osmosis -- Research, Sulfur bacteria -- Genetic aspects, Sulfur bacteria -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Several studies are conducted to analyze the effect of a ferric uptake regulator (Fur) mutant on the growth response of Desulfovibrio vulgaris hildenborough. The Fur mutant is found to exhibit high sensitivity to nitrite and osmotic stress.

Published
2007

41. UV hyper-resistance in Prochlorococcus MED4 results from a single base pair deletion just upstream of an operon encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase

Author

Holmbeck, Brianne M., Osburne, Marcia, Frias-Lopez, Jorge, Huang, Katherine H., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Kelly, Libusha, Coe, Allison, Steen, Robert, Waraska, Kristin, Gagne, Andrew, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Osburne, Marcia, Holmbeck, Brianne M., Frias-Lopez, Jorge, Huang, Katherine H., Kelly, Libusha, and Coe, Allison

Abstract

Exposure to solar radiation can cause mortality in natural communities of pico-phytoplankton, both at the surface and to a depth of at least 30 m. DNA damage is a significant cause of death, mainly due to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, which can be lethal if not repaired. While developing a UV mutagenesis protocol for the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, we isolated a UV-hyper-resistant variant of high light-adapted strain MED4. The hyper-resistant strain was constitutively upregulated for expression of the mutT-phrB operon, encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase, both of which are involved in repair of DNA damage that can be caused by UV light. Photolyase (PhrB) breaks pyrimidine dimers typically caused by UV exposure, using energy from visible light in the process known as photoreactivation. Nudix hydrolase (MutT) hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP, an aberrant form of GTP that results from oxidizing conditions, including UV radiation, thus impeding mispairing and mutagenesis by preventing incorporation of the aberrant form into DNA. These processes are error-free, in contrast to error-prone SOS dark repair systems that are widespread in bacteria. The UV-hyper-resistant strain contained only a single mutation: a 1 bp deletion in the intergenic region directly upstream of the mutT-phrB operon. Two subsequent enrichments for MED4 UV-hyper-resistant strains from MED4 wild-type cultures gave rise to strains containing this same 1 bp deletion, affirming its connection to the hyper-resistant phenotype. These results have implications for Prochlorococcus DNA repair mechanisms, genome stability and possibly lysogeny., Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, United States. Dept. of Energy. Genomics:GTL, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cameron and Hayden Lord Foundation

Published
2010

42. Genetic diversity in cultured and wild marine cyanomyoviruses reveals phosphorus stress as a strong selective agent

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Kelly, Libusha, Ding, Huiming, Huang, Katherine H., Osburne, Marcia, Osburne, Marcia Susan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Kelly, Libusha, Ding, Huiming, Huang, Katherine H., Osburne, Marcia, and Osburne, Marcia Susan

Abstract

Viruses that infect marine cyanobacteria–cyanophages–often carry genes with orthologs in their cyanobacterial hosts, and the frequency of these genes can vary with habitat. To explore habitat-influenced genomic diversity more deeply, we used the genomes of 28 cultured cyanomyoviruses as references to identify phage genes in three ocean habitats. Only about 6–11% of genes were consistently observed in the wild, revealing high gene-content variability in these populations. Numerous shared phage/host genes differed in relative frequency between environments, including genes related to phosphorous acquisition, photorespiration, photosynthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, possibly reflecting environmental selection for these genes in cyanomyovirus genomes. The strongest emergent signal was related to phosphorous availability; a higher fraction of genomes from relatively low-phosphorus environments–the Sargasso and Mediterranean Sea–contained host-like phosphorus assimilation genes compared with those from the N. Pacific Gyre. These genes are known to be upregulated when the host is phosphorous starved, a response mediated by pho box motifs in phage genomes that bind a host regulatory protein. Eleven cyanomyoviruses have predicted pho boxes upstream of the phosphate-acquisition genes pstS and phoA; eight of these have a conserved cyanophage-specific gene (PhCOG173) between the pho box and pstS. PhCOG173 is also found upstream of other shared phage/host genes, suggesting a unique regulatory role. Pho boxes are found upstream of high light-inducible (hli) genes in cyanomyoviruses, suggesting that this motif may have a broader role than regulating phosphorous-stress responses in infected hosts or that these hlis are involved in the phosphorous-stress response., National Science Foundation (U.S.). Biological Oceanography Section, National Science Foundation (U.S.). Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education, United States. Dept. of Energy. Genomic Science Program, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Published
2015

43. Catalytic Promiscuity in the Biosynthesis of Cyclic Peptide Secondary Metabolites in Planktonic Marine Cyanobacteria

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kelly, Libusha, Sher, Daniel, Huang, Katherine H., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Li, Bo, Shi, Yanxiang, Knerr, Patrick J., Joewono, Ike, Rusch, Doug, van der Donk, Wilfred A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kelly, Libusha, Sher, Daniel, Huang, Katherine H., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Li, Bo, Shi, Yanxiang, Knerr, Patrick J., Joewono, Ike, Rusch, Doug, and van der Donk, Wilfred A.

Abstract

Our understanding of secondary metabolite production in bacteria has been shaped primarily by studies of attached varieties such as symbionts, pathogens, and soil bacteria. Here we show that a strain of the single-celled, planktonic marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus—which conducts a sizable fraction of photosynthesis in the oceans—produces many cyclic, lanthionine-containing peptides (lantipeptides). Remarkably, in Prochlorococcus MIT9313 a single promiscuous enzyme transforms up to 29 different linear ribosomally synthesized peptides into a library of polycyclic, conformationally constrained products with highly diverse ring topologies. Genes encoding this system are found in variable abundances across the oceans—with a hot spot in a Galapagos hypersaline lagoon—suggesting they play a habitat- and/or community-specific role. The extraordinarily efficient pathway for generating structural diversity enables these cyanobacteria to produce as many secondary metabolites as model antibiotic-producing bacteria, but with much smaller genomes., Howard Hughes Medical Institute, United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation (Agricultural Research and Development Fund (Vaadia-BARD Postdoctoral Fellowship Award FI-399-2007)), Fulbright Program, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (grant GM58822), United States. Dept. of Energy (Genomics:GTL Program), National Science Foundation (U.S.), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Published
2013

44. ProPortal: a resource for integrated systems biology of Prochlorococcus and its phage

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Kelly, Libusha, Huang, Katherine H., Ding, Huiming, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Kelly, Libusha, Huang, Katherine H., and Ding, Huiming

Abstract

ProPortal (http://proportal.mit.edu/) is a database containing genomic, metagenomic, transcriptomic and field data for the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Our goal is to provide a source of cross-referenced data across multiple scales of biological organization—from the genome to the ecosystem—embracing the full diversity of ecotypic variation within this microbial taxon, its sister group, Synechococcus and phage that infect them. The site currently contains the genomes of 13 Prochlorococcus strains, 11 Synechococcus strains and 28 cyanophage strains that infect one or both groups. Cyanobacterial and cyanophage genes are clustered into orthologous groups that can be accessed by keyword search or through a genome browser. Users can also identify orthologous gene clusters shared by cyanobacterial and cyanophage genomes. Gene expression data for Prochlorococcus ecotypes MED4 and MIT9313 allow users to identify genes that are up or downregulated in response to environmental stressors. In addition, the transcriptome in synchronized cells grown on a 24-h light–dark cycle reveals the choreography of gene expression in cells in a ‘natural’ state. Metagenomic sequences from the Global Ocean Survey from Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and phage genomes are archived so users can examine the differences between populations from diverse habitats. Finally, an example of cyanobacterial population data from the field is included., National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, grant OCE-0425602), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, grant EF0424599), United States. Dept. of Energy (GTL grant number DE-FG02-02ER63445), United States. Dept. of Energy (GTL grant number DE-FG02-08ER64516), United States. Dept. of Energy (GTL grant number DE-FG02-07ER64506), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Grant Award Letter #495.01)

Published
2012

45. Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stubbe, JoAnne, Thompson, Luke Richard, Zeng, Qinglu, Kelly, Libusha, Huang, Katherine H., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Singer, Alexander U., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stubbe, JoAnne, Thompson, Luke Richard, Zeng, Qinglu, Kelly, Libusha, Huang, Katherine H., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), and Singer, Alexander U.

Abstract

Cyanophages infecting the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus encode and express genes for the photosynthetic light reactions. Sequenced cyanophage genomes lack Calvin cycle genes, however, suggesting that photosynthetic energy harvested via phage proteins is not used for carbon fixation. We report here that cyanophages carry and express a Calvin cycle inhibitor, CP12, whose host homologue directs carbon flux from the Calvin cycle to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Phage CP12 was coexpressed with phage genes involved in the light reactions, deoxynucleotide biosynthesis, and the PPP, including a transaldolase gene that is the most prevalent PPP gene in cyanophages. Phage transaldolase was purified to homogeneity from several strains and shown to be functional in vitro, suggesting that it might facilitate increased flux through this key reaction in the host PPP, augmenting production of NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate. Kinetic measurements of phage and host transaldolases revealed that the phage enzymes have kcat/Km values only approximately one third of the corresponding host enzymes. The lower efficiency of phage transaldolase may be a tradeoff for other selective advantages such as reduced gene size: we show that more than half of host-like cyanophage genes are significantly shorter than their host homologues. Consistent with decreased Calvin cycle activity and increased PPP and light reaction activity under infection, the host NADPH/NADP ratio increased two-fold in infected cells. We propose that phage-augmented NADPH production fuels deoxynucleotide biosynthesis for phage replication, and that the selection pressures molding phage genomes involve fitness advantages conferred through mobilization of host energy stores., Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, United States. Dept. of Energy (Genomics:GTL Program), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Training Grant)

Published
2012

46. Transcriptome response of high- and low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus strains to changing iron availability

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie W., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Huang, Katherine H., Thompson, Anne W., Saito, Mak A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie W., Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Huang, Katherine H., Thompson, Anne W., and Saito, Mak A.

Abstract

Prochlorococcus contributes significantly to ocean primary productivity. The link between primary productivity and iron in specific ocean regions is well established and iron-limitation of Prochlorococcus cell division rates in these regions has been demonstrated. However, the extent of ecotypic variation in iron metabolism among Prochlorococcus and the molecular basis for differences is not understood. Here, we examine the growth and transcriptional response of Prochlorococcus strains, MED4 and MIT9313, to changing iron concentrations. During steady-state, MIT9313 sustains growth at an order-of-magnitude lower iron concentration than MED4. To explore this difference, we measured the whole-genome transcriptional response of each strain to abrupt iron starvation and rescue. Only four of the 1159 orthologs of MED4 and MIT9313 were differentially-expressed in response to iron in both strains. However, in each strain, the expression of over a hundred additional genes changed, many of which are in labile genomic regions, suggesting a role for lateral gene transfer in establishing diversity of iron metabolism among Prochlorococcus. Furthermore, we found that MED4 lacks three genes near the iron-deficiency induced gene (idiA) that are present and induced by iron stress in MIT9313. These genes are interesting targets for studying the adaptation of natural Prochlorococcus assemblages to local iron conditions as they show more diversity than other genomic regions in environmental metagenomic databases., Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Biological Oceanography), United States. Office of Naval Research (ONR Young Investigator Award), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Chemical Oceanography), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Environmental Genomics grants)

Published
2011

47. UV hyper-resistance in Prochlorococcus MED4 results from a single base pair deletion just upstream of an operon encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Osburne, Marcia, Holmbeck, Brianne M., Frias-Lopez, Jorge, Huang, Katherine H., Kelly, Libusha, Coe, Allison, Steen, Robert, Waraska, Kristin, Gagne, Andrew, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Osburne, Marcia, Holmbeck, Brianne M., Frias-Lopez, Jorge, Huang, Katherine H., Kelly, Libusha, Coe, Allison, Steen, Robert, Waraska, Kristin, and Gagne, Andrew

Abstract

Exposure to solar radiation can cause mortality in natural communities of pico-phytoplankton, both at the surface and to a depth of at least 30 m. DNA damage is a significant cause of death, mainly due to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer formation, which can be lethal if not repaired. While developing a UV mutagenesis protocol for the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus, we isolated a UV-hyper-resistant variant of high light-adapted strain MED4. The hyper-resistant strain was constitutively upregulated for expression of the mutT-phrB operon, encoding nudix hydrolase and photolyase, both of which are involved in repair of DNA damage that can be caused by UV light. Photolyase (PhrB) breaks pyrimidine dimers typically caused by UV exposure, using energy from visible light in the process known as photoreactivation. Nudix hydrolase (MutT) hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP, an aberrant form of GTP that results from oxidizing conditions, including UV radiation, thus impeding mispairing and mutagenesis by preventing incorporation of the aberrant form into DNA. These processes are error-free, in contrast to error-prone SOS dark repair systems that are widespread in bacteria. The UV-hyper-resistant strain contained only a single mutation: a 1 bp deletion in the intergenic region directly upstream of the mutT-phrB operon. Two subsequent enrichments for MED4 UV-hyper-resistant strains from MED4 wild-type cultures gave rise to strains containing this same 1 bp deletion, affirming its connection to the hyper-resistant phenotype. These results have implications for Prochlorococcus DNA repair mechanisms, genome stability and possibly lysogeny., Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, United States. Dept. of Energy. Genomics:GTL, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cameron and Hayden Lord Foundation

Published
2011

48. MicrobesOnline: an integrated portal for comparative and functional genomics

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Alm, Eric J., Dehal, Paramvir S., Joachimiak, Marcin P., Price, Morgan N., Bates, John T., Baumohl, Jason K., Chivian, Dylan, Friedland, Greg D., Huang, Katherine H., Keller, Keith, Novichkov, Pavel S., Dubchak, Inna L., Arkin, Adam P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Alm, Eric J., Dehal, Paramvir S., Joachimiak, Marcin P., Price, Morgan N., Bates, John T., Baumohl, Jason K., Chivian, Dylan, Friedland, Greg D., Huang, Katherine H., Keller, Keith, Novichkov, Pavel S., Dubchak, Inna L., and Arkin, Adam P.

Abstract

Since 2003, MicrobesOnline (http://www.microbesonline.org) has been providing a community resource for comparative and functional genome analysis. The portal includes over 1000 complete genomes of bacteria, archaea and fungi and thousands of expression microarrays from diverse organisms ranging from model organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to environmental microbes such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Shewanella oneidensis. To assist in annotating genes and in reconstructing their evolutionary history, MicrobesOnline includes a comparative genome browser based on phylogenetic trees for every gene family as well as a species tree. To identify co-regulated genes, MicrobesOnline can search for genes based on their expression profile, and provides tools for identifying regulatory motifs and seeing if they are conserved. MicrobesOnline also includes fast phylogenetic profile searches, comparative views of metabolic pathways, operon predictions, a workbench for sequence analysis and integration with RegTransBase and other microbial genome resources. The next update of MicrobesOnline will contain significant new functionality, including comparative analysis of metagenomic sequence data. Programmatic access to the database, along with source code and documentation, is available at http://microbesonline.org/programmers.html., United States. Dept. of Energy (Genomics: GTL program (grant DE-AC02-05CH11231))

Published
2011

49. Genomic analysis of oceanic cyanobacterial myoviruses compared with T4-like myoviruses from diverse hosts and environments

Author

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Sullivan, Matthew B., Kelly, Libusha, DeFrancesco, Alicia S., Fu, Ross, Huang, Katherine H., Weigele, Peter, Kern, Suzanne Elizabeth, Thompson, Luke Richard, Osburne, Marcia, Henn, Matthew R., Ignacio-Espinoza, Julio C., Berlin, Aaron M., Young, Sarah, Yandava, Chandri, Krastins, Bryan, Chase, Michael, Sarracino, David, Sullivan, Matthew, Osburne, Marcia Susan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chisholm, Sallie (Penny), Sullivan, Matthew B., Kelly, Libusha, DeFrancesco, Alicia S., Fu, Ross, Huang, Katherine H., Weigele, Peter, Kern, Suzanne Elizabeth, Thompson, Luke Richard, Osburne, Marcia, Henn, Matthew R., Ignacio-Espinoza, Julio C., Berlin, Aaron M., Young, Sarah, Yandava, Chandri, Krastins, Bryan, Chase, Michael, Sarracino, David, Sullivan, Matthew, and Osburne, Marcia Susan

Abstract

T4-like myoviruses are ubiquitous, and their genes are among the most abundant documented in ocean systems. Here we compare 26 T4-like genomes, including 10 from non-cyanobacterial myoviruses, and 16 from marine cyanobacterial myoviruses (cyanophages) isolated on diverse Prochlorococcus or Synechococcus hosts. A core genome of 38 virion construction and DNA replication genes was observed in all 26 genomes, with 32 and 25 additional genes shared among the non-cyanophage and cyanophage subsets, respectively. These hierarchical cores are highly syntenic across the genomes, and sampled to saturation. The 25 cyanophage core genes include six previously described genes with putative functions (psbA,mazG, phoH, hsp20, hli03, cobS), a hypothetical protein with a potential phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain, two virion structural genes, and 16 hypothetical genes. Beyond previously described cyanophageencoded photosynthesis and phosphate stress genes, we observed core genes that may play a role in nitrogen metabolism during infection through modulation of 2-oxoglutarate. Patterns among non-core genes that may drive niche diversification revealed that phosphorus-related gene content reflects source waters rather than host strain used for isolation, and that carbon metabolism genes appear associated with putative mobile elements. As well, phages isolated on Synechococcus had higher genome-wide %G+C and often contained different gene subsets (e.g. petE, zwf, gnd, prnA, cpeT) than those isolated on Prochlorococcus. However, no clear diagnostic genes emerged to distinguish these phage groups, suggesting blurred boundaries possibly due to cross-infection. Finally, genome-wide comparisons of both diverse and closely related, co-isolated genomes provide a locus-to-locus variability metric that will prove valuable forinterpreting metagenomic data sets., Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, National Science Foundation (U.S.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program, United States. Dept. of Energy. Genomics:GTL, National Science Foundation (U.S.) (DBI-0850105), University of Arizona (Fulbright Scholarship), University of Arizona (BIO5 and Biosphere 2 funds), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (1-P50-ES012742), National Science Foundation (U.S.) (OCE-0430724)

Published
2011

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